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Ji Y, Li J, Liang Y, Li L, Wang Y, Pi L, Xing P, Nomura CT, Chen S, Zhu C, Wang Q. Engineering the Tat-secretion pathway of Bacillus licheniformis for the secretion of cytoplasmic enzyme arginase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:89. [PMID: 38194145 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis has long been used as a microbial factory for the production of enzymes due to its ability to secrete copious amounts of native extracellular proteins and its generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status. However, most attempts to use B. licheniformis to produce heterologous and cytoplasmic enzymes primarily via the general secretory (Sec) pathway have had limited success. The twin-arginine transport (Tat) pathway offers a promising alternative for the extracellular export of Sec-incompatible proteins because it transports full, correctly folded proteins. However, compared to the Sec pathway, the yields of the Tat pathway have historically been too low for commercial use. To improve the export efficiency of the Tat pathway, we identified the optimal Tat-dependent signal peptides and increased the abundance of the Tat translocases, the signal peptidase (SPase), and the intracellular chaperones. These strategic modifications significantly improved the Tat-dependent secretion of the cytoplasmic enzyme arginase into the culture medium using B. licheniformis. The extracellular enzymatic activity of arginase showed a 5.2-fold increase after these modifications. Moreover, compared to the start strain B. licheniformis 0F3, the production of extracellular GFP was improved by 3.8 times using the strategic modified strain B. licheniformis 0F13, and the extracellular enzymatic activity of SOX had a 1.3-fold increase using the strain B. licheniformis 0F14. This Tat-based production chassis has the potential for enhanced production of Sec-incompatible enzymes, therefore expanding the capability of B. licheniformis as an efficient cellular factory for the production of high-value proteins. KEY POINTS: • Systematic genetic modification of Tat-pathway in B. licheniformis. • Significant enhancement of the secretion capacity of Tat pathway for delivery the cytoplasmic enzyme arginase. • A new platform for efficient extracellular production of Sec-incompatible enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Pi
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xing
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher T Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Zhu
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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Yusof NY, Quay DHX, Kamaruddin S, Jonet MA, Md Illias R, Mahadi NM, Firdaus-Raih M, Abu Bakar FD, Abdul Murad AM. Biochemical and in silico structural characterization of a cold-active arginase from the psychrophilic yeast, Glaciozyma antarctica PI12. Extremophiles 2024; 28:15. [PMID: 38300354 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-024-01333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 is a psychrophilic yeast isolated from Antarctica. In this work, we describe the heterologous production, biochemical properties and in silico structure analysis of an arginase from this yeast (GaArg). GaArg is a metalloenzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. The cDNA of GaArg was reversed transcribed, cloned, expressed and purified as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. The purified protein was active against L-arginine as its substrate in a reaction at 20 °C, pH 9. At 10-35 °C and pH 7-9, the catalytic activity of the protein was still present around 50%. Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and K+ were able to enhance the enzyme activity more than two-fold, while GaArg is most sensitive to SDS, EDTA and DTT. The predicted structure model of GaArg showed a very similar overall fold with other known arginases. GaArg possesses predominantly smaller and uncharged amino acids, fewer salt bridges, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions compared to the other counterparts. GaArg is the first reported arginase that is cold-active, facilitated by unique structural characteristics for its adaptation of catalytic functions at low-temperature environments. The structure and function of cold-active GaArg provide insights into the potentiality of new applications in various biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Doris Huai Xia Quay
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shazilah Kamaruddin
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Anuar Jonet
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, Jalan Bangi Lama, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farah Diba Abu Bakar
