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Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121793. [PMID: 36551221 PMCID: PMC9775352 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathomimetic agents are a group of chemical compounds that are able to activate the sympathetic nervous system either directly via adrenergic receptors or indirectly by increasing endogenous catecholamine levels or mimicking their intracellular signaling pathways. Compounds from this group, both used therapeutically or abused, comprise endogenous catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline), synthetic amines (e.g., isoproterenol and dobutamine), trace amines (e.g., tyramine, tryptamine, histamine and octopamine), illicit drugs (e.g., ephedrine, cathinone, and cocaine), or even caffeine and synephrine. In addition to the effects triggered by stimulation of the sympathetic system, the discovery of trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) in humans brought new insights about their sympathomimetic pharmacology and toxicology. Although synthetic sympathomimetic agents are mostly seen as toxic, natural sympathomimetic agents are considered more complacently in the terms of safety in the vision of the lay public. Here, we aim to discuss the pharmacological and mainly toxicological aspects related to sympathomimetic natural agents, in particular of trace amines, compounds derived from plants like ephedra and khat, and finally cocaine. The main purpose of this review is to give a scientific and updated view of those agents and serve as a reminder on the safety issues of natural sympathomimetic agents most used in the community.
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Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Diversity of Capsicum Based on rDNA-ITS Region. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genus Capsicum is comprised of 5 domesticated and more than 30 wild species. The region of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (rDNA-ITS) has widely been used for species identification, but has rarely been used in Capsicum. In this study, the evaluation of genetic diversity and a phylogenetic analysis were conducted using rDNA-ITS of 28 Capsicum accessions, including five domesticated and two wild species. We surveyed six conventional keys of domesticated species and another five traits in Capsicum accessions. Specific morphological characteristics were found in C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C.pubescens. Three subclones of each accession were sequenced, and rDNA-ITS polymorphisms were detected in all accessions excluding C. annuum, suggesting that incomplete concerted evolution occurred in rDNA-ITS of Capsicum. The genetic diversity was evaluated using nucleotide polymorphism and diversity. C. annuum had the lowest genetic diversity of all species in this study. The phylogenetic tree formed a species-specific clade for C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens. The C. chinense clade existed in the C. frutescens clade, implying that it was a cultivated variant of C. frutescens. C. chacoense likely belonged to the C. baccatum complex according to its morphologic and genetic features. This study indicated that the rDNA-ITS region can be used for simple identification of domesticated Capsicum species.
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Shiragaki K, Yokoi S, Tezuka T. A hypersensitive response-like reaction is involved in hybrid weakness in F 1 plants of the cross Capsicum annuum × Capsicum chinense. BREEDING SCIENCE 2020; 70:430-437. [PMID: 32968345 PMCID: PMC7495199 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid weakness in Capsicum is characterized by the termination of leaf differentiation after the development of several leaves. F1 plants in some crosses between Capsicum annuum and Capsicum chinense show weakness; this phenomenon has not been investigated in detail since first reported. In the present study, we characterized morphologically and physiologically hybrid weakness in Capsicum. F1 plants did not show weaker growth than their parents 20 days after germination (DAG), but at 40 DAG, the hybrid weakness phenotype was evidenced by almost complete arrest of new leaf formation, delayed increase in plant height, and reduced upper internode length. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of F1 plants exhibited delayed development and an abnormal structure characterized by a flat shape and the presence of fuzzy cell layers on the surface. These abnormal SAMs of F1 plants may lead to dwarfism. Dead cells and accumulation of H2O2 were visually detected in leaves of F1 plants, and cell death was considered to be programmed, as it was accompanied by internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA. The expression of immunity marker genes PR1 and PR2 was upregulated in leaves of F1 plants. These results suggest that a hypersensitive response-like reaction is involved in Capsicum hybrid weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Shiragaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shuji Yokoi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Education and Research Field, College of Life, Environment, and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Bioeconomy Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tezuka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Education and Research Field, College of Life, Environment, and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Chen KY, Brychta RJ, Abdul Sater Z, Cassimatis TM, Cero C, Fletcher LA, Israni NS, Johnson JW, Lea HJ, Linderman JD, O'Mara AE, Zhu KY, Cypess AM. Opportunities and challenges in the therapeutic activation of human energy expenditure and thermogenesis to manage obesity. