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Katsu Y, Zhang J, Baker ME. Lysine-Cysteine-Serine-Tryptophan inserted into the DNA-binding domain of human mineralocorticoid receptor increases transcriptional activation by aldosterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106548. [PMID: 38821293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to alternative splicing in an ancestral DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), humans contain two almost identical MR transcripts with either 984 amino acids (MR-984) or 988 amino acids (MR-988), in which their DBDs differ by only four amino acids, Lys,Cys,Ser,Trp (KCSW). Human MRs also contain mutations at two sites, codons 180 and 241, in the amino terminal domain (NTD). Together, there are five distinct full-length human MR genes in GenBank. Human MR-984, which was cloned in 1987, has been extensively studied. Human MR-988, cloned in 1995, contains KCSW in its DBD. Neither this human MR-988 nor the other human MR-988 genes have been studied for their response to aldosterone and other corticosteroids. Here, we report that transcriptional activation of human MR-988 by aldosterone is increased by about 50 % compared to activation of human MR-984 in HEK293 cells transfected with the TAT3 promoter, while the half-maximal response (EC50) is similar for aldosterone activation of MR-984 and MR-988. Transcriptional activation of human MR also depends on the amino acids at codons 180 and 241. Interestingly, in HEK293 cells transfected with the MMTV promoter, transcriptional activation by aldosterone of human MR-988 is similar to activation of human MR-984, indicating that the promoter has a role in the regulation of the response of human MR-988 to aldosterone. The physiological responses to aldosterone and other corticosteroids in humans with MR genes containing KCSW and with differences at codons 180 and 241 in the NTD warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Katsu
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, 0693, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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2
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Abdel-Maksoud FM, Zayed AE, Abdelhafez EA, Hussein MT. Seasonal variations of the epididymis in donkeys (Equus asinus) with special reference to blood epididymal barrier. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:326-338. [PMID: 37819052 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The epididymis, a key component of the male reproductive system, controls spermatozoa's maturation, fertility, and storage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical variations in the epididymis of donkeys that occur throughout the year. During the breeding season (spring) and nonbreeding seasons (summer, autumn, and winter), 20 epididymis were collected from adult, clinically healthy donkeys. Compared to non-breeding seasons, the epididymal duct displayed a more active lining epithelium and more sperm in the lumen during the breeding season. The epithelial height is the lowest and the lumen is the widest during the breeding season. Furthermore, the epididymal epithelium in the tail region exhibits undulations with polyps-like projections. The epididymal epithelium is composed mainly of the principal, basal, and dark cells. Tight junction between adjacent principal cells is more obvious in the breeding season as compared to the non-breeding seasons. However, intraepithelial lymphocytes, phagocytic, and other immune cells are more frequent in non-breeding seasons. β-catenin, which is a component of the adherent junctions between adjacent PCs, exhibits more immunoreactivity during the spring. On the other hand, iNOS, an indicator of oxidative stress, reacts positively during the summer. Additionally, during non-breeding seasons, autophagy was detected within the epididymal epithelium which may be linked to stress adaptation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the epididymal epithelium are more active during spring compared to other seasons of the year. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The study aimed to evaluate the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical variations in the blood epididymal barrier (BEB) and epididymal epithelium of donkeys that occur throughout the year. In comparison to non-breeding seasons, the epididymal duct displayed a more active lining epithelium and more sperm in the lumen during the breeding season. The epithelial height is the lowest and the lumen is the widest during the breeding season. The epididymal epithelium in the tail region exhibits undulations with polyps-like projections that increase the surface area. β-catenin, which is a component of the adherent junctions between adjacent PCs, exhibits more immunoreactivity during the spring. On the other hand, iNOS, an indicator of oxidative stress, reacts positively during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Zayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Enas A Abdelhafez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Manal T Hussein
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Katsu Y, Zhang J, Baker ME. Reduced steroid activation of elephant shark GR and MR after inserting four amino acids from the DNA-binding domain of lamprey corticoid receptor-1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290159. [PMID: 37611044 PMCID: PMC10446182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic sea lamprey contains two corticoid receptors (CRs), CR1 and CR2, that have identical amino acid sequences, except for a four amino acid insert (Thr-Arg-Gln-Gly) in the CR1 DNA-binding domain (DBD). Steroids are stronger transcriptional activators of CR2 than of CR1 suggesting that the insert reduces the transcriptional response of lamprey CR1 to steroids. The DBD in elephant shark mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which are descended from a CR, lack these four amino acids, suggesting that a CR2 is their common ancestor. To determine if, similar to lamprey CR1, the presence of this insert in elephant shark MR and GR decreases transcriptional activation by corticosteroids, we inserted these four CR1-specific residues into the DBD of elephant shark MR and GR. Compared to steroid activation of wild-type elephant shark MR and GR, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol had lower transcriptional activation of these mutant MR and GR receptors, indicating that the absence of this four-residue segment in the DBD in wild-type elephant shark MR and GR increases transcriptional activation by corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Katsu
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E. Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Katsu Y, Lin X, Ji R, Chen Z, Kamisaka Y, Bamba K, Baker ME. N-terminal domain influences steroid activation of the Atlantic sea lamprey corticoid receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 228:106249. [PMID: 36646152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys are jawless fish that evolved about 550 million years ago at the base of the vertebrate line. Modern lampreys contain a corticoid receptor (CR), the common ancestor of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which first appear in cartilaginous fish, such as sharks. Until recently, 344 amino acids at the amino terminus of adult lamprey CR were not present in the lamprey CR sequence in GenBank. A search of the recently sequenced lamprey germline genome identified two CR sequences, CR1 and CR2, containing the 344 previously un-identified amino acids. CR1 also contains a novel four amino acid insertion in the DNA-binding domain (DBD). We studied corticosteroid and progesterone activation of CR1 and CR2 and found their strongest response was to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, the two circulating corticosteroids in lamprey. Based on steroid specificity, both CRs are close to elephant shark MR and distant from elephant shark GR. HEK293 cells that were transfected with full-length CR1 or CR2 and the MMTV promoter have about 3-fold higher steroid-mediated activation compared to HEK293 cells transfected with these CRs and the TAT3 promoter. Deletion of the amino-terminal domain (NTD) of lamprey CR1 and CR2 to form truncated CRs decreased transcriptional activation by about 70% in HEK293 cells that were transfected with MMTV, but increased transcription by about 6-fold in cells transfected with TAT3. This indicated that the promoter has an important effect on NTD regulation of transcriptional activation of the CR by steroids. Our results also indicate that the entire lamprey CR sequence is needed for an accurate determination of steroid-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaozhi Lin
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ruigeng Ji
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ze Chen
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yui Kamisaka
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koto Bamba
- Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension Department of Medicine, 0693 University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Mitra S, Dash R, Sohel M, Chowdhury A, Munni YA, Ali C, Hannan MA, Islam T, Moon IS. Targeting Estrogen Signaling in the Radiation-induced Neurodegeneration: A Possible Role of Phytoestrogens. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:353-379. [PMID: 35272592 PMCID: PMC10190149 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220310115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation for medical use is a well-established therapeutic method with an excellent prognosis rate for various cancer treatments. Unfortunately, a high dose of radiation therapy comes with its own share of side effects, causing radiation-induced non-specific cellular toxicity; consequently, a large percentage of treated patients suffer from chronic effects during the treatment and even after the post-treatment. Accumulating data evidenced that radiation exposure to the brain can alter the diverse cognitive-related signaling and cause progressive neurodegeneration in patients because of elevated oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and loss of neurogenesis. Epidemiological studies suggested the beneficial effect of hormonal therapy using estrogen in slowing down the progression of various neuropathologies. Despite its primary function as a sex hormone, estrogen is also renowned for its neuroprotective activity and could manage radiation-induced side effects as it regulates many hallmarks of neurodegenerations. Thus, treatment with estrogen and estrogen-like molecules or modulators, including phytoestrogens, might be a potential approach capable of neuroprotection in radiation-induced brain degeneration. This review summarized the molecular mechanisms of radiation effects and estrogen signaling in the manifestation of neurodegeneration and highlighted the current evidence on the phytoestrogen mediated protective effect against radiationinduced brain injury. This existing knowledge points towards a new area to expand to identify the possible alternative therapy that can be taken with radiation therapy as adjuvants to improve patients' quality of life with compromised cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Sohel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Apusi Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North-South University, Dhaka-12 29, Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin Akter Munni
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Chayan Ali
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Md. Abdul Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
