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Luo OD, Bose R, Bawazir MA, Thuraisingam T, Ghazawi FM. A Review of the Dermatologic Clinical Applications of Topical Photodynamic Therapy. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:NP1. [PMID: 38243786 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231216969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Topical photodynamic therapy is a widely approved therapy for actinic keratoses and low-risk nonmelanoma skin cancers with a rapidly growing range of emerging indications for other cutaneous diseases. This review summarizes the best-available evidence to provide a clinical update for dermatologists on the approved and emerging indications of photodynamic therapy. The body of evidence suggests that photodynamic therapy is superior or noninferior to other available treatment modalities for actinic keratoses, low-risk basal cell carcinomas, Bowen's disease, skin field cancerization, chemoprevention of keratinocyte carcinomas in organ transplant recipients, photoaging, acne vulgaris, and cutaneous infections including verrucae, onychomycosis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. There is emerging evidence that photodynamic therapy plays a role in the management of actinic cheilitis, early-stage mycosis fungoides, extramammary Paget disease, lichen sclerosis, and folliculitis decalvans but there are no comparative studies with other active treatment modalities. Common barriers to topical photodynamic therapy include procedural pain, costs, and the time required for treatment delivery. There is significant heterogeneity in the photodynamic therapy protocols reported in the literature, including different photosensitizers, light sources, number of treatments, time between treatments, and use of procedural analgesia. Topical photodynamic therapy should be considered in the management of a spectrum of inflammatory, neoplastic, and infectious dermatoses. However, more comparative research is required to determine its role in the treatment algorithm for these dermatologic conditions and more methodological research is required to optimize photodynamic therapy protocols to improve the tolerability of the procedure for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Dan Luo
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Reetesh Bose
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Bawazir
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thusanth Thuraisingam
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Feras M Ghazawi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Kessel D. Critical PDT Theory VII: Preclinical Translation. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1361-1363. [PMID: 36862007 DOI: 10.1111/php.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The translation of photodynamic effects into clinical practice is a complex process that involves the pharmacokinetics of photosensitizing agents, light dosimetry and oxygenation levels. But even the 'translation' of basic photobiology into meaningful preclinical information can be challenging. Some thoughts on directions for progress in clinical trials are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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3
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Kessel D. Photodynamic therapy: Critical PDT theory IX-Translational efforts. Photochem Photobiol 2023. [PMID: 37811552 DOI: 10.1111/php.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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4
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Advanced techniques for performing photodynamic therapy in deep-seated tissues. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121875. [PMID: 36335717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising localized cancer treatment modality. It has been used successfully to treat a range of dermatological conditions with comparable efficacy to conventional treatments. However, some drawbacks limit the clinical utility of PDT in treating deep-seated tumors. Notably, the penetration limitation of UV and visible light, commonly applied to activate photosensitizers, makes PDT incompetent in treating deep-seated tumors. Development in light delivery technologies, especially fiber optics, led to improved clinical strategies for accessing deep tissues for irradiation. However, PDT efficacy issues remained partly due to light penetration limitations. In this review, we first summarized the current PDT applications for deep-seated tumor treatment. Then, the most recent progress in advanced techniques to overcome the light penetration limitation in PDT, including using functional nanomaterials that can either self-illuminate or be activated by near-infrared (NIR) light and X-rays as transducers, and implantable light delivery devices were discussed. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities of these technologies were discussed, which we hope may inspire the development of more effective techniques to enhance PDT efficacy against deep-seated tumors.
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Ivanova-Radkevich VI. Biochemical Basis of Selective Accumulation and Targeted Delivery of Photosensitizers to Tumor Tissues. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1226-1242. [PMID: 36509715 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The method of photodynamic therapy for treatment of malignant neoplasms is based on the selective of accumulation of photosensitizers in the tumor tissue. Insufficient selectivity of photosensitizers in relation to pathologically altered tissues and generalized distribution throughout the body leads to the development of severe toxic effects, including skin phototoxicity. The mechanisms underlying selectivity of photosensitizers for tumor tissue include selective binding to blood proteins and lipoproteins (considering that the number of receptors for those is increased on tumor cell membranes), uptake by macrophages, better solubility at low pH (acidic pH is characteristic of tumor cells), and other mechanisms. At present, increase in the efficiency of photodynamic therapy is largely associated with the additional targeting of photosensitizers to tumor tissues. Targeted delivery strategies are based on the differences in metabolism and gene expression profiles between the tumor and healthy cells. There are differences in expression of receptors, proteases, or transmembrane transporters in these cells. In particular, accelerated metabolism in many types of tumors leads to overexpression of receptors for epidermal growth factor, folic acid, transferrin, and a number of other compounds. This review considers biochemical basis for the selective accumulation of various classes of photosensitizers in tumors (chlorins, phthalocyanines, 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives, etc.) and discusses various strategies of targeted delivery with emphasis on conjugation of photosensitizers with the receptor ligands overexpressed in tumor cells.