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1926-1942. [PMID: 31914415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current obesity pandemic results from a physiological imbalance in which energy intake chronically exceeds energy expenditure (EE), and prevention and treatment strategies remain generally ineffective. Approaches designed to increase EE have been informed by decades of experiments in rodent models designed to stimulate adaptive thermogenesis, a long-term increase in metabolism, primarily induced by chronic cold exposure. At the cellular level, thermogenesis is achieved through increased rates of futile cycling, which are observed in several systems, most notably the regulated uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP generation by uncoupling protein 1, a tissue-specific protein present in mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Physiological activation of BAT and other organ thermogenesis occurs through β-adrenergic receptors (AR), and considerable effort over the past 5 decades has been directed toward developing AR agonists capable of safely achieving a net negative energy balance while avoiding unwanted cardiovascular side effects. Recent discoveries of other BAT futile cycles based on creatine and succinate have provided additional targets. Complicating the current and developing pharmacological-, cold-, and exercise-based methods to increase EE is the emerging evidence for strong physiological drives toward restoring lost weight over the long term. Future studies will need to address technical challenges such as how to accurately measure individual tissue thermogenesis in humans; how to safely activate BAT and other organ thermogenesis; and how to sustain a negative energy balance over many years of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| | - Robert J Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zahraa Abdul Sater
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Thomas M Cassimatis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Laura A Fletcher
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nikita S Israni
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - James W Johnson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hannah J Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joyce D Linderman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alana E O'Mara
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth Y Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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Zsiborás C, Mátics R, Hegyi P, Balaskó M, Pétervári E, Szabó I, Sarlós P, Mikó A, Tenk J, Rostás I, Pécsi D, Garami A, Rumbus Z, Huszár O, Solymár M. Capsaicin and capsiate could be appropriate agents for treatment of obesity: A meta-analysis of human studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1419-1427. [PMID: 28001433 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1262324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Zsiborás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Mátics
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - University of Szeged, Momentum Gastroenterology Multidisciplinary Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Translational Medicine, First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Imre Szabó
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Patrícia Sarlós
- Department of Translational Medicine, First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Mikó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Judit Tenk
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Rostás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dániel Pécsi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Garami
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rumbus
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Huszár
- First Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Kobata K, Takemura I, Tago G, Moriya T, Kubota K, Nakatani S, Wada M, Watanabe T. Formation of long-chain N-vanillyl-acylamides from plant oils. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1242-5. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.912118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Long-chain N-vanillyl-acylamides (LCNVAs) were generated from plant oils and vanillylamine (VA) by nucleophilic amidation without any catalytic reagents. The resulting LCNVAs varied according to the fatty acid composition of the plant oil used. Therefore, the LCNVAs contained in Capsicum oleoresins were products that were spontaneously generated from the oleoresin during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kobata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Ikue Takemura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Japan
| | - Gaku Tago
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Takayuki Moriya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubota
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Japan
| | - Sachie Nakatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Watanabe
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Japan
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Haratake A, Watase D, Setoguchi S, Terada K, Matsunaga K, Takata J. Relationship between the acyl chain length of paradol analogues and their antiobesity activity following oral ingestion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6166-6174. [PMID: 24909840 DOI: 10.1021/jf500873a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
6-Paradol is known to activate thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), and paradol analogues with different acyl chain lengths possess different pungency thresholds. In this study, the influence of the acyl chain length on the antiobesity activity of the paradol analogues was investigated. The antiobesity activity of 6-paradol in mice fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks was greater than that of dihydrocapsiate. A comparison of the antiobesity activities of zingerone and 6-paradol showed that the length of the acyl chain in the paradol analogue was important for strong activity. Furthermore, the antiobesity activities of 6-, 8-, and 12-paradol appeared to decrease in an acyl chain length-dependent manner. The mechanism of the antiobesity activity of 6-paradol was enhanced by increasing levels of energy metabolism in the BAT, as well as an increase in the expression of uncoupling proteins 1 via the activation of sympathetic nerve activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Haratake
