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Molecular Regulation of Androgen Receptors in Major Female Reproductive System Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147556. [PMID: 35886904 PMCID: PMC9322163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three main types of cancer in the female reproductive system, specifically ovarian cancer (OVCA), endometrial cancer (EC), and cervical cancer (CC). They are common malignant tumors in women worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, androgen receptors (ARs) have been found to be closely related to the occurrence, progression, prognosis, and drug resistance of these three types of tumors. This paper summarizes current views on the role of AR in female reproductive system cancer, the associations between female reproductive system cancers and AR expression and polymorphisms. AR regulates the downstream target genes transcriptional activity and the expression via interacting with coactivators/corepressors and upstream/downstream regulators and through the gene transcription mechanism of “classical A/AR signaling” or “non-classical AR signaling”, involving a large number of regulatory factors and signaling pathways. ARs take part in the processes of cancer cell proliferation, migration/invasion, cancer cell stemness, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. These findings suggest that the AR and related regulators could target the treatment of female reproductive system cancer.
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Kollara A, Shathasivam P, Park S, Ringuette MJ, Brown TJ. Increased androgen receptor levels and signaling in ovarian cancer cells by VEPH1 associated with suppression of SMAD3 and AKT activation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105498. [PMID: 31614206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies indicate androgens contribute to initiation or progression of epithelial ovarian cancer through poorly understood mechanisms. We provide evidence that the androgen receptor (AR) interacts in a ligand-independent manner with the putative armadillo repeat domain of ventricular zone expressed PH domain-containing 1 (VEPH1). This interaction was increased by mutation of the two nuclear receptor-interacting LxxLL motifs present within the VEPH1 armadillo repeat domain. Androgen treatment did not result in nuclear co-localization of VEPH1 with AR, suggesting that VEPH1 does not function as a nuclear co-regulatory protein. VEPH1 expression decreased SMAD3 and activated AKT levels in ovarian cancer cell lines and increased AR activity and protein levels, consistent with an impact on receptor stability. Treatment of cells with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased AR protein levels measured 24 h after treatment, an effect augmented in VEPH1-transfected cells, and inhibited by knock-down of endogenous VEPH1. SMAD3 overexpression decreased AR protein levels and prevented the VEPH1-dependent increase in AR; however, silencing of SMAD3 paradoxically also decreased AR levels. DHT treatment led to a rapid and sustained decrease in phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) levels that was enhanced by VEPH1 expression. Inhibition of PI3K resulted in increased AR protein levels. These studies indicate that VEPH1 acts to enhance AR activity in ovarian cancer cells by decreasing SMAD3 and pAKT levels, resulting in increased levels of AR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kollara
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Premalatha Shathasivam
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Soyeon Park
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Theodore J Brown
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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3
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Zhu H, Zhu X, Zheng L, Hu X, Sun L, Zhu X. The role of the androgen receptor in ovarian cancer carcinogenesis and its clinical implications. Oncotarget 2017; 8:29395-29405. [PMID: 27741511 PMCID: PMC5438739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the major cause of death in women with gynecologic malignancies. There is emerging evidence that Androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a critical role in the etiology and progression of this disease. Androgen receptor is frequently expressed in various subtypes of ovarian cancers and androgen/AR signaling has been shown to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, shorter AR CAG repeats length and increased AR activity are associated with increased ovarian cancer risk and may be a useful prognosticator under certain circumstances. Here, we summarize current findings regarding the role of the AR in ovarian cancer and discuss agents that target this pathway as potential therapeutics for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lihong Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - LuZhe Sun
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Munoz J, Wheler JJ, Kurzrock R. Androgen receptors beyond prostate cancer: an old marker as a new target. Oncotarget 2015; 6:592-603. [PMID: 25595907 PMCID: PMC4359241 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptors (ARs) play a critical role in the development of prostate cancer. Targeting ARs results in important salutary effects in this malignancy. Despite mounting evidence that ARs also participate in the pathogenesis and/or progression of diverse tumors, exploring the impact of hormonal manipulation of these receptors has not been widely pursued beyond prostate cancer. This review describes patterns of AR expression in a spectrum of cancers, and the potential to exploit this knowledge in the clinical therapeutic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Munoz
- Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona
| | - Jennifer J. Wheler
