1
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Tompkins YH, Choi J, Teng PY, Yamada M, Sugiyama T, Kim WK. Reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption drive bone loss in Eimeria infected broilers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:616. [PMID: 36635321 PMCID: PMC9837181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an economically significant disease in the global poultry industry, but little is known about the mechanisms of bone defects caused by coccidiosis; thus, the study focused on effects of coccidiosis on the bone homeostasis of young broiler chickens. A total of 480 male Cobb500 broilers were randomly allocated into four treatment groups, including an uninfected control consuming diet ad libitum, two infected groups were orally gavaged with two different concentrations of sporulated Eimeria oocysts, and an uninfected pair-fed group fed the same amount of feed as the high Eimeria-infected group consumed. Growth performance and feed intake were recorded, and samples were collected on 6 days post infection. Results indicated that coccidiosis increased systemic oxidative status and elevated immune response in bone marrow, suppressing bone growth rate (P < 0.05) and increasing bone resorption (P < 0.05) which led to lower bone mineral density (P < 0.05) and mineral content (P < 0.05) under Eimeria infection. With the same amount of feed intake, the uninfected pair-fed group showed a distinguished bone formation rate and bone resorption level compared with the Eimeria infected groups. In conclusion, inflammatory immune response and oxidative stress in broilers after Eimeria infection were closely associated with altered bone homeostasis, highlighting the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in broiler bone homeostasis during coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Hou Tompkins
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Janghan Choi
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Po-Yun Teng
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XDepartment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Masayoshi Yamada
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Toshie Sugiyama
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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2
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Soutter F, Werling D, Tomley FM, Blake DP. Poultry Coccidiosis: Design and Interpretation of Vaccine Studies. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:101. [PMID: 32175341 PMCID: PMC7054285 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria infection impacts upon chicken welfare and economic productivity of the poultry sector. Live coccidiosis vaccines for chickens have been available for almost 70 years, but the requirement to formulate blends of oocysts from multiple Eimeria species makes vaccine production costly and logistically demanding. A multivalent vaccine that does not require chickens for its production and can induce protection against multiple Eimeria species is highly desirable. However, despite the identification and testing of many vaccine candidate antigens, no recombinant coccidiosis vaccine has been developed commercially. Currently, assessment of vaccine efficacy against Eimeria, and the disease coccidiosis, can be done only through in vivo vaccination and challenge experiments but the design of such studies has been highly variable. Lack of a "standard" protocol for assessing vaccine efficacy makes comparative evaluations very difficult, complicating vaccine development, and validation. The formulation and schedule of vaccination, the breed of chicken and choice of husbandry system, the species, strain, magnitude, and timing of delivery of the parasite challenge, and the parameters used to assess vaccine efficacy all influence the outcomes of experimental trials. In natural Eimeria infections, the induction of strong cell mediated immune responses are central to the development of protective immunity against coccidiosis. Antibodies are generally regarded to be of lesser importance. Unfortunately, there are no specific immunological assays that can accurately predict how well a vaccine will protect against coccidiosis (i.e., no "correlates of protection"). Thus, experimental vaccine studies rely on assessing a variety of post-challenge parameters, including assessment of pathognomonic lesions, measurements of parasite replication such as oocyst output or quantification of Eimeria genomes, and/or measurements of productivity such as body weight gain and feed conversion rates. Understanding immune responses to primary and secondary infection can inform on the most appropriate immunological assays. The discovery of new antigens for different Eimeria species and the development of new methods of vaccine antigen delivery necessitates a more considered approach to assessment of novel vaccines with robust, repeatable study design. Careful consideration of performance and welfare factors that are genuinely relevant to chicken producers and vaccine manufacturers is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Damer P. Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Sanches AWD, Belote BL, Hümmelgen P, Heemann ACW, Soares I, Tujimoto-Silva A, Tirado AGC, Cunha AF, Santin E. Basal and Infectious Enteritis in Broilers Under the I See Inside Methodology: A Chronological Evaluation. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:512. [PMID: 32118051 PMCID: PMC7034362 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa has been related to many diseases in humans and animals. The concept of Microscopic Enteritis (ME) used in human pathology through the Marsh classification system has no counter-part in veterinary medicine. In poultry science, the I See Inside (ISI) methodology, unlike the current linear measures of villi and crypts, generates possibilities to describe and understand the avian ME. Through specific parameters, graded from 0 to 3, the model links proliferative and/or inflammatory reactions in the intestinal layers to some loss in performance. Herein, two trials were conducted in order to describe the development of ME through the ISI methodology in chickens challenged or not with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens. In each trial, a total of 64 birds were divided in 2 treatments with 4 replicates containing 8 birds each: non-challenged (NCH) and challenged (CH) through gavage with an Eimeria spp. vaccine at 1 day of age and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens administered at 10, 11, and 12 days of age. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age birds were euthanized and samples of ileum and liver were collected for ISI evaluation, cytokines and presence of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ cell. The results allowed the description of the avian Microscopic Enteritis and of its two basic components: a basal enteritis (BE) in NCH broilers, over which the infectious enteritis is developed in CH birds. In addition, the chronology of ME translated by the ISI methodology parameters were associated to losses in zootechnical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien W D Sanches
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bruna L Belote
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hümmelgen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana C W Heemann
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Igor Soares
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Aline Tujimoto-Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Amanda G C Tirado
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Anderson F Cunha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Genética Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Santin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Ornitopatologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Chamanza R, van Veen L, Tivapasi MT, Toussaint MJM. Acute phase proteins in the domestic fowl. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19990005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Chamanza
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - L. van Veen
- Poultry Health Section, Institute of Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - M. T. Tivapasi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - M. J. M. Toussaint
