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Majumder N, Roy S, Sharma A, Arora S, Vaishya R, Bandyopadhyay A, Ghosh S. Assessing the advantages of 3D bioprinting and 3D spheroids in deciphering the osteoarthritis healing mechanism using human chondrocytes and polarized macrophages. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025005. [PMID: 38198731 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad1d18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The molecular niche of an osteoarthritic microenvironment comprises the native chondrocytes, the circulatory immune cells, and their respective inflammatory mediators. Although M2 macrophages infiltrate the joint tissue during osteoarthritis (OA) to initiate cartilage repair, the mechanistic crosstalk that dwells underneath is still unknown. Our study established a co-culture system of human OA chondrocytes and M2 macrophages in 3D spheroids and 3D bioprinted silk-gelatin constructs. It is already well established that Silk fibroin-gelatin bioink supports chondrogenic differentiation due to upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Additionally, the presence of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages significantly upregulated the expression of chondrogenic biomarkers (COL-II, ACAN) with an attenuated expression of the chondrocyte hypertrophy (COL-X), chondrocyte dedifferentiation (COL-I) and matrix catabolism (MMP-1 and MMP-13) genes even in the absence of the interleukins. Furthermore, the 3D bioprinted co-culture model displayed an upper hand in stimulating cartilage regeneration and OA inhibition than the spheroid model, underlining the role of silk fibroin-gelatin in encouraging chondrogenesis. Additionally, the 3D bioprinted silk-gelatin constructs further supported the maintenance of stable anti-inflammatory phenotype of M2 macrophage. Thus, the direct interaction between the primary OAC and M2 macrophages in the 3D context, along with the release of the soluble anti-inflammatory factors by the M2 cells, significantly contributed to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for immune cell-mediated OA healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Majumder
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shuchi Arora
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Raju Vaishya
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals Delhi, New Delhi 110076, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
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2
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Sharma P, Venkatachalam K, Binesh A. Decades Long Involvement of THP-1 Cells as a Model for Macrophage Research: A Comprehensive Review. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2024; 23:85-104. [PMID: 38676532 DOI: 10.2174/0118715230294413240415054610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have endeavored to identify dependable and reproducible in vitro models for examining macrophage behavior under controlled conditions. The THP-1 cell line has become a significant and widely employed tool in macrophage research within these models. Originating from the peripheral blood of individuals with acute monocytic leukemia, this human monocytic cell line can undergo transformation into macrophage-like cells, closely mirroring primary human macrophages when exposed to stimulants. Macrophages play a vital role in the innate immune system, actively regulating inflammation, responding to infections, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. A comprehensive understanding of macrophage biology and function is crucial for gaining insights into immunological responses, tissue healing, and the pathogenesis of diseases such as viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and neoplastic conditions. This review aims to thoroughly evaluate and emphasize the extensive history of THP-1 cells as a model for macrophage research. Additionally, it will delve into the significance of THP-1 cells in advancing our comprehension of macrophage biology and their invaluable contributions to diverse scientific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Sharma
- Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaliyamurthi Venkatachalam
- Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ambika Binesh
- Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Roy S, Sharma A, Ghosh S. Mechanistic crosstalk of extracellular calcium-mediated regulation of maturation and plasticity in human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:39-47. [PMID: 36586157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in controlling tissue repair and rejection after biomaterial implantation. Calcium supplementation regulates cellular responses and alter the pathophysiology of various diseases. A series of macrophage activations through differential plasticity has been observed after cell-to-material interactions. We investigated the role of calcium supplementation in controlling macrophage phenotypes in pro-inflammatory and pre-reparative states. Oxidative defence and mitochondria involvement in cellular plasticity and the sequential M0 to M1 and M1 to M2 transitions were observed after calcium supplementation. This study describes the molecular mechanism of reactive oxygen species and drives the interconnected cellular plasticity of macrophages in the presence of calcium. Gene expression, and immunostaining, revealed a relationship between MHC class II maturation and cellular plasticity. This study elucidated the role of controlled calcium supplementation under various conditions. These findings underscore the molecular mechanism of calcium-mediated immune induction and its favourable use in different calcium-containing biomaterials., essential for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Roy
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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4
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Hohsfield LA, Tsourmas KI, Ghorbanian Y, Syage AR, Kim SJ, Cheng Y, Furman S, Inlay MA, Lane TE, Green KN. MAC2 is a long-lasting marker of peripheral cell infiltrates into the mouse CNS after bone marrow transplantation and coronavirus infection. Glia 2022; 70:875-891. [PMID: 35025109 PMCID: PMC8930563 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident myeloid cells of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis and protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from damage and infection. Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages arising from the periphery have also been implicated in CNS pathologies, however, distinguishing between different myeloid cell populations in the CNS has been difficult. Here, we set out to develop a reliable histological marker that can assess distinct myeloid cell heterogeneity and functional contributions, particularly in the context of disease and/or neuroinflammation. scRNAseq from brains of mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of the mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a mouse coronavirus, revealed that Lgals3 is highly upregulated in monocyte and macrophage populations, but not in microglia. Subsequent immunostaining for galectin-3 (encoded by Lgals3), also referred to as MAC2, highlighted the high expression levels of MAC2 protein in infiltrating myeloid cells in JHMV-infected and bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice, in stark contrast to microglia, which expressed little to no staining in these models. Expression of MAC2 was found even 6-10 months following BM-derived cell infiltration into the CNS. We also demonstrate that MAC2 is not a specific label for plaque-associated microglia in the 5xFAD mouse model, but only appears in a distinct subset of these cells in the presence of JHMV infection or during aging. Our data suggest that MAC2 can serve as a reliable and long-lasting histological marker for monocyte/macrophages in the brain, identifying an accessible approach to distinguishing resident microglia from infiltrating cells in the CNS under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kate Inman Tsourmas
