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Ulatowski L, Ghelfi M, West R, Atkinson J, Finno CJ, Manor D. The tocopherol transfer protein TTP mediates Vitamin Vitamin E trafficking between cerebellar astrocytes and neurons. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101712. [PMID: 35150738 PMCID: PMC8913317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is an essential nutrient that functions as a major lipid-soluble antioxidant in humans. The tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) binds α-tocopherol with high affinity and selectivity and regulates whole-body distribution of the vitamin. Heritable mutations in the TTPA gene result in familial vitamin E deficiency, elevated indices of oxidative stress, and progressive neurodegeneration that manifest primarily in spinocerebellar ataxia. Although the essential role of vitamin E in neurological health has been recognized for over 50 years, the mechanisms by which this essential nutrient is transported in the central nervous system are poorly understood. Here we found that, in the murine cerebellum, TTP is selectively expressed in GFAP-positive astrocytes, where it facilitates efflux of vitamin E to neighboring neurons. We also show that induction of oxidative stress enhances the transcription of the TtpA gene in cultured cerebellar astrocytes. Furthermore, secretion of vitamin E from astrocytes is mediated by an ABC-type transporter, and uptake of the vitamin into neurons involves the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptor. Taken together, our data indicate that TTP-expressing astrocytes control the delivery of vitamin E from astrocytes to neurons, and that this process is homeostatically responsive to oxidative stress. These are the first observations that address the detailed molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport in the central nervous system, and these results have important implications for understanding the molecular underpinnings of oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ulatowski
- Department of Biology, Ursuline College, Pepper Pike, OH 44124
| | - Mikel Ghelfi
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - J Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - D Manor
- Departments of Nutrition and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Case Western Reserve University and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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Traber MG, Head B. Vitamin E: How much is enough, too much and why! Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:212-225. [PMID: 34699937 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol (α-T) is a required dietary nutrient for humans and thus is a vitamin. This narrative review focuses on vitamin E structures, functions, biological determinants and its deficiency symptoms in humans. The mechanisms for the preferential α-T tissue enrichment in the human body include the α-T transfer protein (TTPA) and the preferential metabolism of non-α-T forms. Potential new α-T biomarkers, pharmacokinetic data, and whether there are better approaches to evaluate and set the α-T dietary requirement are discussed. Finally, the possible role of α-T supplements in delay of chronic diseases and the evaluation of vitamin E safety are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, USA; School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, USA.
| | - Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Pacl HT, Tipper JL, Sevalkar RR, Crouse A, Crowder C, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Holder GD, Kuhlman CJ, Chinta KC, Nadeem S, Green TJ, Petit CM, Steyn AJC, Might M, Harrod KS. Water-soluble tocopherol derivatives inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34282419 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.13.449251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has led to the global pandemic of the severe disease COVID-19 in humans. While efforts to quickly identify effective antiviral therapies have focused largely on repurposing existing drugs 1-4 , the current standard of care, remdesivir, remains the only authorized antiviral intervention of COVID-19 and provides only modest clinical benefits 5 . Here we show that water-soluble derivatives of α-tocopherol have potent antiviral activity and synergize with remdesivir as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Through an artificial-intelligence-driven in silico screen and in vitro viral inhibition assay, we identified D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as an effective antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and β-coronaviruses more broadly that also displays strong synergy with remdesivir. We subsequently determined that TPGS and other water-soluble derivatives of α-tocopherol inhibit the transcriptional activity of purified SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and identified affinity binding sites for these compounds within a conserved, hydrophobic interface between SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 7 and nonstructural protein 8 that is functionally implicated in the assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp 6 . In summary, we conclude that solubilizing modifications to α-tocopherol allow it to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, making it an effective antiviral molecule alone and even more so in combination with remdesivir. These findings are significant given that many tocopherol derivatives, including TPGS, are considered safe for humans, orally bioavailable, and dramatically enhance the activity of the only approved antiviral for SARS-CoV-2 infection 7-9 .
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Wande DP, Cui Q, Chen S, Xu C, Xiong H, Yao J. Rediscovering Tocophersolan: A Renaissance for Nano-Based Drug Delivery and Nanotheranostic Applications. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:856-869. [PMID: 32525772 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200611140425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A unique and pleiotropic polymer, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Tocophersolan), is a polymeric, synthetic version of vitamin E. Tocophersolan has attracted enormous attention as a versatile excipient in different biomedical applications including drug delivery systems and nutraceuticals. The multiple inherent properties of Tocophersolan allow it to play flexible roles in drug delivery system design, including excipients with outstanding biocompatibility, solubilizer with the ability to promote drug dissolution, drug permeation enhancer, P-glycoprotein inhibitor, and anticancer compound. For these reasons, Tocophersolan has been widely used for improving the bioavailability of numerous pharmaceutical active ingredients. Tocophersolan has been approved by stringent regulatory authorities (such as the US FDA, EMA, and PMDA) as a safe pharmaceutical excipient. In this review, the current advances in nano-based delivery systems consisting of Tocophersolan, with possibilities for futuristic applications in drug delivery, gene therapy, and nanotheranostics, were systematically curated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson P Wande
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Cuerq C, Bordat C, Halimi C, Blond E, Nowicki M, Peretti N, Reboul E. Comparison of α-Tocopherol, α-Tocopherol Acetate, and α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate 1000 Absorption by Caco-2 TC7 Intestinal Cells. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010129. [PMID: 33396478 PMCID: PMC7823802 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: vitamin E is often supplemented in the form of tocopherol acetate, but it has poor bioavailability and can fail to correct blood tocopherol concentrations in some patients with severe cholestasis. In this context, α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS) has been of value, but very little is known about the mechanisms of its absorption. The aim of our work was to evaluate the mechanisms of absorption/secretion of TPGS compared to tocopherol acetate (TAC) and α-tocopherol by human enterocyte-like Caco-2 TC7 cells. (2) Methods: two weeks post-confluence Caco-2 cells were incubated with tocopherol- or TAC- or TPGS-rich mixed micelles up to 24 h and, following lipid extraction, TAC and tocopherol amounts were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in apical, cellular, and basolateral compartments. (3) Results: at equivalent concentrations of tocopherol in the apical side, the amounts of tocopherol secreted at the basolateral pole of Caco-2 cells are (i) significantly greater when the tocopherol is in the free form in the micelles; (ii) intermediate when it is in the TAC form in the micelles (p < 0.001); and (iii) significantly lower with the TPGS form (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, our results show, for the first time, that Caco-2 cells secrete one or more esterified forms of the vitamin contained in TPGS at the basolateral side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cuerq
- Biochemistry Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Benite , France; (C.C.); (E.B.)