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Koreishi M, Tani K, Ise Y, Imanaka H, Imamura K, Nakanishi K. Enzymatic Synthesis of β-Lactam Antibiotics andN-Fatty-Acylated Amino Compounds by the Acyl-Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by Penicillin V Acylase fromStreptomyces mobaraensis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1582-6. [PMID: 17587696 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin V acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (Sm-PVA) showed high acyl-transfer activity in reactions using methyl esters of carboxylic acid (acyl donor) and amino compounds (nucleophile), to produce the corresponding amides. Moreover, Sm-PVA had broad substrate specificity, as indicated by the fact that it catalyzed the efficient synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics, capsaicin derivatives, and N-fatty-acyl-amino acid/N-fatty-acyl-peptide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Koreishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Japan
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9
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Assessment of the Biological Similarity of Three Capsaicin Analogs (Capsinoids) Found in Non-Pungent Chili Pepper (CH-19 Sweet) Fruits. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:274-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Anderson M, Afewerki S, Berglund P, Córdova A. Total Synthesis of Capsaicin Analogues from Lignin-Derived Compounds by Combined Heterogeneous Metal, Organocatalytic and Enzymatic Cascades in One Pot. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Cha YS, Kim SR, Yang JA, Back HI, Kim MG, Jung SJ, Song WO, Chae SW. Kochujang, fermented soybean-based red pepper paste, decreases visceral fat and improves blood lipid profiles in overweight adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:24. [PMID: 23442518 PMCID: PMC3599636 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Health benefits of Kochujang (KCJ) and its bioactive compounds have been reported in several in vitro and animal studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of KCJ supplementation on body composition and blood lipid profiles in overweight adults. METHODS Sixty overweight men and women with BMI ≥23 kg/m2 and waist-hip-ratio (WHR) ≥0.90 for men and ≥0.85 for women were randomly assigned to a KCJ supplement (n=30, 32 g/day) or placebo (n=30, 32 g/day) group for a 12-week, double-blind, placebo controlled study. We measured anthropometric parameters, serum lipid profiles, abdominal fat distribution by computerized tomography and calculated the atherosclerosis indices in 53 subjects (n=26 in KCJ group, n=27 in placebo group) who completed the study. RESULTS After 12 weeks, the KCJ group showed a significant reduction in visceral fat (cm2) (p<0.05), although body weight (kg) and WHR did not change. Serum concentration of triglycerides and ApoB were decreased when compared to those of the placebo group. CONCLUSION KCJ supplementation (32 g/day) for 12 weeks in overweight adults showed anti-atherosclerotic and anti-obesogenic effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trials.gov Identifier: NCT01532375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Obesity Research Center, 664-14 Dukjin-Dong 1-Ga, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Hong SI, Ma N, Kim I, Seo J, Kim IH. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of capsiate analog using vanillyl alcohol and conjugated linoleic acid under vacuum system. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The sensory properties of foods and beverages are primary determinants of food choice. Some flavor components have an inherent hedonic valence that influences ingestive behavior. However, these hedonic impressions may be modified and others newly formed through their association with the post-ingestive consequences of food and beverage consumption. Flavor-active compounds, including spices, also modify digestive, absorptive and metabolic processes through direct activation of signaling pathways or via neurally-mediated cephalic phase responses. These may modify energy balance through effects on food digestion, energy absorption and metabolism. Thus, collectively, flavor has the potential to modify energy balance. Attempts to purposefully augment energy and nutrient intake have largely focused on the aging population where flavor fortification is posited to correct for diminishing sensory function. Evidence of efficacy is not strong, possibly due to methodological issues such as low statistical power and failure to match documented sensory limitations with the nature of the intervention. More rigorous testing should determine the viability of this therapeutic application of food flavors. The use of flavor compounds for weight reduction has yielded mixed results. Most trials have delivered the compounds via capsule precluding assessment of flavor to outcomes. Work with red pepper suggests there is an independent, albeit subtle, sensory effect on substrate oxidation coupled with a more general reduction of appetite and enhancement of energy expenditure. Flavor active compounds hold some promise for being more a part of the solution than the problem of disordered eating and unhealthy weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Mattes
- Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, Stone Hall, Rm. 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA.
