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Chen RP, Soren AD, Yadav AK. Anthelmintic evaluation of three ayurvedic formulations: a transmission electron microscopy study in Raillietina sp. (Cestoda). J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:837-842. [PMID: 38009143 PMCID: PMC10667176 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ayurveda is one of the ancient traditional medicine systems in India. However, several Ayurvedic medicines lack scientific evidence about their efficacy. This study reports the in vitro anthelmintic effects of three common Ayurvedic formulations, Krimimudgar Ras, Kriminol, and Birangasav on a poultry cestode Raillietina sp., using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Adult cestodes were exposed to different concentrations of Ayurvedic formulations and the paralyzed parasites from the highest concentration (50 mg/mL) of Ayurvedic formulations, the reference anthelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) together with control were picked up and processed for TEM. The TEM studies of control cestode parasites revealed a normal arrangement of microthrix layer, basal lamina, longitudinal muscle layer, and a normal nucleus and mitochondria. Importantly, the cestodes that were exposed to 50 mg/mL concentration of Krimimudgar Ras revealed the most prominent ultrastructural alterations in the body of parasites in the form of a disrupted microthrix layer, basal lamina, muscle layer and mitochondria. The nucleus also appeared dense and irregular in shape with scattered chromatin and disrupted nuclear membrane. Kriminol-treated worms revealed considerably less damage, whereas Birangasav-treated worms revealed destructive effects in microthrix layer, nucleus and mitochondria. Through the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that of the three common Ayurvedic formulations studied, Krimimudgar Ras causes maximum degree of internal alterations in cestode parasites and thus may be considered as a good anthelmintic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Parkordor Chen
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
| | - Amar Deep Soren
- Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, 781007 India
| | - Arun K. Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
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2
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Mazanec H, Buskova N, Gardian Z, Kuchta R. Secretion of extracellular vesicles during ontogeny of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2023; 70. [PMID: 36722286 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2023.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We provide the first ultrastructural evidence of the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) across all parasitic stages of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) using a laboratory life cycle model. We confirmed the presence of EV-like bodies in all stages examined, including the hexacanth, procercoids in the copepod, Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine, 1820), plerocercoids from the body cavity of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, and adults cultivated in artificial medium. In addition, we provide description of novel tegumental structures potentially involved in EV biogenesis and the presence of unique elongated EVs similar to those previously described only in Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematoda), Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819) (Cestoda), and Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer et Bradford, 1899 (Kinetoplastida).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hynek Mazanec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Buskova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenko Gardian
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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3
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Yoneva A, van Beest GS, Born-Torrijos A. Search, find, and penetrate: ultrastructural data of furcocercariae of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Digenea, Strigeidae) explain their transmission and infection strategy into fish hosts. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:877-889. [PMID: 35091840 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides an overview of the structures linked to fish host finding, recognition, and invasion of one of the most commonly occurring morphotypes among trematodes, furcocercariae. For this, we use free-swimming cercariae of the strigeid Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi 1819) Dubois, 1982. Their elongated cercarial body and bifurcated tail are covered by a tegument with an irregular surface, showing numerous folds arranged in different directions and a typical syncytial organization. Both the body and the bifurcated tail are covered with short spines, rose-thorn shaped, as well as four types of sensory papillae, distinguished by the presence or absence of a cilium, its length, and their position on the cercarial body. These papillae are especially important for free-living stages that rely on external stimuli to locate and adhere to the host. A specialized anterior organ is located at the anterior part of the cercariae and is encircled by a triangle-shaped group of enlarged pre-oral spines followed by a transverse row of enlarged post-oral spines that, together with the sensory papillae, allow active finding, recognition, and penetration into fish. The ventral sucker, covered with inner-oriented spines, sensory papillae, and cilia, helps during this process. The cercariae of C. longicollis possess three types of gland cells (a head gland and two types of penetration glands), each containing different types of secretory granules that play a role in host invasion. The protonephridial excretory system consists of an excretory bladder, a system of collecting tubules, flame cells, and two excretory pores in the middle of each furcae, which serve to control osmoregulation in their marine environment, as well as to eliminate metabolic waste. Together with the four types of sensory endings, the central ganglion forms the nervous system. Our results add novel information on the ultrastructure of strigeid furcocercariae, being essential to interpret these data in relation of their functional role to better understand the transmission and penetration strategies that cercariae display to infect their fish hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Yoneva
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Gabrielle S van Beest
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Poddubnaya LG, Zhokhov AE, Gibson DI. Ultrastructural features of aporocotylid blood flukes: The tegument and sensory receptors of Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 from the pike Esox lucius, with a comparative analysis of their traits within the Neodermata. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Morsy K, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Bashtar AR, Dajem SB, Abdel-Gaber R, Mostafa M. Light microscopy and surface topography of Urotrema scabridum and Renschetrema indicum (Digenea) from Rhinopoma hardwickii (Chiroptera): first report in Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:319-326. [PMID: 30183994 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This report introduced the description of two different species of digenean parasites isolated from the intestine of Rhinopoma hardwickii with new host and locality records in Egypt. The recovered helminthes were studied morphologically and morphometrically by light microscopy and the surface topography of the two species was elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Urotrema scabridum had an elongated body, testes were tandem, ovaries were pretesticular, and vitelline follicles were observed in 2 lateral fields. SEM showed that the anterior half was covered with random and backwardly directed tegument spines. The lumen of the oral sucker was as a longitudinal slit encircled with type I dome-shaped papillae. The ventral sucker was wrinkled and covered by tongue-shaped tegument spines and several scattered papillae. Renschetrema indicum had a fusiform body with minute spines densely distributed in the anterior part of the body; testes sub-triangular, ovary fusiform; vitellaria were randomly distributed around the ceca and genital organs. SEM showed that the fore-body was ventrally concave and surrounded by cytoplasmic ridges equipped with numerous closely packed claw-shaped spines. The oral sucker was externally surrounded by two circles of papillae while the lip of the ventral sucker was rounded and surrounded by three papillae located in its upper end and anterolaterally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Morsy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Saad Bin Dajem
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Mostafa
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Ventral concavity and musculature arrangement in notocotylid maritae (Digenea: Notocotylidae). Parasitol Int 2017; 66:660-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Carithers DS. Examining the role of macrolides and host immunity in combatting filarial parasites. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:182. [PMID: 28410595 PMCID: PMC5391593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones (MLs), specifically the avermectins and milbemycins, are known for their effectiveness against a broad spectrum of disease-causing nematodes and arthropods in humans and animals. In most nematodes, drugs in this class induce paralysis, resulting in starvation, impaired ability to remain associated with their anatomical environment, and death of all life stages. Initially, this was also thought to be the ML mode of action against filarial nematodes, but researchers have not been able to validate these characteristic effects of immobilization/starvation of MLs in vitro, even at higher doses than are possible in vivo. Relatively recently, ML receptor sites exclusively located proximate to the excretory-secretory (ES) apparatus were identified in Brugia malayi microfilaria and an ML-induced suppression of secretory protein release by B. malayi microfilariae was demonstrated in vitro. It is hypothesized here that suppression of these ES proteins prevents the filarial worm from interfering with the host's complement cascade, reducing the ability of the parasite to evade the immune system. Live microfilariae and/or larvae, thus exposed, are attacked and presented to the host's innate immune mechanisms and are ultimately killed by the immune response, not the ML drug. These live, exposed filarial worms stimulate development of innate, cellular and humoral immune responses that when properly stimulated, are capable of clearing all larvae or microfilariae present in the host, regardless of their individual sensitivity to MLs. Additional research in this area can be expected to improve our understanding of the relationships among filarial worms, MLs, and the host immune system, which likely would have implications in filarial disease management in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug S Carithers
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 3239 Satellite Boulevard, Duluth, GA, 30096, USA.
