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Bhattacharya P, De S. Simple naturally occurring β-carboline alkaloids – role in sustainable theranostics. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This review is a brief treatise on some simple β-carboline alkaloids that are abundantly available in plants, animals and foodstuff. These alkaloids are well known for their pharmacological action as well as their allelopathic behaviour. The focus of this review is on sustainable use of naturally occurring compounds in safeguarding human health and protecting our environment at large i.e. the prospective applications of these molecules for Sustainable Theranostics. The review commences with an initial introduction to the β-carboline alkaloids, followed by an outlay of their geographical distribution and natural abundance, then the basic structure and building units of the simplest β-carboline alkaloids have been mentioned. This is followed by a discussion on the important methods of extraction from natural sources both plants and animals. Then the foundation for the use of these alkaloids in Sustainable Theranostics has been built by discussing their interesting photophysics, interactions with important biological molecules and an extensive survey of their therapeutic potential and allelopathic behaviour. Finally the review ends with a silver lining mentioning the future prospective applications of these alkaloids with special relevance to sustainability issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swati De
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kalyani , Kalyani , 741235 , India
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Yang X, Wang M, Zhou Q, Bai Y, Liu J, Yang J, Li L, Li G, Luo L. Macamide B Pretreatment Attenuates Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage of Mice Induced Apoptosis and Regulates Autophagy via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2776-2798. [PMID: 35190953 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii (maca) is an annual or biennial herb from South America that is a member of the genus Lepidium L. in the family Cruciferae. This herb possesses antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities, enhances autophagy functions, prevents cell death, and protects neurons from ischemic damage. Macamide B, an effective active ingredient of maca, exerts a neuroprotective effect on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), but the mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect is not yet known. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of macamide B on HIBD-induced autophagy and apoptosis and its potential neuroprotective mechanism. The modified Rice-Vannucci method was used to induce HIBD in 7-day-old (P7) macamide B- and vehicle-pretreated pups. TTC staining was performed to evaluate the cerebral infarct volume in pups, the brain water content was measured to evaluate the neurological function of pups, neurobehavioural testing was conducted to assess functional recovery after HIBD, TUNEL and FJC staining was performed to detect cellular autophagy and apoptosis, and Western blot analysis was used to detect the levels of proteins in the pro-survival phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway and autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins. Macamide B pretreatment significantly decreases brain damage and improves the recovery of neural function after HIBD. At the same time, macamide B pretreatment activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway after HIBD, enhances autophagy, and reduces hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-induced apoptosis. In addition, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, significantly inhibits the increase in autophagy levels, aggravates HI-induced apoptosis, and reverses the neuroprotective effect of macamide B on HIBD. Our data indicate that a macamide B pretreatment might regulate autophagy through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby reducing HIBD-induced apoptosis and exerting neuroprotective effects on neonatal HIBD. Macamide B may become a new drug for the prevention and treatment of HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxian Bai
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Yang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Li
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Li
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Medical Association, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Luo
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Medical Association, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Haida S, Kribii A, Daoud NA, Belakhmima RA, Kribii A. Antioxidant activity of Haloxylon scoparium alkaloid extracts from Figuig region (southeastern of Morocco). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Holbrook OT, Molligoda B, Bushell KN, Gobrogge KL. Behavioral consequences of the downstream products of ethanol metabolism involved in alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104501. [PMID: 34942269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has previously focused primarily on either the behavioral or chemical consequences experienced following ethanol intake, but these areas of research have rarely been considered in tandem. Compared with other drugs of abuse, ethanol has been shown to have a unique metabolic pathway once it enters the body, which leads to the formation of downstream metabolites which can go on to form biologically active products. These metabolites can mediate a variety of behavioral responses that are commonly observed with AUD, such as ethanol intake, reinforcement, and vulnerability to relapse. The following review considers the preclinical and chemical research implicating these downstream products in AUD and proposes a chemobehavioral model of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto T Holbrook
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Brandon Molligoda
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Kristen N Bushell
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
| | - Kyle L Gobrogge
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
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Faheem, Kumar BK, Sekhar KVGC, Kunjiappan S, Jamalis J, Balaña-Fouce R, Sankaranarayanan M. Recent Update on the Anti-infective Potential of β-carboline Analogs. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:398-425. [PMID: 33001013 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201001130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
β-Carboline, a naturally occurring indole alkaloid, holds a momentous spot in the field of medicinal chemistry due to its myriad of pharmacological actions like anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, antimalarial, neuropharmacological, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic among others. β-Carbolines exhibit their pharmacological activity via diverse mechanisms. This review provides a recent update (2015-2020) on the anti-infective potential of natural and synthetic β-carboline analogs focusing on its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal properties. In cases where enough details are available, a note on its mechanism of action is also added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R.R. Dist. Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, India