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Division and Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, The University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Action, localization and structure-function relationship of growth factors and their receptors in the prostate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962279900001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the direct action of sex steroids, namely of androgens, on prostate cell division was questioned as early as in the 1970s, and remains so, the interest in prostatic growth factors (GFs) is rather recent but has expanded tremendously in the last five years. This lag period can be partly explained by the fact that, at the time, androgen receptors had just been discovered, and newly developed hormonal regimens or strategies to treat patients with prostate carcinoma (PCa) or epithelioma had generated great enthusiasm and hopes in the medical and scientific community. Another point to consider was the difficulty in maintaining prostate tissues in organ cultures and the relative novelty of culturing prostate epithelial cells in monolayers. Failures of sex steroids to elicit a direct positive response on prostate cell divisionin vitro, as seenin vivo, were interpreted as resulting from inappropriate models or culture conditions. However, the increasing number of reports confirming the lack of mitogenic activity of sex steroidsin vitro, coupled with the powerful mitogenic activity of GFs displayed in other systems, the discovery of GF receptors (GF-Rs), and the elucidation of their signalling pathways showing sex steroid receptors as potential substrates of GF-activated protein kinases gradually led to an increased interest in the putative role of GFs in prostate physiopathology. Of utmost importance was the recognition that hormone refractiveness was responsible for PCa progression, and for the poor outcome of patients with advanced disease under endocrine therapies. This problem remains a major issue and it raises several key questions that need to be solved at the fundamental and clinical levels.
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Konstantinidou AE, Korkolopoulou P, Mahera H, Kotsiakis X, Hranioti S, Eftychiadis C, Patsouris E. Hormone receptors in non-malignant meningiomas correlate with apoptosis, cell proliferation and recurrence-free survival. Histopathology 2003; 43:280-90. [PMID: 12940781 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A retrospective immunohistochemical and statistical analysis of patients with non-malignant meningiomas was undertaken to determine the correlation of steroid hormone receptor status with apoptosis, tumour cell proliferation, clinicopathological characteristics and prediction of recurrence. METHODS AND RESULTS Paraffin sections from 51 primary intracranial totally resected benign and atypical meningiomas were immunohistochemically evaluated for the expression of progesterone (PR), oestrogen (ER) and androgen (AR) receptors, apoptotic rate, Bcl-2, p53 and Ki67 antigens. In addition to the above parameters, the mitotic index and the patients' clinicopathological data were statistically correlated and entered in a recurrence-free survival analysis. A high level of apoptotic cell death was associated with loss of PR expression by logistic regression analysis (P = 0.016). An inverse correlation existed between the mitotic index and PR counts (P = 0.009), while high Ki67 values correlated with increased ARs (P = 0.041). Atypical meningiomas had a lower ER staining score (P = 0.036). Multivariate analysis indicated that the absence of PR and large tumour size were significant factors for shorter disease-free intervals. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that ER expression is lost or reduced in atypical meningiomas, whereas loss of PR expression is an indicator of increased apoptosis and early recurrence. PRs and ARs may also influence tumour cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Konstantinidou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Nnodim JO. Testosterone mediates satellite cell activation in denervated rat levator ani muscle. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2001; 263:19-24. [PMID: 11331967 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Denervation stimulates quiescent satellite cells in skeletal muscle to reenter the cell cycle. In the androgen-sensitive rat levator ani muscle (LA), this mitotic response to loss of neural input fails to occur in castrated animals. To elucidate the role of androgens in denervation-induced satellite cell proliferation, the denervated LA of castrated rats (Group A) was compared with that of animals infixed with testosterone implants after castration (Group B). Mean myofiber cross-sectional areas (Group A: 362.95 microm(2) +/- 27.74; Group B: 403.13 microm(2) +/- 53.87) and linear nuclear densities (Group A: 74.07 mm(-1) +/- 17.58; Group B: 104.13 mm(-1) +/- 4.06) were similar (P > 0.05) in both groups. The androgen-deprived myofibers of Group A, however, had a significantly lower nuclear content (271.0 +/- 74.91 vs. 1,285.80 +/- 81.74 in Group B; P < 0.05) on account of their considerably shorter mean length (3.44 mm +/- 0.29 vs. 12.31 mm +/- 0.92 in Group B; P < 0.05). The proportional representation of satellite cells in hormone-replaced, denervated muscle was more than twice that in the untreated group (Group B: 5.15 +/- 0.83% vs. Group A: 2.28 +/- 0.23%; P < 0.05). In absolute terms, the satellite cell number in Group B was approximately an order of magnitude greater than in Group A (408.4 x 10(3) vs. 38.08 x 10(3)). The results confirm the absence of testosterone as the factor responsible for the inability of satellite cells in the LA of castrated rats to respond mitotically to the withdrawal of neural input after denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Nnodim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2007, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Prinsloo
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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9
