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Su Y, Xu J, Zhu Z, Chin J, Xu L, Yu H, Nudell V, Dash B, Moya EA, Ye L, Nimmerjahn A, Sun X. Brainstem Dbh + neurons control allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. Nature 2024; 631:601-609. [PMID: 38987587 PMCID: PMC11254774 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Exaggerated airway constriction triggered by repeated exposure to allergen, also called hyperreactivity, is a hallmark of asthma. Whereas vagal sensory neurons are known to function in allergen-induced hyperreactivity1-3, the identity of downstream nodes remains poorly understood. Here we mapped a full allergen circuit from the lung to the brainstem and back to the lung. Repeated exposure of mice to inhaled allergen activated the nuclei of solitary tract (nTS) neurons in a mast cell-, interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and vagal nerve-dependent manner. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing, followed by RNAscope assay at baseline and allergen challenges, showed that a Dbh+ nTS population is preferentially activated. Ablation or chemogenetic inactivation of Dbh+ nTS neurons blunted hyperreactivity whereas chemogenetic activation promoted it. Viral tracing indicated that Dbh+ nTS neurons project to the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and that NA neurons are necessary and sufficient to relay allergen signals to postganglionic neurons that directly drive airway constriction. Delivery of noradrenaline antagonists to the NA blunted hyperreactivity, suggesting noradrenaline as the transmitter between Dbh+ nTS and NA. Together, these findings provide molecular, anatomical and functional definitions of key nodes of a canonical allergen response circuit. This knowledge informs how neural modulation could be used to control allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinhao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ziai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jisun Chin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haoze Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Nudell
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barsha Dash
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Esteban A Moya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Edwards CM, Guerrero IE, Thompson D, Dolezel T, Rinaman L. An ascending vagal sensory-central noradrenergic pathway modulates retrieval of passive avoidance memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588717. [PMID: 38645069 PMCID: PMC11030408 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Visceral feedback from the body is often subconscious, but plays an important role in guiding motivated behaviors. Vagal sensory neurons relay "gut feelings" to noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS), which in turn project to the anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vlBNST) and other hypothalamic-limbic forebrain regions. Prior work supports a role for these circuits in modulating memory consolidation and extinction, but a potential role in retrieval of conditioned avoidance remains untested. Results To examine this, adult male rats underwent passive avoidance conditioning. We then lesioned gut-sensing vagal afferents by injecting cholecystokinin-conjugated saporin toxin (CSAP) into the vagal nodose ganglia (Experiment 1), or lesioned NA inputs to the vlBNST by injecting saporin toxin conjugated to an antibody against dopamine-beta hydroxylase (DSAP) into the vlBNST (Experiment 2). When avoidance behavior was later assessed, rats with vagal CSAP lesions or NA DSAP lesions displayed significantly increased conditioned passive avoidance. Conclusions These new findings support the view that a gut vagal afferent-to-cNTSNA-to-vlBNST circuit plays a role in modulating the expression/retrieval of learned passive avoidance. Overall, our data suggest a dynamic modulatory role of vagal sensory feedback to the limbic forebrain in integrating interoceptive signals with contextual cues that elicit conditioned avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Edwards
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
| | | | - Danielle Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
| | - Tyla Dolezel
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University
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Su Y, Xu J, Zhu Z, Chin J, Xu L, Yu H, Nudell V, Dash B, Moya EA, Ye L, Nimmerjahn A, Sun X. Brainstem Dbh+ Neurons Control Chronic Allergen-Induced Airway Hyperreactivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.04.527145. [PMID: 36778350 PMCID: PMC9915738 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.04.527145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of the lung to irritants such as allergen is a primary cause of asthma characterized by exaggerated airway constriction, also called hyperreactivity, which can be life-threatening. Aside from immune cells, vagal sensory neurons are important for airway hyperreactivity 1-4 . However, the identity and signature of the downstream nodes of this adaptive circuit remains poorly understood. Here we show that a single population of Dbh + neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS) of the brainstem, and downstream neurons in the nucleus ambiguous (NA), are both necessary and sufficient for chronic allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. We found that repeated exposures of mice to inhaled allergen activates nTS neurons in a mast cell-, interleukin 4 (IL-4)-and vagal nerve-dependent manner. Single-nucleus RNA-seq of the nTS at baseline and following allergen challenges reveals that a Dbh + population is preferentially activated. Ablation or chemogenetic inactivation of Dbh + nTS neurons blunted, while chemogenetic activation promoted hyperreactivity. Viral tracing indicates that Dbh + nTS neurons, capable of producing norepinephrine, project to the NA, and NA neurons are necessary and sufficient to relay allergen signals to postganglionic neurons that then directly drive airway constriction. Focusing on transmitters, delivery of norepinephrine antagonists to the NA blunted allergen-induced hyperreactivity. Together, these findings provide molecular, anatomical and functional definitions of key nodes of a canonical allergen response circuit. The knowledge opens the possibility of targeted neural modulation as an approach to control refractory allergen-induced airway constriction.