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9
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Ultrastructural observations of the attachment organs of the monogenean Rajonchocotyle emarginata (Olsson, 1876) (Polyopisthocotylea: Hexabothriidae), a gill parasite of rays. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2285-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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A confocal microscopy-based atlas of tissue architecture in the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Exp Parasitol 2015; 158:31-41. [PMID: 26049090 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tapeworms are pervasive and globally distributed parasites that infect millions of humans and livestock every year, and are the causative agents of two of the 17 neglected tropical diseases prioritized by the World Health Organization. Studies of tapeworm biology and pathology are often encumbered by the complex life cycles of disease-relevant tapeworm species that infect hosts such as foxes, dogs, cattle, pigs, and humans. Thus, studies of laboratory models can help overcome the practical, ethical, and cost-related difficulties faced by tapeworm parasitologists. The rat intestinal tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is easily reared in the laboratory and has the potential to enable modern molecular-based experiments that will greatly contribute to our understanding of multiple aspects of tapeworm biology, such as growth and reproduction. As part of our efforts to develop molecular tools for experiments on H. diminuta, we have characterized a battery of lectins, antibodies, and common stains that label different tapeworm tissues and organ structures. Using confocal microscopy, we have assembled an "atlas" of H. diminuta organ architecture that will be a useful resource for helminthologists. The methodologies we describe will facilitate characterization of loss-of-function perturbations using H. diminuta. This toolkit will enable a greater understanding of fundamental tapeworm biology that may elucidate new therapeutic targets toward the eradication of these parasites.
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11
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Development of novel valerolactam-benzimidazole hybrids anthelmintic derivatives: Diffusion and biotransformation studies in helminth parasites. Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Roy B, Giri BR. α-Viniferin-Induced Structural and Functional Alterations in Raillietina echinobothrida, a Poultry Tapeworm. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:377-84. [PMID: 25592142 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614014603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
α-Viniferin, an active component of the plant Carex baccans L., is known for its anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. In Northeast India, different tribes traditionally consume C. baccans to control intestinal helminth infections. Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the extent of tegumental alteration caused by α-viniferin in Raillietina echinobothrida, a widely prevalent poultry helminth in northeast India. Helminths were exposed in vitro to various doses of α-viniferin (50, 100, and 200 µM/mL of physiological buffered saline) and their motility and mortality were recorded. Stereoscan observations on the parasite exposed to the active compound showed extensive distortion and destruction of the surface fine topography of the tegument compared with controls. The compound also caused extensive damage to the tegument by disintegration of microtriches, disorganization of muscle bundles, and loss of cellular organelles combined with distortion and disruption of the plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, mitochondrial membrane, and cristae. Histochemical and biochemical studies carried out parasites exposed to α-viniferin revealed a decline in the activity of vital tegumental enzymes like acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and adenosine triphosphatase. Extensive structural and functional alterations observed in the treated parasites are indicative of efficient cestocidal activity of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnupada Roy
- Parasitology Laboratory,Department of Zoology,North-Eastern Hill University,Shillong-793022,Meghalaya,India
| | - Bikash R Giri
- Parasitology Laboratory,Department of Zoology,North-Eastern Hill University,Shillong-793022,Meghalaya,India
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13
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14
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Topography and ultrastructure of the tegument of Deropristis inflata Molin, 1859 (Digenea: Deropristidae), a parasite of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Osteichthyes: Anguillidae). Parasitol Res 2012; 112:517-28. [PMID: 23052788 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The tegumental ultrastructure of the intestine fluke Deropristis inflata was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface of the tegument was covered by transverse cytoplasmic ridges from which protrude numerous thorn-like spines showing crenelated tips on the posterior part. Spines were arranged in staggered rows. Cobblestone-like units of the tegument were observed on a semicircle-shaped formation over the oral sucker. A tegumental excrescence was observed in the dorsal anterior side of the fluke. Ultrastructural study revealed that the tegument of D. inflata had a typical syncytial organization with a distal cytoplasm lying over a basal matrix and cytons. Cytoplasmic bridges allowed transit of secretory vesicles and granules packed in gland cells. Two types of sensory structures were examined. Type 1 sensory receptor was a button-like uniciliated papilla mounted on a folded tegumental base and surrounded by cytoplasmic ridges. This receptor consisted of a nerve bulb and a cilium that extended from a centriole. Type 2 sensory receptor was a smooth bulb-like non-ciliated papilla. It was only recovered on the ventral sucker. This receptor consisted of a nerve bulb enclosing an ovoid electron-dense structure. For both receptors, the nerve bulbs contained numerous mitochondria, nerve fibers, and electron-lucent material. Particular distributions of the sensory receptors were observed with a concentration on the anterior third of the body around the oral and ventral suckers. Diagrams were made to help in understanding the nature of these structures.