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Wang B, Yang X, Lu J, Ntim M, Xia M, Kundu S, Jiang R, Chen D, Wang Y, Yang JY, Li S. Two-hour acute restraint stress facilitates escape behavior and learning outcomes through the activation of the Cdk5/GR P S211 pathway in male mice. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114023. [PMID: 35218707 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress exerts pleiotropic actions on learning behaviors. The induced negative effects are sometimes adopted to measure the efficacy of particular drugs. Until now, there are no detailed experimental data on the time-gradient effects of acute stress. Here, we developed the time gradient acute restraint stress (ARS) model to precisely assess the roles of different restrain times on inducing acute stress. Time gradient ARS facilitates escape behaviors and learning outcomes, peaking at 2 h-ARS and then declining to baseline at 3.5 h-ARS as confirmed by time gradient post-stress data. Furthermore, time gradient ARS activates glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation site at Serine211 (P S221) as an inverted V-shaped pattern peaking at 2 h-ARS, whereas that of the GR phosphorylation site at Serine226 (P S226) from 2 h-ARS to 3.5 h-ARS. The 2 h-ARS but not 3.5 h-ARS enhances synaptic plasticity and genes transcription associated with learning and memory in the hippocampus of male mice. The Cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, blocks this facilitation effect by intervening in GR phosphorylation at Serine211 in the 2 h-ARS mice. Altogether, these findings show that the time gradient ARS selectively activates GR phospho-isoforms and differentially influences the behaviors along with maintaining a relationship between 2 h-ARS and Cdk5/GR P S211-mediated transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jincheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Michael Ntim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Supratik Kundu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai Campus, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases of Dalian Medical University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Dalian Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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7
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Divergent Evolution of Progesterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Terrestrial Vertebrates and Fish Influences Endocrine Disruption. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114951. [PMID: 35149051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is much concern about disruption of endocrine physiology regulated by steroid hormones in humans, other terrestrial vertebrates and fish by industrial chemicals, such as bisphenol A, and pesticides, such as DDT. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals influence steroid-mediated physiology in humans and other vertebrates by competing with steroids for receptor binding sites, disrupting diverse responses involved in reproduction, development and differentiation. Here I discuss that due to evolution of the progesterone receptor (PR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) after ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates diverged from a common ancestor, each receptor evolved to respond to different steroids in ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates. In elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish that diverged before the separation between ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, both progesterone and 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone activate the PR. During the evolution of ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, the PR in terrestrial vertebrates continued responding to progesterone and evolved to weakly respond to 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone. In contrast, the physiological progestin for the PR in zebrafish and other ray-finned fish is 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone, and ray-finned fish PR responds weakly to progesterone. The MR in fish and terrestrial vertebrates also diverged to have different responses to progesterone. Progesterone is a potent agonist for elephant shark MR, zebrafish MR and other fish MRs, in contrast to progesterone's opposite activity as an antagonist for aldosterone, the physiological mineralocorticoid for human MR. These different physiological ligands for fish and terrestrial vertebrate PR and MR need to be considered in applying data for their disruption by chemicals in fish and terrestrial vertebrates to each other.
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Katsu Y, Oana S, Lin X, Hyodo S, Baker ME. Aldosterone and dexamethasone activate African lungfish mineralocorticoid receptor: Increased activation after removal of the amino-terminal domain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 215:106024. [PMID: 34774724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone, the main physiological mineralocorticoid in humans and other terrestrial vertebrates, first appears in lungfish, which are lobe-finned fish that are forerunners of terrestrial vertebrates. Aldosterone activation of the MR regulates internal homeostasis of water, sodium and potassium, which was critical in the conquest of land by vertebrates. We studied transcriptional activation of the slender African lungfish MR by aldosterone, other corticosteroids and progesterone and find that aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol and progesterone have half-maximal responses (EC50 s) below 1 nM and are potential physiological mineralocorticoids. In contrast, EC50 s for corticosterone and cortisol were 23 nM and 66 nM, respectively. Unexpectedly, truncated lungfish MR, consisting of the DNA-binding, hinge and steroid-binding domains, had a stronger response to corticosteroids and progesterone than full-length lungfish MR, indicating that the N-terminal domain represses steroid activation of lungfish MR, unlike human MR in which the N-terminal domain contains an activation function. BLAST searches of GenBank did not retrieve a GR ortholog, leading us to test dexamethasone and triamcinolone for activation of lungfish MR. At 10 nM, both synthetic glucocorticoids are about 4-fold stronger than 10 nM aldosterone in activating full-length lungfish MR, leading us to propose that lungfish MR also functions as a GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Katsu
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shin Oana
- Faculty of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xiaozhi Lin
- Faculty of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michael E Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, 0693, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0693, United States; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States.
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Rubino E, Boschi S, Giorgio E, Pozzi E, Marcinnò A, Gallo E, Roveta F, Grassini A, Brusco A, Rainero I. Analysis of the DNA methylation pattern of the promoter region of calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 gene in patients with episodic migraine: An exploratory case-control study. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 11:100089. [PMID: 35445161 PMCID: PMC9014443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, may be involved in migraine pathogenesis. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), encoded by calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 (CALCA) gene, plays a key role in the disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate DNA methylation of CALCA gene in patients with episodic migraine. 22 patients with episodic migraine (F/M 15/7, mean age 39.7 ± 13.4 years) and 20 controls (F/M 12/8, mean age 40.5 ± 14.8 years) were recruited. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Cytosine-to-thymine conversion was obtained with sodium bisulfite. The methylation pattern of two CpG islands in the promoter region of CALCA gene was analyzed. No difference of methylation of the 30 CpG sites at the distal region of CALCA promoter was observed between migraineurs and controls. Interestingly, in patients with episodic migraine the methylation level was lower in 2 CpG sites at the proximal promoter region (CpG -1461, p = 0.037, and -1415, p = 0.035, respectively). Furthermore, DNA methylation level at different CpG sites correlates with several clinical characteristics of the disease, as age at onset, presence of nausea/vomiting, depression and anxiety (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we found that DNA methylation profile in two CpG sites at the proximal promoter region of CALCA is lower in migraineurs when compared to controls. Intriguingly, the -1415 hypomethylated unit is located at the CREB binding site, a nuclear transcription factor. In addition, we found a correlation between the level of CALCA methylation and several clinical features of migraine. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rubino
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Boschi
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcinnò
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Gallo
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
| | - Fausto Roveta
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Grassini
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
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Vettorazzi S, Nalbantoglu D, Gebhardt JCM, Tuckermann J. A guide to changing paradigms of glucocorticoid receptor function-a model system for genome regulation and physiology. FEBS J 2021; 289:5718-5743. [PMID: 34213830 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a bona fide ligand-regulated transcription factor. Cloned in the 80s, the GR has become one of the best-studied and clinically most relevant members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Cooperative activity of GR with other transcription factors and a plethora of coregulators contribute to the tissue- and context-specific response toward the endogenous and pharmacological glucocorticoids (GCs). Furthermore, nontranscriptional activities in the cytoplasm are emerging as an additional function of GR. Over the past 40 years, the concepts of GR mechanisms of action had been constantly changing. Different methodologies in the pregenomic and genomic era of molecular biological research and recent cutting-edge technology in single-cell and single-molecule analysis are steadily evolving the views, how the GR in particular and transcriptional regulation in general act in physiological and pathological processes. In addition to the development of technologies for GR analysis, the use of model organisms provides insights how the GR in vivo executes GC action in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and energy metabolism. The model organisms, namely the mouse, but also rats, zebrafish, and recently fruit flies carrying mutations of the GR became a major driving force to analyze the molecular function of GR in disease models. This guide provides an overview of the exciting research and paradigm shifts in the GR field from past to present with a focus on GR transcription factor networks, GR DNA-binding and single-cell analysis, and model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany
| | - Denis Nalbantoglu
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany
| | | | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, Germany
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Yang S, Lim KH, Kim SH, Joo JY. Molecular landscape of long noncoding RNAs in brain disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1060-1074. [PMID: 33173194 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
According to current paradigms, various risk factors, such as genetic mutations, oxidative stress, neural network dysfunction, and abnormal protein degradation, contribute to the progression of brain disorders. Through the cooperation of gene transcripts in biological processes, the study of noncoding RNAs can lead to insights into the cause and treatment of brain disorders. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are longer than 200 nucleotides in length have been suggested as key factors in various brain disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests the potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. High-throughput screening-based sequencing has been instrumental in identification of lncRNAs that demand new approaches to understanding the progression of brain disorders. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in the study of lncRNAs, and addresses the pathogenesis of brain disorders that involve lncRNAs and describes the associations of lncRNAs with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and neurodevelopmental disorders. We also discuss potential targets of lncRNAs and their promise as novel therapeutics and biomarkers in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Yang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Key-Hwan Lim
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeol Joo