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Flak JN, Myers B, Solomon MB, McKlveen JM, Krause EG, Herman JP. Role of paraventricular nucleus-projecting norepinephrine/epinephrine neurons in acute and chronic stress. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1903-11. [PMID: 24766138 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic variable stress (CVS) exposure modifies the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in a manner consistent with enhanced central drive of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. As previous reports suggest that post-stress enhancement of norepinephrine (NE) action contributes to chronic stress regulation at the level of the PVN, we hypothesised that PVN-projecting NE neurons were necessary for the stress facilitatory effects of CVS. Following intra-PVN injection of saporin toxin conjugated to a dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) antibody (DSAP), in rats PVN DBH immunoreactivity was almost completely eliminated, but immunoreactive afferents to other key regions involved in stress integration were spared (e.g. DBH fiber densities were unaffected in the central nucleus of the amygdala). Reductions in DBH-positive fiber density were associated with reduced numbers of DBH-immunoreactive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and locus coeruleus. Following 2 weeks of CVS, DSAP injection did not alter stress-induced adrenal hypertrophy or attenuation of body weight gain, indicating that PVN-projecting NE [and epinephrine (E)] neurons are not essential for these physiological effects of chronic stress. In response to acute restraint stress, PVN-targeted DSAP injection attenuated peak adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone in controls, but only attenuated peak ACTH in CVS animals, suggesting that enhanced adrenal sensitivity compensated for reduced excitatory drive of the PVN. Our data suggest that PVN-projecting NE/E neurons contribute to the generation of acute stress responses, and are required for HPA axis drive (ACTH release) during chronic stress. However, loss of NE/E drive at the PVN appears to be buffered by compensation at the level of the adrenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Flak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Psychiatry North, Building E, 2nd Floor, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237-0506, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Nuchsuk C, Wetprasit N, Roytrakul S, Choowongkomon K, T-Thienprasert N, Yokthongwattana C, Arpornsuwan T, Ratanapo S. Bioactivities of Jc-SCRIP, a Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein fromJatropha curcasSeed Coat. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:453-62. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanthakan Nuchsuk
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nuanchawee Wetprasit
- Department of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; Ramkhamhaeng University; Ramkamhaeng Rd. Bangkapi Bangkok 10240 Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA); 113 Clong-Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nattanan T-Thienprasert
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Chotika Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Theerakul Arpornsuwan
- Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences; Thammasat University; Rangsit, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sunanta Ratanapo
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Hernandez LI, Flenker KS, Hernandez FJ, Klingelhutz AJ, II JOM, Giangrande PH. Methods for Evaluating Cell-Specific, Cell-Internalizing RNA Aptamers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:295-319. [PMID: 23894227 PMCID: PMC3722562 DOI: 10.3390/ph6030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) highlight the need for robust delivery technologies that will facilitate the successful application of these therapeutics to humans. Arguably, cell targeting by conjugation to cell-specific ligands provides a viable solution to this problem. Synthetic RNA ligands (aptamers) represent an emerging class of pharmaceuticals with great potential for targeted therapeutic applications. For targeted delivery of siRNAs with aptamers, the aptamer-siRNA conjugate must be taken up by cells and reach the cytoplasm. To this end, we have developed cell-based selection approaches to isolate aptamers that internalize upon binding to their cognate receptor on the cell surface. Here we describe methods to monitor for cellular uptake of aptamers. These include: (1) antibody amplification microscopy, (2) microplate-based fluorescence assay, (3) a quantitative and ultrasensitive internalization method (“QUSIM”) and (4) a way to monitor for cytoplasmic delivery using the ribosome inactivating protein-based (RNA-RIP) assay. Collectively, these methods provide a toolset that can expedite the development of aptamer ligands to target and deliver therapeutic siRNAs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza I. Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Katie S. Flenker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Frank J. Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Aloysius J. Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - James O. McNamara II