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15
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Filippi JJ, Quilichini Y, Foata J, Marchand B. Topography and ultrastructure of the tegument of Lecithochirium musculus (Digenea: Hemiuridae), a parasite of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Osteichthyes: Anguillidae). J Morphol 2011; 273:361-70. [PMID: 22109611 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.11032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tegumental ultrastructure of the stomach fluke Lecithochirium musculus was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface of the tegument was smooth and covered by transverse cytoplasmic ridges. Cobblestone-like units of the tegument were observed on the ventral surface. Invagination and evagination of the ecsoma induced variations in the tegumental surface. The ultrastructural study revealed that the tegument of L. musculus had a typical syncytial organization with a distal cytoplasm lying over a basal matrix and cytons. Two types of intra-tegumental sensory structures were observed. Type 1 sensory receptor was a domed-like fusiform structure consisting of a smooth elevation of the tegument. Four receptors of this type were observed on the anterior dorsal surface of the fluke. Three nerve bulbs filled with electron-lucent material and mitochondria composed this receptor. Hemispherical electron-dense collars were observed at the top of the nerve bulbs. Striated rootlets laid just beneath the hemispherical electron-dense collars. Type 2 sensory receptor presented two morphological variations, i.e., a bulb-like monolobed structure, and a bulb-like bilobed structure observed at two different degrees of evagination. For both variations, the nerve bulb enclosed mitochondria, electron-lucent material, and a conical electron-dense collar from which extended a striated rootlet. Numerous sensory receptors of this type were observed around the ventral sucker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-José Filippi
- Parasites and Mediterranean Ecosystems Laboratory, CNRS UMR 6134 SPE, University of Corsica Pascal Paoli, Corte, France.
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Filippi JJ, Quilichini Y, Foata J, Marchand B. Topography and ultrastructure of the tegument of Bucephalus anguillae (Digenea: Bucephalidae), a parasite of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Osteichthyen: Anguillidae). J Parasitol 2010; 96:1102-11. [PMID: 21158617 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2498.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The tegumental ultrastructure of the intestinal fluke Bucephalus anguillae was studied with the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface of the tegument is covered by transverse ridges from which protrude numerous closely packed, digitated, and claw-shaped spines. Cobblestone-like units of the tegument were observed on the crescent-shaped formation of the rhynchus and at the posterior part of the body. Three types of sensory structures were examined, i.e., 2 uniciliated receptors and 1 without cilia. As anterior-posterior differences were observed, particular attention was given to spines and sensory receptors. Spine insertion zones and average cilia length are variable between anterior and posterior tegument areas. Ultrastructural study revealed that the tegument of B. anguillae has a typical syncytial organization with a distal cytoplasm lying over a basal matrix and cytons below. Cytoplasmic bridges allowed transit of secretory vesicles and granules. Diagrams of spines and sensory receptors were made to help in understanding the nature of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-José Filippi
- CNRS UMR 6134 SPE, University of Corsica Pascal Paoli, Parasites and Mediterranean Ecosystems Laboratory, B.P. 52, 20250 Corte, France.
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17
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Structure of capsule surrounding acanthocephalans Corynosoma strumosum in paratenic hosts of three species. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:467-75. [PMID: 20922420 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Morphology of capsules surrounding acanthocephalan Corynosoma strumosum in paratenic hosts (sea fishes of three species from the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk) was studied. A thick layer of glycocalyx is formed on the surface of acanthocephalan's tegument in smelts Osmerus mordax dentex and Hypomesus olidus; the surrounding capsule is formed by fibroblasts and collagen fibers and do not include inflammatory cells. Besides fibroblasts, capsule of the sole Limanda aspera consists also of macrophages, granulocytes, "dark" cells, and once of erythrocytes that indicate obvious inflammatory response of the host's organism to invasion; glycocalyx on the surface of acanthocephalans from the sole is weakly developed. The obtained results allow considering the smelts as the most suitable paratenic hosts and the yellow-finned sole as unsuitable paratenic host for the studied acanthocephalans.
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Pierson L, Mousley A, Devine L, Marks NJ, Day TA, Maule AG. RNA interference in a cestode reveals specific silencing of selected highly expressed gene transcripts. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:605-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Shivers RR, Siddiqui AA, Podesta RB. Integument of the tapeworm scolex. 1. Freeze-fracture of the syncytial layer, microvilli and discoid bodies. Tissue Cell 2009; 18:869-85. [PMID: 18620183 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(86)90044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/1986] [Revised: 08/19/1986] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tegument of cestodes is the most important and structurally complex metabolic interface between these parasites and the hostile environment in which they reside. In spite of the complex metabolic, regulatory and immunological properties of this layer of syncytial cytoplasm, which are relatively well known, the detailed fine structural anatomy of the cestode tegument remains equivocal. The present study therefore reports the freeze-fracture morphology of the tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) tegument. The most important features revealed by analysis of platinum replicas of freeze-fractured tapeworm scolex-neck tegument include: (a) presence of highly ordered linear and/or circumferentially-orientated rows of intramembrane particles situated on the PF fracture face of microvillar plasma membrane, which may participate in movements of the microvilli, (b) presence of apparent 'pores' (11 nm in diameter) at the tips of the tegumentary microvilli, which could serve as regulated gates through which extramicrovillar surface coating materials can be extruded, and (c) the alignment of cytoplasmic discoid bodies into positions at the bases of the surface microvilli such that they could move into the core of each microvillus and thereby release their contents for extrusion (via the pores) onto the outer surface of the microvilli. Concomitantly, the limiting membrane of the discoid bodies could be added to the tegument plasma membrane and thereby contribute to the rapid turnover of the tegumentary surface. This study provides the first detailed account of the ultrastructural anatomy of the tapeworm tegument and is intended to serve as a point of reference for future investigations of tapeworm tegumentary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Shivers
- Cell Science Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
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Chervy L. Unified terminology for cestode microtriches: a proposal from the International Workshops on Cestode Systematics in 2002-2008. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2009; 56:199-230. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2009.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Morphological and histochemical observations on the digestive system of Cotylophoron cotylophorum. J Helminthol 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00005575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe amphistome Cotylophoron cotylophorum feeds entirely on semidigested rumenal contents (plant material living bacteria, and protozoa). Morphological and histochemical studies have been made of the digestive system. Two types of cells occur in the caecal epithelium, the first type were larger and cuboidal with granular cytoplasm containing a high amount of RNA and proteins. The second smaller type were fewer, and contained pyknotic nuclei; their cytoplasm was vacuolated. The cells of the first type bear microvilli at the luminal surface. The surface coat consists of saliva resistant acetylated acid mucopolysaccharides containing hyaluronic acid with carboxyl polyanions. Intense activities of acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and ATPase, and moderate activities of nonspecific esterase and lipase are localized at the brush border. The functional significance of the surface carbohydrates and the hydrolytic enzymes has been discussed in relation to digestion and absorption of nutrients.