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yasamine Ghorbanian
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Amber R. Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Susana Furman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew A. Inlay
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Miller JL, Hill ML, Brun J, Pountain A, Sayce AC, Zitzmann N. Iminosugars counteract the downregulation of the interferon γ receptor by dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104551. [PMID: 31306674 PMCID: PMC6891261 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral mechanism of action of iminosugars against many enveloped viruses is hypothesized to be a consequence of misfolding of viral N-linked glycoproteins through inhibition of host endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase enzymes. Iminosugar treatment of dengue virus (DENV) infection results in reduced secretion of virions and hence lower viral titres in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether iminosugars might also affect host receptors important in DENV attachment and uptake and immune responses to DENV. Using a primary human macrophage model of DENV infection, we investigated the effects of maturation with IL-4, DENV-infection and treatment with N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) or N-(9-methoxynonyl)-1-DNJ (MON-DNJ) on expression of 11 macrophage receptors. Whereas iminosugars did not affect surface expression of any of the receptors examined, DENV infection significantly reduced surface IFNγ receptor amongst other changes to total receptor expression. This effect required infectious DENV and was reversed by iminosugar treatment. Treatment also affected signalling of the IFNγ receptor and TNFα receptor. In addition, iminosugars reduced ligand binding to the carbohydrate receptor-binding domain of the mannose receptor. This work demonstrates that iminosugar treatment of primary macrophages affects expression and functionality of some key glycosylated host immune receptors important in the dengue life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Miller
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle L Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Brun
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pountain
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Sayce
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Vrieling H, Kooijman S, de Ridder JW, Thies-Weesie DME, Soema PC, Jiskoot W, van Riet E, Heck AJR, Philipse AP, Kersten GFA, Meiring HD, Pennings JL, Metz B. Activation of Human Monocytes by Colloidal Aluminum Salts. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:750-760. [PMID: 31449816 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines often contain colloidal aluminum salt-based adjuvants to activate the innate immune system. These aluminum salts consist of micrometer-sized aggregates. It is well-known that particle size affects the adjuvant effect of particulate adjuvants. In this study, the activation of human monocytes by hexagonal-shaped gibbsite (ø = 210 ± 40 nm) and rod-shaped boehmite (ø = 83 ± 827 nm) was compared with classical aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant (alum). To this end, human primary monocytes were cultured in the presence of alum, gibbsite, or boehmite. The transcriptome and proteome of the monocytes were investigated by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and mass spectrometry. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were used to investigate the effect of the particles on cellular maturation, differentiation, activation, and cytokine secretion, as measured by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each particle type resulted in a specific gene expression profile. IL-1ß and IL-6 secretion was significantly upregulated by boehmite and alum. Of the 7 surface markers investigated, only CD80 was significantly upregulated by alum and none by gibbsite or boehmite. Gibbsite hardly activated the monocytes. Boehmite activated human primary monocytes equally to alum, but induced a much milder stress-related response. Therefore, boehmite was identified as a promising adjuvant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Vrieling
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sietske Kooijman
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Justin W de Ridder
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique M E Thies-Weesie
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Soema
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elly van Riet
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert P Philipse
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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7
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Chinchu JU, Mohan MC, Devi SJR, Kumar BP. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of Varanadi Kashayam (decoction) in THP-1-derived macrophages. Ayu 2019; 39:243-249. [PMID: 31367148 PMCID: PMC6639814 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_53_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Varanadi Kashayam is an Ayurvedic polyherbal decoction containing 16 ingredients, for which the mechanisms of action involved in controlling chronic inflammatory conditions have not been evaluated. The inhibition of release of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes/macrophages is an ideal in vitro model for identifying anti-inflammatory molecules. Aim The aim of the study is to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Varanadi Kashayam in THP-1-derived macrophages. Materials and Methods The efficacy of Varanadi Kashayam on monocyte cell differentiation was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess the expression of differentiation markers MMP-9, CD36, CD11b and CD14. Further Varanadi Kashayam treated THP-1 macrophages were induced with LPS and the production of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) were measured and corresponding genes expressions were quantified. Results The results indicate that Varanadi Kashayam reduced the differentiation of THP-1 monocytes to macrophages and downregulated the expression of cell surface markers. Furthermore, it could decrease the release of proinflammatory cytokines from LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages and downregulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β genes. Conclusion The results obtained from this study suggest a possible mechanism of action of the herbal decoction in inflammatory processes and opens up the possibilities of identifying bioactive lead molecules with anti-inflammatory potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Chinchu
- Department of School of Biosciences, Inflammation Research Lab, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Mohind C Mohan
- Department of School of Biosciences, Inflammation Research Lab, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - S J Rahitha Devi
- Department of School of Biosciences, Inflammation Research Lab, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - B Prakash Kumar