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 60310 Pierre-Benite, France;
| | - Claire Bordat
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 60310 Pierre-Benite, France;
- AMU, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, 13005 Marseille, France; (C.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Charlotte Halimi
- AMU, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, 13005 Marseille, France; (C.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Emilie Blond
- Biochemistry Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Benite , France; (C.C.); (E.B.)
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 60310 Pierre-Benite, France;
| | - Marion Nowicki
- AMU, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, 13005 Marseille, France; (C.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Noël Peretti
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 60310 Pierre-Benite, France;
- Pediatric Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Emmanuelle Reboul
- AMU, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, 13005 Marseille, France; (C.H.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: (N.P.); (E.R.)
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Chen Y, Mo L, Wang X, Chen B, Hua Y, Gong L, Yang F, Li Y, Chen F, Zhu G, Ni W, Zhang C, Cheng Y, Luo Y, Shi J, Qiu M, Wu S, Tan Z, Wang K. TPGS-1000 exhibits potent anticancer activity for hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:1624-1642. [PMID: 31986488 PMCID: PMC7053644 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS1000) is the most active water-soluble derivative of vitamin E and has been widely used as a carrier of solvents, plasticizers, emulsifiers, absorbent agents and refractory drug delivery systems. However, its anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) properties have not been explored. HCC cells were treated with different concentrations of TPGS1000. Cell survival was tested by CCK8 assay, and cell migration was tested by wound healing and Transwell assay. EdU staining verified cell proliferation, and signalling pathway was assayed by Western blot analysis. The BALB/c-nu mouse xenograft model was established to test HCC cell growth in vivo. In vitro TPGS1000 significantly inhibited the viability and mobility of HCC cells (HepG2, Hep3B and Huh7) in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis indicated that TPGS1000 treatment arrested the HCC cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and induction of cell apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL and Annexin V-7-AAD staining. Further pharmacological analysis indicated that collapse of the transmembrane potential of mitochondria, increased ROS generation, PARP-induced cell apoptosis and FoxM1-p21-mediated cell cycle arresting, were involved in the anti-HCC activity of TPGS1000. Moreover, treatment in vivo with TPGS1000 effectively impaired the growth of HCC xenografts in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqin Mo
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Life Sciences Research Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfen Hua
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyan Gong
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guiting Zhu
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuming Cheng
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Life Sciences Research Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shixiu Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou Tan
- Life Sciences Research Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
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Oral Tocofersolan Corrects or Prevents Vitamin E Deficiency in Children With Chronic Cholestasis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:610-615. [PMID: 27429423 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES D-Alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (Tocofersolan, Vedrop), has been developed in Europe to provide an orally bioavailable source of vitamin E in children with cholestasis. The aim was to analyze the safety/efficacy of Vedrop in a large group of children with chronic cholestasis. METHODS Two hundred seventy-four children receiving Vedrop for vitamin E deficiency or for its prophylaxis were included from 7 European centers. Median age at treatment onset was 2 months and median follow-up was 11 months. Vedrop was prescribed at a daily dose of 0.34 mL/kg (25 IU/kg) of body weight. Three methods were used to determine a sufficient serum vitamin E status: vitamin E, vitamin E/(total cholesterol), vitamin E/(total cholesterol + triglycerides). RESULTS Before Vedrop therapy, 51% of children had proven vitamin E deficiency, 30% had normal vitamin E status and 19% had an unknown vitamin E status. During the first months of treatment, vitamin E status was restored in the majority of children with insufficient levels at baseline (89% had a normal status at 6 months). All children with a normal baseline vitamin E status had a normal vitamin E status at 6 months. Among children with an unknown vitamin E status at baseline, 93% had a normal vitamin E status at 6 months. A sufficient vitamin E status was observed in 80% of children with significant cholestasis (serum total bilirubin >34.2 μmol/L). No serious adverse reaction was reported. CONCLUSIONS Vedrop seems a safe and effective oral formulation of vitamin E that restores and/or maintains sufficient serum vitamin E level in the majority of children with cholestasis, avoiding the need for intramuscular vitamin E injections.