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6
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D’Ammando A, Raspagliesi L, Gionso M, Franzini A, Porto E, Di Meco F, Durando G, Pellegatta S, Prada F. Sonodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Intracranial Gliomas. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1101. [PMID: 33800821 PMCID: PMC7961476 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumors. Current therapeutic schemes include a combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy; even if major advances have been achieved in Progression Free Survival and Overall Survival for patients harboring high-grade gliomas, prognosis still remains poor; hence, new therapeutic options for malignant gliomas are currently researched. Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) has proven to be a promising treatment combining the effects of low-intensity ultrasound waves with various sound-sensitive compounds, whose activation leads to increased immunogenicity of tumor cells, increased apoptotic rates and decreased angiogenetic potential. In addition, this therapeutic technique only exerts its cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, while both ultrasound waves and sensitizing compound are non-toxic per se. This review summarizes the present knowledge regarding mechanisms of action of SDT and currently available sonosensitizers and focuses on the preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated its efficacy on malignant gliomas. To date, preclinical studies implying various sonosensitizers and different treatment protocols all seem to confirm the anti-tumoral properties of SDT, while first clinical trials will soon start recruiting patients. Accordingly, it is crucial to conduct further investigations regarding the clinical applications of SDT as a therapeutic option in the management of intracranial gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D’Ammando
- Acoustic Neuroimaging and Therapy Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (L.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Luca Raspagliesi
- Acoustic Neuroimaging and Therapy Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (L.R.); (M.G.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.P.); (F.D.M.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Gionso
- Acoustic Neuroimaging and Therapy Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (L.R.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Andrea Franzini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Porto
- Neurosurgery Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.P.); (F.D.M.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Meco
- Neurosurgery Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.P.); (F.D.M.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Giovanni Durando
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica I.N.Ri.M., 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Serena Pellegatta
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy of Brain Tumors, Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesco Prada
- Acoustic Neuroimaging and Therapy Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (L.R.); (M.G.)
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Blood distribution and plasma protein binding of PHOTOCYANINE: a promising phthalocyanine photosensitizer inphaseⅡ clinical trials. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105491. [PMID: 32726646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood distribution and plasma protein binding are the important properties that can influence pharmacokinetics and ultimately the anticancer efficacy of photosensitizers in clinical photodynamic therapy. As a novel and promising phthalocyanine photosensitizer under clinical phase Ⅱ investigation in China, the superiority of PHOCYANINE is speculated on its attribution to its binding with plasma proteins. To verify this hypothesis, explore the targeting mechanism and further apply foundation for its clinical trial evaluation, we further study its in vitro and in vivo human blood distribution, in vitro plasma protein and lipoprotein binding in detail. PHOTOCYANINE was found to be mainly distributed in plasma with low KBP and KEP values. Moreover, its high binding rates to plasma proteins among various species (mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human) were then determined. Among these plasma proteins, human serum albumin and α1-acid-glycoprotein were found to bind PHOTOCYANINE highly, and low-density lipoproteins have the highest percentage of PHOTOCYANINE over other lipoproteins. This study is expected to provide some guidance for PDT clinical evaluations and for further molecular design and development of photosensitizers.
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Mai B, Wang X, Liu Q, Zhang K, Wang P. The Application of DVDMS as a Sensitizing Agent for Sono-/Photo-Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:19. [PMID: 32116698 PMCID: PMC7020569 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are fast growing activated therapies by using light or ultrasound to initiate catalytic reaction of sensitizing agents, showing great potentials in clinics because of high safety and noninvasiveness. Sensitizers are critical components in PDT and SDT. Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) is an effective constituent derived from Photofrin that has been approved by FDA. This review is based on previous articles that explore the applications of DVDMS mediated photodynamic/sonodynamic cancer therapy and antimicrobial chemotherapy. Researchers utilize different cell lines, distinct treatment protocols to explore the enhanced therapeutic response of neoplastic lesion. Moreover, by designing a series of nanoparticles for loading DVDMS to improve the cellular uptake and antitumor efficacy of PDT/SDT, which integrates diagnostics into therapeutics for precision medical applications. During the sono-/photo-activated process, the balance between oxidation and antioxidation, numerous signal transduction and cell death pathways are also involved. In addition, DVDMS mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) can effectively suppress bacteria and multidrug resistant bacteria proliferation, promote the healing of wounds in burn infection. In brief, these efficient preclinical studies indicate a good promise for DVDMS application in the activated