- Department of School of Biosciences, Inflammation Research Lab, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Chong K, Kwon WK, Kim JH, Park YK, Yoon W, Kim JH, Kwon TH, Moon HJ. Inflammation by activated macrophage-like THP-1 cells increases human dura mater cell adhesion with alteration of integrin α 2 β 1 and matrix metalloproteinase. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:706-716. [PMID: 30561137 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate (i) extracellular matrix to specify adhesive substrates to human dura mater cell (hDMC); (ii) the alteration on adhesion-related molecules in hDMC; and (iii) secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) linked with extracellular matrix remodeling after exposure to inflammation. The hDMC was cultured from human dura mater tissue, and the studies were performed with hDMC after co-culturing with macrophage like THP-1 cells (Mϕ). The adhesion of co-cultured hDMC through collagen I increased 6.4-fold and through collagen IV increased 5.0-fold compared with the adhesion of naïve cells (p < 0.001). Integrin subtype α2 β1 expression was increased 6.3-fold (p < 0.001) and α1 expression was decreased 2.0-fold (p < 0.001) in the co-cultured cells compared with the naïve cells. Co-culturing induced significant increases in MMP-1 (13.9-fold, p < 0.01), MMP-3 (7.6-fold, p < 0.01), and VEGF (VEGF: 3.8-fold, p < 0.05) expression and decreases in MMP-9 (0.1-fold, p < 0.01) compared with the sum of naïve hDMC and Mϕ values. Increased hDMC adhesion under inflammatory conditions is caused by an increased cellular affinity for collagen I and IV mediated by increased hDMC levels of integrin subtype α2 β1 and environmental MMP-1, -3 and decreased MMP-9. Selective integrin subtype α2 β1 inhibition assay showed 37.8% and 35.7% reduction in adhesion of co-cultured hDMC to collagen I (p < 0.001) and IV (p = 0.057), respectively. The present study provides insight into the pathological conditions related to dura mater adhesion in inflammation. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-11, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuha Chong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Spine Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Han Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Spine Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Kwan Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Spine Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonki Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taek-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Joo Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Spine Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Bleomycin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in TPC-1 cells through reversing M2-macrophages polarization. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3858-3866. [PMID: 30127999 PMCID: PMC6096247 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is one of the most common types of thyroid malignancy. Previous studies have demonstrated that the density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor microenvironment affects the progression of PTC due to the imbalance in M1/M2 macrophage subtypes. M2 macrophages induce anti-inflammatory effects and promote tumor progression, whereas M1 macrophages destroy tumor cells. Therefore, reversing TAM polarization to M1 may be a novel strategy for the treatment of cancer. Although bleomycin (BLM) is a commonly used anti-cancer drug, which regulates the secretion of relevant cytokines, high dose and long-term treatment with BLM may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. In the present study, flow cytometry data revealed that low dose treatment with BLM (5 or 10 mU/ml) facilitated the expression of the M1 phenotype markers cluster of differentiation (CD)80 and C-C chemokine receptor 7, and concurrently suppressed the M2 marker CD206 on M2-macrophages. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction data revealed that the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β markedly increased, whereas the expression of IL-10 decreased in M2 macrophages treated with BLM. A fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran uptake experiment revealed that BLM increased the phagocytic capacity of M2, however not M1 or M0 macrophages. In addition, to verify the effect of BLM-treated M2 macrophages on thyroid carcinoma cells, a co-culture system of macrophages and the human PTC cell line TPC-1, was established. BLM-treated M2 macrophages increased the number of cells in early and late apoptosis and inhibited the migration, proliferation and invasion of TPC-1 cells. These results suggest that a low dose and indirect effect of BLM may induce suppressive effects on PTC by selectively reversing M2 macrophage polarization to M1, which may provide a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
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Tedesco S, De Majo F, Kim J, Trenti A, Trevisi L, Fadini GP, Bolego C, Zandstra PW, Cignarella A, Vitiello L. Convenience versus Biological Significance: Are PMA-Differentiated THP-1 Cells a Reliable Substitute for Blood-Derived Macrophages When Studying in Vitro Polarization? Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29520230 PMCID: PMC5826964 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral-blood monocytes are used as an established in vitro system for generating macrophages. For several reasons, monocytic cell lines such as THP-1 have been considered as a possible alternative. In view of their distinct developmental origins and phenotypic attributes, we set out to assess the extent to which human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 cells were overlapping across a variety of responses to activating stimuli. Resting (M0) macrophages were polarized toward M1 or M2 phenotypes by 48-h incubation with LPS (1 μg/ml) and IFN-γ (10 ng/ml) or with IL-4 (20 ng/ml) and IL-13 (5 ng/ml), respectively. At the end of stimulation, MDMs displayed more pronounced changes in marker gene expression than THP-1. Upon assaying an array of 41 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in conditioned media (CM) using the Luminex technology, secretion of 29 out of the 41 proteins was affected by polarized activation. While in 12 of them THP-1 and MDM showed comparable trends, for the remaining 17 proteins their responses to activating stimuli did markedly differ. Quantitative comparison for selected analytes confirmed this pattern. In terms of phenotypic activation markers, measured by flow cytometry, M1 response was similar but the established MDM M2 marker CD163 was undetectable in THP-1 cells. In a beads-based assay, MDM activation did not induce significant changes, whereas M2 activation of THP-1 decreased phagocytic activity compared to M0 and M1. In further biological activity tests, both MDM and THP-1 CM failed to affect proliferation of mouse myogenic progenitors, whereas they both reduced adipogenic differentiation of mouse fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (M2 to a lesser extent than M1 and M0). Finally, migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was enhanced by CM irrespective of cell type and activation state except for M0 CM from MDMs. In summary, PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages did not entirely reproduce the response spectrum of primary MDMs to activating stimuli. We suggest that THP-1 be regarded as a simplified model of human macrophages when investigating relatively straightforward biological processes, such as polarization and its functional implications, but not as an alternative source in more comprehensive immunopharmacology and drug screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jieun Kim
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annalisa Trenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Trevisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Medicine by Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Libero Vitiello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
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11