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Immune response and protective efficacy of Eimeria tenella recombinant refractile body protein, EtSO7, in chickens. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:108-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Rohde F, Schusser B, Hron T, Farkašová H, Plachý J, Härtle S, Hejnar J, Elleder D, Kaspers B. Characterization of Chicken Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, a Long Missed Cytokine in Birds. Front Immunol 2018; 9:605. [PMID: 29719531 PMCID: PMC5913325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine playing critical roles in host defense and acute and chronic inflammation. It has been described in fish, amphibians, and mammals but was considered to be absent in the avian genomes. Here, we report on the identification and functional characterization of the avian ortholog. The chicken TNF-α (chTNF-α) is encoded by a highly GC-rich gene, whose product shares with its mammalian counterpart 45% homology in the extracellular part displaying the characteristic TNF homology domain. Orthologs of chTNF-α were identified in the genomes of 12 additional avian species including Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and the synteny of the closely adjacent loci with mammalian TNF-α orthologs was demonstrated in the crow (Corvus cornix) genome. In addition to chTNF-α, we obtained full sequences for homologs of TNF-α receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1, TNFR2). chTNF-α mRNA is strongly induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of monocyte derived, splenic and bone marrow macrophages, and significantly upregulated in splenic tissue in response to i.v. LPS treatment. Activation of T-lymphocytes by TCR crosslinking induces chTNF-α expression in CD4+ but not in CD8+ cells. To gain insights into its biological activity, we generated recombinant chTNF-α in eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems. Both, the full-length cytokine and the extracellular domain rapidly induced an NFκB-luciferase reporter in stably transfected CEC-32 reporter cells. Collectively, these data provide strong evidence for the existence of a fully functional TNF-α/TNF-α receptor system in birds thus filling a gap in our understanding of the evolution of cytokine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rohde
- Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Animal Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tomáš Hron
- Laboratory of Viral and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Farkašová
- Laboratory of Viral and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Plachý
- Laboratory of Viral and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiří Hejnar
- Laboratory of Viral and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniel Elleder
- Laboratory of Viral and Cellular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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7
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Mehaisen GMK, Eshak MG, El Sabry MI, Abass AO. Expression of Inflammatory and Cell Death Program Genes and Comet DNA Damage Assay Induced by Escherichia coli in Layer Hens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158314. [PMID: 27347679 PMCID: PMC4922552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern methods of industrial poultry and egg production systems involve stressful practices that stimulate Escherichia coli (E. coli) activity causing endotoxic shock. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death program genes and DNA damage induced by E. coli in the brain and liver tissues of laying hens. A total of two hundred and ten H&N brown layer hens with 20 week age, were used in this research. First, preliminary experiments were designed (60 hens in total) to establish the optimal exposure dose of E. coli and to determine the nearest time of notable response to be used in the remainder studies of this research. At 35-wk of age, 150 hens were randomly assigned into 2 groups with 3 replicates of 25 birds each; the first group was injected in the brachial wing vein with 107E. coli colony/hen, while the second group was injected with saline and served as a control. The body temperature and plasma corticosterone concentration were measured 3 hr after injection. Specimens of liver and brain were obtained from each group and the gene expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, interlukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Bax, and caspase-3 genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. DNA damage in the brain and liver tissues were also measured by comet assay. Hens treated with E. coli showed significant (P<0.05) increase of body temperature and plasma corticosterone (42.6°C and 14.5 ng/ml, respectively) compared to the control group (41.1°C and 5.5 ng/ml, respectively). Additional remarkable over-inflammation gene expression of p38, IL-1β and TNF-α.genes were also detected in the brain (2.2-fold, 2.0-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively) and the liver (2.1-fold, 1.9-fold and 3.0-fold, respectively) tissues of the infected chickens. It is also important to note that hens injected with E. coli showed an increase in DNA damage in the brain and liver cells (P<0.05). These results were synchronized with activating cell death program since our data showed significant high expression of Bax gene by 2.8- and 2.7-fold and caspase-3 gene by 2.5- and 2.7-fold in the brain and liver tissues of infected chickens, respectively (P<0.05). In conclusion, the current study indicates that E. coli injection induces inflammatory physiological response and triggers cell death program in the brain and liver. Our results provide more understanding to endotoxic shock by E. coli in chickens at cellular level. Further studies are required to confirm if such responses are destructive or protective to set the means through which a chicken mounts a successful defense against avian pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M. K. Mehaisen
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariam G. Eshak
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - M. I. El Sabry
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O. Abass
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Jeong MS, Del Cacho E, Kim JB, Kim HR, Min W, Jeoung HY, An DJ. Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with chicken IL-1β. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2193-8. [PMID: 25037821 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β proteins from chicken, duck, goose, turkey, and pigeon share 77 to 99% amino acid sequence similarity among themselves, and only 31 to 35% sequence similarity is shared between avian and mammalian IL-1β. There have been no antibodies that specifically detect avian IL-1β, and the current study was conducted to develop mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against chicken IL-1β (chIL-1β) to further define its biochemical and immunological properties. In this study, 2 mouse mAb that are specific for chIL-1β were produced and characterized. Both mAb identified a 66.0 kDa recombinant chIL-1β protein expressed in Escherichia coli by Western blot analysis that corresponded to the expected molecular weight of a recombinant fusion protein containing the full-length 23.0 kDa chIL-1β protein and a 43.0 kDa maltose binding protein tag. Immunohistochemical analysis identified cells producing endogenous chIL-1β in the cecal tonsils, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen. Purified recombinant chIL-1β dose-dependently stimulated the proliferation and nitric oxide production by thymocytes, and both activities were inhibited by co-incubation with the 2 chIL-1β mAb described in this paper. These mAb will be important immune reagents for basic and applied poultry research of IL-1β in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 441-853, Korea Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - H S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - M S Jeong
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - E Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 500015, Spain
| | - J B Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 441-853, Korea
| | - H R Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 441-853, Korea
| | - W Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, Korea
| | - H Y Jeoung