| | - Joazaizulfazli Jamalis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | | | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
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Ahmad I, Fakhri S, Khan H, Jeandet P, Aschner M, Yu ZL. Targeting cell cycle by β-carboline alkaloids in vitro: Novel therapeutic prospects for the treatment of cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109229. [PMID: 32835667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle dysregulation is the mainstay of aberrant cell proliferation, which leads to tumor progression. Mutations in tumor cells initiate various dysregulated pathways and spontaneous over-proliferation with genomic/chromosomal instability. Despite advances in cancer therapy, it has remained a medicinal challenge to treat. Besides, the complexity of pathophysiological pathways behind cancer raises the need for novel multi-target agents, possessing fewer side effects. Alkaloid-based therapies have been explored so far to target cell division in cancer, including vinca alkaloids. As a class of hopeful β-carboline derivatives, growing evidence has indicated their auspicious roles in combating cancer by inhibiting topoisomerase (TOPO), kinesin Eg5, telomerase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), IκB kinase (IKK), and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) in the transition phases of cell cycle. In this review, in vitro potential of β-carboline has been revealed through targeting cell division cycle at different phases. In conclusion, β-carboline alkaloids could be introduced as novel candidates in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, Faculty of Sciences University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex, 51687, France.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Draye M, Chatel G, Duwald R. Ultrasound for Drug Synthesis: A Green Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E23. [PMID: 32024033 PMCID: PMC7168956 DOI: 10.3390/ph13020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This last century, the development of new medicinal molecules represents a real breakthrough in terms of humans and animal life expectancy and quality of life. However, this success is tainted by negative environmental consequences. Indeed, the synthesis of drug candidates requires the use of many chemicals, solvents, and processes that are very hazardous, toxic, energy consuming, expensive, and generates a large amount of waste. Many large pharmaceutical companies have thus moved to using green chemistry practices for drug discovery, development, and manufacturing. One of them is the use of energy-efficient activation techniques, such as ultrasound. This review summarizes the latest most representative works published on the use of ultrasound for sustainable bioactive molecules synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Draye
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc—LCME, F-73000 Chambéry, France; (G.C.); (R.D.)
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Zhong W, Qi L, Hou H, Ling F, Fang L, Luo W. Cinchona Alkaloid Thiourea Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis and Anticancer Activity Evaluation of Tetrahydro-β-spirooxindoles. HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Devi N, Kumar S, Pandey SK, Singh V. 1(3)-Formyl-β-carbolines: Potential Aldo-X Precursors for the Synthesis of β-Carboline-Based Molecular Architectures. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Devi
- Department of Chemistry; Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar (NITJ); 144011 Punjab India
| | - Sunit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar (NITJ); 144011 Punjab India
| | | | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar (NITJ); 144011 Punjab India
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Computational study on the synthesis of 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline: T3P®-promoted one-pot formation from tryptamine vs. POCl3-mediated ring closure of Nb-benzoyltryptamine. The first DFT investigation of the Bischler-Napieralski reaction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Synthetic study on the T3P®-promoted one-pot preparation of 1-substituted-3,4-dihydro-β-carbolines by the reaction of tryptamine with carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Milen M, Slégel P, Keglevich P, Keglevich G, Simig G, Volk B. Efficient synthesis of N b -thioacyltryptamine derivatives by a three-component Willgerodt–Kindler reaction, and their transformation to 1-substituted-3,4-dihydro-β-carbolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Subba Reddy BV, Rajashekhar Reddy M, Yarlagadda S, Ravikumar Reddy C, Ravi Kumar G, Yadav JS, Sridhar B. Cooperative Multicatalytic System for the One-Pot Synthesis of Octahydrospiro-β-carbolines. J Org Chem 2015; 80:8807-14. [PMID: 26252740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A domino cyclization of 3-((3-(2-aminophenyl)prop-2-ynylamino)methyl)but-3-en-1-ol with aldehydes has been accomplished employing 5 mol % of the Ph3PAuCl/AgSbF6/In(OTf)3 system to afford the corresponding octahydrospiro[pyran-4,4'-pyrido[3,4-b]indole] derivatives in good yields with high selectivity. This is the first report on the synthesis of spiro-β-carbolines through a multicatalytic cascade process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Subba Reddy
- Natural Product Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - M Rajashekhar Reddy
- Natural Product Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - Suresh Yarlagadda
- Natural Product Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - C Ravikumar Reddy
- Natural Product Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - G Ravi Kumar
- Natural Product Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - J S Yadav
- Natural Product Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500 007, India
| | - B Sridhar
- Natural Product Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad - 500 007, India
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Reddy GN, Rao BM, Vijay M, Devi BP, Prasad R, Reddy BS. Bioglycerol-derived carbon−SO3H as a recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolines. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of aldehydes undergo smooth coupling with N-tosyltryptamine in the presence of carbon−SO3H in ethanol at 80 °C to furnish the corresponding tetrahydro-β-carbolines in excellent yields with high selectivity. The coupling of tryptamine with isatins affords the respective spiro-tetrahydro-β-carbolines in good yields. The use of a recyclable solid acid catalyst makes this method simple, convenient, and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Niranjan Reddy
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B. Maheshwar Rao
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - M. Vijay
- Center for Lipid Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B.L.A. Prabhavathi Devi
- Center for Lipid Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - R.B.N. Prasad
- Center for Lipid Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B.V. Subba Reddy