sono-/photo-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Mai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Pucelik B, Arnaut LG, Dąbrowski JM. Lipophilicity of Bacteriochlorin-Based Photosensitizers as a Determinant for PDT Optimization through the Modulation of the Inflammatory Mediators. J Clin Med 2019; 9:E8. [PMID: 31861531 PMCID: PMC7019385 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) augments the host antitumor immune response, but the role of the PDT effect on the tumor microenvironment in dependence on the type of photosensitizer and/or therapeutic protocols has not been clearly elucidated. We employed three bacteriochlorins (F2BOH, F2BMet and Cl2BHep) of different polarity that absorb near-infrared light (NIR) and generated a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to compare the PDT efficacy after various drug-to-light intervals: 15 min. (V-PDT), 3h (E-PDT) and 72h (C-PDT). We also performed the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of PDT crucial for the generation of the long-lasting antitumor immune response. PDT-induced damage affected the integrity of the host tissue and developed acute (protocol-dependent) local inflammation, which in turn led to the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. In order to further confirm this hypothesis, a number of proteins in the plasma of PDT-treated mice were identified. Among a wide range of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, TNF-α, GM-CSF), chemokines (KC, MCP-1, MIP1α, MIP1β, MIP2) and growth factors (VEGF) released after PDT, an important role was assigned to IL-6. PDT protocols optimized for studied bacteriochlorins led to a significant increase in the survival rate of BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors, but each photosensitizer (PS) was more or less potent, depending on the applied DLI (15 min, 3 h or 72 h). Hydrophilic (F2BOH) and amphiphilic (F2BMet) PSs were equally effective in V-PDT (>80 cure rate). F2BMet was the most efficient in E-PDT (DLI = 3h), leading to a cure of 65 % of the animals. Finally, the most powerful PS in the C-PDT (DLI = 72 h) regimen turned out to be the most hydrophobic compound (Cl2BHep), allowing 100 % of treated animals to be cured at a light dose of only 45 J/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pucelik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
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10
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Mike Motloung B, Edward Sekhosana K, Managa M, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. The photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of phenyldiazenyl phenoxy substituted phthalocyanines when incorporated into Pluronic® F127 micelles. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Jafari M, Rezvanpour A. Upconversion nano-particles from synthesis to cancer treatment: A review. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Jutkova A, Chorvat D, Miskovsky P, Jancura D, Datta S. Encapsulation of anticancer drug curcumin and co-loading with photosensitizer hypericin into lipoproteins investigated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Fazaeli Y, Hosseini MA, Shahabinia F, Feizi S. 68Ga-5, 10, 15, 20-Tetrakis (2, 4, 6-trimethoxy phenyl) porphyrin: a novel radio-labeled porphyrin complex for positron emission tomography. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Aguilar-Ortíz E, Jalilian AR, Ávila-Rodríguez MA. Porphyrins as ligands for 64copper: background and trends. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1577-1588. [PMID: 30429966 PMCID: PMC6194497 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and 64Cu have emerged as a novel synergic option for applications in PET molecular imaging. Both the characteristics and photophysical properties of macrocyclic porphyrins and the relatively long half-life of the copper isotope, in addition to the increased tumor-specific uptake of porphyrins compared to normal cells, make this complex an attractive option not only for diagnosis but also for therapeutic applications. Herein, we present an overview of the latest results on the development of PET agents based on porphyrins and 64Cu, including methods used to improve the selectivity of these macrocycles when conjugated with biological units such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Aguilar-Ortíz
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón , División de Investigación , Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , 04510 Cd. Mx. , Mexico . ;
| | - Amir R Jalilian
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications , International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Miguel A Ávila-Rodríguez
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón , División de Investigación , Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , 04510 Cd. Mx. , Mexico . ;
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15
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Managa M, Britton J, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. Effects of Pluronic F127 micelles as delivering agents on the vitro dark toxicity and photodynamic therapy activity of carboxy and pyrene substituted porphyrins. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Abedi-Gaballu F, Dehghan G, Ghaffari M, Yekta R, Abbaspour-Ravasjani S, Baradaran B, Dolatabadi JEN, Hamblin MR. PAMAM dendrimers as efficient drug and gene delivery nanosystems for cancer therapy. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2018; 12:177-190. [PMID: 30511014 PMCID: PMC6269116 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems for cancer chemotherapy are employed to improve the effectiveness and decrease the side-effects of highly toxic drugs. Most chemotherapy agents have indiscriminate cytotoxicity that affects normal, as well as cancer cells. To overcome these problems, new more efficient nanosystems for drug delivery are increasingly being investigated. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are an example of a versatile and reproducible type of nanocarrier that can be loaded with drugs, and modified by attaching target-specific ligands that recognize receptors that are over-expressed on cancer cells. PAMAM dendrimers with a high density of cationic charges display electrostatic interactions with nucleic acids (DNA, siRNA, miRNA, etc.), creating dendriplexes that can preserve the nucleic acids from degradation. Dendrimers are prepared by conducting several successive "generations" of synthetic reactions so their size can be easily controlled and they have good uniformity. Dendrimers are particularly well-suited to co-delivery applications (simultaneous delivery of drugs and/or genes). In the current review, we discuss dendrimer-based targeted delivery of drugs/genes and co-delivery systems mainly for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereydoon Abedi-Gaballu
