1
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The chronological evolution of fluorescent GPCR probes for bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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2
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Giakomidi D, Bird MF, Guerrini R, Calo G, Lambert DG. Fluorescent opioid receptor ligands as tools to study opioid receptor function. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 113:107132. [PMID: 34728348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are divided into the three classical types: MOP(μ:mu), DOP(δ:delta) and KOP(κ:kappa) that are naloxone-sensitive and an additional naloxone-insensitive nociceptin/orphanin FQ(N/OFQ) peptide receptor(NOP). Studies to determine opioid receptor location and turnover variably rely on; (i) measuring receptor mRNA, (ii) genetically tagging receptors, (iii) labelling receptors with radioligands, (iv) use of antibodies in immunohistochemistry/Western Blotting or (v) measuring receptor function coupled with the use of selective antagonists. All have their drawbacks with significant issues relating to mRNA not necessarily predicting protein, poor antibody selectivity and utility of radiolabels in low expression systems. In this minireview we discuss use of fluorescently labelled opioid receptor ligands. To maintain the pharmacological properties of the corresponding parent ligand fluorescently labelled ligands must take into account fluorophore (brightness and propensity to bleach), linker length and chemistry, and site to which the linker (and hence probe) will be attached. Use of donor and acceptor fluorophores with spectral overlap facilitates use in FRET type assays to determine proximity of ligand or tagged receptor pairs. There is a wide range of probes of agonist and antagonist nature for all four opioid receptor types; caution is needed with agonist probes due to the possibility for internalization. We have produced two novel ATTO based probes; DermorphinATTO488 (MOP) and N/OFQATTO594 (NOP). These probes label MOP and NOP in a range of preparations and using N/OFQATTO594 we demonstrate internalization and ligand-receptor interaction by FRET. Fluorescent opioid probes offer potential methodological advantages over more traditional use of antibodies and radiolabels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Giakomidi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management), University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Leicester LE1 9HN. UK
| | - Mark F Bird
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management), University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Leicester LE1 9HN. UK
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - David G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management), University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Leicester LE1 9HN. UK.
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3
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Drakopoulos A, Decker M. Development and Biological Applications of Fluorescent Opioid Ligands. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1354-1364. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Drakopoulos
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of Pharmacy and Food ChemistryJulius Maximilian University of Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of Pharmacy and Food ChemistryJulius Maximilian University of Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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4
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Lam R, Gondin AB, Canals M, Kellam B, Briddon SJ, Graham B, Scammells PJ. Fluorescently Labeled Morphine Derivatives for Bioimaging Studies. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1316-1329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Lam
- School
of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Arisbel B. Gondin
- Cell Signalling
Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | | | - Barrie Kellam
- School
of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Cell Signalling
Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
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5
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Y TV, Agarwal DS, Sarmah A, Yukti, Sakhuja R, Pant DD. Design and synthesis of amino acid appended azo dye hybrid: Characterization, solvatochromic and quantum-chemical calculations using experimental and theoretical approach. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Schembri LS, Stoddart LA, Briddon SJ, Kellam B, Canals M, Graham B, Scammells PJ. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Utility of Fluorescent Ligands Targeting the μ-Opioid Receptor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9754-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh A. Stoddart
- Cell
Signaling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Cell
Signaling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School
of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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7
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Kumari S, Joshi S, Shakoor SMA, Agarwal DS, Panda SS, Pant DD, Sakhuja R. Synthesis, Absorption, and Fluorescence Studies of Coumaryl-Labelled Amino Acids and Dipeptides Linked Via Triazole Ring. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores based on 4-triazolyl, 7-hydroxy-4-triazolylmethyl, 4-O-triazolylmethyl, and 7-O-triazolylmethyl coumaryl-tagged amino acids and dipeptides were synthesized by copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between azido- or alkynyl-functionalized coumarins with alkynyl- or azido-functionalized amino acid and dipeptides in good-to-excellent yields. Steady-state absorption and the fluorescence properties of the synthesized conjugates were studied. The chemical applicability of these amino acid and peptide-based fluorophores was successfully demonstrated by their linear elongation by further tagging them with appropriate C- or N-terminus amino acid.