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang City, Kyunggido, 430-824, Korea
| | - D J An
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang City, Kyunggido, 430-824, Korea
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Shivaramaiah C, Barta JR, Hernandez-Velasco X, Téllez G, Hargis BM. Coccidiosis: recent advancements in the immunobiology of Eimeria species, preventive measures, and the importance of vaccination as a control tool against these Apicomplexan parasites. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:23-34. [PMID: 32670843 PMCID: PMC7337151 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s57839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria, is probably the most expensive parasitic disease of poultry. Species of Eimeria are ubiquitous where poultry are raised and are known to cause drastic reductions in performance and induce mortality, thereby affecting the overall health status of poultry. Chemotherapy has been the predominant form of disease control for many years, even though vaccination is steadily gaining importance as a feasible control method. The objective of this review is to highlight recent advancements in understanding the role of host immunity against coccidiosis. In addition, pros and cons associated with chemotherapy and the role of vaccination as an increasingly popular disease control method are discussed. Finally, the role played by recombinant vaccines as a potential vaccination tool is highlighted. With interest growing rapidly in understanding host–parasite biology, recent developments in designing recombinant vaccines and potential epitopes that have shown promise are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Guillermo Téllez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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10
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Dalloul RA, Lillehoj HS. Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:143-63. [PMID: 16451116 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of infected animals resulting in loss of productivity. Conventional disease control strategies rely heavily on chemoprophylaxis and, to a certain extent, live vaccines. Combined, these factors inflict tremendous economic losses to the world poultry industry in excess of USD 3 billion annually. Increasing regulations and bans on the use of anticoccidial drugs coupled with the associated costs in developing new drugs and live vaccines increases the need for the development of novel approaches and alternative control strategies for coccidiosis. This paper aims to review the current progress in understanding the host immune response to Eimeria and discuss current and potential strategies being developed for coccidiosis control in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Dalloul
- Animal & Natural Resources Institute, BARC-East, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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11
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Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Jang SI, Kim DK, Lee KW. Recent Progress in Understanding Host Mucosal Response to Avian Coccidiosis and Development of Alternative Strategies to Mitigate the Use of Antibiotics in Poultry Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5536/kjps.2011.38.4.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Monocyte- and macrophage-mediated immune reactions against Eimeria bovis. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:141-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Pinard-van der Laan MH, Bed'hom B, Coville JL, Pitel F, Feve K, Leroux S, Legros H, Thomas A, Gourichon D, Repérant JM, Rault P. Microsatellite mapping of QTLs affecting resistance to coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) in a Fayoumi x White Leghorn cross. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:31. [PMID: 19154572 PMCID: PMC2633352 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian coccidiosis is a major parasitic disease of poultry, causing severe economical loss to poultry production by affecting growth and feed efficiency of infected birds. Current control strategies using mainly drugs and more recently vaccination are showing drawbacks and alternative strategies are needed. Using genetic resistance that would limit the negative and very costly effects of the disease would be highly relevant. The purpose of this work was to detect for the first time QTL for disease resistance traits to Eimeria tenella in chicken by performing a genome scan in an F2 cross issued from a resistant Fayoumi line and a susceptible Leghorn line. Results The QTL analysis detected 21 chromosome-wide significant QTL for the different traits related to disease resistance (body weight growth, plasma coloration, hematocrit, rectal temperature and lesion) on 6 chromosomes. Out of these, a genome-wide very significant QTL for body weight growth was found on GGA1, five genome-wide significant QTL for body weight growth, plasma coloration and hematocrit and one for plasma coloration were found on GGA1 and GGA6, respectively. Two genome-wide suggestive QTL for plasma coloration and rectal temperature were found on GGA1 and GGA2, respectively. Other chromosme-wide significant QTL were identified on GGA2, GGA3, GGA6, GGA15 and GGA23. Parent-of-origin effects were found for QTL for body weight growth and plasma coloration on GGA1 and GGA3. Several QTL for different resistance phenotypes were identified as co-localized on the same location. Conclusion Using an F2 cross from resistant and susceptible chicken lines proved to be a successful strategy to identify QTL for different resistance traits to Eimeria tenella, opening the way for further gene identification and underlying mechanisms and hopefully possibilities for new breeding strategies for resistance to coccidiosis in the chicken. From the QTL regions identified, several candidate genes and relevant pathways linked to innate immune and inflammatory responses were suggested. These results will be combined with functional genomics approaches on the same lines to provide positional candidate genes for resistance loci for coccidiosis. Results suggested also for further analysis, models tackling the complexity of the genetic architecture of these correlated disease resistance traits including potential epistatic effects.
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14
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Effects of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on cellular recruitment and cytokine gene expression in caecum of vaccinated chickens. Vaccine 2008; 26:5423-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Sevimli A, Misirlioğlu D, Yağci A, Bülbül A, Yilmaztepe A, Altunbas K. The role of chicken IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the occurrence of amyloid arthropathy. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:499-508. [PMID: 18612836 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-9034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the roles of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in amyloid arthropathic chickens with variable amounts (severe, moderate and mild) of amyloid accumulation were investigated. The presence and the levels of cytokines were evaluated in serum and in joint tissues by using ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. One hundred brown layer chicks were allocated into four groups and intra-articular injections of Freund's adjuvant were used to induce amyloid arthropathy in Groups II, III and IV. Vitamin A in group II, and methylprednisolone in Group IV were added to enhance and to reduce the severity of amyloidosis, respectively. At the end of the study, a positive correlation was observed among the incidence and severity of amyloidosis, the serum amyloid A levels and the IL-1beta values both in the serum and tissues. Elevation in the tissue TNF-alpha levels in parallel with the severity of amyloidosis has also been noted. As a conclusion, IL-1beta appears to play an important role in avian AA amyloidosis either alone or in combination with TNF-alpha. Further investigation is needed for understanding the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in avian AA amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Sevimli
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyon, Turkey.