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Hooftman G, Herman S, Schacht E. Review: Poly(Ethylene Glycol)s with Reactive Endgroups. II. Practical Consideration for the Preparation of Protein-PEG Conjugates. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159601100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Hooftman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Materials Research Group, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Herman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Materials Research Group, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Etienne Schacht
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Materials Research Group, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lee JY, Kang WS, Piao J, Yoon IS, Kim DD, Cho HJ. Soluplus®/TPGS-based solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion equipped with twin-screw systems for enhancing oral bioavailability of valsartan. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2745-56. [PMID: 26045660 PMCID: PMC4448925 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s84070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluplus(®) (SP) and D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-based solid dispersion (SD) formulations were developed by hot-melt extrusion (HME) to improve oral bioavailability of valsartan (VST). METHODS HME process with twin-screw configuration for generating a high shear stress was used to prepare VST SD formulations. The thermodynamic state of the drug and its dispersion in the polymers were evaluated by solid-state studies, including Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Drug release from the SD formulations was assessed at pH values of 1.2, 4.0, and 6.8. Pharmacokinetic study was performed in rats to estimate the oral absorption of VST. RESULTS HME with a high shear rate produced by the twin-screw system was successfully applied to prepare VST-loaded SD formulations. Drug amorphization and its molecular dispersion in the polymer matrix were verified by several solid-state studies. Drug release from SD formulations was improved, compared to the pure drug, particularly at pH 6.8. Oral absorption of drug in rats was also enhanced in SP and TPGS-based SD groups compared to that in the pure drug group. CONCLUSION SP and TPGS-based SDs, prepared by the HME process, could be used to improve aqueous solubility, dissolution, and oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wie-Soo Kang
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingpei Piao
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Kong L, Zhang Z, Xing H, Yang Q, Su B, Bao Z, Yang Y, Ren Q. Adsorption behavior of α-tocopheryl succinate and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate onto weakly basic anion exchange resins. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lu J, Huang Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Li J, Gao X, Venkataramanan R, Li S. Design and characterization of PEG-derivatized vitamin E as a nanomicellar formulation for delivery of paclitaxel. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2880-90. [PMID: 23768151 DOI: 10.1021/mp300729y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Various PEG-Vitamin E conjugates including d-α-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) succinate 1000 (TPGS) have been extensively studied as a nonionic surfactant in various drug delivery systems. However, limited information is available about the structure-activity relationship of PEG-Vitamin E conjugates as a micellar formulation for paclitaxel (PTX). In this study, four PEG-Vitamin E conjugates were developed that vary in the molecular weight of PEG (PEG2K vs PEG5K) and the molar ratio of PEG/Vitamin E (1/1 vs 1/2) in the conjugates. These conjugates were systematically characterized with respect to CMC, PTX loading efficiency, stability, and their efficiency in delivery of PTX to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that PEG5K-conjugates have lower CMC values and are more effective in PTX loading with respect to both loading capacity and stability. The conjugates with two Vitamin E molecules also worked better than the conjugates with one molecule of Vitamin E, particularly for PEG2K-system. Furthermore, all of the PEG-Vitamin E conjugates can induce significant suppression of P-gp function. More importantly, PTX-loaded PEG5K-VE2 resulted in significantly improved tumor growth inhibitory effect in comparison to PTX formulated in PEG2K-VE or PEG2K-VE2, as well as Cremophor EL (Taxol) in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer (4T1.2). Our study suggests that PEG5K-Vitmin E2 may hold promise as an improved micellar formulation for in vivo delivery of anticancer agents such as PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Sheng X, Fan L, He C, Zhang K, Mo X, Wang H. Vitamin E-loaded silk fibroin nanofibrous mats fabricated by green process for skin care application. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 56:49-56. [PMID: 23396066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we reported fabrication and skin benefit of a novel vitamin E (VE)-loaded silk fibroin (SF) nanofibrous mats. RRR-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (VE TPGS), a water-soluble derivative of VE, was incorporated into SF nanofiber successfully by aqua solution electrospinning for the first time. Morphology of the composite nanofibers changed with the different amount of VE TPGS: a ribbon-like shape for lower loading dose of VE TPGS, while a round shape for higher loading dose (more than 4% (wt/wt) based on the weight of SF). After treated with 75% (v/v) ethanol vapor, the composite nanofibrous mats showed an excellent water-resistant ability. In vitro study disclosed a sustained release behavior of VE TPGS disassociated from the nanofibrous mats. The mouse skin fibroblasts (L929 cells) cultured on the VE-loaded SF nanofibrous mats spread and proliferated much better than on cover slips. Moreover, the incorporation of VE TPGS was found strengthening the ability of SF nanofibrous mats on protecting the cells against oxidation stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Our data presented impressive skin benefits of this VE-loaded SF nanofibrous mats, suggesting a promising applicative potential of this novel product on personal skin care, tissue regeneration and other related area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Sheng
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Lab, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W. Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr 2011. [PMID: 22151477 DOI: 10.1186/1471–2431–11–111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin/mineral supplements are among the most commonly used treatments for autism, but the research on their use for treating autism has been limited. METHOD This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled three month vitamin/mineral treatment study. The study involved 141 children and adults with autism, and pre and post symptoms of autism were assessed. None of the participants had taken a vitamin/mineral supplement in the two months prior to the start of the study. For a subset of the participants (53 children ages 5-16) pre and post measurements of nutritional and metabolic status were also conducted. RESULTS The vitamin/mineral supplement was generally well-tolerated, and individually titrated to optimum benefit. Levels of many vitamins, minerals, and biomarkers improved/increased showing good compliance and absorption. Statistically significant improvements in metabolic status were many including: total sulfate (+17%, p = 0.001), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM; +6%, p = 0.003), reduced glutathione (+17%, p = 0.0008), ratio of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH; -27%, p = 0.002), nitrotyrosine (-29%, p = 0.004), ATP (+25%, p = 0.000001), NADH (+28%, p = 0.0002), and NADPH (+30%, p = 0.001). Most of these metabolic biomarkers improved to normal or near-normal levels.The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than the placebo group on the Parental Global Impressions-Revised (PGI-R, Average Change, p = 0.008), and on the subscores for Hyperactivity (p = 0.003), Tantrumming (p = 0.009), Overall (p = 0.02), and Receptive Language (p = 0.03). For the other three assessment tools the difference between treatment group and placebo group was not statistically significant.Regression analysis revealed that the degree of improvement on the Average Change of the PGI-R was strongly associated with several biomarkers (adj. R2 = 0.61, p < 0.0005) with the initial levels of biotin and vitamin K being the most significant (p < 0.05); both biotin and vitamin K are made by beneficial intestinal flora. CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin/mineral supplementation is beneficial in improving the nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism, including improvements in methylation, glutathione, oxidative stress, sulfation, ATP, NADH, and NADPH. The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than did the placebo group on the PGI-R Average Change. This suggests that a vitamin/mineral supplement is a reasonable adjunct therapy to consider for most children and adults with autism. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01225198.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Adams
