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Ren D, Song J, Liu R, Zeng X, Yan X, Zhang Q, Yuan X. Molecular and Biomechanical Adaptations to Mechanical Stretch in Cultured Myotubes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:689492. [PMID: 34408658 PMCID: PMC8365838 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.689492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotubes are mature muscle cells that form the basic structural element of skeletal muscle. When stretching skeletal muscles, myotubes are subjected to passive tension as well. This lead to alterations in myotube cytophysiology, which could be related with muscular biomechanics. During the past decades, much progresses have been made in exploring biomechanical properties of myotubes in vitro. In this review, we integrated the studies focusing on cultured myotubes being mechanically stretched, and classified these studies into several categories: amino acid and glucose uptake, protein turnover, myotube hypertrophy and atrophy, maturation, alignment, secretion of cytokines, cytoskeleton adaption, myotube damage, ion channel activation, and oxidative stress in myotubes. These biomechanical adaptions do not occur independently, but interconnect with each other as part of the systematic mechanoresponse of myotubes. The purpose of this review is to broaden our comprehensions of stretch-induced muscular alterations in cellular and molecular scales, and to point out future challenges and directions in investigating myotube biomechanical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Saito T, Okada S, Shimoda Y, Tagaya Y, Osaki A, Yamada E, Shibusawa R, Nakajima Y, Ozawa A, Satoh T, Mori M, Yamada M. APPL1 promotes glucose uptake in response to mechanical stretch via the PKCζ-non-muscle myosin IIa pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1694-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nelson AG, Kokkonen J, Arnall DA. Twenty minutes of passive stretching lowers glucose levels in an at-risk population: an experimental study. J Physiother 2013; 57:173-8. [PMID: 21843832 DOI: 10.1016/s1836-9553(11)70038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION Can passive static stretching lower blood glucose in an at-risk population? DESIGN Randomised, within-participant experimental study. PARTICIPANTS 22 adults (17 males) either at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes or with Type 2 diabetes. INTERVENTION The participants reported to the laboratory 2hr after eating a meal, and drank 355ml of fruit juice (∼43g carbohydrate). Thirty minutes later, they underwent either a 40min passive static stretching regimen or a mock passive stretching regimen. Stretching consisted of six lower body and four upper body static passive stretches. For the mock stretches, the same positions were adopted, but no tension was applied to the musculature. OUTCOME MEASURES Blood glucose levels for both the stretching and mock stretching were analysed from a finger prick sample using a hand-held glucometer. Values were obtained at baseline (0min), during the regimen (20min), and after the regimen (40min) on both study days. RESULTS Compared to mock stretch, stretching resulted in a significantly greater drop in blood glucose at 20min (mean difference 28mg/dL, 95% CI 13 to 43; or 1.57mmol/L, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.39). This effect was also statistically significant at 40min (mean difference 24mg/dL, 95% CI 9 to 39; or 1.35mmol/L, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.17). CONCLUSION These results suggest that passive static stretching of the skeletal muscles may be an alternative to exercise to help lower blood glucose levels.