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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Shan P, Tang B, Xie S, Zhang Z, Fan J, Wei Z, Song C. NDV-D90 inhibits 17β-estradiol-mediated resistance to apoptosis by differentially modulating classic and nonclassic estrogen receptors in breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:3-15. [PMID: 32985706 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is endowed with the oncolytic ability to kill tumor cells, while rarely causing side effects in normal cells. Both estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the G protein estrogen receptor (GPER) modulate multiple biological activities in response to estrogen, including apoptosis in breast cancer (BC) cells. Here, we investigated whether NDV-D90, a novel strain isolated from natural sources in China, promoted apoptosis by modulating the expression of ERα or the GPER in BC cells exposed to 17β-estradiol (E2). We found that NDV-D90 significantly killed the tumor cell lines MCF-7 and BT549 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also found that NDV-D90 exerted its effects on the two cell lines mainly by inducing apoptosis but not necrosis. NDV-D90 induced apoptosis via the intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways in MCF-7 cells (ER-positive cells) during E2 exposure not only by disrupting the E2/ERα axis and enhancing GPER expression but also by modulating the expression of several apoptosis-related proteins through ERα-and GPER-independent processes. NDV-D90 promoted apoptosis via the intrinsic signaling pathway in BT549 cells (ER-negative cells), possibly by impairing E2-mediated GPER expression. Furthermore, NDV-D90 exerted its antitumor effects in vivo by inducing apoptosis. Overall, these results demonstrated that NDV-D90 promotes apoptosis by differentially modulating the expression of ERα and the GPER in ER-positive and negative BC cells exposed to estrogen, respectively, and can be utilized as an effective approach to treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shan
- Department of General Surgery, The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Department of Thyroid Gland and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Zengling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Central Hospital of Pukou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiehou Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Dezhou, Dezhou, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chun Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation of Ministry of Health and Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Hernández-Pérez J, Naderi F, Chivite M, Soengas JL, Míguez JM, López-Patiño MA. Influence of Stress on Liver Circadian Physiology. A Study in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as Fish Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:611. [PMID: 31164837 PMCID: PMC6536609 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates stress negatively affects body homeostasis and triggers a battery of metabolic responses, with liver playing a key role. This organ responds with altered metabolism, leading the animal to cope with the stress situation, which involves carbohydrate and lipid mobilization. However, metabolism among other physiological functions is under circadian control within the liver. Then, metabolic homeostasis at system level involves circadian timing systems within tissues and cells, and collaborate with each other. During chronic stress, cortisol maintains the liver metabolic response by modulating carbohydrate- and lipid-related metabolism. Stress also disrupts the circadian oscillator within the liver in mammals, whereas little information is available in other vertebrates, such as fish. To raise the complexity of this process, other candidates may mediate in such effect of stress. In fact, sirtuin1, a link between cellular sensing of energy status and circadian clocks, participates in the response to stress in mammals, but no information is available in fish. Considering the role played by liver in providing energy for the animal to deal with an adverse situation, and the existence of a circadian oscillator within this tissue, jeopardized liver circadian physiology during stress exposure might be expected. Whether the physiological response to stress is a well conserved process through the phylogeny and the mechanisms involved in such response is a question that remains to be elucidated. Then, we provide information at this respect in mammals and show comparable results in rainbow trout as fish animal model. Similar to that in mammals, stress triggers a series of responses in fish that leads the animal to cope with the adverse situation. Stress influences liver physiology in fish, affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism-related parameters, and the circadian oscillator as well. In a similar way than that of mammals different mediators participate in the response of liver circadian physiology to stress in fish. Among them, we confirm for the teleost rainbow trout a role of nuclear receptors (rev-erbβ), cortisol, and sirt1. However, further research is needed to evaluate the independent effect of each one, or the existence of any interaction among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernández-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Fatemeh Naderi
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Mauro Chivite
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos A López-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Koch CE, Leinweber B, Drengberg BC, Blaum C, Oster H. Interaction between circadian rhythms and stress. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 6:57-67. [PMID: 28229109 PMCID: PMC5314421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Life on earth has adapted to the day-night cycle by evolution of internal, so-called circadian clocks that adjust behavior and physiology to the recurring changes in environmental conditions. In mammals, a master pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus receives environmental light information and synchronizes peripheral tissues and central non-SCN clocks to geophysical time. Regulatory systems such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), both being important for the regulation of stress responses, receive strong circadian input. In this review, we summarize the interaction of circadian and stress systems and the resulting physiological and pathophysiological consequences. Finally, we critically discuss the relevance of rodent stress studies for humans, addressing complications of translational approaches and offering strategies to optimize animal studies from a chronobiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Koch
- University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany
| | - B Leinweber
- University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany
| | - B C Drengberg
- University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Blaum
- University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany
| | - H Oster
- University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany
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Lin W, Huang J, Liao X, Yuan Z, Feng S, Xie Y, Ma W. Neo-tanshinlactone selectively inhibits the proliferation of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells through transcriptional down-regulation of estrogen receptor alpha. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:849-858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hartmann K, Koenen M, Schauer S, Wittig-Blaich S, Ahmad M, Baschant U, Tuckermann JP. Molecular Actions of Glucocorticoids in Cartilage and Bone During Health, Disease, and Steroid Therapy. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:409-47. [PMID: 26842265 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and bone are severely affected by glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones that are frequently used to treat inflammatory diseases. Major complications associated with long-term steroid therapy include impairment of cartilaginous bone growth and GC-induced osteoporosis. Particularly in arthritis, GC application can increase joint and bone damage. Contrarily, endogenous GC release supports cartilage and bone integrity. In the last decade, substantial progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC action has been gained through genome-wide binding studies of the GC receptor. These genomic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by ligand-induced transcription factors in general. Furthermore, specific inactivation of GC signaling and the GC receptor in bone and cartilage cells of rodent models has enabled the cell-specific effects of GCs in normal tissue homeostasis, inflammatory bone diseases, and GC-induced osteoporosis to be dissected. In this review, we summarize the current view of GC action in cartilage and bone. We further discuss future research directions in the context of new concepts for optimized steroid therapies with less detrimental effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hartmann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schauer
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wittig-Blaich
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mubashir Ahmad
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Ma Y, Jia Y, Chen L, Ezeogu L, Yu B, Xu N, Liao DJ. Weaknesses and Pitfalls of Using Mice and Rats in Cancer Chemoprevention Studies. J Cancer 2015; 6:1058-65. [PMID: 26366220 PMCID: PMC4565856 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies, using different chemical agents, have shown excellent cancer prevention efficacy in mice and rats. However, equivalent tests of cancer prevention in humans require decades of intake of the agents while the rodents' short lifespans cannot give us information of the long-term safety. Therefore, animals with a much longer lifespan should be used to bridge the lifespan gap between the rodents and humans. There are many transgenic mouse models of carcinogenesis available, in which DNA promoters are used to activate transgenes. One promoter may activate the transgene in multiple cell types while different promoters are activated at different ages of the mice. These spatial and temporal aspects of transgenes are often neglected and may be pitfalls or weaknesses in chemoprevention studies. The variation in the copy number of the transgene may widen data variation and requires use of more animals. Models of chemically-induced carcinogenesis do not have these transgene-related defects, but chemical carcinogens usually damage metabolic organs or tissues, thus affecting the metabolism of the chemopreventive agents. Moreover, many genetically edited and some chemically-induced carcinogenesis models produce tumors that exhibit cancerous histology but are not cancers because the tumor cells are still mortal, inducer-dependent, and unable to metastasize, and thus should be used with caution in chemoprevention studies. Lastly, since mice prefer an ambient temperature of 30-32°C, it should be debated whether future mouse studies should be performed at this temperature, but not at 21-23°C that cold-stresses the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukui Ma
- 1. Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Jia
- 1. Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Lewis Ezeogu
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Baofa Yu
- 3. Beijing Baofa Cancer Hospital, Shahe Wangzhuang Gong Ye Yuan, Chang Pin Qu, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- 4. Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- 2. Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Bujarborua D, Borooah S, Dhillon B. The stress response as a target for treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2013.837298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Activation of progestin receptors in female reproductive behavior: Interactions with neurotransmitters. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:157-71. [PMID: 20116396 PMCID: PMC2849835 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone, progesterone (P), modulates neuroendocrine functions in the central nervous system resulting in alterations in physiology and reproductive behavior in female mammals. A wide body of evidence indicates that these neural effects of P are predominantly mediated via their intracellular progestin receptors (PRs) functioning as "ligand-dependent" transcription factors in the steroid-sensitive neurons regulating genes and genomic networks. In addition to P, intracellular PRs can be activated by neurotransmitters, growth factors and cyclic nucleotides in a ligand-independent manner via crosstalk and convergence of pathways. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that rapid signaling events associated with membrane PRs and/or extra-nuclear, cytoplasmic PRs converge with classical PR activated pathways in neuroendocrine regulation of female reproductive behavior. The molecular mechanisms, by which multiple signaling pathways converge on PRs to modulate PR-dependent female reproductive behavior, are discussed in this review.