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8
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Josan JS, Morse DL, Xu L, Trissal M, Baggett B, Davis P, Vagner J, Gillies RJ, Hruby VJ. Solid-phase synthetic strategy and bioevaluation of a labeled delta-opioid receptor ligand Dmt-Tic-Lys for in vivo imaging. Org Lett 2009; 11:2479-82. [PMID: 19445485 DOI: 10.1021/ol900200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general solid-phase synthetic strategy is developed to prepare fluorescent and/or lanthanide-labeled derivatives of the delta-opioid receptor (deltaOR) ligand H-Dmt-Tic-Lys(R)-OH. The high delta-OR affinity (K(i) = 3 nM) and desirable in vivo characteristics of the Cy5 derivative 1 suggest its usefulness for structure-function studies and receptor localization and as a high-contrast noninvasive molecular marker for live imaging ex vivo or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder S Josan
- Department of Chemistry, BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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9
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Vázquez ME, Blanco JB, Salvadori S, Trapella C, Argazzi R, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH, Negri L, Giannini E, Lattanzi R, Colucci M, Balboni G. 6-N,N-dimethylamino-2,3-naphthalimide: a new environment-sensitive fluorescent probe in delta- and mu-selective opioid peptides. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3653-8. [PMID: 16759107 PMCID: PMC1994907 DOI: 10.1021/jm060343t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new environment-sensitive fluorophore, 6-N,N-(dimethylamino)-2,3-naphthalimide (6DMN) was introduced in the delta-selective opioid peptide agonist H-Dmt-Tic-Glu-NH(2) and in the mu-selective opioid peptide agonist endomorphin-2 (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)). Environment-sensitive fluorophores are a special class of chromophores that generally exhibit a low quantum yield in aqueous solution but become highly fluorescent in nonpolar solvents or when bound to hydrophobic sites in proteins or membranes. New fluorescent delta-selective irreversible antagonists (H-Dmt-Tic-Glu-NH-(CH(2))(5)-CO-Dap(6DMN)-NH(2) (1) and H-Dmt-Tic-Glu-Dap(6DMN)-NH(2) (2)) were identified as potential fluorescent probes showing good properties for use in studies of distribution and internalization of delta receptors by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemical synthesis
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Imides/chemistry
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction
- Naphthalenes/chemistry
- Naphthalimides
- Neuroblastoma
- Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects
- Neuromuscular Junction/physiology
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Opioid Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Opioid Peptides/chemistry
- Opioid Peptides/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenio Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Organica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Balboni G, Salvadori S, Dal Piaz A, Bortolotti F, Argazzi R, Negri L, Lattanzi R, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH. Highly selective fluorescent analogue of the potent delta-opioid receptor antagonist Dmt-Tic. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6541-6. [PMID: 15588089 DOI: 10.1021/jm040128h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent tripeptide probe derived by coupling fluorescein to H-Dmt-Tic-Glu-NH2 was developed to interact with delta-opioid receptors with high affinity (Ki = 0.035 nM) and selectivity (Ki(mu)/Ki(delta) = 4371). It acts as an irreversible delta-opioid receptor antagonist, and binding to NG108-15 cells is blocked by the standard nonpeptidic delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole. This probe should prove useful in the study of the distribution of delta-opioid receptors in tissues and the internalization of opioid peptides during signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliary, I-09126, Cagliary, Italy
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11
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Houghten RA, Dooley CT, Appel JR. De novo identification of highly active fluorescent kappa opioid ligands from a rhodamine labeled tetrapeptide positional scanning library. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1947-51. [PMID: 15050634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly active fluorescent compounds having kappa opioid activity were identified following the screening in a kappa-specific radioligand binding assay of a positional scanning tetrapeptide combinatorial library in which every tetrapeptide was fluorescently labeled. Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride was coupled to the N terminal of a mixture-based tetrapeptide positional scanning library made up of over 7.3 million tetrapeptides. Upon determination of the most active mixtures for each position of the library in the kappa binding assay, individual rhodamine labeled tetrapeptides were then synthesized and tested to determine their activities. Eight individual rhodamine labeled peptides were identified that were specific for the kappa opioid receptor, having binding affinities ranging from 5-20 nM. These peptides were poor inhibitors at the mu and delta receptors (K(i)>5,000 nM). Furthermore, neither rhodamine itself nor these same tetrapeptides lacking the N-terminal rhodamine had any significant activity at the kappa receptor, indicating that both the tetrapeptide sequence and the rhodamine moiety are required for receptor binding. This study has demonstrated that novel fluorescent compounds with intrinsic activity can be identified through the use of combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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12