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Garba A, Acar DD, Roukaerts IDM, Desmarets LMB, Devriendt B, Nauwynck HJ. Long-term culture and differentiation of porcine red bone marrow hematopoietic cells co-cultured with immortalized mesenchymal cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:44-50. [PMID: 28895865 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are multipotent stromal cells with self-renewal, differentiation and immunomodulatory capabilities. We aimed to develop a co-culture model for differentiating hematopoietic cells on top of immortalized mesenchymal cells for studying interactions between hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, useful for adequately exploring the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal cells. In this study, we investigated the survival, proliferation and differentiation of porcine red bone marrow hematopoietic cells co-cultured with immortalized porcine bone marrow mesenchymal cells for a period of five weeks. Directly after collection, primary porcine bone marrow mesenchymal cells adhered firmly to the bottom of the culture plates and showed a fibroblast-like appearance, one week after isolation. Upon immortalization, porcine bone marrow mesenchymal cells were continuously proliferating. They were positive for simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen and the mesenchymal cell markers CD44 and CD55. Isolated red bone marrow cells were added to these immortalized mesenchymal cells. Five weeks post-seeding, 92±6% of the red bone marrow hematopoietic cells were still alive and their number increased 3-fold during five weekly subpassages on top of the immortalized mesenchymal cells. The red bone marrow hematopoietic cells were originally small and round; later, the cells increased in size. Some of them became elongated, while others remained round. Tiny dendrites appeared attaching hematopoietic cells to the underlying immortalized mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, weekly differential-quick staining of the cells indicated the presence of monoblasts, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes in the co-cultures. At three weeks of co-culture, flow cytometry analysis showed an increased surface expression of CD172a, CD14, CD163, CD169, CD4 and CD8 up to 37±0.8%, 40±8%, 41±4%, 23±3% and 19±5% of the hematopoietic cells, respectively. In conclusion, continuous mesenchymal cell cultures were successfully established and characterized and they supported the proliferation of red bone marrow hematopoietic cells, which finally differentiated into monocytic cells and CD4+ and CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Garba
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delphine D Acar
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Inge D M Roukaerts
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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12
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Hu Y, Li D, Wu A, Qiu X, Di W, Huang L, Qiu L. TWEAK-stimulated macrophages inhibit metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer via exosomal shuttling of microRNA. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:60-67. [PMID: 28216373 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomal-miRNAs are emerging as mediators of crosstalk between tumor cells and macrophages. In this study, we observed that exosomes derived from TWEAK-stimulated macrophages (TMs) could be internalized by epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells and inhibit cell metastasis. Through a miRNA microarray analysis, we identified 19 miRNAs that are differentially expressed in exosomes derived from macrophages treated with or without TWEAK. The study validated that TWEAK not only increased the levels of microRNA-7 (miR-7) in macrophages and its secreted exosomes but also resulted in an elevated level of miR-7 in recipient EOC cells, which eventually reduced the activity of the EGFR/AKT/ERK1/2 pathway. Pre-transfection of antagomiR-7 in TMs substantially decreased the levels of miR-7 in macrophages, its secreted exosomes and the recipient EOC cells with a concomitant enhancement of EOC metastasis, suggesting an involvement of exosomal miR-7 from TMs in modulating the metastasis of EOC cells. Finally, the exosomes from TMs significantly blocked EOC metastasis in a xenograft mouse model. These findings provide a novel model in which TMs inhibit the metastasis of EOC cells via shuttling of exosomal miR-7 to EOC cells, thereby inhibiting the EGFR/AKT/ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Anyue Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xingdi Qiu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai 200127, China.
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13
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CD1 - and CD1 + porcine blood dendritic cells are enriched for the orthologues of the two major mammalian conventional subsets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40942. [PMID: 28106145 PMCID: PMC5247722 DOI: 10.1038/srep40942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are professional antigen-presenting cells that induce immune activation or tolerance. Two functionally specialised populations, termed cDC1 and cDC2, have been described in humans, mice, ruminants and recently in pigs. Pigs are an important biomedical model species and a key source of animal protein; therefore further understanding of their immune system will help underpin the development of disease prevention strategies. To characterise cDC populations in porcine blood, DC were enriched from PBMC by CD14 depletion and CD172a enrichment then stained with lineage mAbs (Lin; CD3, CD8α, CD14 and CD21) and mAbs specific for CD172a, CD1 and CD4. Two distinct porcine cDC subpopulations were FACSorted CD1- cDC (Lin-CD172+ CD1-CD4-) and CD1+ cDC (Lin-CD172a+ CD1+ CD4-), and characterised by phenotypic and functional analyses. CD1+ cDC were distinct from CD1- cDC, expressing higher levels of CD172a, MHC class II and CD11b. Following TLR stimulation, CD1+ cDC produced IL-8 and IL-10 while CD1- cDC secreted IFN-α, IL-12 and TNF-α. CD1- cDC were superior in stimulating allogeneic T cell responses and in cross-presenting viral antigens to CD8 T cells. Comparison of transcriptional profiles further suggested that the CD1- and CD1+ populations were enriched for the orthologues of cDC1 and cDC2 subsets respectively.
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Biological effects of double-walled carbon nanotubes on the innate immune system: An in vitro study on THP-1 human monocytes. Toxicology 2016; 365:1-8. [PMID: 27475286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DWCNTs have numerous industrial and biomedical applications and several studies reported that they could act as immunomodulator systems. The immune system is the first line of defence of the human body when exposed to particulate matter. In order to investigate DWCNTs' role on innate immunity, we used THP-1 monocytic cells for the purpose of this study. We showed that DWCNTs were not cytotoxic until 6h, 24h, 48h and 72h of incubation with THP-1 monocytic cells (concentrations tested from 10 to 50μg/mL). From 6h to 72h of incubation of THP-1 cells with DWCNTs, we measured a significant increase of the baseline cell index using xCELLigence(®) technology showing cell adhesion. After 24h of exposure, DWCNTs agglomerates were localized in THP-1 monocyte cytoplasm and cell adhesion was observed simultaneously with a significant increase in the expression of CD11b and CD14 cell surface proteins. Pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-10) was also measured in supernatants after 6h or 24h of exposure to DWCNTs. This pro-inflammatory response was increased in THP-1 monocytic cells pre-treated with LPS. Altogether, our data indicate that DWCNTs induce an increased pro-inflammatory response of THP-1 monocytes and seem to modulate cell surface protein expression confirming that DWCNTs could act as stimulators of innate immunity.
