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Pol D, Baiano MA, Černý D, Novas FE, Cerda IA, Pittman M. A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria. Cladistics 2024; 40:307-356. [PMID: 38771085 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pol
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mattia Antonio Baiano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Área Laboratorio e Investigación, Museo Municipal Ernesto Bachmann, Villa El Chocón, Neuquén, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN), General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - David Černý
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fernando E Novas
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio A Cerda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN), General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología (IIPG), General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina
- Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Michael Pittman
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Bishop PJ, Pierce SE. The fossil record of appendicular muscle evolution in Synapsida on the line to mammals: Part I-Forelimb. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1764-1825. [PMID: 37726984 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the first in a two-part series that charts the evolution of appendicular musculature along the mammalian stem lineage, drawing upon the exceptional fossil record of extinct synapsids. Here, attention is focused on muscles of the forelimb. Understanding forelimb muscular anatomy in extinct synapsids, and how this changed on the line to mammals, can provide important perspective for interpreting skeletal and functional evolution in this lineage, and how the diversity of forelimb functions in extant mammals arose. This study surveyed the osteological evidence for muscular attachments in extinct mammalian and nonmammalian synapsids, two extinct amniote outgroups, and a large selection of extant mammals, saurians, and salamanders. Observations were integrated into an explicit phylogenetic framework, comprising 73 character-state complexes covering all muscles crossing the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. These were coded for 33 operational taxonomic units spanning >330 Ma of tetrapod evolution, and ancestral state reconstruction was used to evaluate the sequence of muscular evolution along the stem lineage from Amniota to Theria. In addition to producing a comprehensive documentation of osteological evidence for muscle attachments in extinct synapsids, this work has clarified homology hypotheses across disparate taxa and helped resolve competing hypotheses of muscular anatomy in extinct species. The evolutionary history of mammalian forelimb musculature was a complex and nonlinear narrative, punctuated by multiple instances of convergence and concentrated phases of anatomical transformation. More broadly, this study highlights the great insight that a fossil-based perspective can provide for understanding the assembly of novel body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bishop
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Zhang R, Fau M, Mah C, Eléaume M, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Lu B, Wang C. Systematics of deep-sea starfish order Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with a revised classification and assessments of morphological characters. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 191:107993. [PMID: 38103706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Brisingida Fisher 1928 is one of the seven currently recognised starfish orders, and one of the least known taxa as being exclusive deep-sea inhabitants. Modern deep-sea expeditions revealed their common occurrences in various deep-sea settings including seamounts, basins and hydrothermal vent peripheral, underlining the necessity of clarifying their global diversity and phylogeny. In this study, we present a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Brisingida which encompasses the highest taxonomic diversity to date. DNA sequences (COI, 16S, 12S and 28S) were obtained from 225 specimens collected in the global ocean, identified as 58 species spanning 15 of the 17 extant genera. Phylogenetic relationship was inferred using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, revealing polyphyletic families and genera and indicating nonnegligible bias in prior morphology-based systematics. Based on the new phylogeny, a novel classification of the order, consisting of 5 families and 17 genera, is proposed. Families Odinellidae, Brisingasteridae and Novodiniidae (sensu Clark and Mah, 2001) were resurrected to encompass the genera Odinella, Brisingaster and Novodinia. Brisingidae and Freyellidae were revised to include 11 and 3 genera, respectively. A new genus and species, two new subgenera and seven new combinations are described and a key to each genus and family is provided. Transformations of morphological traits were evaluated under the present phylogenetic hypothesis. A series of paedomorphic characters were found in many genera and species, which led to a high degree of homoplasy across phylogenetically distant groups. Our results provide new insights in the phylogeny and ontogeny of the order, and highlight the necessity to evaluate character convergence under sound phylogenetic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marine Fau
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Mah
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marc Eléaume
- Départment Origines et Évolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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4
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Kramer AM, Thornlow B, Ye C, De Maio N, McBroome J, Hinrichs AS, Lanfear R, Turakhia Y, Corbett-Detig R. Online Phylogenetics with matOptimize Produces Equivalent Trees and is Dramatically More Efficient for Large SARS-CoV-2 Phylogenies than de novo and Maximum-Likelihood Implementations. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1039-1051. [PMID: 37232476 PMCID: PMC10627557 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetics has been foundational to SARS-CoV-2 research and public health policy, assisting in genomic surveillance, contact tracing, and assessing emergence and spread of new variants. However, phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have often relied on tools designed for de novo phylogenetic inference, in which all data are collected before any analysis is performed and the phylogeny is inferred once from scratch. SARS-CoV-2 data sets do not fit this mold. There are currently over 14 million sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes in online databases, with tens of thousands of new genomes added every day. Continuous data collection, combined with the public health relevance of SARS-CoV-2, invites an "online" approach to phylogenetics, in which new samples are added to existing phylogenetic trees every day. The extremely dense sampling of SARS-CoV-2 genomes also invites a comparison between likelihood and parsimony approaches to phylogenetic inference. Maximum likelihood (ML) and pseudo-ML methods may be more accurate when there are multiple changes at a single site on a single branch, but this accuracy comes at a large computational cost, and the dense sampling of SARS-CoV-2 genomes means that these instances will be extremely rare because each internal branch is expected to be extremely short. Therefore, it may be that approaches based on maximum parsimony (MP) are sufficiently accurate for reconstructing phylogenies of SARS-CoV-2, and their simplicity means that they can be applied to much larger data sets. Here, we evaluate the performance of de novo and online phylogenetic approaches, as well as ML, pseudo-ML, and MP frameworks for inferring large and dense SARS-CoV-2 phylogenies. Overall, we find that online phylogenetics produces similar phylogenetic trees to de novo analyses for SARS-CoV-2, and that MP optimization with UShER and matOptimize produces equivalent SARS-CoV-2 phylogenies to some of the most popular ML and pseudo-ML inference tools. MP optimization with UShER and matOptimize is thousands of times faster than presently available implementations of ML and online phylogenetics is faster than de novo inference. Our results therefore suggest that parsimony-based methods like UShER and matOptimize represent an accurate and more practical alternative to established ML implementations for large SARS-CoV-2 phylogenies and could be successfully applied to other similar data sets with particularly dense sampling and short branch lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kramer
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Bryan Thornlow
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Cheng Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicola De Maio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jakob McBroome
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Angie S Hinrichs
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Robert Lanfear
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yatish Turakhia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Russell Corbett-Detig
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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5
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Koyanagi KO. Inferring chromatin accessibility during murine hematopoiesis through phylogenetic analysis. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:222. [PMID: 37726849 PMCID: PMC10507877 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diversification of cell types and changes in epigenetic states during cell differentiation processes are important for understanding development. Recently, phylogenetic analysis using DNA methylation and histone modification information has been shown useful for inferring these processes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether chromatin accessibility data can help infer these processes in murine hematopoiesis. RESULTS Chromatin accessibility data could partially infer the hematopoietic differentiation hierarchy. Furthermore, based on the ancestral state estimation of internal nodes, the open/closed chromatin states of differentiating progenitor cells could be predicted with a specificity of 0.86-0.99 and sensitivity of 0.29-0.72. These results suggest that the phylogenetic analysis of chromatin accessibility could offer important information on cell differentiation, particularly for organisms from which progenitor cells are difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako O Koyanagi
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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6
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Jiang B, He Y, Elsler A, Wang S, Keating JN, Song J, Kearns SL, Benton MJ. Extended embryo retention and viviparity in the first amniotes. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1131-1140. [PMID: 37308704 PMCID: PMC10333127 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The amniotic egg with its complex fetal membranes was a key innovation in vertebrate evolution that enabled the great diversification of reptiles, birds and mammals. It is debated whether these fetal membranes evolved in eggs on land as an adaptation to the terrestrial environment or to control antagonistic fetal-maternal interaction in association with extended embryo retention (EER). Here we report an oviparous choristodere from the Lower Cretaceous period of northeast China. The ossification sequence of the embryo confirms that choristoderes are basal archosauromorphs. The discovery of oviparity in this assumed viviparous extinct clade, together with existing evidence, suggests that EER was the primitive reproductive mode in basal archosauromorphs. Phylogenetic comparative analyses on extant and extinct amniotes suggest that the first amniote displayed EER (including viviparity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yiming He
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Armin Elsler
- School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Joseph N Keating
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stuart L Kearns
- School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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7
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Espíndola VC, Johnson GD, De Pinna MCC. Facial and opercular muscles in the Anguilliformes (Elopomorpha: Teleostei): Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic implications for the basal position of Protanguilla. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21556. [PMID: 36630618 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The teleost order Anguilliformes, true eels, comprises more than 1000 described species in 20 families, commonly known as eels, congers, morays, and gulper eels. Comprehensive studies of Anguilliformes are limited, resulting in a lack of consensus for morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses. A detailed morphological analysis of the cephalic and opercular myology offers a promising new source of characters to help elucidate the intrarelationships of Anguilliformes. Our study is the most extensive myological analysis for the group and includes 97 terminal taxa, with representatives from each of the 20 families of Anguilliformes plus outgroup clades. Results demonstrate that muscle characters inform phylogenetic relationships within Anguilliformes, and we propose two new synapomorphies for all extant members, including Protanguilla palau, the "living fossil"-adductor mandibulae originating on the parietal (vs. restricted to suspensorium) and segmentum mandibularis absent (vs. present). Exceptions for the first condition characterize highly modified saccopharyngoids, and for the second one, Notacanthidae. More importantly, we suggest three new synapomorphies for the remaining extant anguilliforms (except in highly modified saccopharyngoids)-adductor mandibulae originates on the frontals (vs. frontals naked), adductor mandibulae stegalis is separated from the rictalis (vs. ricto-stegalis fused into a single piece), and the levator operculi inserts on the lateral surface of the opercle (vs. medial surface of the opercle). Our phylogenetic optimization strongly corroborates the hypothesis that Protanguilla is the sister group of all other extant eels. A further goal of this paper is to clearly document the substantive conflicts between the available molecular data and the extensive and diverse morphological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius C Espíndola
- Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - G David Johnson
- Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mario C C De Pinna
- Museu de Zoologia, Setor de ictiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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8
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Wilson JD, Bond JE, Harvey MS, Ramírez MJ, Rix MG. Correlation with a limited set of behavioral niches explains the convergence of somatic morphology in mygalomorph spiders. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9706. [PMID: 36636427 PMCID: PMC9830016 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of morphological convergence requires investigation into its relationship with behavior and niche space, and such investigations in turn provide insights into evolutionary dynamics, functional morphology, and life history. Mygalomorph spiders (trapdoor spiders and their kin) have long been associated with high levels of morphological homoplasy, and many convergent features can be intuitively associated with different behavioral niches. Using genus-level phylogenies based on recent genomic studies and a newly assembled matrix of discrete behavioral and somatic morphological characters, we reconstruct the evolution of burrowing behavior in the Mygalomorphae, compare the influence of behavior and evolutionary history on somatic morphology, and test hypotheses of correlated evolution between specific morphological features and behavior. Our results reveal the simplicity of the mygalomorph adaptive landscape, with opportunistic, web-building taxa at one end, and burrowing/nesting taxa with structurally modified burrow entrances (e.g., a trapdoor) at the other. Shifts in behavioral niche, in both directions, are common across the evolutionary history of the Mygalomorphae, and several major clades include taxa inhabiting both behavioral extremes. Somatic morphology is heavily influenced by behavior, with taxa inhabiting the same behavioral niche often more similar morphologically than more closely related but behaviorally divergent taxa, and we were able to identify a suite of 11 somatic features that show significant correlation with particular behaviors. We discuss these findings in light of the function of particular morphological features, niche dynamics within the Mygalomorphae, and constraints on the mygalomorph adaptive landscape relative to other spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Wilson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences ProgramQueensland Museum Collections and Research CentreHendraQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jason E. Bond
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark S. Harvey
- Collections and ResearchWestern Australian MuseumWelshpoolWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias NaturalesConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Michael G. Rix
- Biodiversity and Geosciences ProgramQueensland Museum Collections and Research CentreHendraQueenslandAustralia
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9
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Rai A, Hirakawa H, Rai M, Shimizu Y, Shirasawa K, Kikuchi S, Seki H, Yamazaki M, Toyoda A, Isobe S, Muranaka T, Saito K. Chromosome-scale genome assembly of Glycyrrhiza uralensis revealed metabolic gene cluster centred specialized metabolites biosynthesis. DNA Res 2022; 29:6916896. [PMID: 36535891 PMCID: PMC9763095 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-quality genome assembly is imperative to explore the evolutionary basis of characteristic attributes that define chemotype and provide essential resources for a molecular breeding strategy for enhanced production of medicinal metabolites. Here, using single-molecule high-fidelity (HiFi) sequencing reads, we report chromosome-scale genome assembly for Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), a widely used herbal and natural medicine. The entire genome assembly was achieved in eight chromosomes, with contig and scaffold N50 as 36.02 and 60.2 Mb, respectively. With only 17 assembly gaps and half of the chromosomes having no or one assembly gap, the presented genome assembly is among the best plant genomes to date. Our results showed an advantage of using highly accurate long-read HiFi sequencing data for assembling a highly heterozygous genome including its complexed repeat content. Additionally, our analysis revealed that G. uralensis experienced a recent whole-genome duplication at approximately 59.02 million years ago post a gamma (γ) whole-genome triplication event, which contributed to its present chemotype features. The metabolic gene cluster analysis identified 355 gene clusters, which included the entire biosynthesis pathway of glycyrrhizin. The genome assembly and its annotations provide an essential resource for licorice improvement through molecular breeding and the discovery of valuable genes for engineering bioactive components and understanding the evolution of specialized metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rai
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +81 045 503 9489; Fax: +81-(0)45-503-9489. ;
| | | | - Megha Rai
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Institute of Advance Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Kikuchi