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Scarpin KM, Graham JD, Mote PA, Clarke CL. Progesterone action in human tissues: regulation by progesterone receptor (PR) isoform expression, nuclear positioning and coregulator expression. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2009; 7:e009. [PMID: 20087430 PMCID: PMC2807635 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.07009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone is a critical regulator of normal female reproductive function, with diverse tissue-specific effects in the human. The effects of progesterone are mediated by its nuclear receptor (PR) that is expressed as two isoforms, PRA and PRB, which are virtually identical except that PRA lacks 164 amino acids that are present at the N-terminus of PRB. Considerable in vitro evidence suggests that the two PRs are functionally distinct and in animals, tissue-specific distribution patterns of PRA and PRB may account for some of the diversity of progesterone effects. In the human, PRA and PRB are equivalently expressed in most target cells, suggesting that alternative mechanisms control the diversity of progesterone actions. PR mediates the effects of progesterone by association with a range of coregulatory proteins and binding to specific target sequences in progesterone-regulated gene promoters. Ligand activation of PR results in redistribution into discrete subnuclear foci that are detectable by immunofluorescence, probably representing aggregates of multiple transcriptionally active PR-coregulator complexes. PR foci are aberrant in cancers, suggesting that the coregulator composition and number of complexes is altered. A large family of coregulators is now described and the range of proteins known to bind PR exceeds the complement required for transcriptional activation, suggesting that in the human, tissue-specific coregulator expression may modulate progesterone response. In this review, we examine the role of nuclear localization of PR, coregulator association and tissue-specific expression in modulating progesterone action in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Scarpin
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney Western Clinical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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21
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The experience-dependent maturation of a regulatory system in the orbital prefrontal cortex and the origin of developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579400006970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe maturation of corticolimbic systems that neurobiologically mediate essential affective and social regulatory functions is experience dependent. During the first and second years of life, the infant's affective experiences, especially those embedded in the relationship with the primary caregiver, elicit patterns of psychobiological alterations that influence the activity of subcortically produced trophic bioamines, peptides, and steroids that regulate the critical period growth and organization of the developing neocortex. Interactive attachment experiences of psychobiological attunemcnt, stressful misattunement, and stress-regulating repair and reattunement that maximize positive and minimize negative affect are imprinted into the orbitofrontal cortex — the hierarchical apex of the limbic system that is expanded in the early developing right hemisphere. During the critical period of maturation of thissystem, prolonged episodes of intense and unregulated interactive stress are manifest in disorganizing experiences of heightened negative affect and altered levels of stress hormones, and this chaotic biochemical alteration of the internal environment triggers an extensive apoptotic panellation of corticolimbic circuitries. In this manner less than optimal affect-regulating experiences with the primary caregiver are imprinted into the circuits of this frontolimbic system that is instrumental to attachment functions, thereby producing orbitofrontal organizations that neurobiologically express different patterns of insecure attachments. Such pathomorphogenetic outcomes result in structurally defective systems that, under stress, inefficiently regulate subcortical mechanisms that mediate the physiological processes that underlie emotion. The functional impairments of the cortical-subcortical circuitries of this prefrontal system are implicated in an enduring vulnerability to and the pathophysiology of various later forming psychiatric disorders.
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Sasson R, Luu SH, Thackray VG, Mellon PL. Glucocorticoids induce human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene expression in the gonadotrope. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3643-55. [PMID: 18403486 PMCID: PMC2453092 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (alphaGSU) gene is transcriptionally regulated by glucocorticoids in a cell type-specific fashion. In direct contrast to repression of alphaGSU by glucocorticoids in placenta, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulation in the pituitary is little understood. We show that glucocorticoids stimulate the alphaGSU promoter in immortalized pituitary gonadotrope-derived LbetaT2 cells, whereas estrogens, androgens, and progestins have no significant effect. Moreover, GR acts in a dose-dependent manner at physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. Transient transfection of GR with dexamethasone (Dex) treatment further stimulates the alphaGSU promoter, but this induction is severely diminished using a receptor mutated in the DNA-binding domain. Truncation and cis mutations demonstrate that glucocorticoid response element 2 (GRE2) and cAMP-response element 2 (CRE2) within -168 bp of the human alphaGSU promoter are critical for induction. Moreover, dominant-negative CRE-binding protein markedly inhibits basal but also Dex induction of alphaGSU promoter activity. Additionally, GR specifically binds to GRE2 in the human alphaGSU promoter in vitro and to the 5' region of the endogenous mouse alphaGSU gene in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of the homeobox factor, Distal-less 3 that regulates this gene in placental cells through a site partially overlapping GRE2, blocks Dex induction of alphaGSU in gonadotrope cells, indicating that placenta-specific expression of Dlx3 may interfere with GR, resulting in repression in placental cells vs. induction in gonadotrope cells. These results demonstrate the stimulatory role played by glucocorticoids in alphaGSU gene expression in the pituitary gonadotrope, in contrast to repression in placental cells, and highlight the tissue-specific nature of steroid hormone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravid Sasson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674, USA
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Abstract
Respiration at birth depends on maturation changes in lung tissue architecture, cell differentiation, and gene expression. At the transcriptional level, maturation is controlled by the actions of a group of transcription factors mediating gene expression in the lung. A network of transcription factors regulates gene expression in the respiratory epithelium, which then influences cell maturation throughout the lung. Glucocorticoids (via the glucocorticoid receptor), acting primarily in the pulmonary mesenchyme, influence maturation in the respiratory epithelium. Elucidation of the intersecting pathways controlling perinatal lung function may provide opportunities to induce pulmonary maturation in preterm infants at risk for respiratory distress syndrome before birth, and will help identify genes and processes important for various aspects of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Narasimha SK, Srinivas CR, Mathew AC. Effect of topical corticosteroid application frequency on histamine-induced wheals. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44:425-7. [PMID: 15869544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few studies have been conducted to assess the effect of corticosteroid application frequency to attain maximum benefit with minimum side-effects. OBJECTIVES Compare the efficacy of twice-daily, once-daily and alternate-day applications of clobetasol propionate (0.05%) and compare whether an initial once-daily application followed by a subsequent alternate-day application is as effective as a once-daily application. METHODS The ability of corticosteroids to suppress histamine-induced wheals on human skin was used as a human bioassay model. Of the 26 subjects included, 21 completed the 1st phase. In the 2nd phase, 11 subjects were included and all completed the study. Four sites were chosen on the left forearm. Clobetasol propionate (0.05%) was applied twice daily, once daily, and on alternate days, and on the control site a color, texture and odour-matched vehicle was applied. Prick test with histamine was carried out after 10 days. In the 2nd phase, clobetasol propionate (0.05%) was applied once daily for 14 days and compared with the initial once daily for 7 days and the subsequent alternate-day application for 7 days. Prick test was carried out after 14 days. RESULTS The once-daily application of clobetasol propionate (0.05%) was as effective as the twice-daily application, but the alternate-day application was less effective than the once-daily application (P < 0.01). Also, the initial-daily and subsequent alternate-day applications were not as effective as the continuous once-daily application (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A once-daily application of clobetasol propionate (0.05%) is likely to provide the required therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharma K Narasimha
- Department of Dermatology, and Department of Biostatistics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mansuy V, Boireau W, Fraichard A, Schlick JL, Jouvenot M, Delage-Mourroux R. GEC1, a protein related to GABARAP, interacts with tubulin and GABA(A) receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:639-48. [PMID: 15530441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified in uterine cells a novel estrogen-regulated gene called gec1. GEC1 presents 87% identity with GABARAP which, so far, was the only protein found to associate with tubulin and GABA(A) receptor. We demonstrated then that GEC1 interacts in vitro with tubulin and GABA(A) receptor, and promotes tubulin assembly and microtubule bundling. Since all polyclonal antibodies failed in discrimination of both proteins GEC1 and GABARAP, a GEC1-GFP fusion protein was used to specifically localize GEC1. GEC1-GFP was distributed over the cytoplasm in perinuclear vesicles with a scattered pattern. Overall, our data show that GEC1 could be a new member of the GABARAP family involved in the transport of GABA(A) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mansuy
- Equipe Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central, Université de Franche-Comté, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, IFR 133, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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Thompson EB, Webb MS, Miller AL, Fofanov Y, Johnson BH. Identification of genes leading to glucocorticoid-induced leukemic cell death. Lipids 2004; 39:821-5. [PMID: 15638253 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoidal steroids (GC) are capable of causing apoptotic death of many varieties of lymphoid cells; consequently, GC are used in therapy for many lymphoid malignancies. Gene transcription in the GC-treated cells is required for subsequent apoptosis, but only a few of the actual genes involved have been identified. We employed gene microarray analysis to find the network of genes involved in GC-evoked cell death, using three clones derived from the CEM lymphoid leukemia cell line. Clone C1-15 was resistant to GC-evoked apoptosis, although not necessarily to GC-induced gene transcription; the other two underwent apoptosis in the presence of GC. Clone C7-14 was subcloned from the apoptosis-sensitive parental C7 clone to establish karyotypic uniformity. The second sensitive clone, C1-6, was a spontaneous revertant from parental resistant clone C1. A period of > or = 24 h in the constant presence of receptor-occupying concentrations of synthetic GC dexamethasone (Dex) was necessary for apoptosis to begin. To identify the steps leading to this dramatic event, we identified the changes in gene expression in the 20-h period preceding the onset of overt apoptosis. Cells in the log phase of growth were treated with 10(-6) M Dex, and 2-20 h later, mRNA was prepared and analyzed using the Affymetrix HG_U95Av2 chip, containing probes for about 12,600 genes. Of these, approximately 6,000 were expressed above background. Comparisons of the basal and expressed genes in the three clones led to several conclusions: The Dex-sensitive clones shared the regulation of a limited set of genes. The apoptosis-resistant clone C1-15 showed Dex effects on a largely different set of genes. Promoter analysis of the regulated genes suggested that primary gene targets for GC often lack a classic GC response element.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Thompson
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Human Biological Chemistry & Genetics, Galveston, Texas 77555-1068, USA.