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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The modulatory action of harmane on serotonergic neurotransmission in rat brain. Brain Res 2015; 1597:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kamal A, Rao MPN, Swapna P, Srinivasulu V, Bagul C, Shaik AB, Mullagiri K, Kovvuri J, Reddy VS, Vidyasagar K, Nagesh N. Synthesis of β-carboline-benzimidazole conjugates using lanthanum nitrate as a catalyst and their biological evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2370-87. [PMID: 24604306 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of β-carboline-benzimidazole conjugates bearing a substituted benzimidazole and an aryl ring at C3 and C1 respectively were designed and synthesized. The key step of their preparation was determined to involve condensation of substituted o-phenylenediamines with 1-(substituted phenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carbaldehyde using La(NO3)3·6H2O as a catalyst and their cytotoxic potential was evaluated. Conjugates 5a, 5d, 5h and 5r showed enhanced cytotoxic activity (GI50 values range from 0.3 to 7.1 μM in most of the human cancer cell lines) in comparison to some of the previously reported β-carboline derivatives. To substantiate the cytotoxic activity and to understand the nature of interaction of these conjugates with DNA, spectroscopy, DNA photocleavage and DNA topoisomerase I inhibition (topo-I) studies were performed. These conjugates (5a, 5d and 5r) effectively cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA in the presence of UV light. In addition, the effect of these conjugates on DNA Topo I inhibition was studied. The mode of binding of these new conjugates with DNA was also examined by using both biophysical as well as molecular docking studies, which supported their multiple modes of interaction with DNA. Moreover, an in silico study of these β-carboline-benzimidazole conjugates reveals that they possess drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Menguy L, Lo C, Marrot J, Couty F. Alkylation of indoles by aziridinium ions: new rapid access to tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs). Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Stanstrup J, Schou SS, Holmer-Jensen J, Hermansen K, Dragsted LO. Whey protein delays gastric emptying and suppresses plasma fatty acids and their metabolites compared to casein, gluten, and fish protein. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2396-408. [PMID: 24708224 DOI: 10.1021/pr401214w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Whey protein has been demonstrated to improve fasting lipid and insulin response in overweight and obese individuals. To establish new hypotheses for this effect and to investigate the impact of stomach emptying, we compared plasma profiles after intake of whey isolate (WI), casein, gluten (GLU), and cod (COD). Obese, nondiabetic subjects were included in the randomized, blinded, crossover meal study. Subjects ingested a high fat meal containing one of the four protein sources. Plasma samples were collected at five time points and metabolites analyzed using LC-Q-TOF-MS. In contrast to previous studies, the WI meal caused a decreased rate of gastric emptying compared to the other test meals. The WI meal also caused elevated levels of a number of amino acids, possibly stimulating insulin release leading to reduced plasma glucose. The WI meal also caused decreased levels of a number of fatty acids, while the GLU meal caused elevated levels of a number of unidentified hydroxy fatty acids and dicarboxylic fatty acids. Also reported are a number of markers of fish intake unique to the COD meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stanstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Deehan GA, Hauser SR, Wilden JA, Truitt WA, Rodd ZA. Elucidating the biological basis for the reinforcing actions of alcohol in the mesolimbic dopamine system: the role of active metabolites of alcohol. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:104. [PMID: 23986666 PMCID: PMC3750600 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of successful pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of alcoholism is predicated upon understanding the biological action of alcohol. A limitation of the alcohol research field has been examining the effects of alcohol only and ignoring the multiple biological active metabolites of alcohol. The concept that alcohol is a "pro-drug" is not new. Alcohol is readily metabolized to acetaldehyde within the brain. Acetaldehyde is a highly reactive compound that forms a number of condensation products, including salsolinol and iso-salsolinol (acetaldehyde and dopamine). Recent experiments have established that numerous metabolites of alcohol have direct CNS action, and could, in part or whole, mediate the reinforcing actions of alcohol within the mesolimbic dopamine system. The mesolimbic dopamine system originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions that include the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and is thought to be the neurocircuitry governing the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse. Within this neurocircuitry there is convincing evidence that; (1) biologically active metabolites of alcohol can directly or indirectly increase the activity of VTA dopamine neurons, (2) alcohol and alcohol metabolites are reinforcing within the mesolimbic dopamine system, (3) inhibiting the alcohol metabolic pathway inhibits the biological consequences of alcohol exposure, (4) alcohol consumption can be reduced by inhibiting/attenuating the alcohol metabolic pathway in the mesolimbic dopamine system, (5) alcohol metabolites can alter neurochemical levels within the mesolimbic dopamine system, and (6) alcohol interacts with alcohol metabolites to enhance the actions of both compounds. The data indicate that there is a positive relationship between alcohol and alcohol metabolites in regulating the biological consequences of consuming alcohol and the potential of alcohol use escalating to alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Deehan
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Lin SM, Wu JY, Su C, Ferng S, Lo CY, Chiou RYY. Identification and mode of action of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-hmf) and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors in vinegars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9856-9862. [PMID: 22957895 DOI: 10.1021/jf302711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vinegars have been used as an alternative remedy for treating gout, but the scientific basis remains to be elucidated. In this study, seven commercial vinegars and one laboratory-prepared red-koji vinegar were evaluated for the inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase (XO), a critical enzyme catalyzing uric acid formation. Red-koji vinegar exhibited potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) activity and was used for isolating active compounds. The substances under two peaks with XOI activity from HPLC were identified as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA), by LC-MS-MS and NMR. The XO half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of 5-HMF and MTCA were 168 and 860 μg/mL, respectively. In further mode-of-action analysis, the inhibitory mechanism of each compound was elucidated at the IC(50) level in the presence of various concentrations of xanthine as the substrate. The following Michaelis-Menten kinetics analysis of XO inhibition revealed uncompetitive and competitive patterns for 5-HMF and MTCA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University , Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