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Kumar V, Murray TF, Aldrich JV. Extended TIP(P) analogues as precursors for labeled delta-opioid receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2000; 43:5050-4. [PMID: 11150177 DOI: 10.1021/jm000362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH (TIPP) and the shorter Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH (TIP) peptides are potent and highly selective antagonists at the delta-opioid receptor and, therefore, are ideal candidates for the attachment of labels to assist in the study of delta-opioid receptors. Peptides extended at the C-terminus with residues which can be used as handles for further modification and/or labeling (i.e. Asx, Glx, and Lys) were synthesized. The TIPP-D/L-Asx/Glx derivatives exhibited similar delta-receptor affinity to TIPP (K(i) = 5-10 nM vs K(i) = 6 nM), and neither the location of the carboxylic acid moiety nor the stereochemistry of the C-terminal residue significantly affected the delta-receptor affinity of these derivatives. Extension of TIPP with an additional residue did not increase mu-receptor affinity, even though the position of the acidic group, which imparts delta-receptor selectivity to TIPP, was shifted relative to the carboxylic acid moiety of TIPP. The delta-receptor affinities of the TIP-D/L-Asx/Glx derivatives were found to be influenced mainly by the position of the carboxylic acid function rather than the stereochemistry of the C-terminal residue. TIP(P)-D/L-Lys(Ac)-OH derivatives exhibited moderate delta-receptor affinity (K(i)(delta) = 16-28 nM). The most potent compounds found in the extended TIP(P) series were TIPP-D-Gln-OH and TIP-D-Gln-OH (K(i)(delta) = 5 nM) which had similar affinities to TIPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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13
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Emmerson PJ, Archer S, El-Hamouly W, Mansour A, Akil H, Medzihradsky F. Synthesis and characterization of 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-labeled fluorescent ligands for the mu opioid receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:1315-22. [PMID: 9393674 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of opioid ligands utilizing the 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) fluorophores 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene++ +-3-propionic acid or 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza- s-indacene-3-propionic acid were synthesized and characterized for their ability to act as a suitable fluorescent label for the mu opioid receptor. All compounds displaced the mu opioid receptor binding of [3H]Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol in monkey brain membranes with high affinity. The binding of fluorescent ligands to delta and kappa receptors was highly variable. 5,7-Dimethyl-BODIPY naltrexamine, "6-BNX," displayed subnanomolar affinities for the mu and kappa opioid receptors (Ki 0.07 and 0.43 nM, respectively) and nanomolar affinity at the delta (Ki 1.4 nM) receptor. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, the binding of 6-BNX in membranes from C6 glioma cells transfected with the cloned mu opioid receptor was investigated. In these membranes containing a high receptor density (10-80 pmol/mg protein), 6-BNX labeling was saturable, mu opioid specific, stereoselective (as determined with the isomers dextrorphan and levorphanol), and more than 90% specific. The results describe a series of newly developed fluorescent ligands for the mu opioid receptor and the use of one of these ligands as a label for the cloned mu receptor. These ligands provide a new approach for studying the structural and biophysical nature of opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Emmerson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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14
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Lawrence DM, el-Hamouly W, Archer S, Leary JF, Bidlack JM. Identification of kappa opioid receptors in the immune system by indirect immunofluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:1062-6. [PMID: 7862634 PMCID: PMC42637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.4.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A method to visualize the kappa opioid receptor is described that uses a high-affinity fluorescein-conjugated opioid ligand and indirect immunofluorescence with the phycoerythrin fluorophore to amplify the signal. The mouse thymoma cell line R1E/TL8x.1.G1.OUAr.1 (R1EGO), which expresses the kappa 1 but not mu or delta opioid receptors, was used as a positive control for fluorescence labeling. A fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated arylacetamide (FITC-AA) compound displaying high affinity for the kappa opioid receptor was synthesized. R1EGO cells were incubated with FITC-AA, in the absence or presence of the kappa-selective opioid antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) as a competitor. By using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, incubation of R1EGO cells with FITC-AA alone was not sufficient for the detection of specific staining of the kappa opioid receptor. To amplify the FITC-AA fluorescence, the fluorescein served as a hapten for subsequent antibody detection. R1EGO cells were incubated with FITC-AA, followed by biotinylated rabbit anti-fluorescein IgG and extravidin-conjugated R-phycoerythrin. By using this approach, R1EGO cells were stained with phycoerythrin-amplified FITC-AA, and the staining was displaced with nor-BNI. Flow cytometry showed that titrations of both FITC-AA and nor-BNI produced saturable concentration-dependent changes in the median phycoerythrin fluorescence intensity, with optimal staining at 30 microM FITC-AA. Up to 80% of the fluorescence above background was inhibited by nor-BNI. Freshly isolated thymocytes from C57BL/6ByJ mice also showed nor-BNI-sensitive staining with the FITC-AA amplification. This sensitive method of indirect phycoerythrin immunofluorescence can be used to amplify any fluorescein-conjugated opioid ligand for the detection of opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642