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Developmental changes in the tegument of four microphallid metacercariae in their second (crustacean) intermediate hosts. J Helminthol 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00015418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe morphology of the tegument of four microphallid metacercariae from the stage of invasive cercariae to their maturation as encysted metacercariae inside their crustacean second intermediate hosts is described. The tegument of the metacercariae developed surface lamellae and projections which, along with coated vesicles in the surface syncytium, indicated that the tegument had an absorptive function. The disappearance of secretory granules from the tegument at the same time as the appearance of the first cyst wall suggested that the tegument had a role in primary cyst production. Following this, the metacercariae continued to grow and seemingly retained their absorptive ability. The tegument was also involved in the transport of material into the perimetacercarial lumen prior to its eventual inclusion in the developing inner cyst layers. It appeared that this material originated in tegumental cells located amongst the parenchymal cells beneath the tegumental syncytial layer. On completion of the secondary cyst layers there was a gradual degeneration of structures associated with absorption and a progressive accumulation of dense discoid granules traceable to underlying tegumental cells. All four microphallid species (Maritrema arenaria,M. subdolum,Levinseniella brachysomaandMicrophallus claviformis) demonstrated the same developmental pattern but the period spent in each stage differed depending on the time spent migrating to encystment sites. The pattern of tegumental development described is thought to be applicable to all microphallid metacercariae and possibly to other metacercariae which undergo growth and development in their second intermediate hosts.
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Amin OM, Heckmann RA, Radwan NAE, Anchundia JSM, Alcivar MAZ. Redescription of Rhadinorhynchus ornatus (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) from Skipjack Tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Collected in the Pacific Ocean off South America, with Special Reference to New Morphological Features. J Parasitol 2009; 95:656-64. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1804.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Changes in the surface ofDipetalonema viteae(Filarioidea) during its development as shown by comparative peptide mapping. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle of parasitic nematodes, the main contact site with the host, plays an important role in host-parasite interaction and thus also in immunological control. We compared different surface-iodinated life-stages of the filarial wormDipetalonema viteae(microfilariae, infective 3rd-stage larvae (L3), adult males and females) with respect to changes in their surface composition. Autoradiographs of peptide maps show that all stages present an identical set of peptide spots reflecting common surface protein(s). Spots specific for larvae L3show that the composition of the iodinated surface differs in microfilariae and adults i.e. it changes during development. Adults show a spot typical for males or females. Identical spots are found in L3. This suggests that a surface component is also sex specific.
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Abstract
SummaryThe epidermis of Diplectanum aequans has, in general, been found to be similar to the epidermis of other monogeneans, consisting of a syncytial outer epidermis and sunken sub-epidermal nucleated regions. However, the epidermis of D. aequans differs from that of other monogeneans in 3 respects. These are, the presence of large areas of granular cytoplasm within the outer epidermis, the presence of myofibres invaginating into the epidermal matrix and, in the posterior regions of the epidermis, the presence of epidermal scales. These scales occur within the epidermal cytoplasm, beneath the outer membrane, and are composed of moderately electron-dense material. Also present beneath the outer membrane in the more anterior regions of the epidermis are small scale-like sclerites of a similar electron density to the epidermal scales.
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The development of the tegument and cercomer of the polycephalic larvae (cercoscolices) ofParicterotaenia paradoxa(Rudolphi, 1802) (Cestoda: Dilepididae) at the ultrastructural level. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000054391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe development of the tegument and cercomer ofParicterotaenia paradoxapolycephalic larvae was examined using electron microscopy. Larvae are formed by budding from the inner surface of the tegument of the degenerating hexacanth embryo. A new secondary tegument formed around the larvae is probably produced from the original hexacanth sub-tegumental cells. Microvilli covering the surface of young larvae are converted directly into microtriches, as the larvae develop, by addition of electron-dense material to the proximal part of the microvillus. Remnants of the original microvillus are visible at the distal surface of each new microthrix, but they eventually degenerate. The cercomer homologue is represented by scattered follicular cells, bearing microvilli, lying just within the containing cyst wall. The continuity of tegumentary tissue from one developmental stage to the next is discussed.
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The role of the tegument of the metacercarial stage of Bucephalus haimeanus (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854) in the absorption of particulate material and small molecules in solution. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000048629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYUptake by the tegument of metacercariae of Bucephalus haimeanus of both particulate material and small molecules in solution is demonstrated by the use of electron-dense tracers and autoradiographic techniques. Ruthenium red (RR) uptake involved pinocystosis and the formation of large, electron-lucent vesicles in the outer cytoplasmic tegument. RR lost its association with these vesicles and became freely dispersed within the cytoplasm as it passed through the outer cytoplasmic tegument, down the cytoplasmic bridges and into the tegumental cell bodies. Ferritin, iodinated insulin and iodinated human serum albumin were also located within the outer cytoplasmic tegument and ferritin collected beneath the inner plasma membrane of the outer cytoplasmic tegument. Horseradish peroxidase was not absorbed by the tegument although it bound strongly to the outer surface of the metacercariae. C-labelled glucose, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine were all detected in the outer cytoplasmic tegument.