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kumari N, Bansal S. Arginine depriving enzymes: applications as emerging therapeutics in cancer treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:565-594. [PMID: 34309734 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy and other medications are employed to treat various types of cancer. However, each treatment has its own set of side effects, owing to its low specificity. As a result, there is an urgent need for newer therapeutics that do not disrupt healthy cells' normal functioning. Depriving nutrient or non/semi-essential amino acids to which cancerous cells are auxotrophic remains one such promising anticancer strategy. L-Arginine (Arg) is a semi-essential vital amino acid involved in versatile metabolic processes, signaling pathways, and cancer cell proliferation. Hence, the administration of Arg depriving enzymes (ADE) such as arginase, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and arginine deiminase (ADI) could be effective in cancer therapy. The Arg auxotrophic cancerous cells like hepatocellular carcinoma, human colon cancer, leukemia, and breast cancer cells are sensitive to ADE treatment due to low expression of crucial enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and ornithine transcarbamylase (OCT). These therapeutic enzyme treatments induce cell death through inducing autophagy, apoptosis, generation of oxidative species, i.e., oxidative stress, and arresting the progression and expansion of cancerous cells at certain cell cycle checkpoints. The enzymes are undergoing clinical trials and could be successfully exploited as potential anticancer agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Hernández VM, Arteaga A, Dunn MF. Diversity, properties and functions of bacterial arginases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6308370. [PMID: 34160574 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metalloenzyme arginase hydrolyzes L-arginine to produce L-ornithine and urea. In bacteria, arginase has important functions in basic nitrogen metabolism and redistribution, production of the key metabolic precursor L-ornithine, stress resistance and pathogenesis. We describe the regulation and specific functions of the arginase pathway as well as summarize key characteristics of related arginine catabolic pathways. The use of arginase-derived ornithine as a precursor molecule is reviewed. We discuss the biochemical and transcriptional regulation of arginine metabolism, including arginase, with the latter topic focusing on the RocR and AhrC transcriptional regulators in the model organism Bacillus subtilis. Finally, we consider similarities and contrasts in the structure and catalytic mechanism of the arginases from Bacillus caldovelox and Helicobacter pylori. The overall aim of this review is to provide a panorama of the diversity of physiological functions, regulation, and biochemical features of arginases in a variety of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Hernández
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Arteaga
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Michael F Dunn
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
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Optimized Genetic Tools Allow the Biosynthesis of Glycocin F and Analogues Designed To Test the Roles of gcc Cluster Genes in Bacteriocin Production. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00529-20. [PMID: 33468591 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00529-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has motivated natural product research to inform the development of new antimicrobial agents. Glycocin F (GccF) is a diglycosylated 43-amino-acid bacteriocin secreted by Lactobacillus plantarum KW30. It displays a moderate phylogenetic target range that includes vancomycin-resistant strains of Enterococcus species and appears to have a novel bacteriostatic mechanism, rapidly inhibiting the growth of the most susceptible bacterial strains at picomolar concentrations. Experimental verification of the predicted role(s) of gcc cluster genes in GccF biosynthesis has been hampered by the inability to produce soluble recombinant Gcc proteins. Here, we report the development of pRV610gcc, an easily modifiable 11.2-kbp plasmid that enables the production of GccF in L. plantarum NC8. gcc gene expression relies on native promoters in the cloned cluster, and NC8(pRV610gcc) produces mature GccF at levels similar to KW30. Key findings are that the glycosyltransferase glycosylates both serine and cysteine at either position in the sequence but glycosylation of the loop serine is both sequence and spatially specific, that glycosylation of the peptide scaffold is not required for export and subsequent disulfide bond formation, that neither of the putative thioredoxin proteins is essential for peptide maturation, and that removal of the entire putative response regulator GccE decreases GccF production less than removal of the LytTR domain alone. Using this system, we have verified the functions of most of the gcc genes and have advanced our understanding of the roles of GccF structure in its maturation and antibacterial activity.IMPORTANCE The entire 7-gene cluster for the diglycosylated bacteriocin glycocin F (GccF), including the natural promoters responsible for gcc gene expression, has been ligated into the Escherichia coli-lactic acid bacteria (LAB) shuttle vector pRV610 to produce the easily modifiable 11.2-kbp plasmid pRV610gcc for the efficient production of glycocin F analogues. In contrast to the refactoring approach, chemical synthesis, or chemoenzymatic synthesis, all of which have been successfully used to probe glycocin structure and function, this plasmid can also be used to probe in vivo the evolutionary constraints on glycocin scaffolds and their processing by the maturation pathway machinery, thus increasing understanding of the enzymes involved, the order in which they act, and how they are regulated.