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaffari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Yekta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), as human endogenous lipoprotein particles, have low toxicity, high selectivity, and good safety. They can avoid the recognition and clearance of human reticuloendothelial system. These synthetic lipoproteins (sLPs) have been attracted extensive attention as the nanovectors for tumor-targeted drug and gene delivery. Herein, recent advances in the field of anticancer based on these two lipid proteins and recombinant lipoproteins (rLPs) as target delivery vectors were analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Zhang
- Active Carbohydrate Research Center, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Active Carbohydrate Research Center, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, PR China
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18
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Wennink JW, Liu Y, Mäkinen PI, Setaro F, de la Escosura A, Bourajjaj M, Lappalainen JP, Holappa LP, van den Dikkenberg JB, al Fartousi M, Trohopoulos PN, Ylä-Herttuala S, Torres T, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Macrophage selective photodynamic therapy by meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin loaded polymeric micelles: A possible treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:112-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Tavares LJ, Pavarina AC, Vergani CE, de Avila ED. The impact of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on peri-implant disease: What mechanisms are involved in this novel treatment? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 17:236-244. [PMID: 27939958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
According to the American Academy of Implant Dentistry, 3 million Americans have dental implants, and this number is growing by 500,000 each year. Proportionally, the number of biological complications is also increasing. Among them, peri-implant disease is considered the most common cause of implant loss after osseointegration. In this context, microorganisms residing on the surfaces of implants and their prosthetic components are considered to be the primary etiologic factor for peri-implantitis. Some research groups have proposed combining surgical and non-surgical therapies with systemic antibiotics. The major problem associated with the use of antibiotics to treat peri-implantitis is that microorganisms replicate very quickly. Moreover, inappropriate prescription of antibiotics is not only associated with potential resistance but also and most importantly with the development of superinfections that are difficult to eradicate. Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was discovered several years ago, aPDT has only recently emerged as a possible alternative therapy against different oral pathogens causing peri-implantitis. The mechanism of action of aPDT is based on a combination of a photosensitizer drug and light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The reaction between light and oxygen produces toxic forms of oxygen species that can kill microbial cells. This mechanism is crucial to the efficacy of aPDT. To help us understand conflicting data, it is necessary to know all the particularities of the etiology of peri-implantitis and the aPDT compounds. We believe that this review will draw attention to new insights regarding the impact of aPDT on peri-implant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Jacovassi Tavares
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica Dorigatti de Avila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Dąbrowski JM, Pucelik B, Regiel-Futyra A, Brindell M, Mazuryk O, Kyzioł A, Stochel G, Macyk W, Arnaut LG. Engineering of relevant photodynamic processes through structural modifications of metallotetrapyrrolic photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Abstract
In chemotherapy a fine balance between therapeutic and toxic effects needs to be found for each patient, adapting standard combination protocols each time. Nanotherapeutics has been introduced into clinical practice for treating tumors with the aim of improving the therapeutic outcome of conventional therapies and of alleviating their toxicity and overcoming multidrug resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive procedure emerging in cancer treatment. It involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) which, under light irradiation and in the presence of molecular oxygen, produces cytotoxic species. Unfortunately, most PSs lack specificity for tumor cells and are poorly soluble in aqueous media, where they can form aggregates with low photoactivity. Nanotechnological approaches in PDT (nanoPDT) can offer a valid option to deliver PSs in the body and to solve at least some of these issues. Currently, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as nanoPDT system because their features (size, surface properties, and release rate) can be readily manipulated by selecting appropriate materials in a vast range of possible candidates commercially available and by synthesizing novel tailor-made materials. Delivery of PSs through NPs offers a great opportunity to overcome PDT drawbacks based on the concept that a nanocarrier can drive therapeutic concentrations of PS to the tumor cells without generating any harmful effect in non-target tissues. Furthermore, carriers for nanoPDT can surmount solubility issues and the tendency of PS to aggregate, which can severely affect photophysical, chemical, and biological properties. Finally, multimodal NPs carrying different drugs/bioactive species with complementary mechanisms of cancer cell killing and incorporating an imaging agent can be developed. In the following, we describe the principles of PDT use in cancer and the pillars of rational design of nanoPDT carriers dictated by tumor and PS features. Then we illustrate the main nanoPDT systems demonstrating potential in preclinical models together with emerging concepts for their advanced design.