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Mitsuda N, Hisabori T, Takeyasu K, Sato MH. VOZ; Isolation and Characterization of Novel Vascular Plant Transcription Factors with a One-Zinc Finger from Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:845-54. [PMID: 15295067 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA 38-bp pollen-specific cis-acting region of the AVP1 gene is involved in the expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana V-PPase during pollen development. Here, we report the isolation and structural characterization of AtVOZ1 and AtVOZ2, novel transcription factors that bind to the 38-bp cis-acting region of A. thaliana V-PPase gene, AVP1. AtVOZ1 and AtVOZ2 show 53% amino acid sequence similarity. Homologs of AtVOZ1 and AtVOZ2 are found in various vascular plants as well as a moss, Physcomitrella patens. Promoter-β-glucuronidase reporter analysis shows that AtVOZ1 is specifically expressed in the phloem tissue and AtVOZ2 is strongly expressed in the root. In vivo transient effector-reporter analysis in A. thaliana suspension-cultured cells demonstrates that AtVOZ1 and AtVOZ2 function as transcriptional activators in the Arabidopsis cell. Two conserved regions termed Domain-A and Domain-B were identified from an alignment of AtVOZ proteins and their homologs of O. sativa and P. patens. AtVOZ2 binds as a dimer to the specific palindromic sequence, GCGTNx7ACGC, with Domain-B, which is comprised of a functional novel zinc coordinating motif and a conserved basic region. Domain-B is shown to function as both the DNA-binding and the dimerization domains of AtVOZ2. From highly the conservative nature among all identified VOZ proteins, we conclude that Domain-B is responsible for the DNA binding and dimerization of all VOZ-family proteins and designate it as the VOZ-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
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Heiske A, Jesberg J, Krieg JC, Vedder H. Differential effects of antidepressants on glucocorticoid receptors in human primary blood cells and human monocytic U-937 cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:807-17. [PMID: 12655328 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of data support the assumption that antidepressants (ADs) normalize the altered function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorder via direct effects on glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). In the present study, we examined the tricyclic ADs desipramine (DESI) and imipramine (IMI), the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor maprotiline (MAPRO), and the noradrenergic and specific serotonergic AD (NaSSA) mirtazapine (MIR) for their effects on GR expression in primary human leukocytes and in monocytic U-937 cells. Semiquantitative RT-PCR indicated that the ADs exert differential effects on GR-mRNA levels in both primary human leukocytes and U-937 cells: whereas MAPRO and IMI did not induce pronounced changes in GR-mRNA levels, DESI and MIR significantly decreased the amounts of GR-mRNA in both cell systems. Further characterization of the effects of MIR revealed a time dependency of the regulation with an initial increase of GR-mRNA levels above control levels after 2.5 h of treatment and a decrease after 4, 24, and 48 h of incubation. A dose-response analysis demonstrated maximal effects of MIR at a concentration of 10(-7) M. Immunohistochemical studies showed that MIR increased the GR protein levels in a time-dependent manner and that this upregulation appeared earlier by additional treatment with dexamethasone (DEX). A translocation of the GR protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was induced between 24 and 48 h of treatment with MIR and MIR/DEX, respectively. Taken together, our data further support the assumption that ADs influence the neuroendocrine and immune system via effects on cellular GRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heiske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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Schulz M, Eggert M, Baniahmad A, Dostert A, Heinzel T, Renkawitz R. RU486-induced glucocorticoid receptor agonism is controlled by the receptor N terminus and by corepressor binding. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:26238-43. [PMID: 12011091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203268200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced gene transcription has been shown to be mediated by coactivators bound to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 interferes with the steroid-mediated activation and can also exhibit partial agonist activity, a response in which corepressors have been implicated. Here we have shown that deletion of the N terminus of GR totally abolishes the agonist activity of RU486. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that corepressors bind directly to the RU486-bound GR as determined by glutathione S-transferase pull-down, mammalian two-hybrid assay, and coimmunoprecipitation. Fine mapping of the interaction regions within GR and the corepressor NCoR reveals a complex interaction profile that involves a number of domains in each protein. Notably, the N and the C termini of GR are both involved in corepressor binding. Thus, the N terminus of GR is a major determinant for RU486-dependent NCoR interaction as well as for RU486-mediated agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Zhou S, Zhang J, Hirai M, Chinzei Y, Kayser H, Wyatt GR, Walker VK. A locust DNA-binding protein involved in gene regulation by juvenile hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 190:177-85. [PMID: 11997191 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although juvenile hormone (JH) has essential roles in insect development and reproduction, the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation by JH remain an enigma. In Locusta migratoria, the partially palindromic 15-nt sequence, GAGGTTCGAG(A)/(T)CCT(T)/(C), found upstream of a JH-induced gene, jhp21, was designated as a putative juvenile hormone response element (JHRE). When JH-deprived adult female locusts were treated with the active JH analog, methoprene, a fat body nuclear factor that bound specifically to JHRE appeared after 24 h. Binding exhibited a preference for an inverted repeat with GAGGTTC in the left half-site, a single nucleotide spacer, and a right half-site in which some variation is acceptable. Binding to JHRE was abolished by phosphorylation catalyzed by a C-type protein kinase present in the nuclear extracts. The DNA-binding protein is thus believed to be a transcription factor, which is brought to an active state through the action of JH and then participates in the regulation of certain JH-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhou
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada K7L 3N6
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Schulz M, Schneider S, Lottspeich F, Renkawitz R, Eggert M. Identification of nucleolin as a glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280:476-80. [PMID: 11162542 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor which modulates the transcriptional activity of target genes. Full transcriptional activity of GR is achieved with the help of accessory proteins that are able to interact with GR. We have identified a 95-kDa protein by a blotting technique which utilizes a radioactively labeled DNA-bound GR to detect proteins that bind to this complex. Biochemical purification of this protein followed by protein microsequencing resulted in the identification of human nucleolin. In addition we could show that a GR-deletion mutant localizes to the nucleolus, where nucleolin is one of the most abundant proteins. The binding of nucleolin to this deletion mutant was demonstrated by GST-pull-down experiments. We suggest a biological role of nucleolin in binding of GR in the nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schulz
- Institut für Genetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, Giessen, D-35392, Germany
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Priest CA, Roberts JL. Estrogen and tamoxifen differentially regulate beta-endorphin and cFos expression and neuronal colocalization in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. Neuroendocrinology 2000; 72:293-305. [PMID: 11124586 DOI: 10.1159/000054598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen regulates hypothalamic gene expression, synthesis and release of the endogenous opioid peptide beta-endorphin (betaEND), although a consensus estrogen response element sequence has not been identified in the rat proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene. POMC gene expression is also regulated by the activation of AP-1 promoter elements, which are known to be estrogen sensitive. The present studies examine whether estrogen modulates the hypothalamic POMC system through a non-classical mechanism involving AP-1 binding proteins such as cFos. Immunohistochemical double-labeling for betaEND and cFos was used and immunoreactive (-ir) populations were quantified in the arcuate nucleus and periarcuate area across time using unbiased stereological methods. Ovariectomized rats were injected with 50 microg estradiol (E2), 500 microg tamoxifen citrate (TAM) or both (E2+TAM) and were perfused 1, 2, 4 or 48 h later. E2 rapidly increased numbers of cFos-ir, betaEND-ir and doubly-labeled cells after 4 h, and the number of betaEND-ir cells remained high 48 h later, suggesting that the stimulatory effects of cFos on POMC in the hypothalamus persist after the cFos signal decays. Treatment with TAM alone did not affect the numbers of immunoreactive cells, although E2+TAM blocked the E2-mediated induction in all immunoreactive populations. Similar effects were seen at the transcriptional level. E2 increased hypothalamic POMC mRNA after 4 h, while TAM treatment or coadministration of E2+TAM did not significantly change the levels of POMC mRNA. Cellular colocalization of betaEND-ir and cFos-ir supports a possible intracellular co-regulation of these peptides by an estrogen-dependent mechanism within a subset of hypothalamic neurons. It does not, however, appear that E2 acts directly through an AP-1 site within the POMC gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Priest