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan,Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Househam J, Heide T, Cresswell GD, Spiteri I, Kimberley C, Zapata L, Lynn C, James C, Mossner M, Fernandez-Mateos J, Vinceti A, Baker AM, Gabbutt C, Berner A, Schmidt M, Chen B, Lakatos E, Gunasri V, Nichol D, Costa H, Mitchinson M, Ramazzotti D, Werner B, Iorio F, Jansen M, Caravagna G, Barnes CP, Shibata D, Bridgewater J, Rodriguez-Justo M, Magnani L, Sottoriva A, Graham TA. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic control in colorectal cancer evolution. Nature 2022; 611:744-753. [PMID: 36289336 PMCID: PMC9684078 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic variation, together with transcriptional plasticity, contribute to intratumour heterogeneity1. The interplay of these biological processes and their respective contributions to tumour evolution remain unknown. Here we show that intratumour genetic ancestry only infrequently affects gene expression traits and subclonal evolution in colorectal cancer (CRC). Using spatially resolved paired whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing, we find that the majority of intratumour variation in gene expression is not strongly heritable but rather 'plastic'. Somatic expression quantitative trait loci analysis identified a number of putative genetic controls of expression by cis-acting coding and non-coding mutations, the majority of which were clonal within a tumour, alongside frequent structural alterations. Consistently, computational inference on the spatial patterning of tumour phylogenies finds that a considerable proportion of CRCs did not show evidence of subclonal selection, with only a subset of putative genetic drivers associated with subclone expansions. Spatial intermixing of clones is common, with some tumours growing exponentially and others only at the periphery. Together, our data suggest that most genetic intratumour variation in CRC has no major phenotypic consequence and that transcriptional plasticity is, instead, widespread within a tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Househam
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Timon Heide
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Computational Biology Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - George D Cresswell
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Inmaculada Spiteri
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chris Kimberley
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luis Zapata
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Claire Lynn
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chela James
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Maximilian Mossner
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Calum Gabbutt
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alison Berner
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Schmidt
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bingjie Chen
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Eszter Lakatos
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Vinaya Gunasri
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Nichol
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Helena Costa
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Miriam Mitchinson
- Histopathology Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniele Ramazzotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Benjamin Werner
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Iorio
- Computational Biology Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Marnix Jansen
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulio Caravagna
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chris P Barnes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Darryl Shibata
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Sottoriva
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Computational Biology Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy.
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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11
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Dolton G, Rius C, Hasan MS, Wall A, Szomolay B, Behiry E, Whalley T, Southgate J, Fuller A, Morin T, Topley K, Tan LR, Goulder PJR, Spiller OB, Rizkallah PJ, Jones LC, Connor TR, Sewell AK. Emergence of immune escape at dominant SARS-CoV-2 killer T cell epitope. Cell 2022; 185:2936-2951.e19. [PMID: 35931021 PMCID: PMC9279490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the prevalent cytotoxic CD8 T cell response mounted against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike glycoprotein269-277 epitope (sequence YLQPRTFLL) via the most frequent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I worldwide, HLA A∗02. The Spike P272L mutation that has arisen in at least 112 different SARS-CoV-2 lineages to date, including in lineages classified as "variants of concern," was not recognized by the large CD8 T cell response seen across cohorts of HLA A∗02+ convalescent patients and individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, despite these responses comprising of over 175 different individual T cell receptors. Viral escape at prevalent T cell epitopes restricted by high frequency HLAs may be particularly problematic when vaccine immunity is focused on a single protein such as SARS-CoV-2 Spike, providing a strong argument for inclusion of multiple viral proteins in next generation vaccines and highlighting the need for monitoring T cell escape in new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Md Samiul Hasan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Enas Behiry
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Whalley
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Joel Southgate
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Théo Morin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Katie Topley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Li Rong Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, England, UK
| | - Owen B Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Lucy C Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy CF72 8XR, UK
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, Wales, UK; Pathogen genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, CF14 4XW Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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12
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Griotti M, Grismado CJ, Roig-Juñent S, Ramírez MJ. Taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis of the South American genus. INVERTEBR SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/is21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The systematics of Philodromidae is far from complete, especially for the Neotropical genera. Among these, Petrichus Simon, 1886 is a poorly known genus restricted to arid and semi-arid environments of South America. In this work, we performed a total-evidence analysis to assess the phylogenetic relationships of Petrichus and revised the taxonomy. Petrichus is monophyletic and closer to Titanebo and the New World Ebo. Within Petrichus, two clades are obtained: the Eremean Clade, containing five species displaying a Neotropical distribution; and the Patagonian Clade, with the seven species inhabiting southern South America. Our results also support a previous hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships within Philodromidae. Thanatini is monophyletic and includes Fageia and Berlandiella, although this is not statistically supported, whereas Philodromini emerges as paraphyletic. We propose Philodromini be expanded to contain all genera having eyes on tubercles analysed in this work plus the closely related Halodromus, whereas the circumscription of Thanatini should await future phylogenetic analyses with new evidence. As for taxonomic proposals, we synonymise Bacillocnemis Mello-Leitão, 1938 with Petrichus, Petrichus ornatus Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942 and P. luteus (Nicolet, 1849) with P. junior (Nicolet, 1849), P. lancearius Simon, 1905 with P. tullgreni Simon, 1902; we transfer P. corticinus Mello-Leitão, 1944 to Misumenoides Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 (Thomisidae); and P. fuliginosus (Nicolet, 1849), P. cinereus Tullgren, 1901, P. sordidus Tullgren, 1901 and P. zonatus Tullgren, 1901 are regarded as nomina dubia. In total, 13 species are recognised for the genus, of which four are new (described by Griotti & Grismado): P. spira, from western Argentina, P. patagoniensis, from south-western Argentina, P. roigjunenti, from Argentina and Chile and P. eremicus, from north-central Chile. ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/References/1220255e-6431-45c2-adfe-ed58d1f89b17