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Paloma H. Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-319-384-3242; Fax: +1-319-353-5552
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Zheng H, Rinaman L. Yohimbine anxiogenesis in the elevated plus maze requires hindbrain noradrenergic neurons that target the anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1340-9. [PMID: 23368289 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (YO) increases transmitter release from noradrenergic (NA) terminals in cortical and subcortical brain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). YO activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis and is potently anxiogenic in rats and humans. We previously reported that hindbrain NA neurons within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NST-A2/C2) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM-A1/C1) that innervate the anterior ventrolateral (vl)BST contribute to the ability of YO to activate the HPA stress axis in rats. To determine whether the same NA pathway also contributes to YO-induced anxiogenesis in the elevated plus maze (EPMZ), a selective saporin ribotoxin conjugate (dopamine beta hydroxylase conjugated to saporin toxin, DSAP) was microinjected bilaterally into the anterior vlBST to destroy its NA inputs. Sham-lesioned controls were microinjected with vehicle. Two experiments were conducted to determine DSAP lesion effects on EPMZ behavior. DSAP lesions did not alter maze behavior in rats after intraperitoneal saline, and did not alter the significant effect of prior maze experience to reduce exploratory and open arm maze activities. However, in maze-naïve rats, DSAP lesions abolished YO anxiogenesis in the EPMZ. Post-mortem immunocytochemical analyses confirmed that DSAP consistently ablated caudal NST-A2/C2 and VLM-A1/C1 neurons that innervate the anterior vlBST. DSAP lesions did not destroy non-NA inputs to the anterior vlBST, and produced inconsistent cell loss within the pontine locus coeruleus (A6 cell group) that was unrelated to YO anxiogenesis. Thus, the ability of YO to increase anxiety-like behavior in the EPMZ depends on hindbrain NA neurons that target the anterior vlBST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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8
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de Virgilio M, Lombardi A, Caliandro R, Fabbrini MS. Ribosome-inactivating proteins: from plant defense to tumor attack. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2699-737. [PMID: 22069572 PMCID: PMC3153179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are EC3.2.32.22 N-glycosidases that recognize a universally conserved stem-loop structure in 23S/25S/28S rRNA, depurinating a single adenine (A4324 in rat) and irreversibly blocking protein translation, leading finally to cell death of intoxicated mammalian cells. Ricin, the plant RIP prototype that comprises a catalytic A subunit linked to a galactose-binding lectin B subunit to allow cell surface binding and toxin entry in most mammalian cells, shows a potency in the picomolar range. The most promising way to exploit plant RIPs as weapons against cancer cells is either by designing molecules in which the toxic domains are linked to selective tumor targeting domains or directly delivered as suicide genes for cancer gene therapy. Here, we will provide a comprehensive picture of plant RIPs and discuss successful designs and features of chimeric molecules having therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Lombardi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Serena Fabbrini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
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Northrop LE, Polston EK, Erskine MS. Noradrenergic nuclei that receive sensory input during mating and project to the ventromedial hypothalamus play a role in mating-induced pseudopregnancy in the female rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:1061-71. [PMID: 20673300 PMCID: PMC3063002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In female rats, vaginal-cervical stimulation (VCS) received during mating induces bicircadian prolactin surges that are required for the maintenance of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy (PSP). The neural circuits that transmit VCS inputs to the brain have not been fully described, although mating stimulation is known to activate medullary noradrenergic cell groups that project to the forebrain. In response to VCS, these neurones release noradrenaline within the ventrolateral division of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) and the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD), two