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15
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Lawrence DM, Archer S, Bidlack JM. Identification of opioid receptors in the immune system using a novel combination of selective opioid ligands and indirect phycoerythrin immunofluorescence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 373:17-21. [PMID: 7668148 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1951-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
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17
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Baindur N, Triggle DJ. Concepts and progress in the development and utilization of receptor-specific fluorescent ligands. Med Res Rev 1994; 14:591-664. [PMID: 7530311 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610140603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Baindur
- School of Pharmacy, State University of New York at Buffalo 14260
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18
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Heithier H, Hallmann D, Boege F, Reiländer H, Dees C, Jaeggi KA, Arndt-Jovin D, Jovin TM, Helmreich EJ. Synthesis and properties of fluorescent beta-adrenoceptor ligands. Biochemistry 1994; 33:9126-34. [PMID: 7914090 DOI: 10.1021/bi00197a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of bordifluoropyrromethene (BODIPY), fluorescein, and related fluorescent derivatives of the beta-adrenergic ligand CGP 12177. With these probes we screened insect (Sf9) cells stably transformed with the human beta 2-adrenoceptor gene and expressing (2-3.5) x 10(5) human beta 2-adrenoceptors per cell. Among these derivatives only BODIPY-CGP gave a receptor-specific signal sufficiently strong for measuring the on- and off-rate constants and the equilibrium dissociation constant of beta-adrenoceptor-specific binding by spectrofluorometry or photon counting. Similar KD values for BODIPY-CGP binding were obtained by kinetic measurements (approx. 250 pM) and under equilibrium conditions (400 +/- 180 pM), and these were in the same range as those obtained with [3H]CGP 12177 (200 +/- 32 pM). The cell-bound fluorescence could be quenched specifically with nonfluorescent CGP 12177 to near background levels. The disposition of the beta 2-adrenoceptors in BODIPY-CGP-stained Sf9 cells was mainly restricted to the cell surface at 4 and 30 degrees C. Hence, beta-adrenoceptor-expressing cells can be stained specifically with BODIPY-CGP, and beta-adrenoceptors on a single cell can be assessed by photon counting under the fluorescence microscope. Cells can also be scanned by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Heithier
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Abteilung für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Archer S, Medzihradsky F, Seyed-Mozaffari A, Emmerson PJ. Synthesis and characterization of 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)-labeled fluorescent opioids. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:301-6. [PMID: 1371213 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90292-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alkylation of sarcosine with 4-chloro-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-chloride) furnished a fluorescent tag that was coupled with a tetrahydrothebaine derivative and beta-naltrexamine, respectively, to yield the fluorescent opioids 7 alpha-(1R)-1-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propyl]-6,14- endoethenotetrahydrothebaine NBD-sarcosinate (ASM-5-10) and N-cyclopropylmethyl-3-hydroxy-14 beta-hydroxy-6 beta-(NBD sarcosinyl)-amino-epoxymorphinan (ASM-5-67). The fluorescence intensity of the novel opioids allowed their detection at subnanomolar concentrations, and was dependent on the polarity of the solvent. Maximum quantum yield was obtained in ethyl acetate and ethanol, and minimal fluorescence in heptane and water. Compounds ASM-5-10 and ASM-5-67 displaced the opioid receptor binding of [3H]Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol in monkey brain membranes with IC50 values of 8.4 and 1.5 nM, respectively. Whereas ASM-5-67 bound to mu, delta, and kappa receptors with comparable affinities, ASM-5-10 was mu-selective, with selectivity indices (ratio of respective IC50 values) of 0.04 for both mu/delta and mu/kappa. The sodium response ratio in binding revealed a pronounced agonist property of ASM-5-10. Both opioids were lipophilic, with octanol-water partition coefficients (log Papp) of 2.8 (ASM-5-10) and 1.0 (ASM-5-67). ASM-5-10 exhibited particularly strong membrane retention that was not reversible by four washes. Their favorable characteristics in fluorescence, receptor binding, and membrane interaction make these newly developed ligands useful molecular probes to study opioid receptor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Archer
- Department of Chemistry, Cogswell Laboratory, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181
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20