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Bacellar IOL, Tsubone TM, Pavani C, Baptista MS. Photodynamic Efficiency: From Molecular Photochemistry to Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20523-59. [PMID: 26334268 PMCID: PMC4613217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical modality used to treat cancer and infectious diseases. The main agent is the photosensitizer (PS), which is excited by light and converted to a triplet excited state. This latter species leads to the formation of singlet oxygen and radicals that oxidize biomolecules. The main motivation for this review is to suggest alternatives for achieving high-efficiency PDT protocols, by taking advantage of knowledge on the chemical and biological processes taking place during and after photosensitization. We defend that in order to obtain specific mechanisms of cell death and maximize PDT efficiency, PSes should oxidize specific molecular targets. We consider the role of subcellular localization, how PS photochemistry and photophysics can change according to its nanoenvironment, and how can all these trigger specific cell death mechanisms. We propose that in order to develop PSes that will cause a breakthrough enhancement in the efficiency of PDT, researchers should first consider tissue and intracellular localization, instead of trying to maximize singlet oxygen quantum yields in in vitro tests. In addition to this, we also indicate many open questions and challenges remaining in this field, hoping to encourage future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O L Bacellar
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Tayana M Tsubone
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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23
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Popovic A, Wiggins T, Davids LM. Differential susceptibility of primary cultured human skin cells to hypericin PDT in an in vitro model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 149:249-56. [PMID: 26114219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, and its incidence rate in South Africa is increasing. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be an effective treatment modality, through topical administration, for treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers. Our group investigates hypericin-induced PDT (HYP-PDT) for the treatment of both non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. However, a prerequisite for effective cancer treatments is efficient and selective targeting of the tumoral cells with minimal collateral damage to the surrounding normal cells, as it is well established that cancer therapies have bystander effects on normal cells in the body, often causing undesirable side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular and molecular effects of HYP-PDT on normal primary human keratinocytes (Kc), melanocytes (Mc) and fibroblasts (Fb) in an in vitro tissue culture model which represented both the epidermal and dermal cellular compartments of human skin. Cell viability analysis revealed a differential cytotoxic response to a range of HYP-PDT doses in all the human skin cell types, showing that Fb (LD50=1.75μM) were the most susceptible to HYP-PDT, followed by Mc (LD50=3.5μM) and Kc (LD50>4μM HYP-PDT) These results correlated with the morphological analysis which displayed distinct morphological changes in Fb and Mc, 24h post treatment with non-lethal (1μM) and lethal (3μM) doses of HYP-PDT, but the highest HYP-PDT doses had no effect on Kc morphology. Fluorescent microscopy displayed cytoplasmic localization of HYP in all the 3 skin cell types and additionally, HYP was excluded from the nuclei in all the cell types. Intracellular ROS levels measured in Fb at 3μM HYP-PDT, displayed a significant 3.8 fold (p<0.05) increase in ROS, but no significant difference in ROS levels occurred in Mc or Kc. Furthermore, 64% (p<0.005) early apoptotic Fb and 20% (p<0.05) early apoptotic Mc were evident; using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), 24h post 3μM HYP-PDT. These results depict a differential response to HYP-PDT by different human skin cells thus highlighting the efficacy and indeed, the potential bystander effect of if administered in vivo. This study contributes toward our knowledge of the cellular response of the epidermis to photodynamic therapies and will possibly enhance the efficacy of future photobiological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Popovic
- Redox Laboratory, Dept Human Biology, Rm 6.02.2, Level 6, Anatomy Bldg, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Rd, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Wiggins
- Redox Laboratory, Dept Human Biology, Rm 6.02.2, Level 6, Anatomy Bldg, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Rd, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L M Davids
- Redox Laboratory, Dept Human Biology, Rm 6.02.2, Level 6, Anatomy Bldg, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Rd, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Huang H, Cruz W, Chen J, Zheng G. Learning from biology: synthetic lipoproteins for drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:298-314. [PMID: 25346461 PMCID: PMC4397116 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipoproteins represent a relevant tool for targeted delivery of biological/chemical agents (chemotherapeutics, siRNAs, photosensitizers, and imaging contrast agents) into various cell types. These nanoparticles offer a number of advantages for drugs delivery over their native counterparts while retaining their natural characteristics and biological functions. Their ultra-small size (<30 nm), high biocompatibility, favorable circulation half-life, and natural ability to bind specific lipoprotein receptors, i.e., low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and Scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SRB1) that are found in a number of pathological conditions (e.g., cancer, atherosclerosis), make them superior delivery strategies when compared with other nanoparticle systems. We review the various approaches that have been developed for the generation of synthetic lipoproteins and their respective applications in vitro and in vivo. More specifically, we summarize the approaches employed to address the limitation on use of reconstituted lipoproteins by means of natural or recombinant apolipoproteins, as well as apolipoprotein mimetic molecules. Finally, we provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and discuss future perspectives for clinical translation of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- DLVR Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - William Cruz
- DLVR Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada M5G 1L7