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Ilekis JV, Connor JP, Prins GS, Ferrer K, Niederberger C, Scoccia B. Expression of epidermal growth factor and androgen receptors in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 66:250-4. [PMID: 9264571 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1997.4764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract. Approximately 50% of ovarian cancers have elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This overexpression is correlated with a poor prognosis for patient survival. Ovarian cancers also express a number of sex steroid receptors. The androgen receptor (AR) is the predominant sex steroid receptor and is expressed in over 80% of ovarian cancers. We investigated whether a relationship exists between EGFR and AR in ovarian cancer. Sixty serous cystadenocarcinomas were analyzed for their relative levels of EGFR and AR by Western blot analysis. Data were analyzed by Student's t test and linear regression analysis for statistical significance. More than 98% of the tumors expressed detectable levels of EGFR, while 65% of the tumors expressed detectable levels of AR. The levels of EGFR (mean +/- SEM) were found to be significantly (P < 0.01) higher in AR+ (516 +/- 15) than in AR- (304 +/- 57) tumors. EGFR levels significantly correlated to AR levels (r = 0.49, P < 0.001). These results demonstrate an association between EGFR and AR levels in ovarian cancer. Whether this association represents a causal or a casual relationship remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Ilekis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 60612, USA
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10
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Webber MM, Bello D, Quader S. Immortalized and tumorigenic adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines: characteristics and applications. Part I. Cell markers and immortalized nontumorigenic cell lines. Prostate 1996; 29:386-94. [PMID: 8977636 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(199612)29:6<386::aid-pros7>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several immortalized and malignant adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines have recently been developed. The three most widely used carcinoma cell lines, DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP, developed between 1977 and 1980, have greatly contributed to our present understanding of prostate cancer. Before a cell line can be accepted as having prostatic epithelial origin, some basic characteristics must be established. Expression of specific cytokeratins, but absence of desmin and factor VIII, should be first determined to establish epithelial origin. Responsiveness to androgens and expression of androgen receptor and prostate specific antigen should be examined under stringent culture conditions to establish prostatic epithelial origin. Response to growth factors and expression of their receptors facilitates further characterization of cell behavior. Cell lines immortalized by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are of special interest because HPVs are involved in a variety of anogenital cancers and may also play a role in prostate carcinogenesis. Malignant transformation of HPV-18 immortalized cells with the ras oncogene provides cell systems for investigating the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Each cell line has some unique characteristics, whether it arose directly from a carcinoma or resulted from immortalization with simian virus 40 (SV40) or HPV or was transformed in vitro by oncogenes. Comparisons of these characteristics should facilitate elucidation of the mechanisms involved in initiation, promotion, and progression of prostate cancer. These cell lines will further serve as useful models for investigating tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, new therapeutic strategies, drug resistance, and its reversal and chemoprevention. This review will be published in three parts and will summarize cell markers necessary for characterization, as well as the characteristics and some applications of the immortalized as well as malignant adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines. Part 1 deals with cell markers and the immortalized, nontumorigenic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Webber
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1312, USA
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11
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Robinson D, He F, Pretlow T, Kung HJ. A tyrosine kinase profile of prostate carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:5958-62. [PMID: 8650201 PMCID: PMC39170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.12.5958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases play central roles in the growth and differentiation of normal and tumor cells. In this study, we have analyzed the general tyrosine kinase expression profile of a prostate carcinoma (PCA) xenograft, CWR22. We describe here an improved reverse transcriptase-PCR approach that permits identification of nearly 40 different kinases in a single screening; several of these kinases are newly cloned kinases and some are novel. According to this, there are 11 receptor kinases, 9 nonreceptor kinases, and at least 7 dual kinases expressed in the xenograft tissue. The receptor kinases include erbB2, erbB3, Ret, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, sky, nyk, eph, htk, sek (eph), ddr, and tkt. The nonreceptor kinases are lck, yes, abl, arg, JakI, tyk2, and etk/bmx. Most of the dual kinases are in the mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinase-kinase (MKK) family, which includes MKK3, MKK4, MEK5, and a novel one. As a complementary approach, we also analyzed by specific reverse transcriptase-PCR primers the expression profile of erbB/epidermal growth factor receptor family receptors in a variety of PCA specimens, cell lines, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We found that erbB1, -2, and -3 are often coexpressed in prostate tissues, but not in erbB4. The information