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COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb16590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Pino-Figueroa A, Nguyen D, Maher TJ. Neuroprotective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1199:77-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Saidemberg DM, Ferreira MAB, Takahashi TN, Gomes PC, Cesar-Tognoli LMM, da Silva-Filho LC, Tormena CF, da Silva GVJ, Palma MS. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities of indolylalkaloid toxins from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata: functional characterization of PwTX-I. Toxicon 2009; 54:717-24. [PMID: 19501115 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colonial spiders evolved a differential prey-capture behaviour in concert with their venom chemistry, which may be a source of novel drugs. Some highly active tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THbetaC) toxins were recently isolated from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata; the spiders use these toxins as part of their chemical arsenal to kill and/or paralyze preys. The major THbetaC compound isolated from this venom was identified as 6-hydroxytrypargine, also known as PwTX-I. Most natural compounds of animal origin occur in low abundance, and the natural abundance of PwTX-I is insufficient for complete functional characterization. Thus, PwTx-I was synthesized using a Pictet-Spengler condensation strategy, and the stereoisomers of the synthetic toxin were separated by chiral chromatography. The fraction of venom containing a mixture of three natural THbetaC toxins and enantiomers of PwTx-I were analyzed for inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B and for toxicity to insects. We reveal that the mixture of the natural THbetaC toxins, as well as the enantiomers of PwTx-I, were non-competitive inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B and caused potent paralysis of honeybees. The (-)-PwTX-I enantiomer is 2-fold more potent than the (+)-PwTX-I enantiomer in the assays performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Saidemberg
- Department of Biology/CEIS, Laboratory Structural Biology and Zoochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenue 24A 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) products, grape and grape juice, represent a valuable source of bioactive phytochemicals, synthesized by three secondary metabolic pathways (phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid and alkaloid biosynthetic routes) and stored in different plant tissues. In the last decades, compelling evidence suggested that regular consumption of these products may contribute to reducing the incidence of chronic illnesses, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic stroke, neurodegenerative disorders and aging, in a context of the Mediterranean dietary tradition. The health benefits arising from grape product intake can be ascribed to the potpourri of biologically active chemicals occurring in grapes. Among them, the recently discovered presence of melatonin adds a new element to the already complex grape chemistry. Melatonin, and its possible synergistic action with the great variety of polyphenols, contributes to further explaining the observed health benefits associated with regular grape product consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università di Milano and Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Dipartimento Agroalimentare, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Faoro
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università di Milano and Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Dipartimento Agroalimentare, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
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TAKAHASHI A, MATSUOKA H, WATANABE E, SHINAGAWA A, OZAWA Y, YAMADA Y, UDA Y. Quantitative Analysis of Yellow Pigment in Takuan-zuke and Their ABTS Radical Cation Scavenging Activity. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.15.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ding JC, Huang XB, Wu HY, Chen JZ, Cai MT, Liu MC. Synthesis and biological activities of novel chiral fluorinated β-carboline derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570450635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saha B, Sharma S, Sawant D, Kundu B. Water as an efficient medium for the synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolines via Pictet–Spengler reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Iriti M, Faoro F. Grape phytochemicals: a bouquet of old and new nutraceuticals for human health. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:833-8. [PMID: 16759816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Health benefits associated with Mediterranean diets are due to the significantly large intake of functional plant foods and beverages, i.e., fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, nuts, wine, beer, and olive oil, containing a great array of bioactive phytochemicals or nutraceutical compounds. Therefore, the low risk of chronic diseases, such as coronary hearth disease and certain cancers, observed in some population groups, results from a diversified eating style, either in term of foods and food components. The paradigm of the relationship between the chemical diversity of a particular food and the array of its biological activities may be symbolized by grape. Despite the extensive knowledge about phenylpropanoids, principally polyphenols (stilbenes and anthocyanins) and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), in grape and wine, little it is known about the other compounds, such as tetrahydro-beta-carbolines. Recently, it has been attached importance to the dietary indoleamines, melatonin, and serotonin, in different plant foods, including grape, thus further supporting the hypothesis that health benefits, associated with Mediterranean dietary style, are due to plant food chemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iriti
- Istituto di Patologia Vegetale Università di Milano and CNR, Dipartimento Agroalimentare, Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Lentz AC, Carson CC, Marson L. Does the New Herbal Supplement “Maca” Enhance Erectile Function or Female Sexual Function? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.spre.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ohya T, Niitsu M. Identification of 4-methylspinaceamine - a Pictet – Spengler condensation reaction product of histamine with acetaldehyde - in human urine. Life Sci 2005; 76:1199-209. [PMID: 15642591 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the first identification of 4-methylspinaceamine (4-MSPA)-a Pictet Spengler condensation reaction product of histamine with acetaldehyde-in human urine. 