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16
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Yang X, Guo Y, Wang Z, Nie W. Fatty acids and coccidiosis: effects of dietary supplementation with different oils on coccidiosis in chickens. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:373-8. [PMID: 16990147 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600921149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary oils on coccidiosis of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Five hundred and four 1-day-old male Arbor Acres chicks were randomly assigned to seven groups. Seven diets were supplemented with poultry oil at 25 and 45 g/kg, corn oil at 25 and 45 g/kg, fish oil at 25 and 45 g/kg, and without oils, respectively, from 1 to 42 days of age. Chickens were inoculated by gavage with 3 x 10(5) sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. Diets supplemented with oils at 45 g/kg resulted in higher body weight gain than with oils at 25 g/kg or without oils. The packed cell volume in chicks fed with diets supplemented with poultry oil was lower than that in chicks fed with diets supplemented with fish oil, corn oil and without oil. Chickens fed with diets supplemented with poultry oil had higher mortality than that of chickens fed with diets without oil. At 7 days post infection, the chickens consuming fish or corn oil diets had lower levels of plasma carotenoids than those fed with poultry oil supplement or without oils. Fish oil supplementation increased serum interleukin-6 levels in chickens compared with poultry oil at 25 and 45 g/kg and corn oil at 25 g/kg. Fish oil or corn oil enhanced secretory IgA levels in the lumen of the caecum, and oil supplementation tended to decrease serum IgG levels. In conclusion, the diets supplemented with saturated fatty acids aggravated mortality in chickens infected with E. tenella. The deleterious effects on coccidiosis of the diets supplemented with poultry oils might be related to the decreased levels of caecal E. tenella antigen-binding-specific secretory IgA or serum IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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Hong YH, Lillehoj HS, Lillehoj EP, Lee SH. Changes in immune-related gene expression and intestinal lymphocyte subpopulations following Eimeria maxima infection of chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:259-72. [PMID: 17045659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, a major intestinal parasitic disease of poultry, induces a cell-mediated immune response against the etiologic agent of the disease, Eimeria. In the current study, the expression levels of gene transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory, Th1, and Th2 cytokines, as well as chemokines were measured in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) after Eimeria maxima infection. In addition, changes in IEL numbers were quantified following E. maxima infection. Transcripts of the pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18 were increased 66- to 8 x 10(7)-fold following primary parasite infection. Similarly, mRNA levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-3, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF were up-regulated 34- to 8800-fold, and the chemokines IL-8, lymphotactin, MIF, and K203 were increased 42- to 1756-fold. In contrast, IFN-alpha, TGF-beta4, and K60 transcripts showed no increased expression, and only the level of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 was increased following secondary E. maxima infection. Increases in intestinal T cell subpopulations following E. maxima infection also were detected. CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells were significantly increased at days 8, 6, and 7 post-primary infection, respectively, but only CD4(+) cells remained elevated following secondary infection. TCR1(+) cells exhibited a biphasic pattern following primary infection, whereas TCR2(+) cells displayed a single peak in levels. Taken together, these data indicate a global chicken intestinal immune response is produced following experimental Eimeria infection involving multiple cytokines, chemokines, and T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Ho Hong
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Building 1040, BARC-East, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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18
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Kaiser P, Poh TY, Rothwell L, Avery S, Balu S, Pathania US, Hughes S, Goodchild M, Morrell S, Watson M, Bumstead N, Kaufman J, Young JR. A genomic analysis of chicken cytokines and chemokines. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 25:467-84. [PMID: 16108730 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As most mechanisms of adaptive immunity evolved during the divergence of vertebrates, the immune systems of extant vertebrates represent different successful variations on the themes initiated in their earliest common ancestors. The genes involved in elaborating these mechanisms have been subject to exceptional selective pressures in an arms race with highly adaptable pathogens, resulting in highly divergent sequences of orthologous genes and the gain and loss of members of gene families as different species find different solutions to the challenge of infection. Consequently, it has been difficult to transfer to the chicken detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the mammalian immune system and, thus, to enhance the already significant contribution of chickens toward understanding the evolution of immunity. The availability of the chicken genome sequence provides the opportunity to resolve outstanding questions concerning which molecular components of the immune system are shared between mammals and birds and which represent their unique evolutionary solutions. We have integrated genome data with existing knowledge to make a new comparative census of members of cytokine and chemokine gene families, distinguishing the core set of molecules likely to be common to all higher vertebrates from those particular to these 300 million-year-old lineages. Some differences can be explained by the different architectures of the mammalian and avian immune systems. Chickens lack lymph nodes and also the genes for the lymphotoxins and lymphotoxin receptors. The lack of functional eosinophils correlates with the absence of the eotaxin genes and our previously reported observation that interleukin- 5 (IL-5) is a pseudogene. To summarize, in the chicken genome, we can identify the genes for 23 ILs, 8 type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-gamma, 1 colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 2 of the 3 known transforming growth factors (TGFs), 24 chemokines (1 XCL, 14 CCL, 8 CXCL, and 1 CX3CL), and 10 tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members. Receptor genes present in the genome suggest the likely presence of 2 other ILs, 1 other CSF, and 2 other TNFSF members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Kaiser
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, U.K.
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19
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Wideman RF, Chapman ME, Wang W, Erf GF. Immune modulation of the pulmonary hypertensive response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in broilers. Poult Sci 2004; 83:624-37. [PMID: 15109060 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.4.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs of broilers are constantly challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) that can activate leukocytes and trigger thromboxane A2 (TxA2)- and serotonin (5HT)-mediated pulmonary vasoconstriction leading to pulmonary hypertension. Among broilers from a single genetic line, some individuals respond to LPS with large increases in pulmonary arterial pressure, whereas others fail to exhibit any response to the same supramaximal dose of LPS. This extreme variability in the pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS appears to reflect variability in the types or proportions of chemical mediators released by leukocytes. Our research has confirmed that TxA2 and 5HT are potent pulmonary vasoconstrictors in broilers and that broilers hatched and reared together consistently exhibit pulmonary hypertension after i.v. injections of TxA2 or 5HT. Previous in vitro studies conducted using macrophages from different lines of chickens demonstrated innate variability in the LPS-stimulated induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) followed by the onset of an LPS-refractory state. The NOS enzyme converts arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO). It is known that NO produced by endothelial NOS serves as a key modulator of flow-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, and it is likely that NO generated by iNOS also contributes to the pulmonary vasodilator response. Accordingly, it is our hypothesis that the pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS in broilers is minimal when more vasodilators (NO, prostacyclin) than vasoconstrictors (TxA2, 5HT) are generated during an LPS challenge. Indeed, inhibiting NO production through pharmacological blockade of NOS with the inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester modestly increased the baseline pulmonary arterial pressure and dramatically increased the pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS in all broilers evaluated. Innate differences in the effect of LPS on the pulmonary vasculature may contribute to differences in susceptibility of broilers to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites).