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Iwata M, Hayakawa K, Murakami T, Naruse K, Kawakami K, Inoue-Miyazu M, Yuge L, Suzuki S. Uniaxial cyclic stretch-stimulated glucose transport is mediated by a ca-dependent mechanism in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Pathobiology 2007; 74:159-68. [PMID: 17643061 DOI: 10.1159/000103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical stimuli such as stretch increase glucose transport and glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanotransduction events are poorly understood. The present study was conducted in order to determine whether the signaling mechanism leading to mechanical stretch-stimulated glucose transport is similar to, or distinct from, the signaling mechanisms leading to insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose transport in cultured muscle cells. METHODS Cultured C2C12 myotubes were stretched, after which the 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) uptake was measured. RESULTS Following cyclic stretch, C2C12 myotubes showed a significant increase in 2-DG uptake, and this effect was not prevented by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and by extracellular Ca(2+) chelation. Conversely, the stretch-stimulated 2-DG uptake was completely prevented by dantrolene (an inhibitor of Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum). Furthermore, the stretch-stimulated 2-DG uptake was prevented by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibitor KN93 which did not prevent the insulin-stimulated 2-DG uptake. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the effects of stretch-stimulated glucose transport are independent of the insulin-signaling pathway. By contrast, following mechanical stretch in skeletal muscle, the signal transduction pathway leading to glucose transport may require the participation of cytosolic Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase, but not 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iwata
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Hornberger TA, Chien S. Mechanical stimuli and nutrients regulate rapamycin-sensitive signaling through distinct mechanisms in skeletal muscle. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:1207-16. [PMID: 16315321 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been identified as a growth factor and nutrient-sensitive molecule that controls the translational machinery and cell growth. Rapamycin-sensitive (RS) signaling events have also been shown to be necessary for mechanical load-induced growth of skeletal muscle, but the mechanisms involved in the mechanical activation of RS signaling are not known. The finding that mechanical stimuli induce nutrient uptake in skeletal muscle raises the possibility that mechanically induced RS signaling is mediated via a nutrient-dependent mechanism. To investigate this hypothesis, skeletal muscles (ex vivo) were stimulated with nutrients or intermittent mechanical stretch and the phosphorylation of p70S6k [P-p70(389)], PKB [P-PKB], mTOR [P-mTOR(2481)], and p38 [P-p38] was assessed. In comparison to vehicle-treated controls, both nutrient and mechanical stimuli induced P-p70(389), neither stimulus altered P-PKB or P-mTOR(2481), and only mechanical stimuli induced P-p38. The nutrient and mechanically induced increase in P-p70(389) was blocked by rapamycin, but only nutrient-induced signaling to P-p70(389) was blocked by wortmannin. Furthermore, the mechanically induced increase in P-p70(389) was not impaired by the removal of exogenous nutrients. Taken together, these results indicate that exogenous nutrients are not required for mechanically induced RS signaling and that nutrient and mechanical stimuli activate RS signaling through distinct upstream mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0412, USA
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Ito Y, Obara K, Ikeda R, Ishii M, Tanabe Y, Ishikawa T, Nakayama K. Passive stretching produces Akt- and MAPK-dependent augmentations of GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscles of mice. Pflugers Arch 2005; 451:803-13. [PMID: 16244881 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-005-1512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle contraction is accompanied by passive stretching or deformation of cells and tissues. The present study aims to clarify whether or not acute passive stretching evokes glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscles of mice. Passive stretching mainly induced GLUT4 translocation from an intracellular membrane-rich fraction (PF5) to a plasma membrane-rich fraction (F2) and accelerated glucose uptake in hindlimb muscles; whereas electrical stimulation, which mimics physical exercise in vivo, and insulin, each induced GLUT4 translocation from an intracellular membrane-rich fraction (PF5) to a fraction rich in plasma membrane (F2), and to one rich in transverse tubules (PF3), along with subsequent glucose uptake. Mechanical stretching increased phosphorylation of Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), but it had no apparent effect on the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Electrical stimulation augmented the activity of not only AMPK but also phosphorylation of Akt and p38 MAPK. Our results suggest that passive stretching produces translocation of GLUT4 mainly from the fraction rich in intracellular membrane to that rich in plasma membrane, and that the glucose uptake could be Akt- and p38 MAPK-dependent, but AMPK-independent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Ito