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13
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An update on the phylogeny of Spintharinae with analysis based on morphological characters and taxonomy of Janula (Araneae, Theridiidae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Caparros M, Prat S. Protocol combining tree-based Maximum Parsimony and web-like Phylogenetic Networks analyses to investigate reticulate human evolution. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101191. [PMID: 35308130 PMCID: PMC8931433 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our protocol combines Maximum Parsimony and Phylogenetic Networks approaches to understand the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary processes of hominin species that might have shared inheritance from multiple ancestors. By addressing the questions of pattern and process in human phylogeny, the protocol can be used to clarify the taxonomic definition(s) of diverse hominin groups and ascertain whether or not the mode of evolution of genus Homo is reticulate. Using high quality and informative phenotypic data sets is necessary to yield meaningful results. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Caparros and Prat (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Caparros
- UMR 7194 "Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique" CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l’Homme, Palais de Chaillot, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Prat
- UMR 7194 "Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique" CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l’Homme, Palais de Chaillot, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France
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15
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Dynamic Patterns of Sex Chromosome Evolution in Neognath Birds: Many Independent Barriers to Recombination at the ATP5F1A Locus. BIRDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/birds3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian sex chromosomes evolved after the divergence of birds and crocodilians from their common ancestor, so they are younger than the better-studied chromosomes of mammals. It has long been recognized that there may have been several stages to the evolution of avian sex chromosomes. For example, the CHD1 undergoes recombination in paleognaths but not neognaths. Genome assemblies have suggested that there may be variation in the timing of barriers to recombination among Neognathae, but there remains little understanding of the extent of this variability. Here, we look at partial sequences of ATP5F1A, which is on the avian Z and W chromosomes. It is known that recombination of this gene has independently ceased in Galliformes, Anseriformes, and at least five neoavian orders, but whether there are other independent cessations of recombination among Neoaves is not understood. We analyzed a combination of data extracted from published chromosomal-level genomes with data collected using PCR and cloning to identify Z and W copies in 22 orders. Our results suggest that there may be at least 19 independent cessations of recombination within Neognathae, and 3 clades that may still be undergoing recombination (or have only recently ceased recombination). Analyses of ATP5F1A protein sequences revealed an increased amino acid substitution rate for W chromosome gametologs, suggesting relaxed purifying selection on the W chromosome. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that the increased substitution rate was particularly pronounced for buried residues, which are expected to be more strongly constrained by purifying selection. This highlights the dynamic nature of avian sex chromosomes, and that this level of variation among clades means they should be a good system to understand sex chromosome evolution.
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16
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Lichman BR. Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction for Exploring Alkaloid Evolution. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2505:165-179. [PMID: 35732944 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2349-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The complex and bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) found in Catharanthus roseus and related species are the products of many millions of years of evolution through mutation and natural selection. Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) is a method that combines phylogenetic analysis and experimental biochemistry to infer details about past events in protein evolution. Here, I propose that ASR could be leveraged to understand how enzymes catalyzing the formation of complex alkaloids arose over evolutionary time. I discuss the steps of ASR, including sequence selection, multiple sequence alignment, tree inference, and the generation and characterization of inferred ancestral enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Lichman
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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17
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Abstract
The reconstruction of genetic material of ancestral organisms constitutes a powerful application of evolutionary biology. A fundamental step in this inference is the ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR), which can be performed with diverse methodologies implemented in computer frameworks. However, most of these methodologies ignore evolutionary properties frequently observed in microbes, such as genetic recombination and complex selection processes, that can bias the traditional ASR. From a practical perspective, here I review methodologies for the reconstruction of ancestral DNA and protein sequences, with particular focus on microbes, and including biases, recommendations, and software implementations. I conclude that microbial ASR is a complex analysis that should be carefully performed and that there is a need for methods to infer more realistic ancestral microbial sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Arenas
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Vigo, Spain.