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Ludy MJ, Moore GE, Mattes RD. The effects of capsaicin and capsiate on energy balance: critical review and meta-analyses of studies in humans. Chem Senses 2011; 37:103-21. [PMID: 22038945 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of spicy foods containing capsaicin, the major pungent principle in hot peppers, reportedly promotes negative energy balance. However, many individuals abstain from spicy foods due to the sensory burn and pain elicited by the capsaicin molecule. A potential alternative for nonusers of spicy foods who wish to exploit this energy balance property is consumption of nonpungent peppers rich in capsiate, a recently identified nonpungent capsaicin analog contained in CH-19 Sweet peppers. Capsiate activates transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) receptors in the gut but not in the oral cavity. This paper critically evaluates current knowledge on the thermogenic and appetitive effects of capsaicin and capsiate from foods and in supplemental form. Meta-analyses were performed on thermogenic outcomes, with a systematic review conducted for both thermogenic and appetitive outcomes. Evidence indicates that capsaicin and capsiate both augment energy expenditure and enhance fat oxidation, especially at high doses. Furthermore, the balance of the literature suggests that capsaicin and capsiate suppress orexigenic sensations. The magnitude of these effects is small. Purposeful inclusion of these compounds in the diet may aid weight management, albeit modestly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Jon Ludy
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA
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15
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Imaizumi K, Sato S, Kumazawa M, Arai N, Aritoshi S, Akimoto S, Sakakibara Y, Kawashima Y, Tachiyashiki K. Capsaicinoids-induced changes of plasma glucose, free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:109-16. [PMID: 21297348 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Red peppers are used as a spice for enhancing the palatability of foods. Two major capsaicinoids, dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) and capsaicin (CAP) are responsible for up to 90% of the total pungency of pepper fruits. These capsaicinoids are known to enhance energy metabolism and thermogenesis. However, there is a little information on the effects of capsaicinoids on the lipolysis and carbohydrate metabolism. We studied the effects of DHC and CAP on plasma glucose, free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol concentrations in rats. Male six-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the DHC, CAP and control groups. Each capsaicinoid (dose = 3 mg/kg BW/day) was subcutaneously administered to rats for 10 days. DHC increased markedly plasma glucose, FFA and glycerol concentrations on day 1-10 by 14-35%, 61-103% and 108-174%, respectively, as compared with those of the control group. CAP increased relatively plasma glucose concentrations on day 1-3 by 15-17%, as compared with the control group. However, there were no significant differences in plasma glucose concentrations on day 7-10 among three groups. On the contrary, CAP did not change plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations on day 1-3. However, CAP increased markedly plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations on day 7-10 by 54-89% and 92-98%, respectively, as compared with the control group. DHC and CAP did not change the weights of white (perirenal and periepididymal) and brown (interscapular) adipose tissues. In conclusion, the effects of capsaicinoids on plasma glucose, FFA and glycerol concentrations were relatively higher in the DHC than in the CAP, and capsaicinoids did not change the weight of white and brown adipose tissues.
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Vriens J, Nilius B, Vennekens R. Herbal compounds and toxins modulating TRP channels. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 6:79-96. [PMID: 19305789 PMCID: PMC2645550 DOI: 10.2174/157015908783769644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the benefits are sometimes obvious, traditional or herbal medicine is regarded with skepticism, because the mechanism through which plant compounds exert their powers are largely elusive. Recent studies have shown however that many of these plant compounds interact with specific ion channels and thereby modulate the sensing mechanism of the human body. Especially members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels have drawn large attention lately as the receptors for plant-derived compounds such as capsaicin and menthol. TRP channels constitute a large and diverse family of channel proteins that can serve as versatile sensors that allow individual cells and entire organisms to detect changes in their environment. For this family, a striking number of empirical views have turned into mechanism-based actions of natural compounds. In this review we will give an overview of herbal compounds and toxins, which modulate TRP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Mol. Cell Biology, Division of Physiology, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 LEUVEN, Belgium