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Morita N, Iizuka K, Okita K, Oikawa T, Yonezawa K, Nagai T, Tokumitsu Y, Murakami T, Kitabatake A, Kawaguchi H. Exposure to pressure stimulus enhances succinate dehydrogenase activity in L6 myoblasts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E1064-9. [PMID: 15292033 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00364.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contraction of skeletal muscle generates pressure stimuli to intramuscular tissues. However, the effects of pressure stimuli, other than those created by electricity or nerve impulse, on physiological and biochemical responses in skeletal muscles are unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a pure pressure stimulus on metabolic responses in a skeletal muscle cell line. Atmospheric pressure was applied to L6 myoblasts using an original apparatus. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was evaluated by colorimetric assay using tetrazolium monosodium salt. The amounts of 2-deoxy-[(3)H]glucose uptake and lactate release were measured. SDH activity was 2.6- to 2.9-fold higher in pressurized L6 cells than in nonpressurized L6 cells (P < 0.01), and 2-deoxy-[(3)H]glucose uptake was 2.2-fold higher (P < 0.001). In addition, the amount of released lactate decreased from 6.8 to 3.7 mumol/dish when pressure was applied (P < 0.001). In contrast, the intracellular lactate contents of the pressurized cells were higher than those of nonpressurized cells (P < 0.01). However, the total amount of released lactate and intracellular lactate was lower in the pressurized cells than in nonpressurized cells. These findings demonstrate that a pure pressure stimulus enhances aerobic metabolism in L6 skeletal muscle cells and raise the possibility that elevated intramuscular pressure during muscle activity may be an important factor in stimulating oxidative metabolic responses in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriteru Morita
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Musarò A, McCullagh KJ, Naya FJ, Olson EN, Rosenthal N. IGF-1 induces skeletal myocyte hypertrophy through calcineurin in association with GATA-2 and NF-ATc1. Nature 1999; 400:581-5. [PMID: 10448862 DOI: 10.1038/23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Localized synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) has been broadly implicated in skeletal muscle growth, hypertrophy and regeneration. Virally delivered IGF-1 genes induce local skeletal muscle hypertrophy and attenuate age-related skeletal muscle atrophy, restoring and improving muscle mass and strength in mice. Here we show that the molecular pathways underlying the hypertrophic action of IGF-1 in skeletal muscle are similar to those responsible for cardiac hypertrophy. Transfected IGF-1 gene expression in postmitotic skeletal myocytes activates calcineurin-mediated calcium signalling by inducing calcineurin transcripts and nuclear localization of calcineurin protein. Expression of activated calcineurin mimics the effects of IGF-1, whereas expression of a dominant-negative calcineurin mutant or addition of cyclosporin, a calcineurin inhibitor, represses myocyte differentiation and hypertrophy. Either IGF-1 or activated calcineurin induces expression of the transcription factor GATA-2, which accumulates in a subset of myocyte nuclei, where it associates with calcineurin and a specific dephosphorylated isoform of the transcription factor NF-ATc1. Thus, IGF-1 induces calcineurin-mediated signalling and activation of GATA-2, a marker of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, which cooperates with selected NF-ATc isoforms to activate gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Musarò
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown 02129, USA
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Ihlemann J, Ploug T, Hellsten Y, Galbo H. Effect of tension on contraction-induced glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:E208-14. [PMID: 10444414 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.2.e208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We questioned the general view that contraction-induced muscle glucose transport only depends on stimulation frequency and not on workload. Incubated soleus muscles were electrically stimulated at a given pattern for 5 min. Resting length was adjusted to achieve either no force (0% P), maximum force (100% P), or 50% of maximum force (50% P). Glucose transport (2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake) increased directly with force development (P < 0.05) [27 +/- 2 (basal), 45 +/- 2 (0% P), 68 +/- 3 (50% P), and 94 +/- 3 (100% P) nmol. g(-1). 5 min(-1)]. Glycogen decreased at 0% P but did not change further with force development (P > 0.05). Lactate, AMP, and IMP concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) and ATP concentrations lower (P < 0.05) when force was produced than when it was not. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity increased directly with force [20 +/- 2 (basal), 60 +/- 11 (0% P), 91 +/- 12 (50% P), and 109 +/- 12 (100% P) pmol. mg(-1). min(-1)]. Passive stretch (approximately 86% P) doubled glucose transport without altering metabolism. In conclusion, contraction-induced muscle glucose transport varies directly with force development and is not solely determined by stimulation frequency. AMPK activity is probably an essential determinant of contraction-induced glucose transport. In contrast, glycogen concentrations per se do not play a major role. Finally, passive stretch per se increases glucose transport in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ihlemann
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, and Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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