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Zhao X, Li X, Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Yang Y, Fang Z, Xie Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Ouyang Y, Yuan W. Immune Activities of Polycationic Vectors for Gene Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:510. [PMID: 28824434 PMCID: PMC5543280 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycationic vectors are used widely in the field of gene delivery, while currently their immune activities in vivo are poorly understood. In this comprehensive review, we aim to present an overview of existing mechanisms of adverse immune responses induced by the polycation/gene complexes, which includes the polycations themselves, the gene sequences and the ROS produced by them. These causes can induce pro-inflammatory cytokines, hypersensitivity as well as the activation of toll-like receptors, and finally the immunostimulation occur. In addition, we introduce some different opinions and research results on the immunogenicity of classical polycations such as polylysine (PLL), polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM), chitosan and gelatin, most of which have immunogenicity and can induce immunoreactions in vivo. The methods now used to adjust their immunogenicity are shown in the final part of this review. Nowadays, there is still no accurate conclusion on immunogenicity of polycations, which confuses researchers seriously in in vivo test. We conclude that further research is needed in order to skillfully utilize or inhibit the immunogenicity of these polycationic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yunqi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yangmei Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBoston, MA, United States
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuanming Ouyang
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai University of Medicine and HealthShanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
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Honma K, Kohno Y, Saito K, Shimojo N, Horiuchi T, Hayashi H, Suzuki N, Hosoya T, Tsunoo H, Niimi H. Allergenic epitopes of ovalbumin (OVA) in patients with hen's egg allergy: inhibition of basophil histamine release by haptenic ovalbumin peptide. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 103:446-53. [PMID: 8608645 PMCID: PMC2200360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1996.tb08301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied allergenic determinants that induce hypersensitivity to OVA, the major allergen in egg allergy, using immunoblot and histamine release assays. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated a part of the OVA epitope was in the C-terminal region comprising residues 347-385 (OVA347-385). Histamine was released from basophils of a patient with egg allergy upon stimulation with the OVA fragment corresponding to OVA347-385. Furthermore, detailed epitope mapping using overlapping peptides (residues 347-366, OVA-A; residues 357-376, OVA-B; and residues 367-385, OVA-C) in the OVA 347-385 region was carried out using the histamine release assay. In order for histamine release from basophils to occur, the allergen must possess two or more allergenic determinants located on the protein molecule at distances that would be equivalent to the distances between IgE molecules on the membrane surface. these results suggest that there are at least two epitopes that bind IgE antibodies on each OVA peptide. In addition, one epitope that binds IgE antibodies in two patients appears to reside in the haptenic peptide OVA357-366 (OVA-B1). The histamine release from basophils stimulated by OVA-B was completely inhibited by OVA-B1 in one of these patients. Similarly, OVA-B1 inhibited the histamine release produced by OVA-A in the other by more than 40%. These results suggest that haptenic synthetic peptides could regulate the allergic reaction in the effector phase if common epitope(s) recognized by IgE antibodies in the patients with egg allergy can be found. These are the first studies that provide an antigen-specific approach to inhibiting histamine release from basophils by a haptenic peptide recognized by IgE antibodies in an allergic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Honma
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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Perales JC, Ferkol T, Molas M, Hanson RW. An evaluation of receptor-mediated gene transfer using synthetic DNA-ligand complexes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 226:255-66. [PMID: 8001543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated gene transfer is an attractive method for therapeutically correcting human genetic diseases since it permits the targeting of DNA to cellular receptors in specific tissues of adult animals. Genes introduced by this technique have been shown to be expressed in the target tissue for varying periods. However, to be useful for gene therapy, it is critical that both the chemical properties and physical interactions of the reagents involved in the design of the DNA delivery vehicle be rigorously characterized. In this review, we discuss the critical steps in the preparation of the DNA-ligand complex and the factors involved in the delivery and regulated expression of a transgene in animal tissues. The feasibility of using this technique for the therapeutic delivery of genes to mammalian tissues will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Perales
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935