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Kobata K, Saito K, Tate H, Nashimoto A, Okuda H, Takemura I, Miyakawa K, Takahashi M, Iwai K, Watanabe T. Long-chain N-vanillyl-acylamides from Capsicum oleoresin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3627-3631. [PMID: 20192218 DOI: 10.1021/jf904280z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
N-Vanillyl-acylamides (NVAs) naturally occur as capsaicinoids in Capsicum plants. NVAs with a longer chain acyl moiety (LCNVAs) have been developed as attractive tools for medicinal usage because of their capsaicin-like bioactive and physiological properties, without harmful irritancy. In this study, we isolated four LCNVAs from Capsicum oleoresin. Their structures were determined to be N-vanillyl-hexadecanamide (palvanil, 2), N-vanillyl-octadecanamide (stevanil, 3), N-vanillyl-9E-octadecenamide (olvanil, 4), and N-vanillyl-9E,12E-octadecadienamide (livanil, 5) by spectroscopic analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of their methanolysis products. Furthermore, the existence of two LCNVAs in oleoresin, N-vanillyl-tetradecanamide (myrvanil, 1) and N-vanillyl-9E,12E,15E-octadecatrienamide (linvanil, 6), was suggested. The contents of these LCNVAs and the major capsaicinoids-capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin-in three Capsicum oleoresins and the fresh fruits of two hot peppers were measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. The content ratios of the total LCNVAs, except for myrvanil, versus the capsaicin in the oleoresins (0.1-41%) was significantly larger than that in fresh fruits (<0.01%). The composition of these LCNVAs in each oleoresin was similar to that of fatty acids in the oil fraction of each oleoresin. We observed no relationship between the composition of these LCNVAs in the fresh fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kobata
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Rosa A, Deiana M, Corona G, Atzeri A, Incani A, Appendino G, Dessì MA. Protective effect of capsinoid on lipid peroxidation in rat tissues induced by Fe-NTA. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:1155-62. [PMID: 16298741 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500178094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The activity of a single IP administration (15 or 30 mg/Kg body weight) of vanillyl nonanoate, a simplified analog of capsiate, on ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-mediated oxidative damage was investigated. A sub-lethal dose of Fe-NTA (15 mg Fe/Kg body weight) was administered IP to rats; animals were sacrificed, and kidney and plasma were collected 1 h after injection. In response to the Fe-NTA administration, a reduction of the levels of total lipids, total unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol was observed, accompanied by a rise in the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes fatty acids hydroperoxides and 7-ketocholesterol in plasma and kidney 1 h after administration. A pre-treatment with synthetic capsiate (SCPT) showed remarkable protective effect on the reduction of the levels of total lipids, total unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and the cellular antioxidant vitamin E, inhibiting the increase of MDA, conjugated dienes fatty acids hydroperoxides and 7-ketocholesterol in the plasma and kidney. The protective effect of SCPT and two analogues (vanillyl alcohol and vanillin) during the linoleic acid and cholesterol oxidation was investigated in in vitro systems, providing evidence of definite structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rosa
- Dip. Biologia Sperimentale, Sez. Patologia Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy.
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19
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Wang B, Yang F, Shan YF, Qiu WW, Tang J. Highly efficient synthesis of capsaicin analogues by condensation of vanillylamine and acyl chlorides in a biphase H2O/CHCl3 system. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sivakumar R, Divakar S. Syntheses of N-vanillyl-nonanamide glycosides using amyloglucosidase from Rhizopus and beta-glucosidase from sweet almond. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1537-48. [PMID: 17609862 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic syntheses of N-vanillyl-nonanamide, 1, glycosides with D-glucose, 2, D-galactose, 3, D-mannose, 4, D-ribose, 5, maltose, 6, and lactose, 7, were carried out using amyloglucosidase from Rhizopus and beta-glucosidase from sweet almond. The latter catalysed the syntheses of N-vanillyl-nonanamide glycosides (8-13) and exclusively yielded beta-glycosides with carbohydrates 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, while amyloglucosidase yielded C1-alpha- and beta-glycosides and 6-O-aryl derivatives (8, 9, 11 and 12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaiah Sivakumar
- Fermentation Technology & Bioengineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
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21
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Ikeuchi M, Koyama T, Takahashi J, Yazawa K. Effects of astaxanthin in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:893-9. [PMID: 17420580 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a natural antioxidant carotenoid that occurs in a wide variety of living organisms. We investigated the effects of astaxanthin supplementation in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Astaxanthin inhibited the increases in body weight and weight of adipose tissue that result from feeding a high-fat diet. In addition, astaxanthin reduced liver weight, liver triglyceride, plasma triglyceride, and total cholesterol. These results suggest that astaxanthin might be of value in reducing the likelihood of obesity and metabolic syndrome in affluent societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ikeuchi