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Joniova J, Buriankova L, Buzova D, Miskovsky P, Jancura D. Kinetics of incorporation/redistribution of photosensitizer hypericin to/from high-density lipoproteins. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:578-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yuan L, Ma Y, Yuan J. Tumor targeting HPMA-porphyrin-99mTc copolymer molecular imaging agent. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:2066-79. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.970064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cooper DR, Bekah D, Nadeau JL. Gold nanoparticles and their alternatives for radiation therapy enhancement. Front Chem 2014; 2:86. [PMID: 25353018 PMCID: PMC4196578 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for cancer. The dose of delivered ionizing radiation can be amplified by the presence of high-Z materials via an enhancement of the photoelectric effect; the most widely studied material is gold (atomic number 79). However, a large amount is needed to obtain a significant dose enhancement, presenting a challenge for delivery. In order to make this technique of broader applicability, the gold must be targeted, or alternative formulations developed that do not rely solely on the photoelectric effect. One possible approach is to excite scintillating nanoparticles with ionizing radiation, and then exploit energy transfer between these particles and attached dyes in a manner analogous to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Doped rare-earth halides and semiconductor quantum dots have been investigated for this purpose. However, although the spectrum of emitted light after radiation excitation is usually similar to that seen with light excitation, the yield is not. Measurement of scintillation yields is challenging, and in many cases has been done only for bulk materials, with little understanding of how the principles translate to the nanoscale. Another alternative is to use local heating using gold or iron, followed by application of ionizing radiation. Hyperthermia pre-sensitizes the tumors, leading to an improved response. Another approach is to use chemotherapeutic drugs that can radiosensitize tumors. Drugs may be attached to high-Z nanoparticles or encapsulated. This article discusses each of these techniques, giving an overview of the current state of nanoparticle-assisted radiation therapy and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Devesh Bekah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay L Nadeau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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29
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Oh J, Yoon H, Park JH. Nanoparticle platforms for combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Biomed Eng Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-013-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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30
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Spagnul C, Alberto R, Gasser G, Ferrari S, Pierroz V, Bergamo A, Gianferrara T, Alessio E. Novel water-soluble 99mTc(I)/Re(I)-porphyrin conjugates as potential multimodal agents for molecular imaging. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 122:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Dye Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. MATERIALS 2013; 6:817-840. [PMID: 28809342 PMCID: PMC5512801 DOI: 10.3390/ma6030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photofrin® was first approved in the 1990s as a sensitizer for use in treating cancer via photodynamic therapy (PDT). Since then a wide variety of dye sensitizers have been developed and a few have been approved for PDT treatment of skin and organ cancers and skin diseases such as acne vulgaris. Porphyrinoid derivatives and precursors have been the most successful in producing requisite singlet oxygen, with Photofrin® still remaining the most efficient sensitizer (quantum yield = 0.89) and having broad food and drug administration (FDA) approval for treatment of multiple cancer types. Other porphyrinoid compounds that have received approval from US FDA and regulatory authorities in other countries include benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC), N-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6), and precursors to endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX): 1,5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), hexaminolevulinate (HAL). Although no non-porphyrin sensitizer has been approved for PDT applications, a small number of anthraquinone, phenothiazine, xanthene, cyanine, and curcuminoid sensitizers are under consideration and some are being evaluated in clinical trials. This review focuses on the nature of PDT, dye sensitizers that have been approved for use in PDT, and compounds that have entered or completed clinical trials as PDT sensitizers.
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32
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Allison RR, Moghissi K. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): PDT Mechanisms. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:24-9. [PMID: 23422955 PMCID: PMC3572346 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light based therapy used to ablate tumors. As practiced in oncology a photosensitizing agent is applied and then activated by a specific wavelength and energy of light. This light energy in the presence of oxygen will lead to the creation of the photodynamic reaction which is cyto and vasculo toxic. This paper will review the mechanisms of action of PDT and how they may be manipulated to improve clinical outcome in cancer patients.
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33
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Josefsen LB, Boyle RW. Unique diagnostic and therapeutic roles of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy, imaging and theranostics. Theranostics 2012; 2:916-66. [PMID: 23082103 PMCID: PMC3475217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic molecules have a unique theranostic role in disease therapy; they have been used to image, detect and treat different forms of diseased tissue including age-related macular degeneration and a number of different cancer types. Current focus is on the clinical imaging of tumour tissue; targeted delivery of photosensitisers and the potential of photosensitisers in multimodal biomedical theranostic nanoplatforms. The roles of porphyrinic molecules in imaging and pdt, along with research into improving their selective uptake in diseased tissue and their utility in theranostic applications are highlighted in this Review.
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34
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Development of a new LDL-based transport system for hydrophobic/amphiphilic drug delivery to cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:463-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Jin H, Chen J, Lovell JF, Zhang Z, Zheng G. Synthesis and Development of Lipoprotein-Based Nanocarriers for Light-Activated Theranostics. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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36
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Hudson R, Boyle RW. Strategies for selective delivery of photodynamic sensitisers to biological targets. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for increasing the affinity of photodynamic sensitisers for specific tissues, cells and organisms are reviewed. Biological outcomes are evaluated and therapeutic potential assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hudson
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- IAN J. MACDONALD
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - THOMAS J. DOUGHERTY
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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38
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Nombona N, Maduray K, Antunes E, Karsten A, Nyokong T. Synthesis of phthalocyanine conjugates with gold nanoparticles and liposomes for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 107:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