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Investigation of the cell disruption methods for maximizing the extraction of arginase from mutant Bacillus licheniformis (M09) using statistical approach. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang M, Xu M, Rao Z, Yang T, Zhang X. Construction of a highly efficient Bacillus subtilis 168 whole-cell biocatalyst and its application in the production of l-ornithine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:1427-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
l-Ornithine, a non-protein amino acid, is usually extracted from hydrolyzed protein as well as produced by microbial fermentation. Here, we focus on a highly efficient whole-cell biocatalyst for the production of l-ornithine. The gene argI, encoding arginase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea, was cloned from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10-127 and expressed in GRAS strain Bacillus subtilis 168. The recombinant strain exhibited an arginase activity of 21.9 U/mg, which is 26.7 times that of wild B. subtilis 168. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified recombinant arginase were 10.0 and 40 °C, respectively. In addition, the recombinant arginase exhibited a strong Mn2+ preference. When using whole-cell biocatalyst-based bioconversion, a hyper l-ornithine production of 356.9 g/L was achieved with a fed-batch strategy in a 5-L reactor within 12 h. This whole-cell bioconversion study demonstrates an environmentally friendly strategy for l-ornithine production in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhou Wang
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Taowei Yang
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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Huang K, Mu W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Miao M. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a thermostablel-arginase fromGeobacillus thermodenitrificansNG80-2 forl-ornithine production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:391-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
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Mutagenic and kinetic support for an allosteric site in arginase from the extreme thermophile Bacillus caldovelox, which allows activation by arginine. Biochimie 2015; 108:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Enzymatic production of l-ornithine from l-arginine with recombinant thermophilic arginase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Yu JJ, Park KB, Kim SG, Oh SH. Expression, purification, and biochemical properties of arginase from Bacillus subtilis 168. J Microbiol 2013; 51:222-8. [PMID: 23625224 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The arginine-degrading and ornithine-producing enzymes arginase has been used to treat arginine-dependent cancers. This study was carried out to obtain the microbial arginase from Bacillus subtilis, one of major microorganisms found in fermented foods such as Cheonggukjang. The gene encoding arginase was isolated from B. subtilis 168 and cloned into E. coli expression plasmid pET32a. The enzyme activity was detected in the supernatant of the transformed and IPTG induced cell-extract. Arginase was purified for homogeneity from the supernatant by affinity chromatography. The specific activity of the purified arginase was 150 U/mg protein. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed the molecular size to be 49 kDa (Trix·Tag, 6×His·Tag added size). The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme with arginine as the substrate were pH 8.4 and 45°C, respectively. The Km and Vmax values of arginine for the enzyme were 4.6 mM and 133.0 mM/min/mg protein respectively. These findings can contribute in the development of functional fermented foods such as Cheonggukjang with an enhanced level of ornithine and pharmaceutical products by providing the key enzyme in arginine-degradation and ornithine-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Yu
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Woosuk University, Jeonju 565-701, Republic of Korea
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Silva ER, Floeter-Winter LM. Activation of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis arginase at low temperature by binuclear Mn2+ center formation of the immobilized enzyme on a Ni2+ resin. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:152-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wells GA, Müller IB, Wrenger C, Louw AI. The activity of Plasmodium falciparum arginase is mediated by a novel inter-monomer salt-bridge between Glu295-Arg404. FEBS J 2009; 276:3517-30. [PMID: 19456858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A recent study implicated a role for Plasmodium falciparum arginase in the systemic depletion of arginine levels, which in turn has been associated with human cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) is a multimeric metallo-protein that catalyses the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea by means of a binuclear spin-coupled Mn(2+) cluster in the active site. A previous report indicated that P. falciparum arginase has a strong dependency between trimer formation, enzyme activity and metal co-ordination. Mutations that abolished Mn(2+) binding also caused dissociation of the trimer; conversely, mutations that abolished trimer formation resulted in inactive monomers. By contrast, the monomers of mammalian (and therefore