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Nakamura H, Lee S, Ono S, Kato T, Aoyagi H. Side reaction of pyrenylalanine-peptides containing NG-tosylarginine during detosylation with hydrogen fluoride. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1990; 36:471-5. [PMID: 2276875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Formation of by-products of pyrenylalanine-peptides was observed during the cleavage of a tosyl group in pyrenylalanine-peptides containing an Arg(Tos) residue with HF. NMR and fluorescence experiments showed that by-products were compounds in which a pyrenyl group was modified with a tosyl group(s). The side reaction was little suppressed by the addition of usual scavengers such as anisole, 1,2-ethanedithiol, thioanisole and p-cresol. Under the conditions used for the cleavage of N alpha-Boc group, i.e., trifluoroacetic acid or 4 M HCl in dioxane, the pyrenylalanine residue was stable. No side reaction was, furthermore, observed in the reductive cleavage with sodium in liquid ammonia. These results suggest that the side reaction may be due to an electrophilic attack of tosyl cations to the electron-rich pyrenyl group in the pyrenylalanine residue under the HF-mediated acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Lee S, Yoshida M, Mihara H, Aoyagi H, Kato T, Yamasaki N. The spectroscopic analysis for binding of amphipathic and antimicrobial model peptides containing pyrenylalanine and tryptophan to lipid bilayer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 984:174-82. [PMID: 2765546 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The binding of basic amphipathic fluorescent peptides to lipid bilayers was studied in relation to their antimicrobial activity. Four fluorescent peptides containing pyrenylalanine or tryptophan in an amphipathic basic peptide (4(4] consisting of four repeated units of tetrapeptide, -L-Leu-L-Ala-L-Arg-L-Leu-, were found to have antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria and to take conformations with fairly high alpha-helical content both in aqueous solutions and liposomes. The fluorescence spectroscopic data suggested that the pyrenylalanine-peptide existed as a monomer in methanol or liposomes but as an oligomer in aqueous solutions to form an excimer between pyrenylalanyl residues. Upon binding with liposomes, the fluorescence spectra of the tryptophan-containing peptide shifted to a shorter wavelength, indicating the change in the state of tryptophan from hydrophilic environment to hydrophobic one. The analytical data for the quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by I- anion suggest that the tryptophan residue in the peptide is not deeply buried in the hydrophobic core of the bilayers. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the peptides may interact with liposomes in such a manner that they lie parallel to the surface of the lipid bilayers with their hydrophobic regions shallowly in the amphipathic moiety of the bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Mihara H, Lee S, Shimohigashi Y, Aoyagi H, Kato T, Izumiya N, Costa T. Synthesis, receptor binding activity and fluorescence property of fluorescent enkephalin analogs containing L-1-pyrenylalanine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1987; 30:605-12. [PMID: 2830198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb03371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The novel fluorescent amino acid, L-1-pyrenylalanine (L-Pya), was prepared by the asymmetric hydrogenation of cyclic dehydrodipeptide. Fluorescent enkephalins containing one or two Pya residues at position 1,4 or 5 of [D-Ala2, Leu5]enkephalin were synthesized by the solution method. Mono-Pya-enkephalins showed strong fluorescence intensities and potent binding affinities with specificity and selectivity for opiate receptors. However, di-Pya-enkephalins showed markedly decreased receptor binding affinities. These results indicate that the incorporation of two Pya residues into enkephalin makes the peptide unable to interact with the opiate receptors, although introduction of one Pya residue is effective to elicit a specific receptor interaction. Di-Pya-enkephalins showed intramolecular excimer spectra, indicating that the peptides are able to take possible folded conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Mihara H, Lee S, Shimohigashi Y, Aoyagi H, Kato T, Izumiya N, Costa T. Tyr1-substituted and fluorescent Pya1-enkephalins bind strongly and selectively to mu and delta opiate receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 136:1170-6. [PMID: 3013169 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent enkephalins in which an essential Tyr1 residue is replaced by L-1-pyrenylalanine (Pya) were synthesized and examined in the receptor binding assays. [Pya1, Leu5]Enkephalin and its methyl ester showed binding characteristics specific for the opiate receptors, exhibiting a potent inhibition of Tyr1-containing enkephalins. Surprisingly, the methyl ester displayed almost the same potencies to those of DAGO-enkephalin. This analog bound 24-fold more strongly to mu than to delta-receptors. C-terminal free analog Pya1-Enk-OH was delta-preferential with a fairly good affinity. These results indicate that Tyr1 in enkephalin is not necessary to recognition of the opiate receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/analogs & derivatives
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Crystallography
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalin, Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- Ileum/metabolism
- Pyrenes
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta
- Receptors, Opioid, mu
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tyrosine
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