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Scofield RH, Dickey WD, Jackson KW, James JA, Harley JB. A common autoepitope near the carboxyl terminus of the 60-kD Ro ribonucleoprotein: sequence similarity with a viral protein. J Clin Immunol 1991; 11:378-88. [PMID: 1722217 DOI: 10.1007/bf00918804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Ro ribonucleoprotein is composed of hY RNA and a 60.7-kD peptide that is antigenic for autoantibodies produced by many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or Sjögren's syndrome and mothers of newborns with complete congenital heart block. A major immunoreactive fragment (13 kD) of the 60-kD Ro is bound by 28 of 45 (62%) of the anti-Ro sera tested. Amino acid sequence analysis localizes this fragment to the carboxyl end of the 60-kD Ro peptide. All possible overlapping octapeptides of this 13-kD peptide of 60-kD Ro have been assessed for antigenicity. Sera that bind the 13-kD peptide fragment in immunoblot generally also bind the octapeptides of Ro spanning the sequence AIALREYRKKMDIPA (P less than 0.01). Inhibition studies with synthetic peptides and purified Ro have established specificity for reference serum antibody binding to an antigenic octapeptide, EYRKKMDI, from this region. The closely related sequence EYRKKLMD is found in the nucleocapsid protein of vesicular stomatitis virus and may portend an immunologic link to this or a related viral antigen. These results also demonstrate that despite fine specificity variation between human sera, there are recurring patterns of anti-Ro binding shared by some patients who have precipitating anti-Ro autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Scofield
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104
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Arndt B, Porro M. Strategies for type-specific glycoconjugate vaccines of Streptococcus pneumoniae. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 303:129-48. [PMID: 1805561 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6000-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Arndt
- Praxis Biologics Inc. Rochester, NY 14623
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6
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Levine L, Gjika HB, Van Vunakis H. Antibodies and radioimmunoassays for phosphoserine, phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine. Serologic specificities and levels of the phosphoamino acids in cytoplasmic fractions of rat tissues. J Immunol Methods 1989; 124:239-49. [PMID: 2480980 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For antibody production, the O-phosphorylated derivative of tyrosine, threonine, or serine was covalently linked to succinylated bovine albumin via the carbodiimide reaction. Each conjugate was then complexed with methylated bovine albumin for immunization of rabbits. To determine binding, the corresponding O-phosphorylated [3H]amino acids were chemically synthesized. In addition, these 3H-phosphorylated derivatives were acylated (with succinic or acetic anhydride) to obtain ligands whose structures resemble those present in the immunogen. The acylated ligands bound to their respective antibodies more effectively: in some cases binding was about three orders of magnitude greater than their non-acylated counterparts. Radioimmunoassays were therefore developed using the N-succinyl-[3H]phosphoamino acids. When the unlabeled N-succinyl-phosphorylated amino acids were used as inhibitors in the homologous immune systems, 50% displacement of the labeled ligand was found with 0.06, 0.27 or 0.8 pmol of the tyrosine, threonine, or serine derivative, respectively. The antibodies were highly specific for the homologous hapten; the requirement for the phosphate group on the acylated amino acid was essentially absolute. Antibody content (expressed as mg/ml serum) and apparent binding constants for the N-succinyl derivatives in individual bleedings of immune sera were 1.9 and 1 X 10(10) M-1 for phosphotyrosine, 0.825 and 6 X 10(8) M-1 for phosphothreonine, and 0.150 and 2 X 10(8) M-1 for phosphoserine. The radioimmunoassays were used to quantitate the phosphoamino acids in cytoplasmic fractions of rat tissue extracts. The production of antibodies to phosphorylated O-tyrosine has been reported previously, but to our knowledge, this represents the first report of antibodies specific for O-phosphorylated serine and threonine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Levine
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254
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Kharroubi A, Wadsworth JA, Chanderbhan R, Wiesenfeld P, Noland B, Scallen T, Vahouny GV, Gallo LL. Sterol carrier protein2-like activity in rat intestine. J Lipid Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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8
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Kim IC, Sabourin CL. Antigenic and size differences between somatic and testicular cytochromes c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 141:131-6. [PMID: 2432890 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of somatic (cs) and testicular (ct) cytochromes of rat, mouse, rabbit, and beef with rabbit anti-rat cyt ct antibody exhibited two different antigenic profiles, indicating the presence of two different antigenic structure between cyt ct and cs. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cyt c showed that the molecular size of rat, rabbit and beef cyt ct is slightly smaller than that of their cyt cs. However, the electrophoretic mobility of mouse cyt ct is almost identical to that of mouse cyt cs, but slightly slower than that of rat cyt ct. These results indicate that mouse and rat cyt ct are different despite the identical amino acid sequences for both rat and mouse cyt cs.