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Glaser K, Fehrholz M, Curstedt T, Kunzmann S, Speer CP. Effects of the New Generation Synthetic Reconstituted Surfactant CHF5633 on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Native and LPS-Stimulated Adult CD14+ Monocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146898. [PMID: 26790130 PMCID: PMC4720484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surfactant replacement therapy is the standard of care for the prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. New generation synthetic surfactants represent a promising alternative to animal-derived surfactants. CHF5633, a new generation reconstituted synthetic surfactant containing SP-B and SP-C analogs and two synthetic phospholipids has demonstrated biophysical effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. While several surfactant preparations have previously been ascribed immunomodulatory capacities, in vitro data on immunomodulation by CHF5633 are limited, so far. Our study aimed to investigate pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CHF5633 on native and LPS-stimulated human adult monocytes. Methods Highly purified adult CD14+ cells, either native or simultaneously stimulated with LPS, were exposed to CHF5633, its components, or poractant alfa (Curosurf®). Subsequent expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR, corresponding intracellular cytokine synthesis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Potential effects on TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were monitored by qPCR and flow cytometry. Results Neither CHF5633 nor any of its components induced inflammation or apoptosis in native adult CD14+ monocytes. Moreover, LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses were not aggravated by simultaneous exposure of monocytes to CHF5633 or its components. In LPS-stimulated monocytes, exposure to CHF5633 led to a significant decrease in TNF-α mRNA (0.57 ± 0.23-fold, p = 0.043 at 4h; 0.56 ± 0.27-fold, p = 0.042 at 14h). Reduction of LPS-induced IL-1β mRNA expression was not significant (0.73 ± 0.16, p = 0.17 at 4h). LPS-induced IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA and protein expression were unaffected by CHF5633. For all cytokines, the observed CHF5633 effects paralleled a Curosurf®-induced modulation of cytokine response. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were not affected by CHF5633 and Curosurf®, neither in native nor in LPS-stimulated adult monocytes. Conclusion The new generation reconstituted synthetic surfactant CHF5633 was tested for potential immunomodulation on native and LPS-activated adult human monocytes. Our data confirm that CHF5633 does not exert unintended pro-inflammatory effects in both settings. On the contrary, CHF5633 significantly suppressed TNF-α mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated adult monocytes, indicating potential anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Glaser
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Markus Fehrholz
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tore Curstedt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steffen Kunzmann
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian P. Speer
- University Children´s Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Genin M, Clement F, Fattaccioli A, Raes M, Michiels C. M1 and M2 macrophages derived from THP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:577. [PMID: 26253167 PMCID: PMC4545815 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are present in high density in solid tumors. TAMs share many characteristics with alternatively activated macrophages, also called M2. They have been shown to favor tumor development and a role in chemoresistance has also been suggested. Here, we investigated the effects of M2 in comparison to M1 macrophages on cancer cell sensitivity to etoposide. Methods We set up a model of macrophage polarization, starting from THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages using PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Once differentiated (M0 macrophages), they were incubated with IL-4 and IL-13 in order to obtain M2 polarized macrophages or with IFN-gamma and LPS for classical macrophage activation (M1). To mimic the communication between cancer cells and TAMs, M0, M1 or M2 macrophages and HepG2 or A549 cancer cells were co-cultured during respectively 16 (HepG2) or 24 (A549) hours, before etoposide exposure for 24 (HepG2) or 16 (A549) hours. After the incubation, the impact of etoposide on macrophage polarization was studied and cancer cell apoptosis was assessed by western-blot for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 protein, caspase activity assay and FACS analysis of Annexin V and PI staining. Results mRNA and protein expression of M1 and M2 markers confirmed the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages, which provide a new, easy and well-characterized model of polarized human macrophages. Etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the presence of THP-1 M2 macrophages, while apoptosis was increased in cells co-cultured with M1 macrophages. On the other hand, etoposide did not influence M1 or M2 polarization. Conclusions These results evidence for the first time a clear protective effect of M2 on the contrary to M1 macrophages on etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Genin
- URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Martine Raes
- URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Carine Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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Spano A, Barni S, Sciola L. PMA withdrawal in PMA-treated monocytic THP-1 cells and subsequent retinoic acid stimulation, modulate induction of apoptosis and appearance of dendritic cells. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:328-47. [PMID: 23692091 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in THP-1 cells after stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and retinoic acid (RA). MATERIALS AND METHODS PMA and RA were used in a three-step-procedure: (i) treatment with 6, 30, 60 nm PMA, that induced initial, intermediate and advanced levels of monocyte-macrophage transition, respectively; (ii) recovery in PMA-free medium; (iii) incubation with 4 μm RA. Cultures were characterized cytokinetically (flow cytometry/bromodeoxyuridine uptake) and immunocytochemically (static cytometry) for expression of CD14, CD11b (monocyte-macrophage) and DC-SIGN (dendritic cell: DCs) markers. RESULTS Some treatments determined appearance of monocyte/macrophage, dendritic and apoptotic phenotypes, percentages of which were related to PMA dose used in step 1, and dependent on presence/absence of PMA and RA. PMA withdrawal induced dedifferentiation and partial restoration of proliferative activity, specially in 6 and 30 nm PMA-derived cells. Recovery in the presence of serum (fundamental to DC appearance) indicated that depending on differentiation level, cell proliferation and apoptosis were inversely correlated. Treatment with 30 nm PMA induced intermediate levels of monocytic-macrophagic differentiation, with expression of alternative means of differentiation and acquisition of DCs without using cytokines, after PMA withdrawal and RA stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental conditions favoured differentiation, dedifferentiation and transdifferentiational pathways, in monocytic THP-1 cells, the balance of which could be related to both cell proliferation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Spano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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18