established here should provide a base line to study the possible growth and oncogenic signals of PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ravenna L, Lubrano C, Di Silverio F, Vacca A, Felli MP, Maroder M, D'Eramo G, Sciarra F, Frati L, Gulino A. Androgenic and antiandrogenic control on epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and androgen receptor expression in human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Prostate 1995; 26:290-8. [PMID: 7784269 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990260604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Both androgen and antiandrogen treatments enhance the proliferation rate of the hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, expressing a mutated androgen receptor (AR). We studied the modification of the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), of its receptor (EGF-R), and of androgen receptor (AR) in the LNCaP cell line, under basal conditions and during androgen (R1881) and antiandrogen hydroxy-flutamide (OH-FLU) treatment. After prolonged R1881 administration, a marked increase of EGF release was observed, completely blocked by the addition of OH-FLU. The Scatchard plot analysis of EGF-R binding revealed two classes of binding sites with high and low affinity. The administration of OH-FLU alone or combined with R1881 did not modify the affinity constants, while the low-affinity component disappeared after androgen administration. Both androgen and antiandrogen administration led to a significant increase of the EGF-R high-affinity component. AR mRNA and protein levels were downregulated by R1881 treatment. Following OH-FLU administration, AR mRNA was slightly downregulated, and there was not a strict parallelism between AR mRNA levels and AR binding capacity. When combined with R1881, OH-FLU partially counteracted the androgen-induced AR downregulation. Our data show that EGF-R binding capacity is the only parameter constantly raised in cell proliferation with respect to quiescent cells, and highlights the nonunivocal action of OH-FLU on androgen-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ravenna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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Carroll RS, Zhang J, Dashner K, Sar M, Wilson EM, Black PM. Androgen receptor expression in meningiomas. J Neurosurg 1995; 82:453-60. [PMID: 7861224 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1995.82.3.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The predominance of meningiomas in females, the accelerated growth of these tumors during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy, and the association between meningiomas and breast cancer have led to a number of studies examining the potential role of steroids in the growth of meningiomas. The possibility that androgens play a role in meningioma proliferation has been suggested by a small number of investigators. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of androgen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and correlate it using immunochemistry with the nuclear localization of androgen receptor in a large number of meningiomas. Thirty-nine meningiomas were examined by Northern blot analysis for the presence of measurable amounts of androgen receptor mRNA and eight of these were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for receptor protein. Sixty-seven percent of the meningiomas expressed androgen receptor mRNA. There was a marked predominance of women among the patients whose tumors expressed androgen receptor; 69% were women and 31% were men. The immunohistochemical data correlated with Northern blot analysis of mRNA. The staining was predominantly nuclear, suggesting that the androgen receptor resides in a location that can activate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Carroll
- Brain Tumor Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Maxwell M, Galanopoulos T, Neville-Golden J, Antoniades HN. Expression of androgen and progesterone receptors in primary human meningiomas. J Neurosurg 1993; 78:456-62. [PMID: 8433149 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1993.78.3.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Meningiomas are common brain tumors that show a predilection for females and become more aggressive during pregnancy and menses. The existence of gender-specific hormone receptors in meningiomas has long been a matter of controversy; the recent cloning of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors has facilitated their direct evaluation. The authors have demonstrated the expression of androgen and progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein product in nine primary human meningiomas by Northern blot analysis. Cellular localization was achieved by in situ hybridization analysis. Estrogen receptor expression was not detected. Normal adult meninges were shown to express very low levels of both androgen and progesterone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maxwell
- Center for Blood Research and Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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15
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Peterson G, Barnes S. Genistein and biochanin A inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells but not epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation. Prostate 1993; 22:335-45. [PMID: 8497428 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990220408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the isoflavones, genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A on the growth of the LNCaP and DU-145 human prostate cancer cell lines has been examined. Genistein and biochanin A, but not daidzein, inhibit both serum and EGF-stimulated growth of LNCaP and DU-145 cells (IC50 values from 8.0 to 27 micrograms/ml for serum and 4.3 to 15 micrograms/ml for EGF), but have no significant effect of the EGF receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation. In contrast, tyrphostin 25, a specific EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits EGF-stimulated growth and EGF receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation in these whole cells, but does not inhibit serum-stimulated growth. These data suggest that the mechanism of action of genistein and biochanin A does not depend on inhibition of EGF receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation, but on a more distal event in the EGF receptor-mediated signal transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-0019