The photosensitizing and pharmacokinetic properties of porphyrin-type compounds have been investigated for nearly a century. In the last decade, two porphyrin derivatives were approved in the U.S.A. and in several other countries for the photodynamic treatment of various lesions. An overview of the different mechanisms for preferential porphyrinoid localization in malignant tumors is presented herein. Several uptake pathways are possible for each photosensitizer, which are determined by its structure, mode of delivery and tumor type. Comparisons of the different mechanisms and correlations with the structure of the sensitizer are presented. Current delivery systems for porphyrin sensitizers are described, as well as recent strategies for enhancing their tumor-specificity, including conjugation to a carrier system that selectively targets a tumor-associated receptor or antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Mazzaglia A, Micali N, Scolaro LM, Sciortino MT, Sortino S, Villari V. Design of photosensitizer/cyclodextrin nanoassemblies: spectroscopy, intracellular delivery and photodamage. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The engineering of multifunctional nanoparticles carrying photosensitizer drugs (PS) and exposing binding groups for cellular receptors is of increasing interest in therapeutics and diagnostics applications. Natural and modified cyclodextrins (CDs) offer useful scaffolds to bind PS guests by supramolecular interactions. In particular, amphiphilic β-CDs, which form nanoaggregates of diverse shape and size according to the polarity of substituent groups on the rims, include in their different compartments as CD cavity, hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion, PS with different physicochemical properties. PS embedded in cationic amphiphilic CD nanoassemblies are effective in inducing photodynamic damage in cancer cells. For a carrier/PS system to be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), the appropriate combination of the delivery characteristics with the preservation of the photodynamic activity of the PS is strictly required. Homogeneous multilayer films based on cationic amphiphilic β-CD entrapping anionic porphyrins can be constructed to exploit interfacial electrostatic interactions between the two components. The capability of CDs to generate restricted microenvironments for PS which can facilitate photoinduced energy transfer with suitable donor molecules was investigated for potential application in fluorescence diagnosis. Besides, recent findings suggest that PDT could represent a useful tool for properly addressing an alternative approach for killing pathogens and combating infections at a clinical level. Finally, modified CDs can bind gold nanoparticles, yielding hybrid organic/inorganic nanoparticles which were studied in water solution and after casting on solid substrates. These binary assemblies could further encapsulate PS or other conventional drugs, opening new intriguing routes on multimodal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Mazzaglia
- CNR-Isituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Norberto Micali
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Monsù Scolaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
- CIRCMSB, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Sezione di Microbiologia, Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Villari
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (IPCF-CNR), Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
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Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules 2011; 17:98-144. [PMID: 22198535 PMCID: PMC6269082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to compile preclinical and clinical results on phthalocyanines (Pcs) as photosensitizers (PS) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and contrast agents for fluorescence imaging. Indeed, Pcs are excellent candidates in these fields due to their strong absorbance in the NIR region and high chemical and photo-stability. In particular, this is mostly relevant for their in vivo activation in deeper tissular regions. However, most Pcs present two major limitations, i.e., a strong tendency to aggregate and a low water-solubility. In order to overcome these issues, both chemical tuning and pharmaceutical formulation combined with tumor targeting strategies were applied. These aspects will be developed in this review for the most extensively studied Pcs during the last 25 years, i.e., aluminium-, zinc- and silicon-based Pcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Sekkat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Photomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.:+41-22-379-3335; Fax: +41-22-379-6567
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42
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Delmas D, Lin HY. Role of membrane dynamics processes and exogenous molecules in cellular resveratrol uptake: consequences in bioavailability and activities. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1142-53. [PMID: 21648069 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the fields of nutrition prevention and therapy treatment, numerous studies have reported interesting properties of trans-resveratrol (RSV), a natural polyphenol against pathologies such as vascular diseases, cancers, viral infections and neurodegenerative processes. These beneficial effects are supported by more studies showing the pleiotropic actions of RSV. Nevertheless, a crucial question concerning these effects is how the polyphenol, when applied to an organism, gains access to its targets. In this review, we focus on the biochemical and biological parameters involved in RSV transport, particularly the role of the phospholipid bilayer in RSV uptake (passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport) and of exogenous molecules modulating RSV transport and effects. The dynamic processes of the plasma membrane reveal the importance of the role of lipid composition in the fluidity, the lipid rafts in RSV endocytosis and the ATP-binding cassette transporters in RSV efflux. Specific membrane receptors such as integrin αvβ3 contribute to RSV uptake and to activate signalling pathways involved in apoptosis. We discuss the role of intracellular receptors (i.e. aryl-hydrocarbon and estrogen receptors). In addition, circulating molecules (i.e. albumin, haemoglobin, fatty acids, lipoproteins) play a role as RSV carriers. Finally, we developed a hypothesis concerning the relation between RSV uptake and its biological activities.
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Buriankova L, Buzova D, Chorvat D, Sureau F, Brault D, Miskovský P, Jancura D. Kinetics of hypericin association with low-density lipoproteins. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:56-63. [PMID: 21114669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy have been used for the study of the incorporation kinetics of hypericin (Hyp) into low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Biphasic kinetics of Hyp association with LDL was observed when solutions of Hyp and LDL were mixed at various concentration ratios. The rapid phase of Hyp incorporation is completed within seconds, while the slow phase lasts several minutes. The relative contributions of the individual phases show that a higher amount of Hyp molecules (65%) are incorporated into LDL in the second phase. The kinetics of the incorporation of Hyp into LDL particles preloaded with Hyp (Hyp/LDL=25:1) was also investigated. The decreased intensity of Hyp fluorescence is a sign of the formation of Hyp aggregates after penetration of additional Hyp molecules into Hyp/LDL=25:1 complex. The time dependence of Hyp fluorescence was measured after mixing the complex Hyp/LDL =200:1 with appropriate amounts of free LDL molecules. For each final Hyp/LDL ratio, an increase in the intensity and lifetime of Hyp fluorescence was observed, suggesting a monomerization of Hyp aggregates. The half-time of Hyp transfer from Hyp/LDL complex to LDL particles is similar to the half-time of the slow phase of Hyp incorporation into free LDL particles.