4-MSPA was identified and quantified as follows: the target compound was partially purified by solvent extraction from a urine sample spiked with N-methylpiperazine (N-MP) as an internal standard, then derivatized to a naphthylthiourea derivative with 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (NITC) and finally analyzed by HPLC. For verification, 4-MSPA was also analyzed by ion spray-mass spectrometry (IS-MS), using 4-MSPA-d4 as an internal standard. The amount of 4-MSPA in human urine varied between individuals and from day-to-day, ranging from undetectable to 0.80 nmol/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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Herraiz T, Papavergou E. Identification and occurrence of tryptamine- and tryptophan-derived tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in commercial sausages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:2652-2658. [PMID: 15113173 DOI: 10.1021/jf0354601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification and occurrence of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines were studied in different kinds of commercial sausages including cooked, fresh, dry-fermented, and ripened sausages, such as salamis and Spanish chorizo, salchichon, fuet, and morcilla, both smoked and unsmoked. Four compounds were identified in several sausages by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS): 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (1), 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid diastereoisomers (2a,b), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (3), and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (4). The latter two (3 and 4) are now reported for the first time in meat products. The presence and occurrence of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines were highly variable depending on each particular sample of sausage, and it did not follow a single specific pattern. The concentration range taken as a sum of the four carbolines varied from undetectable levels to 33 microg/g, with the highest content found in ripened, dry-fermented, and smoked sausages (salami, chorizo, and morcilla) and the lowest in cooked sausages (Frankfurt). Formation of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines might occur during elaboration and the ripening process from a chemical condensation between tryptophan or tryptamine and aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde). Smoked samples had higher concentrations of formaldehyde-derived 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (1) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (tryptoline) (3) than those unsmoked. Also, 1 and 3 were more concentrated in the outer part of the sausage, likely to be in contact with smoke. It is concluded that some dry-fermented and/or smoked sausages may be significant dietary sources of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Herraiz T, Galisteo J. Tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids occur in fruits and fruit juices. Activity as antioxidants and radical scavengers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:7156-7161. [PMID: 14611187 DOI: 10.1021/jf030324h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines are biologically active alkaloids that occur and accumulate in mammalian tissues, fluids, and brain, but their ultimate origin or biological role is still uncertain. Four tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, are found as naturally occurring substances in some fruit and fruit juices. These compounds occur in the microg/g level in those products, and a characteristic and distinct profile appears to exist depending on the type of fruit and juice involved. Thus, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline may appear in tomato, tomato juice, and kiwi; 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in bananas, pineapple, tomato, and their corresponding juices; and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in oranges and grapefruits, although it also occurred in most juices. Fruit-occurring tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids acted as antioxidants and free radical scavengers in the ABTS assay when compared with ascorbic acid and Trolox. This suggests that tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids might act as antioxidants when absorbed and accumulated in the body, contributing to the antioxidant effect of fruit products containing these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Herraiz
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Herraiz T, Galisteo J, Chamorro C. L-tryptophan reacts with naturally occurring and food-occurring phenolic aldehydes to give phenolic tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids: activity as antioxidants and free radical scavengers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:2168-2173. [PMID: 12670151 DOI: 10.1021/jf0210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The reaction between the essential amino acid l-tryptophan and flavoring or naturally occurring phenyl and phenolic aldehydes was studied, and the alkaloidal reaction products were characterized by NMR and HPLC-MS. Benzaldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and anisaldehyde condensed with l-tryptophan in aqueous-acidic media affording the corresponding phenolic tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid as two diastereoisomers, 1S,3S-cis and 1R,3S-trans. With the exception of benzaldehyde, the rest of the aldehydes needed heating conditions (70 degrees C) to significantly form tetrahydro-beta-carbolines over time with the cyclization highly favored at low pH. This suggests a likely formation of these compounds under conditions that may occur in foods, food processing, or cooking. The new phenolic tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids were assayed, for the first time, for their activity as free radical scavengers and antioxidants and showed good antioxidant properties with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values much higher than those of ascorbic acid and the water soluble vitamin E analogue, Trolox, in the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Papavergou E, Herraiz T. Identification and occurrence of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: the main β-carboline alkaloid in smoked foods. Food Res Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-9969(03)00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Piacente S, Carbone V, Plaza A, Zampelli A, Pizza C. Investigation of the tuber constituents of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5621-5. [PMID: 12236688 DOI: 10.1021/jf020280x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii, known in South America as maca, has received attention worldwide as a powerful energizer that improves physical and mental conditions and increases fertility. Because of these reports, we investigated the secondary metabolites of the tuber of maca. The methanol extract of the tuber of maca contained, in addition to free sugars and amino acids, the following: uridine, malic acid and its benzoyl derivative, and the glucosinolates, glucotropaeolin and m-methoxyglucotropaeolin. Because glucosinolates and their derived products have received increasing attention due to their biological activities, the occurrence of glucosinolate degradation products in the hexane extract was also investigated, and benzylisothiocyanate and its m-methoxy derivative were isolated. The two glucosinolates were semiquantified by HPLC, and benzylisothiocyanate was semiquantified by GC/MS. The methanol extract of maca tuber also contained (1R,3S)-1-methyltetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, a molecule which is reported to exert many activities on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Piacente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Herraiz T, Galisteo J. Identification and occurrence of the novel alkaloid pentahydroxypentyl-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid as a tryptophan glycoconjugate in fruit juices and jams. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:4690-4695. [PMID: 12137498 DOI: 10.1021/jf020090m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The novel carbohydrate-derived beta-carboline, 1-pentahydroxypentyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, was identified in fruit- and vegetable-derived products such as juices, jams, and tomato sauces. This compound occurred as two diastereoisomers, a cis isomer (the major compound) and a trans isomer, ranging from undetectable amounts to 6.5 microg/g. Grape, tomato, pineapple, and tropical juices exhibited the highest amount of this alkaloid (up to 3.8 mg/L), whereas apple, banana, and peach juices showed very low or nondetectable levels. This tetrahydro-beta-carboline was also found in jams (up to 0.45 microg/g), and a relative high amount was present in tomato concentrate (6.5 microg/g) and sauce (up to 1.8 microg/g). This beta-carboline occurred in fruit-derived products as a glycoconjugate from a chemical condensation of D-glucose and L-tryptophan that is highly favored at low pH values and high temperature. Production, processing treatments, and storage of fruit juices and jams can then release this beta-carboline. Fruit-derived products and other foods containing this compound might be an exogenous dietary source of this glucose-derived tetrahydro-beta-carboline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Herraiz T. Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines, potential neuroactive alkaloids, in chocolate and cocoa. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:4900-4904. [PMID: 11052752 DOI: 10.1021/jf000508l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines (THbetaCs), potential neuroactive alkaloids, were found in chocolate and cocoa. 6-Hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2, 3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6OHMTHbetaC), 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA), 1-methyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) in both diastereoisomers (1S,3S and 1R,3S), and 1-methyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (MTHbetaC), besides serotonin and tryptamine biogenic amines, were identified and quantified in dark chocolate, milk chocolate, cocoa, and chocolate-containing cereals by RP-HPLC-fluorescence and HPLC-MS. For each THbetaC, the concentration ranges were determined: 6OHMTHbetaC (0.16-3.92 microg/g), THCA (0.01-0.85 microg/g), 1S,3S-MTCA (0.35-2 microg/g), 1R,3S-MTCA (0.14-0.88 microg/g), and MTHbetaC (nd-0.21 microg/g). The highest content was generally found in chocolates and cocoas, but cereals containing chocolate also showed an appreciable amount of THbetaCs. The possible biological implications of this novel group of alkaloids in chocolate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Spanish National Research Council, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Herraiz T. Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid compounds in fish and meat: possible precursors of co-mutagenic beta-carbolines norharman and harman in cooked foods. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2000; 17:859-66. [PMID: 11103270 DOI: 10.1080/026520300420439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines and beta-carbolines was studied in raw, cooked and smoked fish and meat. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA) usually was the major beta-carboline found, whereas 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) appeared in smoked and 'well done' cooked samples. THCA was detected in raw fish (nd-2.52 micrograms/g), cooked fish (nd-6.43 micrograms/g), cooked meats (nd-0.036 microgram/g), smoked fish (0.19-0.67 microgram/g) and smoked meats (0.02-1.1 micrograms/g). Smoked and cooked samples contained higher amounts of THCA and MTCA than raw products. Deep cooking of fish and meat increased both THCA and MTCA, and this was accompanied by the formation of more beta-carbolines, norharman and harman. The tetrahydro-beta-carbolines THCA and MTCA were chemical precursors of the co-mutagens norharman and harman during cooking. These and previous results confirm that foods are an important source of beta-carbolines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Herraiz T. Analysis of the bioactive alkaloids tetrahydro-beta-carboline and beta-carboline in food. J Chromatogr A 2000; 881:483-99. [PMID: 10905730 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple tetrahydro-beta-carbolines (THbetaCs) and beta-carbolines (betaCs) are naturally occurring alkaloids in foods and food processing. This paper reviews the methods employed for their analysis. Procedures for THbetaC and betaC isolation and clean-up to remove interfering compounds are carried out by liquid-liquid extraction, and/or better solid-phase extraction under both reversed-phase (C18) and cation-exchange mechanisms. Chemical derivatizations of THbetaCs with methyl chloroformate, or anhydrides are accomplished before GC-MS. Quantitative analysis of THbetaCs and betaCs is made by RP-HPLC (C18) with fluorescence detection providing good selectivity and sensitivity. For the same reasons, HPLC-MS is increasingly applied to these compounds. Electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization easily produce protonated molecules (M+H)+ of both THbetaCs and betaCs. Fragmentation by collision induced dissociation or tandem mass spectrometry helps to complete trace identification. The occurrence of biologically relevant THbetaCs and betaCs in foods highlights the interest of accomplishing their analysis. Foods containing those compounds represent a source of possible THbetaCs and betaCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Bringmann G, Feineis D, Brückner R, Blank M, Peters K, Peters EM, Reichmann H, Janetzky B, Grote C, Clement HW, Wesemann W. Bromal-derived tetrahydro-beta-carbolines as neurotoxic agents: chemistry, impairment of the dopamine metabolism, and inhibitory effects on mitochondrial respiration. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1467-78. [PMID: 10896123 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian alkaloids tryptoline (1) and eleagnine (2) as well as the highly halogenated (X = F, Cl, Br) tetrahydro-beta-carbolines (THbetaCs) 3-5, structurally similar to the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 6), were found to have a common feature of inducing a severe impairment of the nigrostriatal dopamine metabolism and inhibiting complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain highly selectively. Within the series of compounds tested, 1-tribromomethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline ('TaBro', 5), which was prepared in high yields from the biogenic amine tryptamine ('Ta', 7) and the unnatural aldehyde bromal ('Bro', 8) by a Pictet-Spengler cyclization reaction, turned out to be the most potent toxin in vitro and in vivo. As demonstrated by voltammetric measurements on rats, for all the THbetaCs 1-5 investigated, intranigral application of a single dose of 10 microg resulted in a significant reduction of the dopaminergic activity in the striatum, with the strongest effect being observed for TaBro (5). Using rat brain homogenates, again 5 (IC50 = 200 microM) as well as its dehydrohalogenation product 11 (IC50 = 150 microM) exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory potential on mitochondrial respiration. The halogen-free THbetaCs 1 and 2 as well as the MPTP metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), by contrast, showed only a moderate inhibition at concentrations in the millimolar range (e.g. for MPP+: IC50 = 3.5 mM). For an elucidation of the role of hydrophobic portion in the inhibitory action against complex I activity, several N-acyl derivatives (15-21) of 5 were synthesized and tested. An X-ray diffraction study on the 3-dimensional structure of trifluoroacetylated highly halogenated THbetaCs (12-14) revealed the tetrahydropyrido part to adopt a nearly planarized half-chair conformation. Because of the steric demand of the trihalogenmethyl moiety (CF3 < CCl3 < CBr3), the N-substituent is dramatically pushed out of that ring 'plane'.