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Brzezinska M, Szulc I, Brzostek A, Klink M, Kielbik M, Sulowska Z, Pawelczyk J, Dziadek J. The role of 3-ketosteroid 1(2)-dehydrogenase in the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:43. [PMID: 23425360 PMCID: PMC3599626 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of evidence suggests that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses the host’s cholesterol as a source of carbon and energy during infection. Strains defective in cholesterol transport or degradation exhibit attenuated growth in activated macrophages and diminished infectivity in animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate intracellular replication of a cholesterol degradation-deficient Mtb mutant in human macrophages (MØ) in vitro and assess the functional responses of Mtb mutant-infected MØ. Results A mutant Mtb H37Rv strain containing an inactivated kstD gene (∆kstD), which encodes 3-ketosteroid 1(2)-dehydrogenase (KstD), was previously prepared using the homologous recombination-based gene-replacement technique. A control strain carrying the kstD gene complemented with an intact kstD was also previously constructed. In this study, human resting MØ were obtained after overnight differentiation of the human monocyte-macrophage cell line THP-1. Resting MØ were further activated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The ability of the kstD-defective Mtb mutant strain to replicate intracellularly in human MØ was evaluated using a colony-forming assay. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by MØ infected with wild-type or ∆kstD strains was detected using Griess reagent and chemiluminescence methods, respectively. The production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 by MØ after infection with wild-type or mutant Mtb was examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found that replication of mutant Mtb was attenuated in resting MØ compared to the wild-type or complemented strains. Moreover, the mutant was unable to inhibit the NO and ROS production induced through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling in infected resting MØ. In contrast, mutant and wild-type Mtb behaved similarly in MØ activated with IFN-γ before and during infection. Conclusions The Mtb mutant ∆kstD strain, which is unable to use cholesterol as a source of carbon and energy, has a limited ability to multiply in resting MØ following infection, reflecting a failure of the ∆kstD strain to inhibit the TLR2-dependent bactericidal activity of resting MØ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Brzezinska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106 93-232, Lodz, Poland
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Kuonen F, Touvrey C, Laurent J, Ruegg C. Fc block treatment, dead cells exclusion, and cell aggregates discrimination concur to prevent phenotypical artifacts in the analysis of subpopulations of tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) myelomonocytic cells. Cytometry A 2011; 77:1082-90. [PMID: 20824631 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that cancer cells can recruit CD11b(+) myeloid cells to promote tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Increasing interest has emerged on the identification of subpopulations of tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) myeloid cells using flow cytometry techniques. In the literature, however, discrepancies exist on the phenotype of these cells (Coffelt et al., Am J Pathol 2010;176:1564-1576). Since flow cytometry analysis requires particular precautions for accurate sample preparation and trustable data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, some discrepancies might be due to technical reasons rather than biological grounds. We used the syngenic orthotopic 4T1 mammary tumor model in immunocompetent BALB/c mice to analyze and compare the phenotype of CD11b(+) myeloid cells isolated from peripheral blood and from tumors, using six-color flow cytometry. We report here that the nonspecific antibody binding through Fc receptors, the presence of dead cells and cell doublets in tumor-derived samples concur to generate artifacts in the phenotype of tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) subpopulations. We show that the heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) subpopulations analyzed without particular precautions was greatly reduced upon Fc block treatment, dead cells, and cell doublets exclusion. Phenotyping of tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) cells was particularly sensitive to these parameters compared to circulating CD11b(+) cells. Taken together, our results identify Fc block treatment, dead cells, and cell doublets exclusion as simple but crucial steps for the proper analysis of tumor-infiltrating CD11b(+) cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Kuonen
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Centre Pluridiscipliniaire d'Oncologie (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abumaree M, El-Muzaini M, Mussaed E, Chamley L. The effects of apoptotic trophoblasts shed from placentae on monocyte differentiation: possible functions in modulating maternal immune response to the fetus. J Reprod Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Daigneault M, Preston JA, Marriott HM, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. The identification of markers of macrophage differentiation in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8668. [PMID: 20084270 PMCID: PMC2800192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated macrophages are the resident tissue phagocytes and sentinel cells of the innate immune response. The phenotype of mature tissue macrophages represents the composite of environmental and differentiation-dependent imprinting. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) are stimuli commonly used to induce macrophage differentiation in monocytic cell lines but the extent of differentiation in comparison to primary tissue macrophages is unclear. We have compared the phenotype of the promonocytic THP-1 cell line after various protocols of differentiation utilising VD3 and PMA in comparison to primary human monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Both stimuli induced changes in cell morphology indicative of differentiation but neither showed differentiation comparable to MDM. In contrast, PMA treatment followed by 5 days resting in culture without PMA (PMAr) increased cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio, increased mitochondrial and lysosomal numbers and altered differentiation-dependent cell surface markers in a pattern similar to MDM. Moreover, PMAr cells showed relative resistance to apoptotic stimuli and maintained levels of the differentiation-dependent anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 similar to MDM. PMAr cells retained a high phagocytic capacity for latex beads, and expressed a cytokine profile that resembled MDM in response to TLR ligands, in particular with marked TLR2 responses. Moreover, both MDM and PMAr retained marked plasticity to stimulus-directed polarization. These findings suggest a modified PMA differentiation protocol can enhance macrophage differentiation of THP-1 cells and identify increased numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes, resistance to apoptosis and the potency of TLR2 responses as important discriminators of the level of macrophage differentiation for transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Daigneault
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A. Preston
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. Marriott
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K. B. Whyte