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Yslas EI, Milla LN, Romanini S, Durantini EN, Bertuzzi M, Rivarola VA. Comparative photodynamic therapy study using two phthalocyanine derivatives. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:713-718. [PMID: 22993594 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a comparative photodynamic therapy (PDT) study was performed using the phthalocyanine derivatives, ZnPc(OCH(3))(4) and ZnPc(CF(3))(4), in a mouse tumor model, under identical experimental procedures. We studied the ablation of tumors induced by PDT. The end-point was to compare the photodynamic efficacy of ZnPc(OCH(3))(4) and ZnPc(CF(3))(4). ZnPc(OCH(3))(4) and ZnPc(CF(3))(4) were administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. The injections of drugs were carried out in Balb/c mice bearing subcutaneously inoculated LM2 mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. Histological examination and serum biochemical parameters were used to evaluate hepatic and renal toxicity and function. Phototherapeutic studies were achieved employing a light intensity of 210 J/cm(2). After PDT, tumoral regression analyses were carried out, and the degree of tumor cell death was measured utilizing the vital stain Evan's blue. In this pilot study, we revealed that the cytotoxic effect of ZnPc(OCH(3))(4) after PDT led to a higher success rate compared to ZnPc(CF(3))(4)-PDT when both were intraperitoneally injectioned. Both phthalocynanine derivatives were able to induce ablation in the tumors. In summary, these results demonstrate the feasibility of ZnPc(OCH(3))(4)- or ZnPc(CF(3))(4)-PDT and its potential as a treatment for small tumors.
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Dandler JÃ, Wilhelm B, Scheer H. Distribution of Chlorophyll- and Bacteriochlorophyll-derived Photosensitizers in Human Blood Plasma. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gbur P, Dedic R, Chorvat Jr D, Miskovsky P, Hala J, Jancura D. Time-resolved Luminescence and Singlet Oxygen Formation After Illumination of the Hypericin-Low-density Lipoprotein Complex. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:816-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ben Dror S, Bronshtein I, Weitman H, Smith KM, O'Neal WG, Jacobi PA, Ehrenberg B. The binding of analogs of porphyrins and chlorins with elongated side chains to albumin. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2009; 38:847-55. [PMID: 19330323 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we demonstrated that elongation of side chains of several sensitizers endowed them with higher affinity for artificial and natural membranes and caused their deeper localization in membranes. In the present study, we employed eight hematoporphyrin and protoporphyrin analogs and four groups containing three chlorin analogs each, all synthesized with variable numbers of methylenes in their alkyl carboxylic chains. We show that these tetrapyrroles' affinity for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and their localization in the binding site are also modulated by chain lengths. The binding constants of the hematoporphyrins and protoporphyrins to BSA increased as the number of methylenes was increased. The binding of the chlorins depended on the substitution at the meso position opposite to the chains. The quenching of the sensitizers' florescence by external iodide ions decreased as the side chains became longer, indicating to deeper insertion of the molecules into the BSA binding pocket. To corroborate this conclusion, we studied the efficiency of photodamage caused to tryptophan in BSA upon illumination of the bound sensitizers. The efficiency was found to depend on the side-chain lengths of the photosensitizer. We conclude that the protein site that hosts these sensitizers accommodates different analogs at positions that differ slightly from each other. These differences are manifested in the ease of access of iodide from the external aqueous phase, and in the proximity of the photosensitizers to the tryptophan. In the course of this study, we developed the kinetic equations that have to be employed when the sensitizer itself is being destroyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimshon Ben Dror
- Department of Physics, Nano Medicine Research Center, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Yslas EI, Prucca C, Romanini S, Durantini EN, Bertuzzi M, Rivarola V. Biodistribution and phototherapeutic properties of Zinc (II) 2,9,16,23-tetrakis (methoxy) phthalocyanine in vivo. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2009; 6:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kascakova S, Nadova Z, Mateasik A, Mikes J, Huntosova V, Refregiers M, Sureau F, Maurizot JC, Miskovsky P, Jancura D. High level of low-density lipoprotein receptors enhance hypericin uptake by U-87 MG cells in the presence of LDL. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:120-7. [PMID: 18173711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of the uptake of hypericin (Hyp) by human glioma U-87 MG cells on the level of expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors has been studied in this work. A special role of the LDL receptor-pathway for Hyp delivery to U-87 MG cells in the presence of LDL was revealed by the substantial increase of Hyp uptake in the situation, when the number of LDL receptors on the cell surface was elevated. Moreover, the colocalization experiments showed the lysosomal localization of Hyp following the uptake and that the concentration of Hyp in these organelles was enhanced in the cells with elevated number of LDL receptors when the incubation medium contained LDL. Both these findings suggest that LDL and LDL receptor-pathway play an important role in the delivery and accumulation of Hyp into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavka Kascakova
- Department of Biophysics, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
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