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Porro M, Costantino P, Viti S, Vannozzi F, Naggi A, Torri G. Specific antibodies to diphtheria toxin and type 6A pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide induced by a model of semi-synthetic glycoconjugate antigen. Mol Immunol 1985; 22:907-19. [PMID: 4047043 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(85)90077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A molecular model of a carbohydrate-protein conjugate is described, involving the non-toxic mutant protein CRM197, serologically related to the diphtheria toxin, covalently bound to a characterized oligosaccharide derived from the molecular structure of type 6A pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide. Physicochemical and immunochemical characteristics of this oligosaccharide-protein conjugate were consistent with a molecule showing a molar carbohydrate/protein ratio of 8, an av. mol. wt of 75,000, and retention of complete immunochemical identity when tested towards the homologous antisera. The immunological characteristics obtained after immunization of 2 animal models showed a high immunogenicity of the glycoconjugate specifically directed towards diphtheria toxin and the type 6A pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide.
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Scallen TJ, Noland BJ, Gavey KL, Bass NM, Ockner RK, Chanderbhan R, Vahouny GV. Sterol carrier protein 2 and fatty acid-binding protein. Separate and distinct physiological functions. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Knapp RJ, Sternberger LA. High affinity monoclonal antibodies to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Preparation and binding studies. J Neuroimmunol 1984; 6:361-71. [PMID: 6378971 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(84)90025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two mouse hybridoma cell lines (50-1 and 50-11) secreting high affinity, monoclonal IgG antibodies (MCAs) against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) have been established. Measurements of binding affinity by both equilibrium and kinetic methods give dissociation constants (Kd) of 2.3-3.2 X 10(-10) M for 50-1 and 3.0 X 10(-10) M for 50-11. Analysis of binding specificity show that both MCAs require the C-terminal glycine amide and adjacent 4 amino acids of LHRH for binding. The use of these MCAs in radioimmunoassay (RIA) is described.
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12
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Chanderbhan R, Tanaka T, Strauss JF, Irwin D, Noland BJ, Scallen TJ, Vahouny GV. Evidence for sterol carrier protein2-like activity in hepatic, adrenal and ovarian cytosol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 117:702-9. [PMID: 6667271 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purified sterol carrier protein2 (SCP2) from rat liver stimulated utilization of endogenous cholesterol for pregnenolone synthesis by adrenal mitochondria. Cytosolic preparations of rat liver, adrenal and luteinized ovary were also stimulatory in mitochondrial pregnenolone synthesis to different extents. Treatment of all preparations with rabbit anti-rat SCP2 IgG neutralized the stimulatory effects, and immunoprecipitated proteins gave similar patterns on SDS-gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment with rabbit pre-immune IgG had no effect on these parameters. Thus, proteins which are immunochemically compatible with hepatic SCP2 appear to be present in steroidogenic tissues and may play a role in control of mitochondrial cholesterol side chain cleavage activity.