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18
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A multi-modal algorithm based on an NSGA-II scheme for phylogenetic tree inference. Biosystems 2022; 213:104606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Liu Y, Makarova KS, Huang WC, Wolf YI, Nikolskaya AN, Zhang X, Cai M, Zhang CJ, Xu W, Luo Z, Cheng L, Koonin EV, Li M. Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes. Nature 2021; 593:553-557. [PMID: 33911286 PMCID: PMC11165668 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Asgard is a recently discovered superphylum of archaea that appears to include the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes1-5. Debate continues as to whether the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes belongs within the Asgard superphylum or whether this ancestor is a sister group to all other archaea (that is, a two-domain versus a three-domain tree of life)6-8. Here we present a comparative analysis of 162 complete or nearly complete genomes of Asgard archaea, including 75 metagenome-assembled genomes that-to our knowledge-have not previously been reported. Our results substantially expand the phylogenetic diversity of Asgard and lead us to propose six additional phyla that include a deep branch that we have provisionally named Wukongarchaeota. Our phylogenomic analysis does not resolve unequivocally the evolutionary relationship between eukaryotes and Asgard archaea, but instead-depending on the choice of species and conserved genes used to build the phylogeny-supports either the origin of eukaryotes from within Asgard (as a sister group to the expanded Heimdallarchaeota-Wukongarchaeota branch) or a deeper branch for the eukaryote ancestor within archaea. Our comprehensive protein domain analysis using the 162 Asgard genomes results in a major expansion of the set of eukaryotic signature proteins. The Asgard eukaryotic signature proteins show variable phyletic distributions and domain architectures, which is suggestive of dynamic evolution through horizontal gene transfer, gene loss, gene duplication and domain shuffling. The phylogenomics of the Asgard archaea points to the accumulation of the components of the mobile archaeal 'eukaryome' in the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes (within or outside Asgard) through extensive horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Cong Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia N Nikolskaya
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinxu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Jing Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Meng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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20
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Scossa F, Fernie AR. Ancestral sequence reconstruction - An underused approach to understand the evolution of gene function in plants? Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1579-1594. [PMID: 33868595 PMCID: PMC8039532 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst substantial research effort has been placed on understanding the interactions of plant proteins with their molecular partners, relatively few studies in plants - by contrast to work in other organisms - address how these interactions evolve. It is thought that ancestral proteins were more promiscuous than modern proteins and that specificity often evolved following gene duplication and subsequent functional refining. However, ancestral protein resurrection studies have found that some modern proteins have evolved de novo from ancestors lacking those functions. Intriguingly, the new interactions evolved as a consequence of just a few mutations and, as such, acquisition of new functions appears to be neither difficult nor rare, however, only a few of them are incorporated into biological processes before they are lost to subsequent mutations. Here, we detail the approach of ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR), providing a primer to reconstruct the sequence of an ancestral gene. We will present case studies from a range of different eukaryotes before discussing the few instances where ancestral reconstructions have been used in plants. As ASR is used to dig into the remote evolutionary past, we will also present some alternative genetic approaches to investigate molecular evolution on shorter timescales. We argue that the study of plant secondary metabolism is particularly well suited for ancestral reconstruction studies. Indeed, its ancient evolutionary roots and highly diverse landscape provide an ideal context in which to address the focal issue around the emergence of evolutionary novelties and how this affects the chemical diversification of plant metabolism.