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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20
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Allen PC, Fetterer RH. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:58-65. [PMID: 11781266 PMCID: PMC118059 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.15.1.58-65.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis, an intestinal disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, occurs worldwide. It is considered to be one of the most economically important diseases of domestic poultry. For many years, prophylactic use of anticoccidial feed additives has been the primary means of controlling coccidiosis in the broiler industry and has played a major role in the growth of this industry, which now can produce about 7.6 billion chickens annually. However, development of anticoccidial resistance has threatened the economic stability of the broiler industry. Although there has been little effort by the pharmaceutical industry to develop new anticoccidials, the mounting problem of drug resistance of Eimeria species has prompted major research efforts to seek alternative means of control through increased knowledge of parasite biology, host response, and nutritional modulation. As a consequence, important advancements have been made, particularly in defining parasite antigens that have potential use in vaccines, defining the Eimeria genome, understanding the immunology of coccidial infections, and the practical applications of live vaccines. This review describes the progress in these areas, most of which has occurred within the past 10 to 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Allen
- Parasite Biology, Epidemiology, and Systematics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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21
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Lam KM. The macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta in the supernatants of Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected chicken leukocytes attracts the migration of chicken heterophils and lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:85-93. [PMID: 11687266 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chicken monocytes, macrophages, heterophils and thrombocytes were infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and their supernatants were collected and tested for the presence of chemotactic activities. The supernatants from MG-infected monocytes and macrophages were able to attract the migration of both heterophils and lymphocytes. The chemotactic activity in these supernatants could be abolished by antibodies prepared against the 10 amino acid peptides of the macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta, indicating that the released chemoattractant was a MIP-1beta-like compound. The supernatant from MG-infected heterophils was also able to attract the migration of chicken lymphocytes, but its activity could not be neutralized by the antibody to MIP-1beta, indicating that the chemoattractant is not related to MIP-1beta. The supernatants from both control and MG-infected thrombocytes were able to attract the migration of lymphocytes. These results indicate that there is more than one chemotactic factor that is released by these cells; one of the chemoattractants has been identified as a MIP-1beta. These results also show that MIP-1beta may play a role in the recruitment and accumulation of heterophils and lymphocytes to the sites of mycoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lam
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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Jeurissen SH, Boonstra-Blom AG, Al-Garib SO, Hartog L, Koch G. Defence mechanisms against viral infection in poultry: a review. Vet Q 2000; 22:204-8. [PMID: 11087131 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2000.9695059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defence against viral infections in poultry consists of innate and adaptive mechanisms. The innate defence is mainly formed by natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages and their secreted products, such as nitric oxide and various cytokines. The innate defence is of crucial importance early in viral infections. Natural killer cell activity can be routinely determined in chickens of 4 weeks and older using the RP9 tumour cell line. In vitro assays to determine the phagocytosis and killing activity of granulocytes and macrophages towards bacteria have been developed for chickens, but they have not been used with respect to virally infected animals. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, are indicators of macrophage activity during viral infections, and assays to measure IL-1 and IL-6 have been applied to chicken-derived materials. The adaptive defence can be divided into humoral and cellular immunity and both take time to develop and thus are more important later on during viral infections. Various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure humoral immunity specific for the viruses that most commonly infect poultry in the field are now commercially available. These ELISAs are based on a coating of a certain virus on the plate. After incubation with chicken sera, the bound virus-specific antibodies are recognized by conjugates specific for chicken IgM and IgG. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity can be measured using a recently developed in vitro assay based on reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed target cells that are loaded with viral antigens, e.g. Newcastle disease virus. This assay is still in an experimental stage, but will offer great opportunities in the near future for research into the cellular defence mechanisms during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Jeurissen
- Department of Immunology, Pathobiology and Epidemiology, Institute for Animal Science and Health ID-Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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23
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Lynagh GR, Bailey M, Kaiser P. Interleukin-6 is produced during both murine and avian Eimeria infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 76:89-102. [PMID: 10973688 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) during Eimeria infection was investigated in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the role of this multi-functional cytokine in resistance to this parasite. IL-6 production was measured in both chickens, in which the disease is of economic importance, and the better-characterised murine model system. Systemic and local IL-6 production in mice during E. vermiformis infection was investigated, in the relatively resistant BALB/c strain, and the relatively susceptible C57 BL/6 strain, using a murine IL-6 ELISA and the 7TD1 assay. Enhanced systemic production of IL-6 in serum was seen in infected BALB/c mice when compared to C57 BL/6 mice. This difference was also reflected in the draining lymph node of the site of infection, assessed by testing supernatants from stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells taken from infected mice at different times post-infection. Production of chicken IL-6-like factor activity was investigated using a murine IL-6 7TD1 bioassay. The presence of substantial quantities of IL-6-like factor activity was detected in serum taken from some chickens infected with E. tenella during the course of primary infection and, in a separate experiment, during the first few hours post-infection, a time when the pro-inflammatory capacity of IL-6 would influence the developing immune response. These results suggest that IL-6 is also important in the induction of immune effector responses to Eimeria infections in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Lynagh
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK
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24
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Yun CH, Lillehoj HS, Lillehoj EP. Intestinal immune responses to coccidiosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 24:303-324. [PMID: 10717295 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal parasitism is a major stress factor leading to malnutrition and lowered performance and production efficiency of livestock and poultry. Coccidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to several different species of Eimeria. Infection with coccidia parasites seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of chickens and costs the US poultry industry more than $1.5 billion in annual losses. Although acquired immunity to Eimeria develops following natural infection, due to the complex life cycle and intricate host immune response to Eimeria, vaccine development has been difficult and a better understanding of the basic immunobiology of pertinent host-parasite interactions is necessary for developing effective immunological control strategies against coccidiosis. Chickens infected with Eimeria produce parasite specific antibodies in both the circulation and mucosal secretions but humoral immunity plays only a minor role in protection against this disease. Rather, recent evidence implicates cell-mediated immunity as the major factor conferring resistance to coccidiosis. This review will summarize current understanding of the avian intestinal immune system and its response to Eimeria as well as provide a conceptual overview of the complex molecular and cellular events involved in intestinal immunity to coccidiosis. It is anticipated that increased knowledge of the interaction between parasites and host immunity will stimulate the birth of novel immunological and molecular biological concepts in the control of intestinal parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Yun
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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25
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Siatskas C, Boyd R. Regulation of chicken haemopoiesis by cytokines. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 24:37-59. [PMID: 10689097 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The continuous production, control and functional activation of blood cells involves a complex series of cellular events in which a small population of stem cells generates large numbers of mature cells. The survival, proliferation and development of these cells is strictly dependent on extracellular signals, among these are polypeptide regulators generally known as cytokines. While a large number of mammalian cytokines with proliferative and inhibitory effects have been described in detail, it is surprising that comparatively little is known of the avian system. Given the success of human cytokines as a model, the ability to manipulate the chicken haemopoietic and lymphopoietic systems by precise application of purified cytokines provides a rational approach to defence against disease. As a general caveat, an increased awareness of the existence of regulatory networks and the likelihood that these regulators were designed to function most effectively when acting in combination, will provide an understanding into the regulation of haemopoiesis and hence find application in both clinical and agricultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Siatskas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, 3181, Melbourne, Australia.