- Autism/Asperger's Research Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W. Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:111. [PMID: 22151477 PMCID: PMC3266205 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin/mineral supplements are among the most commonly used treatments for autism, but the research on their use for treating autism has been limited. METHOD This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled three month vitamin/mineral treatment study. The study involved 141 children and adults with autism, and pre and post symptoms of autism were assessed. None of the participants had taken a vitamin/mineral supplement in the two months prior to the start of the study. For a subset of the participants (53 children ages 5-16) pre and post measurements of nutritional and metabolic status were also conducted. RESULTS The vitamin/mineral supplement was generally well-tolerated, and individually titrated to optimum benefit. Levels of many vitamins, minerals, and biomarkers improved/increased showing good compliance and absorption. Statistically significant improvements in metabolic status were many including: total sulfate (+17%, p = 0.001), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM; +6%, p = 0.003), reduced glutathione (+17%, p = 0.0008), ratio of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH; -27%, p = 0.002), nitrotyrosine (-29%, p = 0.004), ATP (+25%, p = 0.000001), NADH (+28%, p = 0.0002), and NADPH (+30%, p = 0.001). Most of these metabolic biomarkers improved to normal or near-normal levels.The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than the placebo group on the Parental Global Impressions-Revised (PGI-R, Average Change, p = 0.008), and on the subscores for Hyperactivity (p = 0.003), Tantrumming (p = 0.009), Overall (p = 0.02), and Receptive Language (p = 0.03). For the other three assessment tools the difference between treatment group and placebo group was not statistically significant.Regression analysis revealed that the degree of improvement on the Average Change of the PGI-R was strongly associated with several biomarkers (adj. R2 = 0.61, p < 0.0005) with the initial levels of biotin and vitamin K being the most significant (p < 0.05); both biotin and vitamin K are made by beneficial intestinal flora. CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin/mineral supplementation is beneficial in improving the nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism, including improvements in methylation, glutathione, oxidative stress, sulfation, ATP, NADH, and NADPH. The supplement group had significantly greater improvements than did the placebo group on the PGI-R Average Change. This suggests that a vitamin/mineral supplement is a reasonable adjunct therapy to consider for most children and adults with autism. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01225198.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Adams
- Autism/Asperger's Research Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Abstract
The clinical, neuropathological and electrophysiological evidence that vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is essential for normal neurological function will be reviewed. The possible reasons why neural tissues should be particularly affected by a deficiency of this fat-soluble vitamin and the mechanism(s) involved will be considered.
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Dosage and formulation issues: oral vitamin E therapy in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 66:109-18. [PMID: 19823814 PMCID: PMC2805799 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Oral vitamin E is used in several childhood diseases, but dosage recommendations differ. Few oral products have a marketing authorization for therapeutic use in children. Preliminary data indicate differences in bioavailability among the various vitamin E compounds. Our objective was to review published data on oral vitamin E therapy in neonates and children in order to establish dosage recommendations at a local level. Methods A literature search was conducted, including Medline Ovid, EMBASE (1980-Feb 2008), Cochrane databases, product monographs, handbooks, and textbooks. Results The main vitamin E compounds being used in children are α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, and tocofersolan. The most data are available on tocopheryl acetate, both in neonates and older children. In children with malabsorption disorders, tocofersolan appears to have an increased bioavailability compared to tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate. Published data on pharmacokinetics and dosages for clinical use are few and heterogeneous. No pharmacokinetic studies were found for tocofersolan in neonates and infants. There are few comparative studies on pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children. Dosages used in clinical studies and dosage recommendations in handbooks differ considerably. Conclusions The differences in dosing recommendations in children may be due to lack of systematic studies. Existing published data on oral vitamin E do not provide a basis for evaluation of dosage recommendations in children. Comparative clinical studies are required for scientific evaluation of pharmacokinetics, dosage regimens, and efficacy/ADR assessments in children.
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Jacquemin E, Hermeziu B, Kibleur Y, Friteau I, Mathieu D, Le Coz F, Moyse D, Gérardin M, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Munck A. Bioavailability of oral vitamin E formulations in adult volunteers and children with chronic cholestasis or cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009; 34:515-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 400 succinate in mice. Int J Pharm 2008; 359:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Brisson L, Castan S, Fontbonne H, Nicoletti C, Puigserver A, Ajandouz EH. Alpha-tocopheryl acetate is absorbed and hydrolyzed by Caco-2 cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 154:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Yan A, Von Dem Bussche A, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate as a Safe, Antioxidant Surfactant for Processing Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes. CARBON 2007; 45:2463-2470. [PMID: 19081834 PMCID: PMC2598771 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the physical interactions between carbon nanomaterials and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS). TPGS is a synthetic amphiphile that undergoes enzymatic cleavage to deliver the lipophilic antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) to cell membranes, and is FDA approved as a water-soluble vitamin E nutritional supplement and drug delivery vehicle. Here we show that TPGS 1000 is capable of dispersing multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes in aqueous media, and for multiwall tubes is more effective than the commonly used non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. TPGS is also capable of solubilizing C(60) in aqueous phases by dissolving fullerene in the core of its spherical micelles. Drying of these solutions leads to fullerene/TPGS phase separation and the self-assembly of highly ordered asymmetric nanoparticles, with fullerene nanocrystals attached to the hydrophobic end of crystalline TPGS nanobrushes. The article discusses surface charge, colloidal stability, and the potential applications of TPGS as a safe surfactant for "green" processing of carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Annette Von Dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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23
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Abstract
Dietary and supplemental vitamin E is absorbed and delivered to the liver, but of the various antioxidants with vitamin E activity, only alpha-tocopherol is preferentially recognized by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) and is transferred to plasma, while the other vitamin E forms (e.g., gamma-tocopherol or tocotrienols) are removed from the circulation. Hepatic alpha-TTP is required to maintain plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. The liver is the master regulator of the body's vitamin E levels in that it not only controls alpha-tocopherol concentrations, but also appears to be the major site of vitamin E metabolism and excretion. Vitamin Es are metabolized similarly to xenobiotics; they are initially omega-oxidized by cytochrome P450s, undergo several rounds of beta-oxidation, and then are conjugated and excreted. As a result of these various mechanisms, liver alpha-tocopherol and other vitamin E concentrations are closely regulated; thus, any potential adverse vitamin E effects are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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24
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to D‐alpha‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) in use for food for particular nutritional purposes. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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25
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Abstract
Administration of vitamin E in children with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and type I diabetes demonstrated potential towards ameliorating progression. Oral vitamin E therapy reduced endothelial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF). Moreover, the use of vitamin E-bonded hemodialyzers reduced atherosclerotic changes, erythropoietin dosage and muscular cramps in patients on hemodialysis (HD). However, several controlled clinical trials failed to document beneficial effects on the study subjects' cardiovascular and renal outcomes. A recent report of increased all-cause mortality in adult patients receiving high dose vitamin E therapy has caused considerable concern and debate. These issues regarding the efficacy and safety of vitamin E in renal therapeutic regimens will be reviewed in this article.