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Giangrande PH, Kimbrel EA, Edwards DP, McDonnell DP. The opposing transcriptional activities of the two isoforms of the human progesterone receptor are due to differential cofactor binding. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:3102-15. [PMID: 10757795 PMCID: PMC85605 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.9.3102-3115.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human progesterone receptor (PR) exists as two functionally distinct isoforms, hPRA and hPRB. hPRB functions as a transcriptional activator in most cell and promoter contexts, while hPRA is transcriptionally inactive and functions as a strong ligand-dependent transdominant repressor of steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity. Although the precise mechanism of hPRA-mediated transrepression is not fully understood, an inhibitory domain (ID) within human PR, which is necessary for transrepression by hPRA, has been identified. Interestingly, although ID is present within both hPR isoforms, it is functionally active only in the context of hPRA, suggesting that the two receptors adopt distinct conformations within the cell which allow hPRA to interact with a set of cofactors that are different from those recognized by hPRB. In support of this hypothesis, we identified, using phage display technology, hPRA-selective peptides which differentially modulate hPRA and hPRB transcriptional activity. Furthermore, using a combination of in vitro and in vivo methodologies, we demonstrate that the two receptors exhibit different cofactor interactions. Specifically, it was determined that hPRA has a higher affinity for the corepressor SMRT than hPRB and that this interaction is facilitated by ID. Interestingly, inhibition of SMRT activity, by either a dominant negative mutant (C'SMRT) or histone deacetylase inhibitors, reverses hPRA-mediated transrepression but does not convert hPRA to a transcriptional activator. Together, these data indicate that the ability of hPRA to transrepress steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity and its inability to activate progesterone-responsive promoters occur by distinct mechanisms. To this effect, we observed that hPRA, unlike hPRB, was unable to efficiently recruit the transcriptional coactivators GRIP1 and SRC-1 upon agonist binding. Thus, although both receptors contain sequences within their ligand-binding domains known to be required for coactivator binding, the ability of PR to interact with cofactors in a productive manner is regulated by sequences contained within the amino terminus of the receptors. We propose, therefore, that hPRA is transcriptionally inactive due to its inability to efficiently recruit coactivators. Furthermore, our experiments indicate that hPRA interacts efficiently with the corepressor SMRT and that this activity permits it to function as a transdominant repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Giangrande
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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34
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Stuerenburg HJ, Schoser B. Influence of age on metabolism of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and 3-α-androstanediol in muscle biopsies from patients with neuromuscular diseases. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2000; 29:223-30. [PMID: 15374055 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(99)00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/1999] [Revised: 08/03/1999] [Accepted: 08/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possible effect of age on the metabolism of androgens in muscle biopsies from patients with neuromuscular diseases. The conversion of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5-alpha-androstane-3-alpha-17-beta-diol (3-alpha-androstanediol) was measured in muscle biopsies from 24 patients with neuromuscular diseases and seven controls. The reductive metabolism of 3-alpha-HSDH was significantly higher than the oxidative metabolism. Significant metabolism of testosterone to DHT was not found. Only the age of the patients emerged as a significant negative predictor in a stepwise multiple linear regression model for V(max) and K(m) (Lineweaver-Burke plots) of the reductive metabolism of 3-alpha-HSDH. Therefore, altered metabolism of anabolic androgens in skeletal muscles could be demonstrated. We conclude that this could alter the androgenic catabolic/anabolic balance in the (androgenic target organ) skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Stuerenburg
- Neurological Department, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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35
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Fantappié MR, Galina A, Luís de Mendonça R, Furtado DR, Secor WE, Colley DG, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Freeman G, Tempone AJ, Lannes de Camargo L, Rumjanek DF. Molecular characterisation of a NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 from Schistosoma mansoni and inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain function by testosterone. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 202:149-58. [PMID: 10706005 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007057903390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Complementary DNA, encoding the mitochondrial enzyme NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 (SmND5) of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni was isolated by screening a S. mansoni cDNA library with a human androgen receptor (hAR) cDNA probe. The complete nucleotide and deduced aminoacid sequences of SmND5 were determined. Southern blot analysis revealed the occurrence of a single copy gene for SmND5 and by means of RT-PCR, it was shown that sex- and stage-specific expression of SmND5 occurred. In order to establish a functional relationship between the mitochondrial enzyme and the androgen receptor, the effects of testosterone were compared to those of classical respiratory chain inhibitors, using adult schistosome and beef heart submitochondrial particles. Physiological concentrations of testosterone were able to inhibit the maintenance of proton gradient across the mitochondrial membranes, as well as ATP synthesis. The steroid was found to be cytotoxic to the larvae, but not to adult schistosomes. A model is proposed to explain the observed in vivo testosterone-related differences in worm burdens, in experimental chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Fantappié
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica ICB/CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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36
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Börcsök I, Schairer HU, Sommer U, Wakley GK, Schneider U, Geiger F, Niethard FU, Ziegler R, Kasperk CH. Glucocorticoids regulate the expression of the human osteoblastic endothelin A receptor gene. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1563-73. [PMID: 9802968 PMCID: PMC2212506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.9.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/1998] [Revised: 08/24/1998] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cell-derived peptide endothelin 1 (ET1) stimulates cell proliferation and differentiated functions of human osteoblastic cells (HOC), and HOC constitutively express the endothelin A receptor (ETRA). Therefore, ET1 may play an important role in the regulation of bone cell metabolism. As glucocorticoids (GC) exert a profound influence on bone metabolism and increase the effects of ET1 on bone cell metabolism in vitro, the effects of GC on ETRA expression in HOC were investigated. Dexamethasone (DEX) increased ETRA mRNA levels in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The effects of dexamethasone, prednisolone, and deflazacort on the increase of ETRA mRNA levels correlate positively with their binding affinity to the GC receptor. Scatchard analysis of ET1 binding data to HOC revealed that DEX increased the binding capacity for ET1 from 25,300 to 62,800 binding sites per osteoblastic cell, leading to an enhanced mitogenic effect of ET1 on HOC after preincubation with DEX. Transiently transfected primary HOC with a reporter gene construct, containing the 5'-flanking region of the ETRA gene fused to luciferase gene, showed a promoter-dependent expression of the reporter gene and the induction of reporter gene expression by DEX treatment. Total RNA extracts of femoral head biopsies with osteonecrotic lesions from GC-treated patients showed threefold higher ETRA mRNA levels compared with extracts of bone biopsies from patients with traumatically induced osteonecrosis and coxarthrosis. Furthermore, GC treatment increased plasma ET1 levels by 50% compared with pretreatment values. These findings suggest that GC induced upregulation of ETRA, and ET1 plasma levels enhance ET1's anabolic action on bone cell metabolism. Increased ET1 concentrations may also impair bone perfusion by vasoconstriction in a metabolically activated skeletal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Börcsök
- Department of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kraus WL, Weis KE, Katzenellenbogen BS. Determinants for the repression of estrogen receptor transcriptional activity by ligand-occupied progestin receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 63:175-88. [PMID: 9459183 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence for cross-talk between the estrogen and progestin signaling pathways, including examples of repression or attenuation of estrogen-stimulated endpoints by progestin receptor (PR) agonists and antagonists. We have previously described an experimental system for examining aspects of this cross-talk, namely the repression of estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity by liganded PR (Kraus, W. L., Weis, K. E., Katzenellenbogen, B. S., Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (1995) 1847-1857). Under promoter and cell type conditions where liganded PR was not a good activator of transcription, PR isoforms were shown to act as potent ligand-dependent repressors of ER transcriptional activity. In the current study, we have identified multiple determinants of this repression by systematically manipulating potentially important variables in this system (e.g. PR A:PR B ratio, sequence of the response elements, receptor structure, and ligand type). Alterations in several of these parameters had profound effects on the ability of PR to repress the activity of ER. Decreases in the PR A:PR B ratio and changes in the sequence of the progestin response element in the reporter gene construct abolished the repressive action of agonist-occupied PR A on ER transcriptional activity. In addition, point or deletion mutations in the amino-terminal A/B region of ER, including a triple point mutation which eliminates phosphorylation sites previously shown to be important in the activity of the receptor, made the ER more sensitive to the repressive actions of liganded PR. The PR ligands that promoted the most potent repression of ER activity were those with 11beta phenyl substitutions, suggesting that the phenyl moiety in the 11beta position is the important structural feature leading to strong repression. Interestingly, changes in the structure of the ER ligand and the sequence of the estrogen response element did not influence the magnitude of repression by PR. The fact that alterations in these check points along the estrogen signaling pathway had little or no effect on the magnitude of repression suggests that liganded PR interferes with the ability of ER to interact productively with the transcriptional machinery; in other words, PR-mediated repression occurs downstream of the events leading to the ligand-dependent conversion of ER to a transcriptionally active form. Our results indicate that a number of parameters which are naturally varied in vivo, such as the sequence of PR DNA binding sites and the PR A:PR B ratio, can dramatically alter the repression of ER activity by liganded PR, and may explain the differential affects of progestin-occupied PR on the expression of different estrogen regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Kraus