host) arginase are also active. P. falciparum arginase thus appears to be an obligate trimer and interfering with trimer formation may therefore serve as an alternative route to enzyme inhibition. In the present study, the mechanism of the metal dependency was explored by means of homology modelling and molecular dynamics. When the active site metals are removed, loss of structural integrity is observed. This is reflected by a larger equilibration rmsd for the protein when the active site metal is removed and some loss of secondary structure. Furthermore, modelling revealed the existence of a novel inter-monomer salt-bridge between Glu295 and Arg404, which was shown to be associated with the metal dependency. Mutational studies not only confirmed the importance of this salt-bridge in trimer formation, but also provided evidence for the independence of P. falciparum arginase activity on trimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Wells
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Müller IB, Walter RD, Wrenger C. Structural metal dependency of the arginase from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Biol Chem 2005; 386:117-26. [PMID: 15843155 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses a single gene with high similarity to the metalloproteins arginase and agmatinase. The recombinant protein reveals strict specificity for arginine, and it has been proposed that its function in ornithine production is as a precursor for polyamine biosynthesis. The specific activity of the plasmodial arginase was found to be 31 micromol min(-1) mg(-1) protein and the k(cat) was calculated as 96 (s-1) . The Km value for arginine and Ki value for ornithine were determined as 13 mM and 19 mM, respectively. The active arginase is a homotrimer of ca. 160 kDa. Dialysis of the arginase against EDTA results in monomers of approximately 48 kDa; however, the quaternary structure can be restored by addition of Mn 2+ . Mutagenic analyses of all the amino acid residues proposed to be involved in metal binding led to complex dissociation, except for the His-193-Ala mutant, which was also inactive but retained the trimeric structure. Substitution of His-233, which has been suggested to be in charge of proton shuttling within the active site, disrupted the trimeric structure and thereby the activity of the Pf arginase. Northern blot analysis identified a stage-specific expression pattern of the plasmodial arginase in the ring/young trophozoite stage, which guarantees the provision of ornithine for essential polyamine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid B Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Schofield LR, Patchett ML, Parker EJ. Expression, purification, and characterization of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 34:17-27. [PMID: 14766297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS) catalyzes the condensation reaction between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P). DAH7PS from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus has been expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed protein was insoluble but was partially solubilized as a dimer by the inclusion of 200 mM KCl in the cell lysis buffer. An effective two step purification procedure has been developed. The first step resulted in a high degree of purification and involved lysis by sonication at approximately 40 degrees C followed by a heat treatment at 70 degrees C. A continuous assay measuring the loss of PEP at 232 nm at elevated temperatures was also developed. Temperature, pH, and divalent metal ions all had an effect on the extinction coefficient of PEP. Purified recombinant P. furiosus DAH7PS is a dimer with a subunit Mr of 29,226 (determined by ESMS), shows resistance to denaturation by SDS, has activity over a broad pH range, and has an activation energy of 88 kJmol-1. The kinetic parameters are Km (PEP) 120 microM, Km (E4P) 28 microM, and kcat 1.5s-1, at 60 degrees C and pH 6.8. DAH7PS is not inhibited by phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. EDTA inactivates the enzyme and enzyme activity is restored by a wide range of divalent metal ions including (in order of decreasing effectiveness): Zn2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Hg2+, and Cu2+. This detailed characterization of the DAH7PS from P. furiosus raises the possibility that the subfamily Ibeta DAH7PS enzymes are metal ion dependent, contrary to previous predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linley R Schofield
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Li T, Kootstra AB, Fotheringham IG. Nonproteinogenic α-Amino Acid Preparation Using Equilibrium Shifted Transamination. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op025518x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Great Lakes Fine Chemicals, 601 East Kensington Rd, Mt. Prospect, Illinois 60056, U.S.A
| | - Anna B. Kootstra
- Great Lakes Fine Chemicals, 601 East Kensington Rd, Mt. Prospect, Illinois 60056, U.S.A
| | - Ian G. Fotheringham
- Great Lakes Fine Chemicals, 601 East Kensington Rd, Mt. Prospect, Illinois 60056, U.S.A