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Roy B, Dasgupta S, Tandon V. Ultrastructural observations on tegumental surface of Raillietina echinobothrida and its alterations caused by root-peel extract of Millettia pachycarpa. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:810-5. [PMID: 18767049 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Millettia pachycarpa Benth (Leguminosae) has a usage in traditional medicine system practiced among the Lushai tribes of Mizoram, a state in North East India, who customarily consume the aqueous extract of the root peel of the plant to get rid of intestinal worm infections. The crude ethanol, methanol, and acetone fractions of the plant were assayed against Raillietina echinobothrida, the intestinal cestode parasite of domestic fowl, to authenticate the putative anthelmintic efficacy and cestocidal potential in particular of the plants. In vitro exposure of the worm to the extract at a concentration of 25 mg/mL phosphate buffered saline (at 37 degrees C +/- 1 degrees C) revealed distortion and disruption of mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, basal lamina, and tegumental vacuolization in the distal cytoplasm leading to scar formation in the surface. The possible use of the plant as a potential anthelmintic against cestode parasite is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnupada Roy
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
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Nikishin VP, Skorobrekhova EM. Encapsulation of acanthocephalans Corynosoma sp. in two reservoir host species. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2008; 417:462-4. [PMID: 18274492 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496607060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V P Nikishin
- Institute of Biological Problems of the Far North, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Karla Marksa 24, Magadan 685000, Russia
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Poddubnaya LG, Scholz T, Kuchta R, Levron C, Brunanská M. Ultrastructure of the proglottid tegument (neodermis) of the cestode Echinophallus wageneri (Pseudophyllidea: Echinophallidae), a parasite of the bathypelagic fish Centrolophus niger. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:373-83. [PMID: 17390148 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural data are provided on the tegument (or neodermis) of proglottids of the cestode Echinophallus wageneri Monticelli, 1890, the first representative of the family Echinophallidae (Pseudophyllidea), parasites of bathypelagic fish, studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The surface of the ventral concave side of proglottids is covered with filiform microtriches about 1.7 microm long. Their glycocalyx, although very thick, is less extensively developed compared to that on digitiform microtriches localized on the dorsal side of the proglottids, which is also covered with filiform microtriches. The digitiform microtriches of the convex dorsal side are about 0.6 microm long, with a very short, rounded spine and the extraordinarily extensive glycocalyx seen as flocculent material. Short digitiform microtriches of E. wageneri seem to differ from microthrix types previously reported in other cestodes by transmission electron microscopy. The posterodorsal margin of all proglottids is typical in possessing a transverse band of large spiniform, tusk-shaped microtriches with a very long spine (approximately 13 microm in length), merged with filiform microtriches. Marked regional differences found in the morphology and distribution of microtriches on the proglottids of E. wageneri may be related to the different functions of the individual parts of the strobila because of the curling of the tapeworm body within the intestine of its fish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa G Poddubnaya
- Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742, Borok, Yaroslavl Province, Russia
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Post-embryonic development and ultrastructural characteristics of the polycephalic larva of Taenia parva Baer, 1926 (Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae). Acta Parasitol 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11686-007-0009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPost-embryonic development and fully-formed polycephalic larvae of Taenia parva Baer, 1926 were examined by light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three developmental stages were recognised: (1) an early stage of exogenous budding at the surface of the central vesicle; (2) a stage of polycephalic cyst development accompanied by segmentation of the growing larval strobile and an obvious decrease in the size of the central vesicle; (3) fully-formed larval strobile and invaginated scoleces. In fully-developed encysted polycephalic larvae, there are usually 14–24 segmented larval strobilae, each terminating with an invaginated scolex; larval strobilae arise from a common central vesicle and remain attached posterior to it during the entire development. The number of segments varies between 109 and 120 per larval strobila. The polycephalic larvae examined closely resemble the strobilocercus type of taeniid larvae. The structure of developing and fully-formed larvae was examined by TEM. The tegument, scolex, subtegumental musculature of the strobilar segments, protonephridial system, calcareous corpuscles and medullary parenchyma of larvae exhibit general similarity with the same structures in adults at both LM and TEM levels. The morphogenesis of the larva of T. parva is compared with that of the polycephalic larvae of other Taenia spp. (T. krepkogorski, T. twitchelli and T. endothoracica) and with other asexually-multiplying cestode larvae (mesocestoidids, hymenolepidids and dilepidids).
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Silva LF, Alves LC, Santos SS, Cavalcanti MGS, Peixoto CA. Cytochemical characterization of the third-stage larva of Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematoda: Filarioidea). Parasitol Res 2006; 99:14-20. [PMID: 16450133 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we report the results we obtained using several cytochemical techniques to analyze the infective larva of Wuchereria bancrofti. An imidazole osmium tetroxide solution was used to visualize unsaturated fatty acids. A highly contrasted material forming a continuous structure was observed on the larval surface and over the epicuticle. A strong reaction was observed on the esophagus and also on the inner secreted material. Carbohydrates containing vic-glycol groups were not observed on the cuticle of the third-stage larva of W. bancrofti submitted to the Thiéry technique. Using a panel of eight gold-labeled lectins, we found that the cuticle exhibited slight labeling with all lectins used, indicating residues of N-acetyl-D: -glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, D: -galactose, D: -manose, and L: -fucose. Surface anionic sites were visualized by using cationized ferritin particles. Treatment with trypsin partially inhibited the reaction, whereas the treatment with chondroitinase ABC, a specific enzyme for glycosaminoglycans, completely abolished the labeling with cationic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
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Agustí C, Aznar FJ, Raga JA. Microtriches of tetraphyllidean metacestodes from Western Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). J Morphol 2005; 265:176-89. [PMID: 15959909 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The tegumental structures of two types of tetraphyllidean plerocercoids and two types of merocercoids (Phyllobothrium delphini and Monorygma grimaldii) from Mediterranean striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, are described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. The tegument of all of the specimens was fully covered with microtriches. Four basic types were found: filitriches, blade-like spinitriches of different sizes and shapes, cone-shaped spinitriches (with two parallel small projections of equal length at the apex), and crowned cylindrical spinitriches (with 6-7 small papillae forming a crown at the apex); the two latter types are newly described. The two types of plerocercoids had a similar morphology and distribution of microtriches; in addition, cilium-like projections appeared interspersed among the microtriches on the apical sucker, accessory suckers, and distal bothridial loculus. Merocercoids exhibited a greater variety of tegumental structures, especially on the distal bothridial loculus. Both merocercoid types had regularly spaced papillae or "buttons" on the accessory suckers and the distal bothridial loculus that were composed of a central cilium-like projection surrounded by numerous filitriches. However, crowned cylindrical spinitriches were specific to P. delphini and cone-shaped spinitriches were specific to M. grimaldii. Differences in the morphology and distribution of scolex microtriches of adult cestodes have been considered useful for species identification. A previous molecular study has suggested that P. delphini and M. grimaldii are actually different congeneric species. Our study has shown that significant differences in the morphology and distribution of microtriches occur between these species at the merocercoid stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Agustí
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
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Žďárská Z, Scholz T, Nebesářová J. Ultrastructure of the apical glandular region of the scolex of Proteocephalus torulosus (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2004. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2004.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Poddubnaya LG, Mackiewicz JS, Kuperman BI. Ultrastructure of Archigetes sieboldi (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea): relationship between progenesis, development and evolution. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2003; 50:275-92. [PMID: 14971597 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2003.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural characteristics of progenetic and monoxenic Archigetes sieboldi Leuckart, 1878 from the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède are described. Our observations demonstrate that progenetic Archigetes sieboldi shares characteristics of both larval (progenetic) and adult stages. The primary larval characteristics are: the presence of a cercomer; a surface filamentous coat covering the whole worm; the presence of the penetration glands and the absence of tegumental ones; wide sarcoplasmic processes connecting the circular and longitudinal external tegumental muscles; the absence of the dense homogenous zone of the basal lamina beneath the epithelial cytoplasm of all reproductive organs and ducts; non-functional gonopores; and an orthogonal plan of nervous system with three pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks. The principle adult characteristics are: oogenesis, spermiogenesis and vitellogenesis that produce fertilized eggs; the uterine glands; a well-developed longitudinal tegumental muscle layer between tegumental cytons; and the presence of different microtriches. As a result of this progenetic development there has been a secondary reduction in the life cycle of A. sieboldi. It is postulated that a similar process of progenesis may have played a major role in the early evolution of the Caryophyllidea by first appearing in a plerocercoid stage of an ancestral strobilate cestode from fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa G Poddubnaya
- Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742, Borok, Yaroslavl Province, Russia.