- Laboratory of Nertraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Iwasaki Y, Morita A, Iwasawa T, Kobata K, Sekiwa Y, Morimitsu Y, Kubota K, Watanabe T. A nonpungent component of steamed ginger--[10]-shogaol--increases adrenaline secretion via the activation of TRPV1. Nutr Neurosci 2006; 9:169-78. [PMID: 17176640 DOI: 10.1080/110284150600955164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the components of ginger that are involved in increasing body temperature. Gingerols ([6,8,10]-gingerols) and shogaols ([6,8,10]-shogaols) having different alkyl carbon chain lengths were targeted. All the gingerols and shogaols increased intracellular calcium concentration in rat transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1)-expressing HEK293 cells via TRPV1. In this regard, the shogaols were more potent than the gingerols. Aversive responses were induced by [6]-, [10]-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol (5 mmol/l) in rats when these compounds were applied to the eye; however, no response was observed in response to [10]-shogaol (5 and 10 mmol/l). [10]-Shogaol induced nociceptive responses via TRPV1 in rats following its subcutaneous injection into the hindpaw; the pungent compound capsaicin (CAP) and [6]-shogaol were observed to have similar effects. Moreover, adrenal catecholamine secretion, which influences energy consumption, was promoted in rats in response to [6]- and [10]-gingerols and [6]- and [10]-shogaols (1.6 micromol/kg, i.v.). [10]-Shogaol-induced adrenaline secretion was inhibited by administration of capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist. In conclusion, gingerols and shogaols activated TRPV1 and increased adrenaline secretion. Interestingly, [10]-shogaol is the only nonpungent compound among the gingerols and shogaols, suggesting its usefulness as a functional ingredient in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, COE Program in the 21st Century, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Abstract
The scale of the obesity epidemic creates a pressing consumer need as well as an enormous business opportunity for successful development and marketing of food products with added benefits for weight control. A number of proposed functional food ingredients have been shown to act post-absorptively to influence substrate utilization or thermogenesis. Characteristics and supporting data on conjugated linoleic acid, diglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, green tea, ephedrine, caffeine, capsaicin and calcium, are reviewed here, giving examples of how these could act to alter energy expenditure or appetite control. Consideration is also given to other factors, in addition to efficacy, which must be satisfied to get such ingredients into foods. We conclude that, for each of the safe, putatively metabolically active agents, there remain gaps in clinical evidence or knowledge of mechanisms, which need to be addressed in order to specify the dietary conditions and food product compositions where these ingredients could be of most benefit for weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M R Kovacs
- Unilever Health Institute, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands.
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24
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Morimoto C, Satoh Y, Hara M, Inoue S, Tsujita T, Okuda H. Anti-obese action of raspberry ketone. Life Sci 2005; 77:194-204. [PMID: 15862604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Raspberry ketone (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one; RK) is a major aromatic compound of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus). The structure of RK is similar to the structures of capsaicin and synephrine, compounds known to exert anti-obese actions and alter the lipid metabolism. The present study was performed to clarify whether RK helps prevent obesity and activate lipid metabolism in rodents. To test the effect on obesity, our group designed the following in vivo experiments: 1) mice were fed a high-fat diet including 0.5, 1, or 2% of RK for 10 weeks; 2) mice were given a high-fat diet for 6 weeks and subsequently fed the same high-fat diet containing 1% RK for the next 5 weeks. RK prevented the high-fat-diet-induced elevations in body weight and the weights of the liver and visceral adipose tissues (epididymal, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric). RK also decreased these weights and hepatic triacylglycerol content after they had been increased by a high-fat diet. RK significantly increased norepinephrine-induced lipolysis associated with the translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase from the cytosol to lipid droplets in rat epididymal fat cells. In conclusion, RK prevents and improves obesity and fatty liver. These effects appear to stem from the action of RK in altering the lipid metabolism, or more specifically, in increasing norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Morimoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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KAWAGUCHI Y, MORIYA T, YANAE K, SETOGUCHI Y, KATO M. Method of Acid Value Determination for Oils Containing Alkali-Labile Esters. J Oleo Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.53.