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26
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Rautenschlein S, Subramanian A, Sharma JM. Bioactivities of a tumour necrosis-like factor released by chicken macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 23:629-640. [PMID: 10579391 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To test for tumour necrosis-like factor (TNF) of chickens, supernatants of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated chicken macrophage cell line MQ-NCSU were analysed. A sequence of ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography was utilised to isolate TNF-like activity from the culture supernatant. The peak of TNF-like cytotoxic activity corresponded to the fractions with a molecular weight of 81 kDa or higher. Polyclonal anti-human TNF-alpha antiserum cross-reacted by Western blotting with a 17 kDa protein in the TNF-containing fraction under denaturing conditions. This result indicated that chicken TNF-like factor in the biologically active form may be a protein multimer of monomers of about 17 kDa. The molecular weight of these monomers is similar to the molecular weight of mammalian TNF-alpha. Chicken TNF-like factor stimulated macrophages by inducing morphological changes, enhancing Ia-expression, nitric oxide (NO) production and by synergising with interferon (IFN)-gamma in the induction of NO release from macrophages. The biological activities were not neutralised by anti-human TNF antiserum. These data suggest that LPS-stimulated chicken macrophages produced a functional homologue to mammalian TNF-alpha. This may be structurally quite different from the mammalian TNF molecule. Other factors may have been co-purified with the chicken TNF-like factor having overlapping functions and molecular weight. However, co-purification of chemokines and interleukin-1, major macrophage derived factors, with the chicken TNF-like factor can be excluded based on the purification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rautenschlein
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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27
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Abstract
Development of a vaccine for avian coccidiosis has been hampered by lack of understanding of the various components of the host immune system leading to protective immunity. Clear understanding of the cellular dichotomy in cytokine production in mice and the availability of immunological reagents, as well as gene knock-out mice, now makes in-depth immunological study in this species feasible. From studies of various parasitic infection models in mice, it is becoming clear that complex regulation by cytokines is involved in host immunity. Furthermore, the studies in mice clearly indicated an important role of various effector mechanisms involving T lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells and cytokines in resistance to coccidiosis. In comparative studies of coccidiosis in chickens, in-vivo and in-vitro studies revealed that interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor and transforming growth factor-beta are induced following Eimeria infection. Depletion studies revealed the importance of CD8+TCR-alpha-beta+ T lymphocytes in host protective immunity to avian coccidiosis. Taken together, studies in mice and chickens are providing a better understanding of the role of effector cells and soluble factors which control immune responses to Eimeria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lillehoj
- Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The past 10 years of research aimed at developing subunit vaccines against a number of apicomplexans, including Eimeria, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, have, if anything, revealed the complex nature of parasite-host interactions. The Knowledge gained from this research has shown why developing a subunit vaccine based on a single recombinant antigen from one developmental stage of the parasite was an overly optimistic approach. Many apicomplexan parasites have acquired unique strategies to evade host immunity. The variable expression of genes encoding erythrocyte membrane protein 1 of Plasmodium falciparum [1] (Berendt et al. Parasitology 1994;108:S19-S28) exemplifies one such strategy. The particular mechanism for evading immune destruction depends on a number of interrelated factors, not least of which is the parasite life-cycle and the availability of susceptible hosts. The goal of any vaccine, be it an attenuated organism or a recombinant antigen, is to break the cycle of infection. The development of a recombinant vaccine against apicomplexan parasites will depend on identifying those antigens and intracellular processes that are vital to the parasite survival and those which exist merely as a way of evading immunity. The information that follows is a review of both molecular biology/biochemistry of eimerian parasites and factors that influence host immune responses to coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jenkins
- Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, USDA, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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29
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Korver DR, Wakenell P, Klasing KC. Dietary fish oil or lofrin, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, decrease the growth-suppressing effects of coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 1997; 76:1355-63. [PMID: 9316110 DOI: 10.1093/ps/76.10.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler chicks were fed a diet containing 4% of either corn oil or fish oil from 3 to 14 d of age. From Days 15 to 23, half of the chicks in each dietary treatment were fed Lofrin (an experimental 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor) at 33 micrograms/kg feed. The remaining chicks within each dietary treatment were the untreated controls. At 24 d of age, half of the chicks within each diet-Lofrin treatment group were each infected with 4.6 x 10(4) sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts, resulting in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion efficiency were determined throughout the study. At 27 d of age, blood, liver, and ceca were sampled. Plasma tumor necrosis factor and hemopexin, hepatic fatty acid composition, and cecal inflammatory cell infiltration were determined. Liver fatty acid composition tended to reflect that of the diet. Chicks fed fish oil had livers that were enriched in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of (n-6) PUFA. Chicks fed fish oil gained body weight more rapidly than those fed corn oil. Infection of chicks with Eimeria decreased body weight gain of chicks fed corn oil, but not of chicks fed fish oil. The addition of Lofrin to the corn oil diets abrogated the growth-suppressing effects of infection, although there was no Lofrin effect among chicks fed fish oil. There was a diet by Lofrin interaction in which Lofrin treatment of birds fed corn oil decreased feed consumption and increased feed conversion efficiency, but had no effect on chicks fed diets containing fish oil. Plasma hemopexin was greater, but tumor necrosis factor was lower, in chicks fed fish oil than in chicks fed corn oil. Eimeria infection significantly increased cecal inflammatory cell infiltration across all dietary treatments. There were no clear relationships between growth rate or efficiency and the severity of the inflammatory response to Eimeria infection, as indicated by hemopexin levels and cecal inflammatory scores. These results indicate that Lofrin or fish oil, both of which modify eicosanoid metabolism, attenuate the growth-depressing effects of an Eimeria tenella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Korver