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bringmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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41
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Herraiz T. Analysis of tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acids in foods by solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 871:23-30. [PMID: 10735282 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence and analysis of two tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acids in foods are studied. Sample preparation with benzenesulfonic acid strong cation-exchange columns followed by RP-HPLC-fluorescence allowed a reliable analysis and spectral characterization of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA) and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA). Experimental data showed that upon oxidation tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acids gave rise to beta-carbolines (norharman and harman) that were also chromatographically separated and their fluorescent profile monitored. This approach was useful to confirm identification of tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acids in foods. Several foods and beverages contained THCA and MTCA in varying proportions. Their occurrence in foods implies that diet is a source of these compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Herraiz T. 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid and 1,2, 3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:4883-4887. [PMID: 10606547 DOI: 10.1021/jf990233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA) and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA), as two diastereoisomers (1S,3S and 1R,3S), occurred in commercial fruits. Citrus fruits exhibited the highest content; other fruits contained very low levels or none at all. The content of MTCA was as follows: orange, 0.35-2.47 microg/g; lemon, 0.15-2.05 microg/g; grapefruit, 1.12-8.37 microg/g; mandarin, 0.57-2.5 microg/g; banana, nd-0.74 microg/g; pear, nd-0.017 microg/g; grape, 0.01-0.22 microg/g, tomato, 0.05-0.25 microg/g; and apple, nd-0.012 microg/g). THCA, if present, usually occurred at <0.05 microg/g. Fruit ripening and softening during storage were accompanied with a significant increase of MTCA, in both pears and bananas. Those and previous results confirm that foods are an important source of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Herraiz T. Ethyl 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylate: a novel β-carboline found in alcoholic beverages. Food Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(99)00066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Abstract
1. Brofaromine (CGP 11,305 A) belongs to a new generation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. These compounds induce short, reversible and selective inhibition of brain MAO of type A. 2. The aim of this work is to study monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activities of several rat brain regions after increasing doses of brofaromine. 3. Brofaromine inhibits MAO-A activities in a dose dependent manner in all brain regions examined. 4. The largest reduction was found in hippocampal formation, striatum and prefrontal cortex respectively. ID50 is 2 times lower in hippocampus than in remaining brain. 5. Brofaromine does not inhibit MAO-B activities in the different regions examined. 6. Brofaromine is a very selective inhibitor of rat brain MAO-A with a preferential action on telencephalic monoaminergic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerardy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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45
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Herraiz T, Sanchez F. Presence of tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acids in foods by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as their N-methoxycarbonyl methyl ester derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1997; 765:265-77. [PMID: 9129310 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Various tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acids (TH beta C-3-COOH) are identified in commercial foods and drinks by GC-MS. Positive identification of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) is demonstrated in soy and tabasco sauces, wine, beer, wine vinegar, cider, orange juice, toasted bread, blue cheese and yoghurt. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA) occurs in toasted bread, beer, cider, wine vinegar, soy and tabasco sauce, orange juice and blue cheese. MTCA and THCA are reported for the first time in several of these products. MTCA appears as a mixture of two diastereoisomers with the same mass spectra. MTCA is the major TH beta C-3-COOH in foodstuffs except for toasted bread that contains more THCA. GC-MS analysis of N-methoxycarbonyl methyl ester derivatives of TH beta C-3-COOHs was used for chemical identification. Those derivatives were synthesized in a qualitatively using methyl chloroformate or methyl chloroformate and diazomethane reagents. Electron impact mass spectra of N-methoxycarbonyl-TH beta C-3-COOH methyl esters are reported and fragmentation assigned and discussed. These results prove the presence of TH beta C-3-COOHs in commercial foodstuffs suggesting their uptake during the daily consumption of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Bringmann G, Friedrich H, Birner G, Koob M, Sontag KH, Heim C, Kolasiewicz W, Fähr S, Stäblein M, God R, Feineis D. Endogenous alkaloids in man. XXVI. Determination of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TaClo) in biological samples using gas chromatography with selected ion monitoring. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 687:337-48. [PMID: 9017456 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly chlorinated beta-carbolines have a potential in vivo relevance to Parkinson's disease. In this paper, a gas chromatographic method for the determination of the neurotoxic 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TaClo), the condensation product of tryptamine and chloral hydrate, is described. The specific and sensitive assay involves purification of the biological samples by solid-phase extraction with C18 cartridges, derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and chromatography on a non-polar fused-silica capillary column. Detection of TaClo was achieved by the registration of characteristic mass fragments of the TaClo heptafluorobutyric amide derivative using selected ion monitoring. The method was utilized to detect and quantify TaClo in blood, urine, bile, faeces, and brain tissue of rats treated with this alkaloid-type heterocycle. Four-fold deuterium-labelled TaClo was used as an internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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47