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Feranchak AP, Gralla J, King R, Ramirez RO, Corkill M, Narkewicz MR, Sokol RJ. Comparison of indices of vitamin A status in children with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 42:782-92. [PMID: 16175620 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins is a major complication of chronic cholestatic liver disease. The most accurate way to assess vitamin A status in children who have cholestasis is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of noninvasive tests to detect vitamin A deficiency. Children with chronic cholestatic liver disease (n = 23) and noncholestatic liver disease (n = 10) were studied. Ten cholestatic patients were identified as vitamin A-deficient based on the relative dose response (RDR). Compared with the RDR, the sensitivity and specificity to detect vitamin A deficiency for each test was, respectively: serum retinol, 90% and 78%; retinol-binding protein (RBP), 40% and 91%; retinol/RBP molar ratio, 60% and 74%; conjunctival impression cytology, 44% and 48%; slit-lamp examination, 20% and 66%; tear film break-up time, 40% and 69%; and Schirmer's test, 20% and 78%. We developed a modified oral RDR via oral coadministration of d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate and retinyl palmitate. This test had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 100% to detect vitamin A deficiency. In conclusion, vitamin A deficiency is relatively common in children who have chronic cholestatic liver disease. Our data suggest that serum retinol level as an initial screen followed by confirmation with a modified oral RDR test is the most effective means of identifying vitamin A deficiency in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Feranchak
- Pediatric Liver Center and Liver Transplantation Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Denver, CO, USA.
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27
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Back EI, Frindt C, Oćenásková E, Nohr D, Stern M, Biesalski HK. Can changes in hydrophobicity increase the bioavailability of α–tocopherol? Eur J Nutr 2005; 45:1-6. [PMID: 15765200 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-005-0556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins from conventional oral supplements is insufficient in some conditions in which fat digestion and absorption are chronically impaired (e. g. cystic fibrosis). AIM OF THE STUDY We used a water-soluble form of fatsoluble vitamin E (AQUANOVA solubilisate) to create a nutritional supplement (NS) in the form of vitaminized gummi bears (with micellised water-soluble alpha-tocopheryl acetate (100 IU) and 400 mg crystalline vitamin C). We assessed the bioavailability of the NS in comparison to conventional preparations. METHODS The trial consisted of three study days (d0: NS sucked; d10: NS swallowed; d20: reference products swallowed). A total of 14 subjects (6 male/8 female), aged 25.3 (22.7-35.3) years, BMI 24.3 (19.0-31.7) kg/m(2) participated in the study. They had blood samples drawn after fasting for >or=12 hours and then 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 320 minutes after ingesting the vitamins. HPLC and a colorimetric method were used to determine vitamin E and vitamin C, respectively. Areas under the curve (AUC(0-320min)) and maximum increases in plasma concentrations (Delta concentration) were calculated to assess bioavailability. RESULTS The AUCs(0-320min) of alpha-tocopherol from d0 were significantly larger (p = 0.016) when compared to d20. Moreover, the maximum increase in alpha-tocopherol plasma concentrations was significantly higher for d0 (p = 0.023) and d10 (p = 0.002) when compared to d20. CONCLUSIONS Short-term bioavailability of AQUANOVA micellised fat-soluble vitamin E from our NS was significantly higher than from regular supplements. The NS will now be tested for its clinical efficacy in a randomized double-blind controlled intervention trial with CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn I Back
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Munteanu A, Zingg JM, Ogru E, Libinaki R, Gianello R, West S, Negis Y, Azzi A. Modulation of cell proliferation and gene expression by α-tocopheryl phosphates: relevance to atherosclerosis and inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:311-6. [PMID: 15110789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a mixture of alpha-tocopheryl phosphate and di-alpha-tocopheryl phosphate (TPm) was studied in vitro on two cell lines, RASMC (from rat aortic smooth muscle) and human THP-1 monocytic leukaemia cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation by TPm was shown in both lines and occurred with TPm at concentrations lower than those at which alpha-tocopherol was equally inhibitory. TPm led in non-stimulated THP-1 cells to inhibition of CD36 mRNA and protein expression, to inhibition of oxidized low density lipoprotein surface binding and oxLDL uptake. In non-stimulated THP-1 cells, alpha-tocopherol had only very weak effects on these events. Contrary to alpha-tocopherol, TPm was cytotoxic to THP-1 cells at high concentrations. Thus, TPm is able to inhibit the major aggravating elements involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. The higher potency of TPm may be due to a better uptake of the molecule and to its intracellular hydrolysis, providing more alpha-tocopherol to sensitive sites. Alternatively, a direct effect of the phosphate ester on specific cell targets may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Munteanu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Karanth S, Yu WH, Mastronardi CA, McCann SM. Vitamin E stimulates luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and ascorbic acid release from medial basal hypothalami of adult male rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:779-85. [PMID: 12876296 DOI: 10.1177/15353702-0322807-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E, a dietary factor, is essential for reproduction in animals. It is an antioxidant present in all mammalian cells. Previously, we showed that ascorbic acid (AA) acted as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus by scavenging nitric oxide (NO). Earlier studies have shown the antioxidant synergism between vitamin E and ascorbic acid (AA). Therefore, it was of interest to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and AA release. Medial basal hypothalami from adult male rats of the Sprague Dawley strain were incubated with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer or graded concentrations of a water soluble form of vitamin E, tocopheryl succinate polyethylene glycol 1000 (TPGS, 22-176 microM) for 1 hr. Subsequently, the tissues were incubated with vitamin E or combinations of vitamin. E + N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), an excitatory amino acid for 30 min to study the effect of prior and continued exposure to vitamin E on NMDA-induced LHRH release. AA and LHRH released into the incubation media were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Vitamin E stimulated both LHRH and AA release. The minimal effective concentrations were 22 and 88 microM, respectively. NMDA stimulated LHRH release as previously shown and this effect was not altered in the combined presence of vitamin E plus NMDA. However, AA release was significantly reduced in the combined presence of vitamin E plus NMDA. To evaluate the role of NO in vitamin E-induced LHRH and AA release, the tissues were incubated with vitamin E or combinations of vitamin E + NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), a competitive inhibitor of NO synthase. NMMA significantly suppressed vitamin E-induced LHRH and AA release indicating a role of NO in the release of both LHRH and AA. The data suggest that vitamin E plays a role in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and AA release and that the release is mediated by NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karanth