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Bewley MC, Jeffrey PD, Patchett ML, Kanyo ZF, Baker EN. Crystal structures of Bacillus caldovelox arginase in complex with substrate and inhibitors reveal new insights into activation, inhibition and catalysis in the arginase superfamily. Structure 1999; 7:435-48. [PMID: 10196128 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginase is a manganese-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. In ureotelic animals arginase is the final enzyme of the urea cycle, but in many species it has a wider role controlling the use of arginine for other metabolic purposes, including the production of creatine, polyamines, proline and nitric oxide. Arginase activity is regulated by various small molecules, including the product L-ornithine. The aim of these structural studies was to test aspects of the catalytic mechanism and to investigate the structural basis of arginase inhibition. RESULTS We report here the crystal structures of arginase from Bacillus caldovelox at pH 5.6 and pH 8.5, and of binary complexes of the enzyme with L-arginine, L-ornithine and L-lysine at pH 8.5. The arginase monomer comprises a single compact alpha/beta domain that further associates into a hexameric quaternary structure. The binary complexes reveal a common mode of ligand binding, which places the substrate adjacent to the dimanganese centre. We also observe a conformational change that impacts on the active site and is coupled with the occupancy of an external site by guanidine or arginine. CONCLUSIONS The structures reported here clarify aspects of the active site and indicate key features of the catalytic mechanism, including substrate coordination to one of the manganese ions and an orientational role for a neighboring histidine residue. Stereospecificity for L-amino acids is found to depend on their precise recognition at the active-site rim. Identification of a second arginine-binding site, remote from the active site, and associated conformational changes lead us to propose a regulatory role for this site in substrate hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bewley
- Department of Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Christianson DW. Structural chemistry and biology of manganese metalloenzymes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 67:217-52. [PMID: 9446936 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(97)88477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D W Christianson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Perozich J, Hempel J, Morris SM. Roles of conserved residues in the arginase family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1382:23-37. [PMID: 9507056 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arginases and related enzymes metabolize arginine or similar nitrogen-containing compounds to urea or formamide. In the present report a sequence alignment of 31 members of this family was generated. The alignment, together with the crystal structure of rat liver arginase, allowed the assignment of possible functional or structural roles to 32 conserved residues and conservative substitutions. Two of these residues were previously identified as functionally essential by analysis of inherited defects in the type I arginase gene. Nearly half of the conserved residues are either glycines or prolines located at critical bends in the protein structure. Most metal-coordinating residues, including one histidine and four aspartic acid residues, are strictly conserved. Two additional histidines involved in metal-binding and catalysis are conserved in all arginases and in almost all other family members. Two positions with invariant similarities may serve as indirect metal ligands. Evolutionary relationships within this family were also suggested. Vertebrate type I and II arginases appear to have developed independently from an early gene duplication event. A ureohydrolase sequence from Caenorhabditis elegans is more closely related to other arginases than previously appreciated, while unclassified enzymes from Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanothermus fervidus appear more similar to arginase-related enzymes. In addition, enzymes from Arabidopsis thaliana and Synechocystis, previously identified as arginases, more closely resemble arginase-related enzymes than currently known arginases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perozich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Morris SM, Bhamidipati D, Kepka-Lenhart D. Human type II arginase: sequence analysis and tissue-specific expression. Gene 1997; 193:157-61. [PMID: 9256072 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding type II arginase was isolated from a human kidney cDNA library and its sequence compared to those of vertebrate type I arginases as well as to arginases of bacteria, fungi and plants. The predicted sequence of human type II arginase is 58% identical to the sequence of human type I arginase but is 71% identical to the sequence of Xenopus type II arginase, suggesting that duplication of the arginase gene occurred before mammals and amphibians diverged. Seven residues known to be essential for activity were found to be conserved in all arginases. Type II arginase mRNA was detected in virtually all human and mouse RNA samples tested whereas type I arginase mRNA was found only in liver. At least five mRNA species hybridizing to type II arginase cDNA were found in the human RNA samples whereas only a single type II arginase mRNA species was found in the mouse. This raises the possibility that the multiple type II arginase mRNAs in humans arise from differential RNA processing or usage of alternative promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Morris
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA.
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