forebrain sites that are implicated in the initiation of PSP. Noradrenaline receptor activation within the VMHvl is both necessary and sufficient for PSP induction, suggesting that noradrenaline acting within the VMHvl is particularly important in mediating the effects of VCS towards the establishment of PSP. We therefore investigated whether or not endogenous, VCS-induced noradrenaline release within the VMHvl is involved in PSP induction in the rat. Before the receipt of sufficient mating stimulation to induce PSP, a retrograde neurotoxin, dopamine-β-hydroxylase-saporin (DBH-SAP), was infused bilaterally into the either the VMHvl or the MePD to selectively destroy afferent noradrenergic nuclei in the brainstem. DBH-SAP infusions into the VMHvl lesioned mating-responsive noradrenergic neurones in A1 and A2 medullary nuclei and reduced the incidence of PSP by 50%. Infusions of DBH-SAP into the MePD had no effect on the subsequent induction of PSP. These results suggest that VCS is conveyed to mating-responsive forebrain areas by brainstem noradrenergic neurones, and that the activity of noradrenergic cells projecting to the VMHvl is involved in the induction of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Northrop
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Morristown, NJ, USA
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10
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Lombardi A, Marshall RS, Savino C, Fabbrini MS, Ceriotti A. Type I Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Saponaria officinalis. TOXIC PLANT PROTEINS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12176-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Too PHM, Ma MKW, Mak ANS, Wong YT, Tung CKC, Zhu G, Au SWN, Wong KB, Shaw PC. The C-terminal fragment of the ribosomal P protein complexed to trichosanthin reveals the interaction between the ribosome-inactivating protein and the ribosome. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 37:602-10. [PMID: 19073700 PMCID: PMC2632931 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) inhibit protein synthesis by enzymatically depurinating a specific adenine residue at the sarcin-ricin loop of the 28S rRNA, which thereby prevents the binding of elongation factors to the GTPase activation centre of the ribosome. Here, we present the 2.2 Å crystal structure of trichosanthin (TCS) complexed to the peptide SDDDMGFGLFD, which corresponds to the conserved C-terminal elongation factor binding domain of the ribosomal P protein. The N-terminal region of this peptide interacts with Lys173, Arg174 and Lys177 in TCS, while the C-terminal region is inserted into a hydrophobic pocket. The interaction with the P protein contributes to the ribosome-inactivating activity of TCS. This 11-mer C-terminal P peptide can be docked with selected important plant and bacterial RIPs, indicating that a similar interaction may also occur with other RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Hiu-Mei Too
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography and Molecular Biotechnology Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Bienkowski MS, Rinaman L. Noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular hypothalamus contribute to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and central Fos activation in rats after acute systemic endotoxin exposure. Neuroscience 2008; 156:1093-102. [PMID: 18773942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenergic (NA) neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLM) innervate the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to initiate and modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to interoceptive stress. Systemic endotoxin (i.e. bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS) activates NA neurons within the NST and VLM that project to the PVN and other brain regions that receive interoceptive signals. The present study examined whether NA neurons with axonal inputs to the PVN are necessary for LPS to activate Fos expression within the PVN and other interoceptive-related brain regions, and to increase plasma corticosterone. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral stereotaxic microinjections of DSAP (saporin toxin conjugated to an antibody against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, DbH) into the PVN to destroy NA inputs. Control rats were microinjected with vehicle into the PVN or received no PVN injections. Two weeks later, DSAP and control rats were injected i.p. with LPS (200 microg/kg BW) or saline vehicle, and perfused with fixative 2.5-3 h later. Brain tissue sections were processed to reveal nuclear Fos protein and cytoplasmic DbH immunolabeling. DSAP lesions depleted NA terminals in the PVN and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, reduced the number of NA cell bodies in the NST and VLM, attenuated PVN Fos activation after LPS, and attenuated LPS-induced increases in plasma corticosterone. These findings support