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808-4124, USA
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30
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Reichert RD. Oilseed medicinals: In natural drugs, dietary supplements and in new functional foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Abiaka C, Olusi S, Simbeye A. Serum concentrations of micronutrient antioxidants in an adult Arab population. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002; 11:22-7. [PMID: 11890634 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and lycopene were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (r-P HPLC) in 260 randomly selected healthy adult Kuwaitis (159 men and 101 women) aged 18-63 years (mean 33.3 years) to established reference ranges of the micronutrient antioxidants. Total cholesterol concentrations were assayed by an enzymatic method to determine alpha-tocopherol: cholesterol ratios. The mean +/- SEM (micromol/L) for retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and lycopene were 1.76+/-0.02, 20.0+/-0.5, 0.52+/-0.03, 0.95+/-0.05, respectively. Compared to other populations, these data showed, on the whole, ordinary concentrations of beta-carotene, comparatively low concentrations of retinol and alpha-tocopherol and high concentrations of lycopene. Retinol concentrations were similar for both sexes, whereas alpha-tocopherol concentration was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower and the carotenoid levels (beta-carotene and lycopene) significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in women. Of the micronutrient antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol was most correlated with cholesterol (r = 0.492, P < 0.0001). beta-Carotene and lycopene were highly correlated with each other (r =0.744, P< 0.0001). Age was positively associated with beta-carotene (r = 0.214, P = 0.001) and lycopene (r = 239, P< 0.0001). Our data enabled us to establish a gender non-specific reference range for retinol and gender-specific reference ranges for alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Abiaka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Sulaibikhat.
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Abstract
A case report is presented of an electrophysiologic recovery from vitamin E-deficient neuropathy after treatment with water-soluble vitamin E in a patient with chronic hepatobiliary disease. The patient was a 64-year-old man who had experienced progressive difficulty in ambulation, with ataxia, over the previous 3 years. The symptoms were associated with pain, tingling sensation in the extremities, and reduced fine motor activity. The patient had chronic hepatobiliary disease, with recurrent cholangitis and external drainage of bile acid through a T-tube for more than 20 years. Vitamin E level was barely detectable (<0.5 mg/L). Sensory conduction was absent in both sural nerves. Other sensory and motor conduction studies in the upper and lower extremities showed decreased amplitude. The patient was treated with water-soluble vitamin E. After 4 months of therapy, his ambulation function improved, but pain and tingling sensation in both hands remained. Sensory nerve action potentials appeared in both sural nerves, and amplitudes of other sensory nerves were increased. In a second follow-up study after 9 months, all of the evaluated parameters in the nerve conduction studies, as well as the vitamin E level, were normal. The authors conclude that vitamin E-deficient neuropathy is reversible and electrophysiologic recovery can occur with water-soluble vitamin E therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Ko
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Korea
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33
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Abstract
Nutritional management of the infant and child with liver disease is highly dependent upon the type of liver disease. Acute liver disease, such as that secondary to viral hepatitis, requires no specific nutritional therapy with the exception that branched-chain amino acid supplements may be indicated in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Nutritional management of the child with chronic liver disease depends upon whether or not cholestasis is present, since in that condition, large amounts of fat-soluble vitamin supplements and medium-chain triglycerides are usually required for optimum growth. However, anicteric cirrhotic liver disease also presents nutritional challenges because of hypermetabolism, enteropathy, and increased protein oxidation. Certain inborn errors of metabolism that result in liver disease (including galactosemia, hepatorenal tyrosinemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, and Wilson's disease) have specific nutritional requirements. And, finally, the advent of pediatric liver transplantation has placed new emphasis on the importance of optimum nutritional management of the child with chronic liver disease, since improvement of nutritional status in the pretransplant period maximizes success of the transplant. This review will focus on the pathogenesis of malnutrition in childhood liver disease and will provide recommendations for nutritional assessment and monitoring as well as nutritional management of cholestatic liver disease, anicteric cirrhotic liver disease, and the inborn errors of metabolism enumerated above. Specific recommendations for nutritional management of the child awaiting liver transplantation will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Novy
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Winklhofer-Roob BM, Hof MAV, Shmerling DH. Reference values for plasma concentrations of vitamin E and A and carotenoids in a Swiss population from infancy to adulthood, adjusted for seasonal influences. Clin Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/43.1.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn a cross-sectional survey, plasma concentrations of α- and γ-tocopherol, α- and β-carotene (cis and trans isomers), lycopene, and retinol were determined by reversed-phase HPLC, and ratios of plasma α-tocopherol to cholesterol were calculated in 208 Swiss individuals ages 0.4–38.7 years. The influence of age, sex, and season of sampling was studied. Age was a significant predictor of all plasma concentrations except α-carotene. No sex-related differences were observed. Season of sampling affected α-tocopherol and retinol (higher in winter) and γ-tocopherol and cholesterol concentrations (higher in winter and spring than in the other seasons). After correction for seasonal influences, age differences were 0.24 μmol/L per year for α-tocopherol, 0.04 μmol/L per year for retinol, and 0.04 μmol/L per year for cholesterol concentrations; ratios of plasma α-tocopherol to cholesterol were not affected by age. We constructed age-specific reference intervals from the regression line and a multiple of the standard deviation. Separate regression equations are presented for seasons with low and high values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David H Shmerling