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13
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Sterol carrier protein2. Identification of adrenal sterol carrier protein2 and site of action for mitochondrial cholesterol utilization. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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16
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Seidl PH, Schleifer KH. The immunochemistry of peptidoglycan. Serological detection of a difference in a single N-terminal amino acid. Mol Immunol 1979; 16:385-8. [PMID: 489055 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(79)90104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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18
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Zeiger AR, Maurer PH. The immunochemistry of (L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-Gly)n: antibodies of restricted specificity. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1974; 11:555-63. [PMID: 4459263 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(74)90247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Lange A, Zeiger AR, Maurer PH. The immunochemistry of a linear polymer and a branched copolymer containing the sequence Glu-Lys-Ala-Gly. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1974; 11:549-54. [PMID: 4142456 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(74)90246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Zeiger AR, Maurer PH. Immunochemistry of a synthetic peptidoglycan-precursor pentapeptide. Biochemistry 1973; 12:3387-94. [PMID: 4738481 DOI: 10.1021/bi00742a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Inman JK, Merchant B, Tacey SE. Synthesis of large haptenic compounds having a common functional group that permits covalent linkage to proteins, cell surfaces, and adsorbents. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1973; 10:153-63. [PMID: 4779268 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(73)90004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Becker U, Timpl R, Kühn K. Carboxyterminal antigenic determinants of collagen from calf skin. Localization within discrete regions of the nonhelical sequence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 28:221-31. [PMID: 4115964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Sloan BP, Gill TJ. Synthetic polypeptide metabolism. IV. In vivo and in vitro degradation of poly(Glu 52 Lys 33 Tyr 15 ) in highly responding (ACI) and poorly responding (F344) strains of rats. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1972; 9:677-88. [PMID: 5041602 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(72)90012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Gershman H, Powers E, Levine L, Van Vunakis H. Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins, angiotensin, digoxin, morphine and adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate with nitrocellulose membranes. PROSTAGLANDINS 1972; 1:407-23. [PMID: 4349726 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(72)90055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schechter B, Schechter I, Ramachandran J, Conway-Jacobs A, Sela M, Benjamini E, Shimizu M. Synthetic antigens with sequential and conformation-dependent determinants containing the same L-tyrosyl-L-alanyl-L-glutamyl sequence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 20:309-20. [PMID: 4103320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Schechter I. Mapping of the combining sites of antibodies specific for poly-L-alanine determinants. Nature 1970; 228:639-41. [PMID: 4097538 DOI: 10.1038/228639a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Schechter B, Schechter I, Sela M. Specific fractionation of antibodies to peptide determinants. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1970; 7:587-97. [PMID: 4098590 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(70)90279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Schechter B, Schechter I, Sela M. Antibody Combining Sites to a Series of Peptide Determinants of Increasing Size and Defined Structure. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Van Vunakis H, Bradvica H, Benda P, Levine L. Production and specificity of antibodies directed toward 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. Biochem Pharmacol 1969; 18:393-404. [PMID: 5778154 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(69)90216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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35
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Haimovich J, Schechter I, Sela M. Combining sites of IgG and IgM antibodies of poly-D-alanyl specificity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 7:537-43. [PMID: 5813322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb19641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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38
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Stupp Y, Sela M. Further studies on the immunogenicity of D-amino acid polymers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 140:349-59. [PMID: 4964462 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(67)90475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Sarich VM, Wilson AC. Quantitative immunochemistry and the evolution of primate albumins: micro-complement fixation. Science 1966; 154:1563-6. [PMID: 4958934 DOI: 10.1126/science.154.3756.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative micro-complement fixation was used to compare human serum albumin with the serum albumins of apes, monkeys, and prosimians. The results are consistent with those obtained by other immunological techniques, and they are consistent with the accepted phylogenetic position of these groups. The method requires much less antigen and antibody is more sensitive to small differences in albumin structure. A large scale survey of species differences in protein structure is possible with less than a milliliter of antiserum.
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