the view that NA projections from hindbrain to hypothalamus are necessary for a full HPA axis response to systemic immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bienkowski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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The Catalytic Subunit of Shiga-like Toxin 1 Interacts with Ribosomal Stalk Proteins and is Inhibited by Their Conserved C-Terminal Domain. J Mol Biol 2008; 378:375-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Ghosh P, Batra J. The differential catalytic activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins saporin 5 and 6 is due to a single substitution at position 162. Biochem J 2006; 400:99-104. [PMID: 16831127 PMCID: PMC1635434 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saporin, a type I ribosome-inactivating protein produced by the soapwort plant Saponaria officinalis belongs to a multigene family that encodes its several isoforms. The saporin seed isoform 6 has significantly higher N-glycosidase and cytotoxic activities compared with the seed isoform 5, although the two have identical active sites. In the present study, we have investigated the contribution of non-conservative amino acid changes outside the active sites of these isoforms towards their differential catalytic activity. The saporin 6 residues Lys134, Leu147, Phe149, Asn162, Thr188 and Asp196 were replaced by the corresponding saporin 5 residues, Gln134, Ser147, Ser149, Asp162, Ile188 and Asn196, to generate six variants of saporin 6, K134Q, L147S, F149S, N162D, T188I and D196N. By functional characterization, we show that the change in amino acid Asn162 in saporin 6 to aspartic acid residue of saporin 5 contributes mainly to the lower catalytic activity of saporin 5 compared with saporin 6. The non-involvement of other non-conservative amino acids in the differential catalytic activity of these isoforms was confirmed with the help of the double mutations N162D/K134Q, N162D/L147S, N162D/F149S, N162D/T188I and N162D/D196N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paroma Ghosh
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Janendra K. Batra
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Banihashemi L, Rinaman L. Noradrenergic inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus underlie hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but not hypophagic or conditioned avoidance responses to systemic yohimbine. J Neurosci 2006; 26:11442-53. [PMID: 17079674 PMCID: PMC6674526 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3561-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (YO) increases transmitter release from adrenergic/noradrenergic (NA) neurons. Systemic YO activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inhibits feeding, and supports conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA) in rats. To determine whether these effects require NA inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), vehicle or saporin toxin conjugated to an antibody against dopamine beta hydroxylase (DSAP) was microinjected bilaterally into the BNST to remove its NA inputs. Subsequent tests failed to reveal any lesion effect on the ability of YO (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to inhibit food intake or to support CFA. Conversely, HPA axis responses to YO were significantly blunted in DSAP rats. In a terminal experiment, DSAP and control rats were perfused 90-120 min after intraperitoneal injection of YO or vehicle. Brains were processed to reveal Fos immunolabeling and lesion extent. NA fibers were markedly depleted in the BNST and medial parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamus (PVNmp) in DSAP rats, evidence for collateralized NA inputs to these regions. DSAP rats displayed significant loss of caudal medullary NA neurons, and markedly blunted Fos activation in the BNST and in corticotropin-releasing hormone-positive PVNmp neurons after YO. We conclude that a population of medullary NA neurons provides collateral inputs to the BNST and PVNmp, and that these inputs contribute importantly to Fos expression and HPA axis activation after YO treatment. Conversely, NA-mediated activation of BNST and PVNmp neurons is unnecessary for YO to inhibit food intake or support CFA, evidence for the sufficiency of other intact neural pathways in mediating those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Banihashemi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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16