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Blanco CE, Popper P, Micevych P. Anabolic-androgenic steroid induced alterations in choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels of spinal cord motoneurons in the male rat. Neuroscience 1997; 78:873-82. [PMID: 9153665 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronic supraphysiological doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids, such as those illegally used by recreational, amateur and professional athletes to increase muscle mass and strength, on motoneurons has not been established. The choline acetyltransferase activity levels of perineal muscles in the male rat are modulated by plasma testosterone levels. These muscles are innervated by the sexually dimorphic motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus. Since the primary source of choline acetyltransferase in muscle is motoneuronal, testosterone may modulate perineal muscle choline acetyltransferase activity by regulating choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels in motoneurons. The purpose of this study was to determine if choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels in cervical and lumbar spinal motoneurons are affected by chronic (four weeks) changes of plasma testosterone levels in the adult male rat. Using in situ hybridization, choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels were analysed in four motor columns: the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, the retrodorsal lateral nucleus of the lumbar spinal cord, and the lateral motor columns of the cervical and lumbar spinal cords. Chronic exposure to supraphysiological levels of testosterone (five- to ten-times physiologic levels) significantly increased choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA in all four motor columns. Subsequent to castration, choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels decreased in motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus and the retrodorsal lateral nucleus. This observation suggests that the decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity levels of muscles innervated by spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus motoneurons may be due to changes in choline acetyltransferase protein levels. Indeed, testosterone replacement therapy of castrated males prevented the decline of choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels in motoneurons. The results of this study demonstrate that anabolic-androgenic steroids can affect the levels of specific messenger RNAs in motoneuron populations throughout the spinal cord suggesting that motoneuronal characteristics are modulated by circulating anabolic-androgenic steroid levels regardless of the purported "androgen sensitivity" of the specific neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Blanco
- Department of Neurobiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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40
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Priest CA, Eckersell CB, Micevych PE. Estrogen regulates preproenkephalin-A mRNA levels in the rat ventromedial nucleus: temporal and cellular aspects. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 28:251-62. [PMID: 7723624 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(94)00213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest that the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is a primary locus of control for reproductive behavior in the female rat. The display of lordosis behavior is estrogen dependent and its regulation appears to involve the activity of endogenous opioid circuits in the mediobasal hypothalamus and brainstem. Hypothalamic levels of preproenkephalin-A mRNA and the neuropeptide which it encodes, methionine-enkephalin, are dramatically up-regulated by estrogen. To characterize the temporal and cellular aspects of the effect of an acute exposure to estrogen on preproenkephalin-A mRNA levels in the ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, ovariectomized female rats were injected with 50 micrograms estradiol benzoate and used for quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry of preproenkephalin-A mRNA. In the ventromedial nucleus, estrogen treatment caused a biphasic increase in the number of preproenkephalin-A mRNA cells. Maximal numbers of cells expressing preproenkephalin-A mRNA were observed at 1 and 48 h after estrogen injection. At 4 and 96 h after estrogen injection, the numbers of preproenkephalin-A mRNA cells were similar to that which was seen in the ovariectomized female. The induction of preproenkephalin-A mRNA expression in cells of the arcuate nucleus followed a similar pattern that peaked 48 h after exposure to estrogen. Levels of preproenkephalin-A mRNA per cell did not change in either nucleus as a function of estrogen treatment. Thus, acute estrogen treatment induces expression of preproenkephalin-A mRNA in populations of cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus in which preproenkephalin-A mRNA expression is undetectable by in situ hybridization in the absence of circulating estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Priest
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1763, USA
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Guo X, Zhang YP, Mitchell DA, Denhardt DT, Chambers AF. Identification of a ras-activated enhancer in the mouse osteopontin promoter and its interaction with a putative ETS-related transcription factor whose activity correlates with the metastatic potential of the cell. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:476-87. [PMID: 7799957 PMCID: PMC231995 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.1.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of RAS in transducing signals from an activated receptor into altered gene expression is becoming clear, though some links in the chain are still missing. Cells possessing activated RAS express higher levels of osteopontin (OPN), an alpha v beta 3 integrin-binding secreted phosphoprotein implicated in a number of developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. We report that in T24 H-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells enhanced transcription contributes to the increased expression of OPN. Transient transfection studies, DNA-protein binding assays, and methylation protection experiments have identified a novel ras-activated enhancer, distinct from known ras response elements, that appears responsible for part of the increase in OPN transcription in cells with an activated RAS. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the protein-binding motif GGAGGCAGG was found to be essential for the formation of several complexes, one of which (complex A) was generated at elevated levels by cell lines that are metastatic. Southwestern blotting and UV light cross-linking studies indicated the presence of several proteins able to interact with this sequence. The proteins that form these complexes have molecular masses estimated at approximately 16, 28, 32, 45, 80, and 100 kDa. Because the approximately 16-kDa protein was responsible for complex A formation, we have designated it MATF for metastasis-associated transcription factor. The GGANNNAGG motif is also found in some other promoters, suggesting that they may be similarly controlled by MATF.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-1059
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42
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Plisov SY, Nichiporenko MG, Shkapenko AL, Kumarev VP, Baranova LV, Merkulova TI. The immediate vicinity of mouse metallothionein-I gene contains two sites conferring glucocorticoid inducibility to the heterologous promoter. FEBS Lett 1994; 352:339-41. [PMID: 7925998 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid responsive elements (GREs) located -252 to -209 by upstream and +1011 to +1054 bp downstream of the transcription initiation site of the mouse metallothionein-I (mMT-I) gene were identified in transient experiments. However, the promoter region of the mMT-I gene (-330 to +70 bp) was found to provide low, if any, glucocorticoid induction of the linked CAT gene, while showing strong cadmium regulation, comparable with the in vivo level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Plisov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
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43
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Chirino R, Fernández L, López-Guerra A, Valerón PF, Navarro D, Díaz-Chico JC, Díaz-Chico BN. Age-related changes in the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by dexamethasone: correlation with the low-affinity glucocorticoid binding sites. Mech Ageing Dev 1994; 75:227-38. [PMID: 7845056 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(94)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver membranes contain Low-affinity glucocorticoid binding sites (LAGS), capable of binding with low affinity (Kd approximately 100 nM) endogenous glucocorticoids. Unlike the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the LAGS level undergoes abrupt changes throughout life. The investigation of these changes may be useful in determining whether the LAGS are involved in the cellular response to glucocorticoids. For this purpose, we have studied glucocorticoid induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), and its relationship with the LAGS level in adrenalectomized and fasted rats of different ages. No significant differences in the GR level, or in its Kd and activation, were observed among rats of 1, 3, and 12 months of age. On the other hand, the LAGS level showed an important variation with age, from almost undetectable in 1-month-old rats, to a maximum value in 3-month-old rats. With respect to TAT activity, an increase with age in the threshold of response to dexamethasone (DEX) administration was observed. The smallest dose of DEX capable of provoking a significant TAT induction rose from 0.1 microgram/kg body wt. in 1-month-old rats to 10 micrograms/kg body wt. in 12-month-old rats. However, the smallest dose of DEX able to elicit the maximal response was 10 micrograms/kg body wt. in all the assayed ages. This dose provoked a 40% decrease in the GR level, but did not significantly modify the LAGS content. From these results, we conclude that there is an age-related change in the threshold of response to DEX that cannot be explained by the GR-glucocorticoid interaction. The possibility that the LAGS modulate the cell response to glucocorticoids arises from the coincidence of this change with that observed in the LAGS concentration throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chirino