- Department of Avian Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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30
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Smith NC, Ovington KS. The effect of BCG, zymosan and Coxiella burnetti extract on Eimeria infections. Immunol Cell Biol 1996; 74:346-8. [PMID: 8872185 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1996.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Infection of animals with species of Eimeria induces a hyper-reactivity to endotoxin as manifest by a greatly increased capacity of infected animals to produce TNF in response to LPS in vivo compared with uninfected animals. This finding indicates priming for hyperactivation of macrophages by Eimeria infection and raises the possibility that non-specific triggering of macrophages by agents such as Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), zymosan or Coxiella burnetti extract may be a simple means of control for coccidiosis. However, all of these agents enhanced oocyst excretion in mice, rats or chickens infected with Eimeria vermiformis, Eimeria nieschulzi or Eimeria tenella, respectively, without affecting the patent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Smith
- Institut für Parasitologie, Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Lillehoj HS, Trout JM. Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996; 9:349-60. [PMID: 8809465 PMCID: PMC172898 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.9.3.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis, an intestinal infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to several different species of Eimeria, seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of livestock and poultry. Host immune responses to coccidial infection are complex. Animals infected with Eimeria spp. produce parasite-specific antibodies in both the circulation and mucosal secretions. However, it appears that antibody-mediated responses play a minor role in protection against coccidiosis. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in resistance to infection. T lymphocytes appear to respond to coccidial infection through both cytokine production and a direct cytotoxic attack on infected cells. The exact mechanisms by which T cells eliminate the parasites, however, remain unclear. Although limited information is available on the intestinal immune system of chickens, gut lymphoid tissues have evolved specialized features that reflect their role as the first line of defense at mucosal surfaces, including both immunoregulatory cells and effector cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the avian intestinal immune system and mucosal immune responses to Eimeria spp., providing an overview of the complex cellular and molecular events involved in intestinal immune responses to enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lillehoj
- Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, Maryland 20705, USA.
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32
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Arnold JW, Holt PS. Cytotoxicity in chicken alimentary secretions as measured by a derivative of the tumor necrosis factor assay. Poult Sci 1996; 75:329-34. [PMID: 8778724 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0750329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immune response to enteric bacterial infections, including salmonellosis, results in inflammatory cells entering the intestine near the site of infection. These cells produce factors, such as cytokines, that are cytotoxic to bacteria-infected cells, resulting in loss of host cells. In this study, an assay was developed, based on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) assay, that measured the cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from chickens during a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. Secretions were collected by pilocarpine-induced evacuation from the alimentary tract and clarified by centrifugation. Activity was assessed by the cytotoxic effect of secretions on chicken embryo fibroblasts as target cells. Cytotoxic activity from SE-infected hens was measured at intervals during the first 24 h following infection and daily for the next 10 d. The level of activity varied between hens but was maximal in secretions obtained at 24 h and 10 d after SE infection. Maximal levels of cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from hens occurred in response to a dose of 5x10(8) cfu/mL of SE. The cytotoxicity in secretions from SE-exposed hens that were deprived of feed was greater than those from control SE-exposed hens by more than fivefold.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Arnold
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677, USA
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Abstract
Protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Eimeria cause considerable losses in livestock production in which stocking densities are high or environments restricted. The ability of hosts to mount immunological responses which limit parasite reproduction vary according to the particular species of Eimeria. Typically though, immune responses restrict parasite reproduction during primary infection and limit, if not prevent, subsequent infections. Although mechanisms of immunity are unknown, host immune responses have been exploited in the development of a method to control coccidiosis-immunisation with attenuated strains of Eimeria. Limitations of this control method, predominantly the cost of producing the attenuated parasites, necessitates identification of protective immune responses to facilitate selection of antigens for use in non-living vaccines. As in immune responses to many other parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract, the role of antibodies is at best minor, whereas T-cells are crucial. Numerous studies have shown that the intestinal mucosal T-cell population is dynamic; the number and phenotype of T-cells changes in response to Eimeria-infection. Specific changes in the intestinal T-cell population have not, however, been correlated with limitation of parasite reproduction. Experiments involving adoptive transfer of T-cell sub-populations and in vivo depletion of specific T-cells have shown that CD4+ T-cells and to a lesser extent CD8+ T-cells are important in immune responses which limit primary infection. In contrast, CD8+ T-cells are more important in subsequent infections with CD4+ T-cells having a lesser role. The effects of T-cells on Eimeria are partially mediated by the cytokines they release. Most attention has concentrated on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) because these cytokines have been shown to limit other protozoan infections. IFN-gamma is produced in Eimeria-infected hosts but evidence that it is present at the site of infection is limited. Intestinal levels of IFN-gamma increase earlier in response to primary Eimeria-infection in mice which are relatively resistant, than in mice which are relatively susceptible. Neutralisation of endogenously produced IFN-gamma has shown that this cytokine limits oocyst production in either primary or secondary infections depending on the species of Eimeria. Production of TNF-alpha is also increased in infected hosts. In comparison with relatively susceptible mice, TNF-alpha is produced earlier and to a greater extent in the intestines of relatively resistant mice. Unexpectedly, injections of TNF-alpha into infected mice increased oocyst production. It remains to be determined whether the effects of endogenous TNF-alpha are the same as those of exogenous TNF-alpha. Mechanisms by which IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha modulate parasite reproduction have not been identified. A number of lines of experimentation have suggested that it is unlikely that IFN-gamma limits parasite reproduction through induction of the synthesis of reactive oxygen or reactive nitrogen intermediates, since both of these reactive intermediates have the capacity to exacerbate Eimeria-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Ovington