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Musshoff F, Daldrup T, Bonte W, Leitner A, Lesch OM. Formaldehyde-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 683:163-76. [PMID: 8891913 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human urine samples were examined for the occurrence of formaldehyde-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-beta-carbolines generated by condensation of the methanol oxidation product with biogenic amines. Positive results were obtained for the tryptamine condensation product 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and the serotonine condensation product 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline as well as for the condensation products with tyramine, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl-4,6,7-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 4,6,7-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and the metabolite 6-methoxy-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. Negative results were obtained for N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, 6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in samples of chronic alcoholics as well as in the urine of healthy volunteers. No correlation between alcohol ingestion or state of alcoholization could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tsuchiya H, Todoriki H, Hayashi T. Metabolic hydroxylation of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 52:677-82. [PMID: 8587904 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the metabolites of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (MTBC) in human urine by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICIMS) and developed an analytical method using GC-NICIMS for their quantitative determination. When tetradeuterated MTBC was orally administered to a human subject, two peaks of the deuterated metabolites appeared on mass fragmentograms of the urine samples after administration. They were identified as tetradeuterated 6-hydroxy-MTBC (6-OH-MTBC) and 7-hydroxy-MTBC (7-OH-MTBC), indicating that MTBC was metabolically hydroxylated in humans. The proposed GC-NICIMS method could sensitively and selectively determine urinary 6-OH-MTBC and 7-OH-MTBC without interference from their artifactual formation during analysis. Its application to urine analysis has revealed that MTBC is excreted in human urine predominantly as the two hydroxylated metabolites, in which 6-OH-MTBC is present in both free and conjugated forms, whereas the 7-OH-MTBC of a conjugated form is much more than the 7-OH-MTBC of a free form.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchiya
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan
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Abdel-Fattah AF, Matsumoto K, Gammaz HA, Watanabe H. Hypothermic effect of harmala alkaloid in rats: involvement of serotonergic mechanism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 52:421-6. [PMID: 8577810 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00131-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of total alkaloid extracted from Peganum harmala seeds collected in Egypt on body temperature was studied in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of the Peganum harmala extract produced significant and dose-dependent hypothermia. Similarly, harmine and harmaline, major constituents of the harmala alkaloid, lowered the body temperature. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg/day for 3 days), a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, significantly attenuated the hypothermic effect of the total alkaloid and harmine, while it tended to block the hypothermic action of harmaline. Methysergide (2 mg/kg), a 5-HT antagonist, significantly attenuated the hypothermia induced by harmala alkaloids. Pindolol (0.05-2 mg/kg), a 5-HT1A receptor and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, partly blocked the hypothermic effect of the harmala alkaloids in a dose-dependent manner, whereas propranolol (10 mg/kg), a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, failed to alter it, suggesting that beta-adrenoceptor is not involved in the hypothermia caused by the alkaloids. Pretreatment with a dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol (5 mg/kg, s.c. and 2 mg/kg, i.p. 24 and 2 h before the experiment, respectively) significantly attenuated the hypothermic effect of harmala alkaloids. Moreover, in haloperidol pretreated rats, methysergide (2 mg/kg, i.p.) and pindolol (0.05 and 2 mg/kg) completely attenuated the hypothermic effect of the alkaloids. These data suggest that harmala alkaloids produce hypothermic effect mainly through endogenous 5-HT stimulation of 5-HT1A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Abdel-Fattah
- Division of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku (Oriental Medicines), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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50
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Fernández de Arriba A, Lizcano JM, Balsa MD, Unzeta M. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase from bovine retina by beta-carbolines. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994; 46:809-13. [PMID: 7699568 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of some beta-carboline derivatives as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase has been studied in bovine retina. Inhibition was found not to show any significant time dependence. Di- and tetrahydro-beta-carbolines were shown to behave as reversible and competitive inhibitors. In contrast, the fully unsaturated beta-carbolines harmane, harmine and harmaline, which showed deviation from linearity at high substrate concentrations, behaved as tight-binding inhibitors. In these cases, the concentration of the enzyme and the inhibitor were of the same order. This was confirmed by the Ki values for these compounds in the nanomolar concentration range. Consistent with this was that inhibition was only partly reversed by dialysis for 18 h at 4 degrees C, although complete reversal was observed after dialysis for the same period at 37 degrees C. Structure-activity relationships indicated that substitution of a methoxy group at the C7 position of the aromatic ring is determinant for this tight-binding behaviour; a substitution of this group at the C6 position greatly reduced inhibition. Since beta-carbolines have been reported to be formed endogenously, this suggests that they might have important physiological actions on monoamine oxidase activity in-vivo. In contrast, all the beta-carbolines investigated in this study had low potencies as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández de Arriba
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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