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Masuda Y, Haramizu S, Oki K, Ohnuki K, Watanabe T, Yazawa S, Kawada T, Hashizume SI, Fushiki T. Upregulation of uncoupling proteins by oral administration of capsiate, a nonpungent capsaicin analog. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95:2408-15. [PMID: 12959953 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00828.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsiate is a nonpungent capsaicin analog, a recently identified principle of the nonpungent red pepper cultivar CH-19 Sweet. In the present study, we report that 2-wk treatment of capsiate increased metabolic rate and promoted fat oxidation at rest, suggesting that capsiate may prevent obesity. To explain these effects, at least in part, we examined uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and thyroid hormones. UCPs and thyroid hormones play important roles in energy expenditure, the maintenance of body weight, and thermoregulation. Two-week treatment of capsiate increased the levels of UCP1 protein and mRNA in brown adipose tissue and UCP2 mRNA in white adipose tissue. This dose of capsiate did not change serum triiodothyronine or thyroxine levels. A single dose of capsiate temporarily raised both UCP1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue and UCP3 mRNA in skeletal muscle. These results suggest that UCP1 and UCP2 may contribute to the promotion of energy metabolism by capsiate, but that thyroid hormones do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Masuda
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Kobata K, Kawaguchi M, Watanabe T. Enzymatic synthesis of a capsinoid by the acylation of vanillyl alcohol with fatty acid derivatives catalyzed by lipases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:319-27. [PMID: 11999404 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capsinoids are a novel group of compounds produced by the Capsicum plant. We synthesized a capsinoid by the lipase-catalyzed esterification of vanillyl alcohol with fatty acid derivatives in an organic solvent. The use of seven out of 17 commercially available lipases, especially Novozym 435, was applicable to the synthesis of vanillyl nonanoate, a model compound of capsinoids. The yield of vanillyl nonanoate under the optimum conditions of 50 mM vanillyl alcohol and 50 mM methyl nonanoate in 500 microl of dioxane, using 20 mg of Novozym 435 and 50 mg of 4 A molecular sieves at 25 degrees C, was 86% in 20 h. Several capsinoid homologues having various acyl chain lengths (C6-C18) were synthesized at 64-86% yields from the corresponding fatty acid methyl ester. The natural capsinoids, capsiate and dihydrocapsiate, were obtained by a 400-fold-scale reaction at these optimum conditions in 60% and 59% isolated yields, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kobata
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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28
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Ohnuki K, Haramizu S, Oki K, Watanabe T, Yazawa S, Fushiki T. Administration of capsiate, a non-pungent capsaicin analog, promotes energy metabolism and suppresses body fat accumulation in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:2735-40. [PMID: 11826971 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a single oral administration of capsiate, which is found in the fruits of a non-pungent cultivar of pepper, CH-19 Sweet, and has the same structure as capsaicin except for replacement of NH by O in the alkyl chain, on the thermogenesis and fat accumulation in mice. The oxygen consumption and serum adrenalin concentration were higher in both the capsaicin (10 mg/kg-body weight) and capsiate (10 mg/kg-body weight) groups than those in the control group. We also examined the effects of 2 weeks of administration of capsaicin and capsiate on body fat accumulation. Eevery day for 2 weeks administration of capsiate (10, 50 mg/kg-body weight/day) markedly suppressed body fat accumulation as well as capsaicin (10 mg/kg-body weight/day). These results suggest that capsiate promotes energy metabolism and suppresses body fat accumulation as does capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohnuki
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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Watanabe T, Sakurada N, Kobata K. Capsaicin-, resiniferatoxin-, and olvanil-induced adrenaline secretions in rats via the vanilloid receptor. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:2443-7. [PMID: 11791717 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of capsaicin analogs on adrenaline secretion were investigated in rats. Capsaicin (20-100 microg/kg, i.v.) caused biphasic adrenaline secretion. Capsazepine (20 mg/kg, i.v.), a specific competitive antagonist of the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor, strongly inhibited both phases of adrenaline secretion by capsaicin (50 microg/kg). Next, the effects of two capsaicin analogs on the adrenal catecholamine secretion were examined. Resiniferatoxin (20-200 ng/kg, i.v.), a naturally occurring phorbolester-like compound, provoked slow onset adrenaline secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Olvanil (2.46-246 microg/kg, i.v.), a synthesized non pungent capsaicin analog, also stimulated delayed catecholamine secretion dose-dependently. Capsazepine (20 mg/kg, i.v.) pretreatment prevented the resiniferatoxin (50 ng/kg)- and olvanil (24.6 microg/kg)-induced catecholamine secretion. These results suggest that some vanilloids (capsaicin, resiniferatoxin, olvanil) excite adrenaline secretion and such excitation is via the vanilloid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