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Xia X, Hou F, Li J, Nie H. Ribosomal protein L10a, a bridge between trichosanthin and the ribosome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:281-6. [PMID: 16126173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with many pharmacological activities. The trichosanthin-coupled Sepharose affinity purification revealed a protein, which was identified by mass spectrometry as the ribosomal protein L10a. The interaction between trichosanthin and recombinant L10a was further confirmed by in vitro binding assay. Kinetic analysis by surface plasmon resonance technology revealed that L10a had a high affinity to trichosanthin with a K(D) of 7.78nM. The study with mutated forms of trichosanthin demonstrated that this specific association correlates with the ribosome-inactivating activity of trichosanthin. This finding might provide insight into the mechanisms by which trichosanthin inactivates ribosome and that underlies its pharmacological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Xia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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18
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Chan SH, Hung FS, Chan DS, Shaw PC. Trichosanthin interacts with acidic ribosomal proteins P0 and P1 and mitotic checkpoint protein MAD2B. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2107-12. [PMID: 11277934 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trichosanthin is a ribosome-inactivating protein with multiple pharmacological properties. By a yeast two-hybrid system, ribosomal phosphoproteins P0 and P1 and a putative mitotic checkpoint protein, MAD2B, were found to interact with an active-site mutated trichosanthin (TCS). The interactions were verified by an in vitro binding assay of recombinant wild-type TCS and target proteins. The interaction domain of P0 was mapped to amino acids 220-273, which had been previously reported to be involved in the interaction with P1 and P2 in yeast. Consistent with our previous finding that the last seven residues of TCS are not essential for an active conformation, the same deletion did not affect the interaction with P0. Our present study suggests that TCS may disrupt the binding of elongation factors to the P-complex, in addition to the well-known N-glycosidase activity for ribosome inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Hudak KA, Dinman JD, Tumer NE. Pokeweed antiviral protein accesses ribosomes by binding to L3. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3859-64. [PMID: 9920941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a 29-kDa ribosome-inactivating protein, catalytically removes an adenine residue from the conserved alpha-sarcin loop of the large rRNA, thereby preventing the binding of eEF-2.GTP complex during protein elongation. Because the alpha-sarcin loop has been placed near the peptidyltransferase center in Escherichia coli ribosomes, we investigated the effects of alterations at the peptidyltransferase center on the activity of PAP. We demonstrate here that a chromosomal mutant of yeast, harboring the mak8-1 allele of peptidyltransferase-linked ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3), is resistant to the cytostatic effects of PAP. Unlike wild-type yeast, ribosomes from mak8-1 cells are not depurinated when PAP expression is induced in vivo, indicating that wild-type L3 is required for ribosome depurination. Co-immunoprecipitation studies show that PAP binds directly to L3 or Mak8-1p in vitro but does not physically interact with ribosome-associated Mak8-1p. L3 is required for PAP to bind to ribosomes and depurinate the 25 S rRNA, suggesting that it is located in close proximity to the alpha-sarcin loop. These results demonstrate for the first time that a ribosomal protein provides a receptor site for an ribosome-inactivating protein and allows depurination of the target adenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hudak
- Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment and Department of Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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20
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Singh V, Schweitzer JB. Loss of p75 nerve growth factor receptor mRNA containing neurons in rat forebrain after intraventricular IgG 192-saporin administration. Neurosci Lett 1995; 194:117-20. [PMID: 7478191 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11744-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain express the p75 (low affinity) nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr) on the cell surface. It has been previously shown that an immunotoxin that recognizes the p75 NGFr, IgG 192-saporin, eliminates these neurons as judged by a variety of techniques after intraventricular injection into rat brain. Here we show that this loss of neurons can also be identified by detecting the disappearance of the p75 NGFr mRNA utilizing a non-radioactive in situ hybridization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38103, USA
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21