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
An improved understanding of its physiology has led to better therapeutic use of vitamin E in recent years. It is a physiological membrane bound antioxidant, protecting cell membrane lipids from oxidant damage by free redicals. Cholestatic liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia and ataxia with vitamin E deficiency are the common deficiency states where vitamin E is of definite therapeutic value, while reports of unproven benefits abound in literature. Vitamin E status of the body can be assessed by serum levels and various functional studies. The new water soluble form, tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), is therapeutically superior to the standard oral forms available. Details of physiology and therapeutic application of the vitamin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthai
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Muller
- Division of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Cheeseman KH, Holley AE, Kelly FJ, Wasil M, Hughes L, Burton G. Biokinetics in humans of RRR-alpha-tocopherol: the free phenol, acetate ester, and succinate ester forms of vitamin E. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 19:591-8. [PMID: 8529918 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00083-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol from the oral administration of RRR-alpha-tocopherol itself and its acetate and succinate esters was determined in healthy human subjects. Venous blood samples were withdrawn periodically over a 51-h period following oral administration of a gelatin capsule containing an equimolar mixture of RRR-alpha-tocopherol and RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. In a second study, subjects received a capsule containing an equimolar mixture of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate. In Study 1, RRR-alpha-tocopherol was absorbed at similar rates from both the free phenol, and the acetate ester and maximum plasma levels occurred at 12 h in most subjects. The extent of absorption of RRR-alpha-tocopherol varied considerably between subjects in absolute terms, but the relative absorption from the two forms was remarkably consistent, and a ratio of 1.0 was found for parameters of relative bioavailability in plasma. The concentration of RRR-alpha-tocopherol from each form was maximal at approximately 27 h in red blood cells and, as seen with the plasma data, there was a large interindividual variability. In Study 2, there was no significant difference in the extent of absorption of RRR-alpha-tocopherol from the acetate ester and the succinate ester, although there was an apparently higher initial rate of absorption from the acetate ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Cheeseman
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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Tsang VT, Johnston A, Heritier F, Leaver N, Hodson ME, Yacoub M. Cyclosporin pharmacokinetics in heart-lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis. Effects of pancreatic enzymes and ranitidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 46:261-5. [PMID: 8070508 DOI: 10.1007/bf00192559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin (CsA) is currently the main immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplantation with considerable improvement in graft survival. Oral CsA solution is highly lipophilic, and its bioavailability may be reduced in cystic fibrosis (CF) heart-lung transplant recipients with pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and hepatic insufficiency. The bioavailability of oral CsA solution in 7 CF transplant recipients (5 male and 2 female with a mean age of 27 years and a mean weight of 49 kg) and 3 non-CF heart-lung recipients (1 male and 2 female with a mean age of 41 years and a mean weight of 60 kg) was studied. Following intravenous CsA administration, the kinetic curves were similar with no significant difference in the volume of distribution and clearance of CsA demonstrated between the CF and non-CF groups. The mean daily dose of oral CsA in 7 CF subjects (23.3 mg.kg-1) was significantly higher than the 3 non-CF heart-lung recipients (4.8 mg.kg-1). The mean maximum blood concentration of CsA for the oral dose was 776 ng.ml-1 for the 7 CF subjects, which was comparable with the mean peak values of 789 ng.ml-1 for the 3 non-CF control subjects. Poor enteral absorption of CsA probably accounts for the significantly lower mean bioavailability in the 7 CF subjects (14.9%) compared with the 3 non-CF control subjects (39.4%). The effects on the bioavailability of oral CsA solution by pancreatic enzymes (Creon) and histamine-2 antagonist (ranitidine) were also evaluated in the 7 CF subjects. No significant difference was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Tsang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Brompton, National Heart and Lung Hospital, London, UK
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Sokol RJ, Butler-Simon N, Conner C, Heubi JE, Sinatra FR, Suchy FJ, Heyman MB, Perrault J, Rothbaum RJ, Levy J. Multicenter trial of d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate for treatment of vitamin E deficiency in children with chronic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:1727-35. [PMID: 8500733 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90652-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malabsorption and deficiency of vitamin E causing neurological degeneration are common consequences of chronic childhood cholestatic liver disease. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) in correcting vitamin E deficiency in children with chronic cholestasis who were unresponsive to other forms of oral vitamin E. METHODS Sixty vitamin E-deficient children with chronic cholestasis unresponsive to 70-212 IU.kg-1.day-1 of oral vitamin E were entered into a trial at eight centers in the United States. After initial evaluation, treatment was started with 25 IU.kg-1.day-1 of TPGS. Vitamin E status, neurological function quantitated by a specific scoring system, and clinical and biochemical parameters were monitored during therapy. RESULTS All children responded to TPGS with normalization of vitamin E status. Neurological function, which had deteriorated before entry in the trial, improved in 25 patients, stabilized in 27, and worsened in only 2 after a mean of 2.5 years of therapy. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS TPGS (20-25 IU.kg-1.day-1) appears to be a safe and effective form of vitamin E for reversing or preventing vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
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41
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Absorption, lipoprotein transport, and regulation of plasma concentrations of vitamin E in humans. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Cohn W, Gross P, Grun H, Loechleiter F, Muller DP, Zulauf M. Tocopherol transport and absorption. Proc Nutr Soc 1992; 51:179-88. [PMID: 1438326 DOI: 10.1079/pns19920028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Cohn
- Department of Vitamin and Nutrition Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basle, Switzerland