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Abstract
Based on 50 years of emerging knowledge about and changing views of prostate biochemistry and physiology and especially on the belief that there is an underlying mechanism of androgen control, the hypothesis is developed and tested that the rates of proliferation, biosynthesis, metabolism, and secretion are modulated through the hormone-sensitive Na, K-ATPase of the plasma membrane. These preliminary experiments, constituting a novel synthesis of technologies from endocrinology, intermediary metabolism, and membrane transport, attempt to explain the extraordinary production and secretion of citrate and how this may be coupled to sustaining prostate cell number and function. Attention is focused on learning where androgen is bound and how it interacts with the Na,K-ATPase. Both the dissimilar properties of epithelial and stromal cells in the separate regions of the acinus and the changing environment of growth factors in which these cells are bathed help account for their unlike reactivities during development and ongoing mature function. Little wonder that one hormone can have so many effects!
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Farnsworth
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Downers Grove
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18
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Christen RD, Hom DK, Porter DC, Andrews PA, MacLeod CL, Hafstrom L, Howell SB. Epidermal growth factor regulates the in vitro sensitivity of human ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:1632-40. [PMID: 2243136 PMCID: PMC296913 DOI: 10.1172/jci114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP) is the most effective drug for the treatment of human ovarian cancer, but the mechanisms that determine sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of DDP are not well understood. Treatment of two human ovarian carcinoma cell lines with epidermal growth factor (EGF) simultaneously increased sensitivity to DDP and caused a persistent change in morphology in the absence of any mitogenic effect. Sensitization to DDP was shown to be dependent on both EGF concentration and EGF receptor number in C127 mouse fibroblasts expressing the human EGF receptor after transfection with a pBPV plasmid construct containing the human EGF receptor gene under control of the transferrin receptor 3'-inducible regulator. Sensitization of human ovarian carcinoma cells to DDP was not blocked by inhibition of protein synthesis. EGF did not enhance sensitivity to DDP or alter morphology in DDP-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells despite the presence of functional EGF receptors on these cells. These results showed that elements of the signal transduction pathway activated by EGF determined cellular sensitivity to DDP, and that a DDP-resistant phenotype is associated with a defect in this signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Christen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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19
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Pereira F, Belsham D, Duerksen K, Rosenmann E, Kaufman M, Pinsky L, Wrogemann K. The 56 kDa androgen-binding protein in human genital skin fibroblasts: its relation to the human androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990; 68:195-204. [PMID: 2311825 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(90)90193-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described in genital skin fibroblasts (GSF) a relatively abundant 56 kDa protein with androgen-binding activity. This protein is missing in GSF of most patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAI). The protein has many characteristics compatible with the androgen receptor; it has in fact been tentatively considered as a precursor or degradation form of the prototypic (approximately 100 kDa) human androgen receptor. We have prepared an antiserum to this protein, which allowed us to detect it as a direct product by in vitro translation of mRNA from GSF. It is thus very unlikely to be a degradation product of a larger precursor. Furthermore, covalent photolytic labeling of this protein with the androgen analogue [3H]mibolerone revealed a much lower affinity for this protein than is known for the androgen receptor. Finally, the GSF of two exceptional patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome due to negligible androgen receptor-binding activity express this protein normally, as determined on two-dimensional gels by Western blot analysis with the antiserum and by photolytic covalent labeling with androgen analogues. These data indicate that the protein is not a precursor or a degradation product of the receptor; nor is it androgen-induced. They are more compatible with the idea that the protein is another member of the steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid receptor supergene family, perhaps as an unorthodox product of the human androgen receptor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Tilley WD, Marcelli M, McPhaul MJ. Recent studies of the androgen receptor: new insights into old questions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1990; 68:C7-10. [PMID: 2178998 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(90)90178-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W D Tilley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8857
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