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Steinbach F, Bischoff S, Freund H, Metzner-Flemisch S, Ibrahim S, Walter J, Wilke I, Mauel S. Clinical application of dendritic cells and interleukin-2 and tools to study activated T cells in horses--first results and implications for quality control. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 128:16-23. [PMID: 19056130 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells, which are well known for their capacity to stimulate immunity. The ex vivo generation of myeloid DC from monocytes has facilitated the development of DC-vaccination protocols which have been extensively evaluated in tumour immunology and are regarded by some as a gold mine for clinical research. However, there is a considerable amount of work required to overcome the potential risks associated with such therapy. It is therefore mandatory to characterize the system to be applied and to study the reactions, particularly at the level of T cell responses. The first objective of the current study was to test if tumour lysates loaded autologous DC or recombinant human IL-2 are well tolerated in horses and performed an exploratory phase I study on equine sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas. We consequently intended to establish a robust protocol for the magnetic separation of monocytes such as in use in human clinical studies. Finally we intended to address the limits in the reagents to study equine T cell based immune reactions, and analysed markers for CD25 and FoxP3. The data showed that local application of DC or IL-2 did not cause side effects. Additionally our data show that a polyclonal approach to detect antigens such as CD25 might be successful, where mAbs are not available. Our data also demonstrate that the mAb FJK16s, which has been used successfully in rodents, humans, and dogs, can also be applied in horses. We finally wish to share our concerns regarding quality control for clinical studies and encourage multi-central studies such as in human medicine to ensure that progress along established standards is made for the benefit of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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Steinbach F, Saunders K, Kydd JH, Ibrahim S. Further characterization of cross-reactive anti-human leukocyte mAbs by use of equine leukocyte cell lines EqT8888 and eCAS. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:100-5. [PMID: 17686531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The equine leukocyte cell lines, namely eCAS (bone marrow derived) and EqT8888 (lymphoma derived) were used for further analysis, using 40 commercially available mAbs that showed reactivity with equine PBMC. Most mAbs that were detected in these previous studies to react with PBMC, however, did not react with either of these cell lines. Fifteen mAbs were positive on at least one of the cell lines and indicate opportunities to set up further tests using these cells. Notably, two mAbs directed against human CD34 were detected to react with eCAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Steinbach
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred Kowalke Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
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Ibrahim S, Steinbach F. Non-HLDA8 animal homologue section anti-leukocyte mAbs tested for reactivity with equine leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:81-91. [PMID: 17692930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the 379 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) tested in the animal homologues section of HLDA8, another 155 mAbs were screened at the Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin for cross-reactivity with equine leukocytes. For this purpose, one colour flow-cytometric analysis was performed as screening test. This additional screening indicated further 16 mAbs as positive with staining homologous to human pattern, 1 mAb with weak (positive) reactivity, 11 mAbs with positive, but likely not valuable staining, 12 mAbs with alternate expression pattern from that expected from human immunology, 2 mAbs with questionable variable staining, 13 mAbs with weak-positive expression and alternate pattern, and 78 negative mAbs. In 23 cases, more appropriate target cells, such as thymocytes or stem cells, were not available for screening. The results support and add to the value of the "cross-reactivity" approach for equine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Ibrahim
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred Kowalke Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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Ibrahim S, Saunders K, Kydd JH, Lunn DP, Steinbach F. Screening of anti-human leukocyte monoclonal antibodies for reactivity with equine leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:63-80. [PMID: 17707518 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and seventy-nine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against various human CD molecules supplied to the HLDA8 animal homologues section (including four isotype controls) were analysed for cross-reactivity with equine leukocytes. First, flow cytometric identification of positively reacting mAbs was performed in one laboratory. Thereafter, a second round of flow cytometric evaluation was performed, involving three laboratories participating in the study. The first test-round indicated 17 mAbs as potentially positive. After the second round of flow cytometric analysis, 14 mAbs remained (directed against CD2, CD11a, CD18, CD44, CD45, CD49d, CD91, CD163 and CD172) where cross-reactivity was anticipated based on similarities between the human and equine staining pattern. Additionally, there was 1 mAb with weak likely positive reactivity, 12 mAbs with positive staining, which likely do not reflect valuable data, 5 mAbs with clear alternate expression pattern from that expected from humans, 5 mAbs with a questionable staining pattern itself, i.e. that was variable between the three labs, 32 mAbs with weak-positive expression and alternate staining pattern, and 279 negative mAbs (including the four isotype controls) were detected. In 31 cases, more appropriate target cells, such as thymocytes or stem cells, were not available for the screening. The results underline the value of this "cross-reactivity" approach for equine immunology. However, as only a few mAbs against leukocyte surface antigens reacted positively (approximately 4% of the mAbs submitted), the analysis of further anti-human mAbs and directed efforts to develop species-specific anti-CD mAb are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Ibrahim
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred Kowalke Street 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Mauel S, Steinbach F, Ludwig H. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells from horses differ from dendritic cells of humans and mice. Immunology 2006; 117:463-73. [PMID: 16556260 PMCID: PMC1782256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the initiators of immune responses and are present in most tissues in vivo. To generate myeloid DC from monocytes (MoDC) in vitro the necessary cytokines are granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Using degenerated primers delineated from other species and rapid amplification of cDNA ends reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RACE RT-PCR), the cDNA of equine (eq.) GM-CSF was cloned and found to have a point deletion at the 3'-end of eq.GM-CSF, resulting in a 24-nucleotide extended open reading frame not described in any species thus far. For differentiating eq.MoDC, monocytes were stimulated with eq.GM-CSF and eq.IL-4. The eq.MoDC was analysed by both light and electron microscopy and by flow cytometry and mixed lymphocyte reaction. The eq.MoDC obtained had the typical morphology and function of DC, including the ability to stimulate allogeneic T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. In contrast to the human system, however, monocytes had to be differentiated for 6-7 days before immature DC were obtained. Our data also indicate that lipopolysaccharide or poly(I:C) alone are not sufficient to confer the full phenotypic transition into mature DC. Thus our study contributes to understanding the heterogeneity of immunity and adds important information on the equine immune system, which is clearly distinct from those of mice or man.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Institute of Virology, FU BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research BerlinGermany
- Correspondence and Present address: Virology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. Senior author: Falko Steinbach,