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Vater CA, Bartle LM, Leszyk JD, Lambert JM, Goldmacher VS. Ricin A chain can be chemically cross-linked to the mammalian ribosomal proteins L9 and L10e. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:12933-40. [PMID: 7759553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.21.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence studies revealed that when fixed, permeabilized cultured human cells were incubated with ricin A chain, the toxin molecule localized in a staining pattern indicative of binding to the endoplasmic reticulum and to nucleoli. Chemical cross-linking experiments were performed to identify the cellular components that mediated the binding of ricin A chain. Conjugates were formed between 125I-labeled ricin A chain and two proteins present in preparations of total cell membranes and in samples of purified mammalian ribosomes. Specificity of the ricin A chain-ribosome interaction was demonstrated by inhibition of formation of the complexes by excess unlabeled ricin A chain, but not by excess unlabeled gelonin, another ribosome-inactivating protein. Complexes of ricin A chain cross-linked to the ribosomal proteins were purified and subjected to proteolytic digestion with trypsin. Amino acid sequencing of internal tryptic peptides enabled identification of the ricin A chain-binding proteins as L9 and L10e of the mammalian large ribosomal subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Vater
- ImmunoGen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4239, USA
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22
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Arias FJ, Rojo MA, Ferreras JM, Iglesias R, Muñoz R, Soriano F, Méndez E, Barbieri L, Girbés T. Isolation and characterization of two new N-glycosidase type-1 ribosome-inactivating proteins, unrelated in amino-acid sequence, from Petrocoptis species. PLANTA 1994; 194:487-491. [PMID: 7528586 DOI: 10.1007/bf00714460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two new N-glycosidase type-1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), denoted petroglaucin 1 and petrograndin, respectively, were isolated from the plants Petrocoptis glaucifolia (Lag.) Boiss sp. viscosa (Rothm.) Lainz and Petrocoptis grandiflora Rothm. These new RIPs do not share H2N-terminal amino-acid sequence homology with petroglaucin (now denoted as petroglaucin 2), the only other type-1 RIP to be isolated from P. glaucifolia (Arias et al. (1992) Planta 186, 532-540). Petroglaucin 1 shares amino-acid sequence homology with RIPs from Cucurbitaceae while petroglaucin 2 and petrograndin do so with saporins and dianthin 30 (Caryophyllaceae). The new RIPs strongly inhibited protein synthesis at subnanomolar concentrations in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and other eukaryotic cell-free systems, but they were inactive on bacterial ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
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Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1154:237-82. [PMID: 8280743 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(93)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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24
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Ferreras JM, Barbieri L, Girbés T, Battelli MG, Rojo MA, Arias FJ, Rocher MA, Soriano F, Mendéz E, Stirpe F. Distribution and properties of major ribosome-inactivating proteins (28 S rRNA N-glycosidases) of the plant Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1216:31-42. [PMID: 8218413 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90034-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the distribution of the protein synthesis inhibitory activity in the tissues of Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae). Seven major saporins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, were purified to apparent homogeneity from leaves, roots and seeds using a new procedure of RIPs isolation including ion-exchange and hydrophobic chromatography. They all catalysed the depurination of rat liver ribosomes, which generate the Endo's diagnostic rRNA fragment upon treatment with acid aniline, thus indicating that A4324 from the 28S rRNA has been released (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912). The molecular mass of saporins by SDS-PAGE ranged between 30.2 and 31.6 kDa and by gel-filtration between 27.5 and 30.1 kDa. Amino acid composition and amino-terminal amino acid sequence indicate that all saporins may be considered isoforms. Only two saporins present in roots were glycosylated (SO-R1 and SO-R3). All saporins are very active on cell-free translation systems derived from rabbit reticulocyte lysates, rat liver, Triticum aestivum L., Cucumis sativus L. and Vicia sativa L. However, they are poor inhibitors of an Escherichia coli translation system. They inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa, BeWo and NB 100 cells, HeLa cells being the most resistant. The enzymatic activity of at least one saporin isoform was dependent on magnesium concentration in the standard rat liver cell-free system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ferreras
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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