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Elayoubi FA, Fraser A, Jenkins DJ, Craig PS. Partial characterisation of carbohydrate-rich Echinococcus granulosus coproantigens. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:1553-9. [PMID: 14572518 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coproantigen ELISA based tests for diagnosis of canine echinococcosis provide high specificity and sensitivity. However, the antigenic molecules present in faeces from infected dogs have not yet been characterised. While initial attempts to determine the molecular weights of Echinococcus granulosus coproantigens by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with coproantigen reactive capture antibodies were equivocal, they suggested presence of a significant carbohydrate component. Periodate treatment of coproantigen positive faecal supernatants resulted in a significant reduction (53%) in ELISA activity, suggesting that carbohydrates are involved in the antigenic structure of E. granulosus coproantigens. Protease treatment of antigenic molecules resulted in an 11% reduction in absorbance in ELISA, indicating that protein components were also present which affected by enzyme activity. Lectin-binding ELISA assays indicated strong affinity of E. granulosus coproantigens to concanavalin agglutinin and Lens culinaris agglutinin, and moderate binding to wheat-germ agglutinin and peanut agglutinin. No binding was detectable to Ulex europaensis agglutinin-I, Bandeiraea simplicifolia or Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. These data indicate that E. granulosus coproantigens from infected dog faeces possibly contained alpha-D-mannose and/or alpha-D-glucose, beta-galactose and N-acetyl-beta-glucosamine residues. To verify the role of carbohydrate moieties in coproantigens, faecal samples were treated with exoglycosidase and tested in the coproantigen ELISA. Treatment with beta-galactosidase or N-acetyl-beta-glucosamine reduced ELISA activity by 44 and 30%, respectively. Incubation with a panel of other specific exoglycosidases including alpha-galactosidase as well as alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta- fructosidase, or neuraminidase, did not alter coproantigen detection in ELISA. The results indicate that coproantigens present in faeces from E. granulosus naturally infected dogs were highly glycosylated and contain beta- galactose and N-acetyl-beta-glucosamine. The putative relationship of antigenic molecules with the tapeworm glycocalyx is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Elayoubi
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, Biosciences Research Institute and School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Salford, UK
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Lee SH, Chai JY. A review of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) and human infections in the Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2001; 39:85-118. [PMID: 11441510 PMCID: PMC2721100 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2001] [Accepted: 05/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies on Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) and human infections are briefly reviewed. This minute intestinal fluke was first discovered from a Korean woman suffering from acute pancreatitis and gastrointestinal troubles. It was described as a new species by Lee, Chai and Hong in 1993. The southwestern coastal village where the patient resided was found to be a highly endemic area, and additional endemic areas have been identified. The parasite is very small, 0.33-0.50 mm long and 0.23-0.33 mm wide, and characterized by the presence of a ventral pit. The first intermediate host remains unknown, but the second intermediate host has been found to be the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Man and the Palearctic oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus have been shown to be natural definitive hosts, and wading birds including the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus are highly susceptible to experimental infection. Gerbils, hamsters, cats, and several strains of mice were also susceptible laboratory hosts. In experimentally infected mice, the parasites inhabit the small intestine, pinching and sucking the root of villi with their large oral suckers, but they did not invade beyond the mucosa in immunocompetent mice. However, they were found to invade the submucosa in immunosuppressed mice. Human G. seoi infections have been found in at least 25 localities; 23 islands on the Yellow Sea or the South Sea, and 2 western coastal villages. The highest prevalence was found in a village on Aphaedo, Shinan-gun (49% egg positive rate); other areas showed 0.8-25.3% prevalence. Infected people complained of variable degrees of gastrointestinal troubles and indigestion. The infection can be diagnosed by recovery of eggs in the feces; however, an expert is needed to identify the eggs. Praziquantel, 10 mg/kg in single dose, is effective for treatment of human infections. Eating raw oysters in endemic areas should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Cohen SC, Kohn A, de Fatima Diniz Baptista-Farias M. Ultrastructure of the tegument of Saccocoelioides godoyi. J Helminthol 2001; 75:15-21. [PMID: 11316468 DOI: 10.1079/joh200040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The tegument of adult Saccocoelioides godoyi Kohn & Froes, 1986 (Digenea: Haploporidae), specimens of which were collected from the intestine of the freshwater fish, Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794) (Anostomidae) from the reservoir of Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Station, Parana State, Brazil, was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The tegument comprises an external anucleate layer, covered by a surface plasma membrane and associated glycocalyx. The surface layer is bound by the basal plasma membrane and contains spines, two types of inclusion bodies and mitochondria. Tegumental cell bodies are located beneath the surface musculature and contain a single nucleus, cytoplasm with rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies similar to those found in the external layer. Cytoplasmic strands connect the cell bodies to the external surface layer, suggesting that the inclusion bodies are produced in these cells and pass up into the syncytium, as is known for other digeneans from experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cohen
- Departamento de Helmintologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Nanduri J, Williams S, Aji T, Flanigan TP. Characterization of an immunogenic glycocalyx on the surfaces of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and sporozoites. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2022-4. [PMID: 10085053 PMCID: PMC96563 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.4.2022-2024.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium red staining of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts revealed the presence of a carbohydrate matrix on their outer bilayers that is characteristic of a glycocalyx. Surface labeling of intact oocysts identified material of high molecular weight (>10(6)) that reacted positively with sera from cryptosporidium-infected patients and with immunoglobulin A monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nanduri
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Chai JY, Kang YJ, Choi SY, Guk SM, Yu JR, Lee SH. Surface ultrastructure of Metagonimus miyatai metacercariae and adults. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1998; 36:217-25. [PMID: 9868886 PMCID: PMC2732960 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A scanning electron microscopic study was performed to observe surface ultrastructures of excysted metacercariae and adults of Metagonimus miyatai. Metacercariae were collected from the scale of the pale chub (Zacco platypus), and adult flukes were harvested 1-4 weeks after infection to rats. In excysted metacercariae, the oral sucker was devoid of tegumental spines and had type I and type II sensory papillae. Anteriorly to the ventral sucker, spines were dense and digitated into 5-7 points, whereas near the posterior end of the body spines were sparse and digitated into 2-3 points. In one-week adults, 7 type II sensory papillae were arranged around the lip of the oral sucker, and at inner side of the lip one pair of small and two pairs of large type 1 sensory papillae were seen on each side. The distribution of tegumental spines was similar to that of metacercariae, but they were more differentiated with 9-11 pointed tips. In two- to four-week old adults, the surface ultrastructure was nearly the same as in one-week old adults, however, sperms were frequently seen entering into the Laurer's canal. Conclusively, the surface ultrastructure of M. miyatai was generally similar to that of M. yokogawai, however, differentiation of tegumental spines and distribution of sensory papillae around the oral sucker were different between the two species, which may be of taxonomic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Chai
- Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
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41
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Martinez AM, De Souza W. A freeze-fracture and deep-etch study of the cuticle and hypodermis of infective larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis (Nematoda). Int J Parasitol 1997; 27:289-97. [PMID: 9138031 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The body walls of infective 3rd-stage larvae of S. venezuelensis were studied by routine transmission electron microscopy, ruthenium red cytochemistry, quick-freeze, freeze-fracture and deep-etch techniques. In routine thin sections the cuticle is formed by 5 layers: epicuticle, cortical, medial, fibrous and basal. The epicuticle showed a trilaminate appearance and a surface coat stained with ruthenium red. Specimens submitted to freeze-fracture were frequently sectioned along the body wall at the level of the hypodermis, showing the E and P fracture faces of the outer and inner hypodermal membranes. In replicas of fractures submitted to etching, the external surface of the nematode was exposed, revealing particles and fine strands of fibrous elements, and was sometimes covered by a well organized structure with a crystalline pattern. At the level of the cortical, medial and basal layers, interconnecting fibrous and globous structures were seen. The fibrous layer was formed by parallel bars of thick fibrous elements. The cytoskeleton of the hypodermis and muscle cells also became evident with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Martinez
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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42
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Arsac C, Walbaum S, Sarciron ME, Petavy AF. Histochemical observations of alkaline phosphatase activity of Echinococcus multilocularis during in vivo development in golden hamsters, an alternative definitive host. Exp Anim 1997; 46:25-30. [PMID: 9027468 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.46.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histochemical observations of alkaline phosphatase activity of Echinococcus multilocularis during the in vivo development in golden hamster, an alternative definitive host. The present work reports on the ability of protoscoleces from a European fox strain of E. multilocularis to differentiate and develop into the adult form in the small intestine of male golden hamsters treated with prednisolone. Detection of alkaline phosphatase activity on various stages of the developing worm was performed by histochemical methods. The enzyme activity was not demonstrable in the early stages of infection but occurred with strobilization. Age-related changes in the distribution of the enzyme activity took place during strobilization. Alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the excretory ducts of 8 to 11 day old strobila and in the tegument of mature proglottis of 16 day old worms. This in vivo procedure with rodents as definitive hosts provides interesting preliminary results on the biology of the E. multilocularis adult. Further investigations on membrane-bound enzymes involved in physiological and nutritional processes are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arsac
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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43
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Sharma PN, Rai N, Brennan GP. Ultrastructure of the tegument of the trematode Ganeo tigrinum parasitizing the intestine of Indian frogs. J Helminthol 1996; 70:137-42. [PMID: 8960210 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00015297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The surface tegument of G. tigrinum generally resembles that described for other digeneans. It contains surface tubercles and is covered with a glycocalyx. In the anterior region the tegument bears spines while tubular-like canals and occasional deep invaginations are present on the anteroventral surface. Two types of secretory body are present in the tegumental syncytium and produced in separate tegumental cells. Mitochondria are present in the surface syncytium, suggesting active transport occurs across the tegument in non-hibernating frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
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Martinez AM, De Souza W. A quick-frozen, freeze-fracture and deep-etched study of the cuticle of adult forms of Strongyloides venezuelensis (Nematoda). Parasitology 1995; 111 ( Pt 4):523-9. [PMID: 11023416 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000066038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle of adult forms of Strongyloides venezuelensis was studied by routine transmission electron microscopy, conventional freeze-fracture and also using quick-freeze and deep-etch techniques. In routine thin sections the cuticle of S. venezuelensis comprises 7 layers: epicuticle, outer cortical, inner cortical, external medial, internal medial, fibrous and basal. Observation of replicas of specimens fractured across the thickness of the body wall, revealed at the epicuticle an ordered array of particles accompanying the cuticular annulations. At the level of the cortical and medial layers we observed few scattered particles embedded in an amorphous matrix without a particular arrangement. The fibrous layer was represented by several parallel lines of ordered particles of similar size. In tangentially fractured specimens, the epicuticle cleaves readily exposing 2 faces, one exhibiting intramembranous particles without any particular arrangement, immersed in a smooth matrix (P face), and the other showing depressions and very few particles (E face). In replicas of fractures submitted to etching, we observed at the level of the cortical, medial fibrous and basal layers an interconnecting fibrous and globous structure which was organized in a different direction at the fibrous layer. The association of freeze-fracture to deep-etch technique revealed the internal structural organization of the cuticle layers showing details that were not seen before using conventional freeze-fracture technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Martinez
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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45
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Mattison RG, Hanna RE, Nizami WA. Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the tegument of juvenile paramphistomes during migration in Indian ruminants. J Helminthol 1994; 68:211-21. [PMID: 7829842 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00014371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The tegument of juvenile Paramphistomum epiclitum and Fischoederius elongatus (Paramphistomidae: Digenea) resembles those of other digeneans. Seven types of papillae were observed, mostly on the oral and acetabular surfaces, and increase in number during migration. Also evident are two types of secretory body (T1 and T2) which are synthesized separately in tegumental cytons underlying the syncytium. Exocytosis of T2 bodies occurs at the apical membrane and appears to contribute to a fibrous glycocalyx. The tegumental syncytium lining the pharynx and acetabulum is thinner and has a higher capacity for vacuolation than the general tegument. These may represent important sites for osmoregulation. The absence of mitochondria from the tegument in migrating juveniles suggests limited involvement in energy demanding processes. Pigmentation of the subtegument is first evident in mature cercariae and is progressively eliminated during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Mattison
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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46
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Araujo A, Souto-Padrón T, De Souza W. An ultrastructural, cytochemical and freeze-fracture study of the surface structures of Brugia malayi microfilariae. Int J Parasitol 1994; 24:899-907. [PMID: 7982752 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural analysis of the cuticle of Brugia malayi microfilariae indicated that it is composed of 2 regions: the inner one 15-20 nm thick with a homogeneous aspect and the outer one, designated as epicuticle, which is 15-20 nm thick. Three laminae separated by electron-lucent regions were seen in the epicuticle. Labeling of the cuticle and epicuticle of B. malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae was observed when thin sections of Lowicryl-embedded parasites were incubated in the presence of gold-labeled phospholipase-C. Replicas of freeze-fractured microfilariae showed the presence of 2 fracture planes in the epicuticle and no fracture plane in the inner region of the cuticle. The P face of the epicuticle outer fracture plane presented few particles similar to intramembranous particles (IMPs). The epicuticle inner fracture plane P and E faces presented large numbers of densely-packed small particles and many protuberances. Also, fracture faces of hypodermal and muscle cell plasma membranes were analyzed. Faces P and E of fractured membranes showed the presence of typical IMPs. P faces of both membranes showed larger amounts of particles than E faces. Fracture of muscle plasma membrane revealed a linear array of particles disposed in parallel rows on its P face.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Araujo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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47