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Steinbach F, Stark R, Ibrahim S, Gawad EAE, Ludwig H, Walter J, Commandeur U, Mauel S. Molecular cloning and characterization of markers and cytokines for equid myeloid cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:227-36. [PMID: 16112744 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The myeloid cell system comprises of monocytes, macrophages (MPhi), dendritic cells (DC), Kupffer cells, osteoclasts or microglia and is also known as the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). Essential cytokines to differentiate or activate these cells include GM-CSF or IL-4. Important markers for characterization include CD1, CD14, CD68, CD163 and CD206. All these markers, however, were not cloned or further characterized in equids by use of monoclonal antibodies earlier. To overcome this problem with the present study, two approaches were used. First, we cloned equine cytokines and markers, and second we analyzed cross-reactivity of human homologues or anti-human monoclonal antibodies. For cloning of equine cytokines and markers, we used degenerate primers delineated from other species, or equine-specific primers based on previous information in Genbank. Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of markers on myeloid cells. Cross-reactivity could be shown for anti-human CD14, CD163 and mannose receptor (CD206) mAbs. Surface markers such as CD1 and CD68 that distinguish MPhi and DC were cloned and sequenced. According to blast homology, equine CD1a and CD1b could be identified and distinguished. With the resulting information, dendritic cells and macrophages of horses may be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Steinbach
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Steinbach F, Mauel S, Beier I. Recombinant equine interferons: expression cloning and biological activity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 84:83-95. [PMID: 11825600 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are important mediators of the immune system. Their antiviral activity is an integral part of the innate immune defence, but all IFNs have immune regulatory functions also. Besides rec.eq.IFN-beta detailed descriptions on other rec.IFNs were lacking and none of the proteins was available. To compare the equine IFNs and allow detailed studies on proteins and bioactivity, we performed the expression cloning of rec.eq.IFN-alpha, -beta and -gamma. To achieve maximal expression, a bacterial expression system was chosen. Additionally, rec.eq.IFN-beta and -gamma were expressed in mouse B-cells. The antiviral activity was characterised using different cell lines and equine viruses. The results demonstrate a broad antiviral activity of rec.eq.IFN-alpha being active against all viruses tested, including the equine herpesviruses EHV-1 and -4, while rec.eq.IFN-beta was only active using primary horse cells. Protection depended on viruses, cell lines, infectious doses, amount and time of IFN action prior to infection. While rec.eq.IFN-gamma did not act antivirally, it was effective as an immune modulator of monocytes in vitro. The implications of our findings on clinical immunology and virology, including therapeutic applications of equine IFNs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Steinbach
- Institute of Virology, FU Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Steinbach F, Henke F, Krause B, Thiele B, Burmester GR, Hiepe F. Monocytes from systemic lupus erythematous patients are severely altered in phenotype and lineage flexibility. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59:283-8. [PMID: 10733475 PMCID: PMC1753112 DOI: 10.1136/ard.59.4.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cells of the myeloid lineage comprise a very heterogeneous population with many phenotypes and functional activities including macrophages and dendritic cells. To investigate the status, differentiative potential and lineage commitment of monocytic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, this study isolated and cultured peripheral blood monocytes from patients and healthy donors. METHODS Monocytes were isolated by gradient centrifugation and adherence to plastic dishes. The cells were then cultured for three days, partially supplemented with GM-CSF and interleukin 4 (IL4) to obtain dendritic cells. The differentiation status was monitored by the expression of surface markers using flow cytometry and cytokine secretion. RESULTS Monocytes from SLE patients expressed significantly lower numbers of the monocytic marker CD14 and HLA-DR while secreting significantly more tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) than monocytes from healthy donors. The addition of GM-CSF and IL4 resulted in an inhibition of TNFalpha secretion, but was not sufficient to generate monocytederived dendritic cells. CONCLUSION Monocytes from SLE patients are severely altered in phenotype and function and have a limited differentiation flexibility towards the accessory type of monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Steinbach
- Institute of Virology, FU Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str 49, 14 195 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Steinbach F, Krause B, Bläss S, Burmester GR, Hiepe F. Development of accessory phenotype and function during the differentiation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 149:627-32. [PMID: 9851513 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(99)80028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and classical DCs, such as Langerhans cells (LCs) or interdigitating DCs (IDCs) are known to be the most potent stimulators of T lymphocytes. Earlier, several groups described the generation of DCs from monocytes, starting with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), adherent cells or magnetic bead-purified CD14+ cells. Although modifications of the original protocols have already been described, some questions relevant to clinical application and basic studies have not yet been addressed. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL4) appear to be necessary, but are not sufficient for the differentiation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), as indicated by the failure to generate such cells under serum-free conditions. Using adherence purified monocytes, we first investigated the amount of GM-CSF and IL4 required for the differentiation of DCs. Consecutive kinetic studies during the differentiation period were designed to demonstrate how monocytes acquire the phenotype and function of DCs. The results showed that small amounts of GM-CSF and IL4 were required to generate MoDC which acquired their phenotype and function within 4 days. IL13 may substitute for IL4, whereas IL10, TNF alpha or IFN gamma inhibited the generation of MoDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Steinbach
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin
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31
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Peters JH, Gieseler R, Thiele B, Steinbach F. Dendritic cells: from ontogenetic orphans to myelomonocytic descendants. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1996; 17:273-8. [PMID: 8962630 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(96)80544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Peters
- Dept of Immunology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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32
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Bode L, Zimmermann W, Ferszt R, Steinbach F, Ludwig H. Borna disease virus genome transcribed and expressed in psychiatric patients. Nat Med 1995; 1:232-6. [PMID: 7585039 DOI: 10.1038/nm0395-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, negative and single-stranded enveloped RNA virus that persistently infects various domestic animal species. Infection causes disturbances in behaviour and cognitive functions, but can also lead to a fatal neurologic disease. Human infections seemed likely, since serum antibodies were detected in neuropsychiatric patients. Further proof came from our discovery that peripheral blood monocytes carry viral antigens. Here, we present the first data on different viral genomic transcripts in such patients' cells as well as sequence data of transcripts. Both viral markers seem to coincide with acute episodes of mood disorders, thus pointing to a new human virus infection possibly threatening mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bode
- Department of Virology, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Bode L. Human infections with Borna disease virus and potential pathogenic implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 190:103-30. [PMID: 7789147 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78618-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Bode
- Department of Virology, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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