- Departamento de Endocrinología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canarias, Spain
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44
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Regelson W, Kalimi M. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)--the multifunctional steroid. II. Effects on the CNS, cell proliferation, metabolic and vascular, clinical and other effects. Mechanism of action? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 719:564-75. [PMID: 8010624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb56860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Regelson
- Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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45
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Dassouli A, Manin M, Veyssiere G, Jean C. Androgens regulate expression of the gene coding for a mouse vas deferens protein related to the aldo-keto reductase superfamily in epithelial cell subcultures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994; 48:121-8. [PMID: 8136297 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mouse vas deferens protein (MVDP), a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, is exclusively produced in the vas deferens. To better understand androgen-regulated MVDP gene expression we have used RNA hybridization to study the effects of androgens on the steady-state levels of MVDP mRNA in vas deferens epithelial cell subcultures. Northern blot analysis revealed that these cells only express MVDP mRNA in the presence of androgens. There was a close relationship between MVDP mRNA levels and dihydrotestosterone concentrations. MVDP mRNA is induced over a period of 24h and maximal induction is about 25-fold. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide completely abolished the observed androgen effect suggesting that the induction of the MVDP gene by androgens depends on continuous protein synthesis. Transient transfection of vas deferens epithelial cells with MMTV-CAT vector showed that these cells contained functional androgen receptors and that they are a suitable system to study androgen effect on MVDP gene regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dassouli
- CNRS URA 360, Université Blaise Pascal, Les Cézeaux, Aubière, France
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46
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Engelender S, Giannini AL, Rumjanek FD. Protein interactions with a gender-specific gene of Schistosoma mansoni: characterization by DNase I footprinting, band shift and UV cross-linking. Mol Cell Biochem 1993; 124:159-68. [PMID: 7901756 DOI: 10.1007/bf00929208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A schistosome gender specific gene (F-10), was used as a probe to characterize DNA binding proteins from adult male and female Schistoma mansoni. Using the band-shift and DNase I footprinting methods, it was found that proteins from male and female worms bound to the intact F-10 gene and to restriction fragments corresponding to different domains of the gene, generating relatively long protected sites. Clear differences between male and female proteins were only observed when nuclear proteins were tested. Thus, gender-specific binding was detected in fragments corresponding to the 5' and 3' ends. UV-induced cross-linking between schistosome proteins and a synthetic oligonucleotide bearing a steroid response element present in the 3' untranslated end of the F-10 gene, revealed a major DNA binding protein with a molecular mass of 30 kDa, in both male and female worms. These results suggested that the activation of transcription of the F-10 gene may depend essentially on nuclear proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Engelender
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, CCS Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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47
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Tenhunen J, Salminen M, Jalanko A, Ukkonen S, Ulmanen I. Structure of the rat catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: separate promoters are used to produce mRNAs for soluble and membrane-bound forms of the enzyme. DNA Cell Biol 1993; 12:253-63. [PMID: 8466648 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1993.12.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyzes the inactivation of catechol-containing molecules by methylation. The cDNAs for the rat and human COMT have recently been cloned and recombinant proteins expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. We describe here the structure of the rat COMT gene and its 5'-flanking sequences. The gene spans at least 13 kb and is composed of 5 exons, the first one noncoding. The two ATG codons for the initiation of translation of the membrane-bound (MB-COMT) and soluble (S-COMT) forms of the enzyme reside in the second exon. The gene expresses two mRNA species of 1.6 kb and 1.9 kb that have different tissue distributions. The expression of the transcripts is regulated by at least two promoters, P1 and P2. The P1 promoter expresses the shorter transcript in a tissue-specific manner and is located between the ATG codons in the coding region of the longer transcript. The P2 promoter is constitutive and responsible for the expression of the longer transcript. The shorter 1.6-kb mRNA (S-mRNA) produces only the S-COMT polypeptide, whereas the longer 1.9-kb mRNA (MB-mRNA) is able to direct synthesis of both forms of the COMT enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tenhunen
- Orion-Farmos Pharmaceuticals, Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
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48
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Ashraf J, Thompson EB. Glucocorticoid receptors in leukemias, lymphomas and myelomas of young and old. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 330:241-69. [PMID: 8368136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2926-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we have briefly reviewed the nature of leukemias and lymphomas in the old and the young. We surveyed in general the ways in which lymphoid cells and other hematologic elements respond to glucocorticoids, mentioning that there may be direct or indirect effects on their growth by these ligands. We have reviewed the current general model for the action of glucocorticoids in all cells, namely the fact that the actions of these steroids are mediated to a large extent through binding with ligand-activated transcription factors, their receptors. The growing wealth of detail about the nature of the interaction of these receptors with regulatory sites in the genome is discussed. Finally, we have described our results with lines of tissue culture cells representing clones from a typical leukemia of the young, and of myeloma, a typical hematologic malignancy of the elderly. Several features of the effects of glucocorticoids on these cells point up areas that would be pertinent to explore in aging and in the relationship of hematologic diseases to survival and response to therapy in the older versus the younger patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashraf
- Department of Human Biological Genetics and Chemistry, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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49
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Abstract
Macrophages fulfill such functions as (i) housekeeping and scavenging, (ii) protective and defense, and (iii) memory. Glucocorticoids are hormones also used as anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressive drugs. They act on the many functions of macrophages, mainly by interfering with functions (ii) and (iii). Glucocorticoids interfere with these macrophage functions by modulating the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, phospholipid-derived mediators, proteases, oxygen metabolites. For inducing these effects, glucocorticoids interact with their receptors, transcription factors that recognize specific genomic sequences, glucocorticoid responsive elements (GRE). Glucocorticoids modulate the transcription of genes in association with other transcription factors such as Fos, Jun, CREB, These combinatorial associations--differing according to the differentiation and/or activation state of the cell--may therefore produce a fine-tuning of the induction or repression of genes. These mechanisms shed new light for understanding the complexity of glucocorticoid effects on macrophage function in the inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Russo-Marie
- Unité INSERM 332, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
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50
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Perez JR, Shull S, Gendimenico GJ, Capetola RJ, Mezick JA, Cutroneo KR. Glucocorticoid and retinoid regulation of alpha-2 type I procollagen promoter activity. J Cell Biochem 1992; 50:26-34. [PMID: 1429872 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids decrease type I procollagen synthesis by decreasing the steady state levels of procollagen mRNAs and mRNA synthesis. The present studies were undertaken to determine the functional sequences of the pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene required for the glucocorticoid-mediated decrease of type I procollagen mRNA synthesis. Embryonic mouse fibroblasts were stably transfected with the pR40 DNA CAT construct containing the 5' flanking region fragment from -2048 to +54 and the intronic fragment from +418 to +1524 of the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen gene. Dexamethasone treatment of these pR40 transfected fibroblasts resulted in a significant decrease in CAT activity which agrees with the glucocorticoid-mediated decrease of the steady state levels of type I procollagen mRNAs. To determine the possible role of the first intron fragment in the dexamethasone-mediated decrease of CAT activity, pR36, a CAT plasmid containing the first intron fragment and the SV40 early promoter, was transfected into mouse fibroblasts and treated with dexamethasone. No significant decrease in CAT activity was observed. The dexamethasone-mediated response was then localized within the 5' flanking region by preparing a series of constructs containing internal deletions and transfecting these plasmids into mouse fibroblasts. The regions -2048 to -981 and -506 to -351 were required for the dexamethasone response of gene activity. However, the DNA stretch from -981 to -506 was not. Analysis of the DNA sequences of these regions revealed a single GRE at -1023 to -1018 and a modified doublet at -873 to -856.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Perez
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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