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Zhang S, Lillehoj HS, Ruff MD. Chicken tumor necrosis-like factor. I. In vitro production by macrophages stimulated with Eimeria tenella or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Poult Sci 1995; 74:1304-10. [PMID: 7479508 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0741304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HD11, a transformed avian macrophage cell line, and chicken peripheral blood leukocyte-derived macrophages (PBL-M phi) were stimulated with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Eimeria tenella sporozoites and merozoites. The specific cytotoxicities of the culture supernatants against different target cell lines were measured, and the kinetics of tumor necrosis-like factor (TNF) production by HD11 and PBL-M phi were also measured. The results showed that HD11 and PBL-M phi secreted a TNF-like factor when stimulated with Eimeria parasites or LPS. A time- and dose-dependent TNF-like factors production by PBL-M phi was observed poststimulation with Eimeria parasites. Chicken TNF-like factor preferentially kills CHCC OU-2 cells, a fibroblast cell line of chicken origin, when compared to LM cells, a murine cell line used for mammalian TNF. This study indicates that chicken M phi produce a significant level of TNF-like factor following coccidial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Parasite Immunobiology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Smith NC, Ovington KS, Deplazes P, Eckert J. Cytokine and immunoglobulin subclass responses of rats to infection with Eimeria nieschulzi. Parasitology 1995; 111 ( Pt 1):51-7. [PMID: 7609990 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000064593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SIV rats infected with a high dose (50,000 oocysts) of Eimeria nieschulzi displayed clinical symptoms of coccidiosis such as diarrhoea (days 6 and 7 post-primary infection) and weight loss (days 6-8 post-primary infection) and were completely immune to challenge with a similar dose. The ability of rats to produce tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in vivo was enhanced during the period of oocyst excretion in the primary infection but significant production of TNF did not occur after challenge infection. Thus, TNF does not appear to be an important factor in resistance to infection with E. nieschulzi but may play some role in resistance to primary infection and in the pathology associated with E. nieschulzi infection. Parasite-specific serum IgM levels (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were also increased during primary infection but returned to background levels at the end of the patent period and were not affected by challenge infection. In contrast to TNF and IgM, serum concentrations of E. nieschulzi-specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c and intestinal tissue levels of IgA did not begin to increase until after day 12 post-primary infection, reached peak levels between days 20 and 30 post-primary infection and were slightly increased by challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Smith
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Leukocytic cytokines are produced by cells of the immune system and are prominent regulators of the immune response and in some cases various systemic responses. Leukocytic cytokines are released during immune responses and may act in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. Although over a dozen avian leukocytic cytokines have been described based on functional activities, characterization at the molecular level is not well developed. Two exceptions are 1) myelomonocytic growth factor, a colony-stimulating factor-like cytokine required for the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, particularly myelomonocytic cells; and 2) the avian transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines, which modulate wound healing, bone metabolism, and cellular differentiation. Cytokines with bioactivities similar to mammalian interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, and interferon-gamma have been at least partially purified. Cytokines with bioactivities similar to mammalian IL-8, colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha have been reported but are not well characterized at the molecular level. With a few exceptions, including TGF-beta and thymulin, highly purified leukocytic cytokines of mammalian origin have diminished or no specific activity in avian assay systems. The chicken IL-1 receptor has been cloned and the predicted amino acid sequence shares 60% homology with the human IL-1 receptor. A component of the chicken IL-2 receptor has been partially purified but little is known about other avian leukocytic cytokine receptors. Potential applications of leukocytic cytokines in poultry production originate from their regulation of a variety of functions such as disease resistance, would healing, bone accretion, nutrient partitioning, appetite, growth, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Klasing
- Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
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McGruder ED, Ray PM, Tellez GI, Kogut MH, Corrier DE, DeLoach JR, Hargis BM. Salmonella enteritidis immune leukocyte-stimulated soluble factors: effects on increased resistance to Salmonella organ invasion in day-old Leghorn chicks. Poult Sci 1993; 72:2264-71. [PMID: 8309875 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0722264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, derived from either concanavalin A-stimulated Salmonella enteritidis-immune chicken T lymphocytes [SE-immune Lymphocyte Stimulated Soluble Factor (LSSF)] or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated SE-immune chicken macrophages [SE-immune Macrophage Stimulated Soluble Factor (MSSF)], were evaluated for their ability to increase resistance to SE organ invasion in day-old Leghorn chicks. In Trial 1, day of hatch chicks were injected i.p. with either SE-immune LSSF or SE-nonimmune LSSF (control). In Trial 2, chicks were similarly injected with either SE-immune MSSF, SE-nonimmune MSSF, or SE-immune LSSF (positive control). Thirty minutes postinjection, all chicks were gavaged with an invasive dose of SE. Twenty-four hours later, livers and spleens from all chicks were cultured for SE. In Trial 1, SE-immune LSSF caused a rapid and marked protection (P < .01) against SE infection as determined by the number of chicks that were culture positive regardless of challenge dose. In Trial 2, SE-immune MSSF was not associated with protection against SE organ infection. These experiments demonstrate that SE-immune LSSF, but not MSSF, are able to confer protection against SE organ invasion in day-old Leghorn chicks. Thus, it appears that the stimulated immune T cell, and not the macrophage, is responsible for producing the soluble products that protected the chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D McGruder
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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