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Hidiroglou M, Ivan M. Plasma alpha-tocopherol profiles in sheep after oral administration of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate. Res Vet Sci 1991; 51:177-9. [PMID: 1788480 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(91)90010-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five yearling wethers, weighing 45 to 50 kg, were used in a trial designed to compare the bioavailability of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) and d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS). The sheep, five per treatment, were each given a basal diet without vitamin E supplement (control) or with a daily oral supplement of 240 iu TA or TPGS, or of 480 iu TA or TPGS. Blood samples were obtained at zero time, and then twice daily for three weeks. The bioavailability was greater for TA than for TPGS. This was indicated by the significantly higher (P less than 0.01) plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations during the three-week experimental period in sheep dosed with equivalent units of TA than in those dosed with TPGS. When administered at 480 iu, the TPGS produced plasma profiles similar to those found after administration of the lower (240 iu) dose of the TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hidiroglou
- Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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Carini R, Poli G, Dianzani MU, Maddix SP, Slater TF, Cheeseman KH. Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and alpha-tocopherol succinate in isolated hepatocytes and liver microsomal suspensions. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:1597-601. [PMID: 2337417 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90526-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and of alpha-tocopherol succinate (TS) has been examined in isolated hepatocytes and microsomal fractions from rat liver. Both TPGS and TS require esterase activity to yield free alpha-tocopherol and, hence, antioxidant activity. TPGS and TS consistently exerted a more effective antioxidant protection than an equivalent amount of directly-added free alpha-tocopherol. The low antioxidant efficiency of directly added free alpha-tocopherol in such water-based experimental systems as used here seems to be due to its extreme hydrophobicity. TPGS, on the other hand, is an extremely hydrophilic compound that is being examined as a useful source of alpha-tocopherol in certain clinical situations and is here shown to be a convenient and effective source for experimental studies into lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
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Heubi JE, Daugherty CC. Neonatal cholestasis: an approach for the practicing pediatrician. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRICS 1990; 20:233-95. [PMID: 2186891 DOI: 10.1016/0045-9380(90)90007-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Heubi
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lloyd
- Institute of Child Health, University of London, United Kingdom
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47
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Sokol RJ, Butler-Simon N, Heubi JE, Iannaccone ST, McClung HJ, Accurso F, Hammond K, Heyman M, Sinatra F, Riely C. Vitamin E deficiency neuropathy in children with fat malabsorption. Studies in cystic fibrosis and chronic cholestasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:156-69. [PMID: 2629595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb14916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Sokol
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262
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49
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Issa S, Rotthauwe HW, Burmeister W. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin E absorption in healthy children and children with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis. Eur J Pediatr 1989; 148:605-9. [PMID: 2663512 DOI: 10.1007/bf00441510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic cholestasis have reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and vitamin E levels. We determined serum concentrations of 25OHD, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and vitamin E before and after oral administration of 10 micrograms/kg body weight 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and 100 IU/kg body weight vitamin E, respectively, in 4 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis and 6 healthy children. Vitamin E increased in all controls but in only one of the four patients. In contrast, oral 25OHD3 induced a normal rise in circulating 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D. The low serum levels of 25OHD in the patients before the oral bolus may have been due to inadequate parenteral vitamin D administration and/or to the simultaneous phenobarbital treatment. The latter possibility is supported by the increase of serum 25OHD into the normal range after withdrawal of phenobarbital in one of the four patients. We conclude that vitamin E has to be supplemented parenterally or in water-soluble oral form. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether high-dose long-term oral 25OHD3 supplementation is sufficient to prevent vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Issa
- Kinderklinik der Universität, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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50
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Sokol RJ, Kim YS, Hoofnagle JH, Heubi JE, Jones EA, Balistreri WF. Intestinal malabsorption of vitamin E in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1989; 96:479-86. [PMID: 2910763 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(89)91574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied intestinal absorption of vitamin E in 26 adults with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 6 control subjects. Seven (27%) PBC patients were vitamin E-deficient based on the ratio of serum vitamin E to serum total lipid concentrations. An oral vitamin E tolerance test was performed in all patients and control subjects using a loading dose of 2000 IU alpha-tocopheryl acetate with measurement of serial serum vitamin E concentrations over 24 h. Vitamin E absorption was expressed as the maximal rise in serum vitamin E above baseline, the area under the oral tolerance test curve, and these two values divided by the fasting total serum lipid concentration. Absorption of vitamin E was significantly impaired in all PBC patients vs. control subjects (p less than 0.01), in vitamin E-deficient vs. vitamin E-sufficient PBC patients (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.01), and in PBC patients with serum vitamin E levels below 10 micrograms/ml vs. those with serum vitamin E levels above 10 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.01). Vitamin E absorption was inversely related to stage of PBC, serum cholylglycine, total bilirubin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and prothrombin time. Patients with serum vitamin E below 10 micrograms/ml, serum total bilirubin above 3 mg/dl, serum cholylglycine above 600 micrograms/dl, or serum alkaline phosphatase above 1000 IU/L had severe malabsorption of vitamin E and would be at high risk for the development of vitamin E deficiency. Therefore, vitamin E supplementation should be considered not only in patients in whom overt vitamin E deficiency is present, but also in PBC patients meeting these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
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