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Yu JR, Park JY, Chai JY. [Surface ultrastructure of Parvatrema timondavidi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) according to its developmental stages]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1994; 32:65-74. [PMID: 8025035 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1994.32.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Surface ultrastructure of Parvatrema timondavidi developmental stages was studied using a scanning electron microscope. The metacercariae were collected from the marine clam. Tapes philippinarum, and juvenile and adult worms were recovered at 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after experimental infection of mice. The metacercariae had a large oral sucker and characteristic lateral projections. Around the lip of the oral sucker many type I and type II sensory papillae were observed, and type III papillae were located symmetrically on the medial side of the lateral projection. Numerous type I papillae were grouped around the genital pore. The tegumental spines were distributed over the worm surface except the lip of the suckers and genital pore. The 1-day old worm had a well-developed ventral sucker, with 6 type II sensory papillae on its outer surface and another 6 type I papillae on the inner side. Two small type I papillae were seen on the anterior side of the ventral sucker. The genital pore was small and opened separately from the ventral sucker and 15 type I papillae were grouped around it. The 2-, 3-, and 7-day worms revealed that as they grew to be adults, the spine tips became multipointed, the genital pore formed a genital atrium, and the cytoplasmic process became well differentiated. In 2- and 3-day worms 10 type II papillae encircling the lip of the oral sucker, and additional 4 papillae at the dorsal side of 4 dorsal type II papillae were a characteristic feature. The distribution pattern of sensory papillae around the oral sucker and genital pore, and 2 type I papillae on the anterior side of the ventral sucker, was so peculiar in P. timondavidi, that they seem to be useful keys for taxonomic differentiation from other gymnophallids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Yu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Kon-Kuk University, Chungju, Korea
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Omar MS, Raoof AM. Histochemical distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in adult Onchocerca fasciata (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae). Parasitol Res 1994; 80:216-22. [PMID: 8036235 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Histochemical techniques were employed to study the tissue distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in adult female Onchocerca fasciata (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae). Different tissues differed considerably in the localization and distribution of the six enzymes studied. Acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity was detected in the cuticle, hypodermis and reproductive organs. Alkaline phosphatase (AlkPase) activity was largely absent. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was found in the somatic musculature and muscles of the uterine ducts, whereas 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nu) was restricted to young oocytes and dividing embryos in the female worm. Strong glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity was demonstrated in the uterine epithelial cells and microfilariae, as was weak activity in the hypodermis. Naphthylamidase (NAM) activity was detected in the hypodermis, with lower activity occurring in the somatic musculature. The possible functions of these enzymes are discussed with respect to their location. The hydrolytic enzymes AcPase and NAM in the body wall are probably involved in absorptive-digestive functions, NAM in the somatic musculature may be concerned with tissue protein turnover, and ATPase, 5'-Nu and G-6-Pase may have a role in active transport and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Omar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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49
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Sohn WM, Lee SH. [Transmission electron microscopic ultrastructure of the tegument of Fibricola seoulensis]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1993; 31:301-13. [PMID: 8297887 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1993.31.4.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An electron microscopic study was performed to observe the ultrastructure of the tegument of F. seoulensis. The outer surface of the tegument was covered with a trilaminated plasma membrane. The electron-dense cytoplasmic layer was 2.5 microns wide in the anterior portion and contained numerous vacuoles, mitochondria and granular materials in its matrix. The basement layer was 330 nm wide or so, and its numerous extensions protruded into the cytoplasmic layer. The sensory organ was composed of a small vesicle of 1.7 x 1.1 microns in dimensions, which possessed a cilium of 1.2 x 0.19 micron in size. The pharynx was composed of the epithelial layer of about 0.5 micron wide, well developed muscle layer and basement layer. The tegument of the oral sucker was composed of a cytoplasmic layer of 0.4-0.5 micron width, a narrow basement layer, a well developed muscle layer and tegumental cells. Some kinds of secretory granules that seemed to be originated from the cells of the oral sucker were observed in the parenchymal portions of the adjacent cells. The tribocytic organ consisted of numerous microvilli. The microvilli were 5 nm wide and heptalaminated. Two types of secretory granules originated from the gland cells of tribocytic organ were observed in the tegument and parenchyme. The tegumental cells were irregular in shape, and of which nuclei were multifarious.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Sohn
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Pusan, Korea
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Kadipasaoglu KA, Bilge FH, Baier RE. Determination of the role of cuticular carbohydrates in the hemocompatibility of Dirofilaria immitis (Nematoda). JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1993; 27:207-16. [PMID: 8436577 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820270210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have partially characterized surface glycoproteins of the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. Histochemical studies indicated the presence of neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides at the blood-cuticle interface. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectin binding patterns suggested the presence of alpha-D-glucosyl and/or alpha-D-mannosyl, beta-galactosyl, N-acetylneuraminyl and N-acetylated-D-hexosaminyl (sialic and glucuronic acids, respectively) terminal residues among the constituent sugars of the glycocalyx. An additional goal of this study was to assess the significance of each carbohydrate in parasite hemocompatibility by using scanning electron microscopy, internal reflection infrared spectroscopy, and comprehensive contact angle measurements. Each carbohydrate identified in the glycocalyx was selectively cleaved with the appropriate exoglycosidase. Heart-worms bearing native and enzyme-altered surfaces were exposed to platelet-rich canine plasma. Activation and aggregation of platelets were significantly increased on enzyme-treated surfaces as compared with native surfaces. Enzyme-induced cleavage of carbohydrate residues was associated with an increase in critical surface tension or a loss in cuticular structural integrity or both. Hemocompatibility of the heartworm cuticle depends on the retention of a stable saccharide-rich layer that minimizes interaction with plasma proteins and platelets; thus, carbohydrate residues on the glycocalyx may contribute to parasite hemocompatibility. The presence of similar low-critical-surface-tension coatings with high mechanical integrity may impart thromboresistance to other polyphenolic or chitinous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Kadipasaoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, South Carolina
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