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30
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Ohnuki K, Niwa S, Maeda S, Inoue N, Yazawa S, Fushiki T. CH-19 sweet, a non-pungent cultivar of red pepper, increased body temperature and oxygen consumption in humans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:2033-6. [PMID: 11676017 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of CH-19 Sweet, a non-pungent cultivar of red pepper, on body temperature and oxygen consumption in humans. CH-19 Sweet was given to 11 healthy volunteers, and core body temperature, body surface temperature and oxygen consumption were measured. The control group ingested California-Wandar, which contained neither capsaicin nor capsiate. The core body temperature in the CH-19 Sweet group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). The forehead temperature measured by infrared thermography in the CH-19 Sweet group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The body surface temperature was increased for about 20 min after consumption of CH-19 Sweet intake, and the neck temperature was significantly higher (P<0.001) than when the subjects consumed California-Wandar. We also measured respiratory gas by indirect calorimetry while subjects wore a face mask. A significant difference was detected in oxygen consumption between the two groups, and the value was significantly higher in the CH-19 Sweet group (P<0.03). These results suggest that CH-19 Sweet increased thermogenesis and energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohnuki
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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31
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Nakano N, Shirasaka N, Masuoka K, Murakami T, Watanabe T, Kobata K, Shimizu S, Yoshizumi H. Inhibitory effects of capsaicinoids on fatty acid desaturation in a rat liver cell line. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:1859-63. [PMID: 11577729 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of such vanillylamides as capsaicin and nine capsaicinoids on fatty acid desaturation in liver cells were investigated by using the cultured rat liver cell line, BRL-3A. When capsaicin was added to the medium, it had a relatively strong inhibitory effect on delta6 desaturation and clear inhibitory effects on delta5 and C24delta16 desaturation (delta16 desaturation of C24-polyunsaturated fatty acids). Capsaicinoids with side carbon chain lengths of C10:0 and C12:0 expressed the maximum inhibitory effects of the nine capsaicinoids on fatty acid desaturation in the BRL-3A cells. The inhibitory effects of the capsaicinoids were not correlated with their pungency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan
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Kim KM, Kawada T, Ishihara K, Inoue K, Fushiki T. Swimming capacity of mice is increased by oral administration of a nonpungent capsaicin analog, stearoyl vanillylamide. J Nutr 1998; 128:1978-83. [PMID: 9808652 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.11.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous injection of stearoyl vanillylamide (C18-VA), a nonpungent capsaicin (CAP) analog, enhances adrenaline secretion significantly and as effectively as CAP in rats. Because swimming capacity was enhanced by CAP in mice due to CAP-induced adrenal catecholamine secretion, we investigated the effects of oral administration of C18-VA on swimming capacity using an adjustable-current water pool. Male Std ddY 6-wk-old mice were fed a commercial diet for this study and one group was orally administered C18-VA via a stomach tube. Treated mice were able to swim longer before exhaustion than the control mice (62.9 +/- 5.6 vs. 49.6 +/- 7. 0 min, P < 0.05). The swimming capacity of two groups administered C18-VA (0.02 and 0.033 mmol/kg) was significantly greater than that of those administered vehicle alone, (P < 0.05). Substance P concentration in cerebrospinal fluid, which is involved in pain transmission and is the first direct measure of pungency, was not affected by C18-VA administration. In an experiment examining the effects of C18-VA on serum adrenaline concentration, adrenaline was significantly greater in C18-VA treated mice than in controls at 2-h post-dose (C18-VA group, 26.09 +/- 2.82; control group 13.29 +/- 0. 96 microg/L, P < 0.01). In a separate study free fatty acids in serum were elevated in treated mice at 2-h post-dose (P < 0.01). While serum glucose concentration was not affected. These results suggest that C18-VA increased swimming capacity of mice via adrenaline release, independent of pungency. In addition, the present study suggests the usefulness of its application to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kim
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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