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Key Words
- APR, ancestral protein resurrection
- ASR, ancestral sequence reconstruction
- Ancestral sequence reconstruction
- CDS, coding sequence
- Evolution
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- GWAS, genome wide association study
- Genomics
- InDel, insertion/deletion
- MCMC, Markov Chain Monte Carlo
- ML, maximum likelihood
- MP, maximum parsimony
- MR, mineralcorticoid receptor
- MSA, multiple sequence alignment
- Metabolism
- NJ, neighbor-joining
- Phylogenetics
- Plants
- SFS, site frequency spectrum
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Rome, Italy
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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21
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de Campos LD, de Souza-Dias PGB, Desutter-Grandcolas L, Shigueo Nihei S. Colonization of different biomes drove the diversification of the Neotropical Eidmanacris crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245325. [PMID: 33449941 PMCID: PMC7810296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogeny of the cricket genus Eidmanacris is used to analyse its historical distribution and diversification in three South American biomes: Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Chiquitano Dry Forest. A morphological phylogeny with all the 29 species of Eidmanacris and the Geographically explicit Event Model (GEM) is used to explain their colonization and diversification through three different biomes and their ancestral habitats and distributional areas. We analysed ecologically-significant characters, such as body size and metanotal characters, to test whether if morphology, habitat, or behaviour are connected. The relations of these features with the colonisation of wetter or drier biomes based on the distributional area, phylogeny and diversity of the genus were also tested. The results show that the ancestral distribution of the genus was the Atlantic Forest, and that biome occupancy, habitat, size, and mating behaviour evolved congruently through the phylogeny, drawing a coherent pattern of changes through Eidmanacris evolution toward the colonisation of drier biomes. Our results indicate that gallery forests could play a key role in the distribution and diversification of Eidmanacris species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Denadai de Campos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution et Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPMC, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | | | - Laure Desutter-Grandcolas
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution et Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPMC, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Silvio Shigueo Nihei
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Varón-González C, Whelan S, Klingenberg CP. Estimating Phylogenies from Shape and Similar Multidimensional Data: Why It Is Not Reliable. Syst Biol 2021; 69:863-883. [PMID: 31985800 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been controversy whether multidimensional data such as geometric morphometric data or information on gene expression can be used for estimating phylogenies. This study uses simulations of evolution in multidimensional phenotype spaces to address this question and to identify specific factors that are important for answering it. Most of the simulations use phylogenies with four taxa, so that there are just three possible unrooted trees and the effect of different combinations of branch lengths can be studied systematically. In a comparison of methods, squared-change parsimony performed similarly well as maximum likelihood, and both methods outperformed Wagner and Euclidean parsimony, neighbor-joining and UPGMA. Under an evolutionary model of isotropic Brownian motion, phylogeny can be estimated reliably if dimensionality is high, even with relatively unfavorable combinations of branch lengths. By contrast, if there is phenotypic integration such that most variation is concentrated in one or a few dimensions, the reliability of phylogenetic estimates is severely reduced. Evolutionary models with stabilizing selection also produce highly unreliable estimates, which are little better than picking a phylogenetic tree at random. To examine how these results apply to phylogenies with more than four taxa, we conducted further simulations with up to eight taxa, which indicated that the effects of dimensionality and phenotypic integration extend to more than four taxa, and that convergence among internal nodes may produce additional complications specifically for greater numbers of taxa. Overall, the simulations suggest that multidimensional data, under evolutionary models that are plausible for biological data, do not produce reliable estimates of phylogeny. [Brownian motion; gene expression data; geometric morphometrics; morphological integration; squared-change parsimony; phylogeny; shape; stabilizing selection.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceferino Varón-González
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Whelan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Peter Klingenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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23
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Jordán JP, Domínguez-Trujillo M, Cisneros-Heredia DF. Phylogenetic placement of the spider genus Taczanowskia (Araneae:Araneidae) and description of a new species from Ecuador. INVERTEBR SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/is20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genus Taczanowskia Keyserling, 1879 is one of the rarest groups of spiders in the orb-weaving family Araneidae, with only five species described and 17 specimens cited in publications. Our study provides new insights into the evolutionary relationships and diversity of Taczanowskia. Using morphological data, we tested the evolutionary relationships of the genus within the family Araneidae and propose the first phylogenetic hypothesis depicting the relationships among species of Taczanowskia. Our results place Taczanowskia as sister to Mastophora Holmberg, 1876, and confirm the monophyly of Taczanowskia. We describe the first species of Taczanowskia from Ecuador, collected at a Waorani community on the River Curaray basin, Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador. The new species can be easily diagnosed from all other species of Taczanowskia by having two tubercles in the opisthosoma; a distinct patchy dark–light colouration pattern with dark spots concentrated towards the anterior margin and on the lateral tips; small bundles of white setae forming a reticulum across the dorsal part of the opisthosoma, and the first two femora thick but lacking teeth on the margin.
ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:46B8C1F7-A474-4DC3-90BC-940F84AC099D
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Harline K, Martínez-Gómez J, Specht CD, Roeder AHK. A Life Cycle for Modeling Biology at Different Scales. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710590. [PMID: 34539702 PMCID: PMC8446664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Modeling has become a popular tool for inquiry and discovery across biological disciplines. Models allow biologists to probe complex questions and to guide experimentation. Modeling literacy among biologists, however, has not always kept pace with the rise in popularity of these techniques and the relevant advances in modeling theory. The result is a lack of understanding that inhibits communication and ultimately, progress in data gathering and analysis. In an effort to help bridge this gap, we present a blueprint that will empower biologists to interrogate and apply models in their field. We demonstrate the applicability of this blueprint in two case studies from distinct subdisciplines of biology; developmental-biomechanics and evolutionary biology. The models used in these fields vary from summarizing dynamical mechanisms to making statistical inferences, demonstrating the breadth of the utility of models to explore biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Harline
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Kate Harline,
| | - Jesús Martínez-Gómez
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Chelsea D. Specht
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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25
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Gaba S, Kumari A, Medema M, Kaushik R. Pan-genome analysis and ancestral state reconstruction of class halobacteria: probability of a new super-order. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21205. [PMID: 33273480 PMCID: PMC7713125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Halobacteria, a class of Euryarchaeota are extremely halophilic archaea that can adapt to a wide range of salt concentration generally from 10% NaCl to saturated salt concentration of 32% NaCl. It consists of the orders: Halobacteriales, Haloferaciales and Natriabales. Pan-genome analysis of class Halobacteria was done to explore the core (300) and variable components (Softcore: 998, Cloud:36531, Shell:11784). The core component revealed genes of replication, transcription, translation and repair, whereas the variable component had a major portion of environmental information processing. The pan-gene matrix was mapped onto the core-gene tree to find the ancestral (44.8%) and derived genes (55.1%) of the Last Common Ancestor of Halobacteria. A High percentage of derived genes along with presence of transformation and conjugation genes indicate the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer during the evolution of Halobacteria. A Core and pan-gene tree were also constructed to infer a phylogeny which implicated on the new super-order comprising of Natrialbales and Halobacteriales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Gaba
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abha Kumari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Marnix Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rajeev Kaushik
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Halabi K, Karin EL, Guéguen L, Mayrose I. A Codon Model for Associating Phenotypic Traits with Altered Selective Patterns of Sequence Evolution. Syst Biol 2020; 70:608-622. [PMID: 33252676 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting the signature of selection in coding sequences and associating it with shifts in phenotypic states can unveil genes underlying complex traits. Of the various signatures of selection exhibited at the molecular level, changes in the pattern of selection at protein-coding genes have been of main interest. To this end, phylogenetic branch-site codon models are routinely applied to detect changes in selective patterns along specific branches of the phylogeny. Many of these methods rely on a prespecified partition of the phylogeny to branch categories, thus treating the course of trait evolution as fully resolved and assuming that phenotypic transitions have occurred only at speciation events. Here, we present TraitRELAX, a new phylogenetic model that alleviates these strong assumptions by explicitly accounting for the uncertainty in the evolution of both trait and coding sequences. This joint statistical framework enables the detection of changes in selection intensity upon repeated trait transitions. We evaluated the performance of TraitRELAX using simulations and then applied it to two case studies. Using TraitRELAX, we found an intensification of selection in the primate SEMG2 gene in polygynandrous species compared to species of other mating forms, as well as changes in the intensity of purifying selection operating on sixteen bacterial genes upon transitioning from a free-living to an endosymbiotic lifestyle.[Evolutionary selection; intensification; $\gamma $-proteobacteria; genotype-phenotype; relaxation; SEMG2.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Halabi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eli Levy Karin
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max-Planck institute for biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Laurent Guéguen
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Thunbergsvägen 2 752 38 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Itay Mayrose
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Watanabe J, Field DJ, Matsuoka H. Wing Musculature Reconstruction in Extinct Flightless Auks ( Pinguinus and Mancalla) Reveals Incomplete Convergence with Penguins (Spheniscidae) Due to Differing Ancestral States. Integr Org Biol 2020; 3:obaa040. [PMID: 34258512 PMCID: PMC8271220 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite longstanding interest in convergent evolution, factors that result in deviations from fully convergent phenotypes remain poorly understood. In birds, the evolution of flightless wing-propelled diving has emerged as a classic example of convergence, having arisen in disparate lineages including penguins (Sphenisciformes) and auks (Pan-Alcidae, Charadriiformes). Nevertheless, little is known about the functional anatomy of the wings of flightless auks because all such taxa are extinct, and their morphology is almost exclusively represented by skeletal remains. Here, in order to re-evaluate the extent of evolutionary convergence among flightless wing-propelled divers, wing muscles and ligaments were reconstructed in two extinct flightless auks, representing independent transitions to flightlessness: Pinguinus impennis (a crown-group alcid), and Mancalla (a stem-group alcid). Extensive anatomical data were gathered from dissections of 12 species of extant charadriiforms and 4 aequornithine waterbirds including a penguin. The results suggest that the wings of both flightless auk taxa were characterized by an increased mechanical advantage of wing elevator/retractor muscles, and decreased mobility of distal wing joints, both of which are likely advantageous for wing-propelled diving and parallel similar functional specializations in penguins. However, the conformations of individual muscles and ligaments underlying these specializations differ markedly between penguins and flightless auks, instead resembling those in each respective group's close relatives. Thus, the wings of these flightless wing-propelled divers can be described as convergent as overall functional units, but are incompletely convergent at lower levels of anatomical organization-a result of retaining differing conditions from each group's respective volant ancestors. Detailed investigations such as this one may indicate that, even in the face of similar functional demands, courses of phenotypic evolution are dictated to an important degree by ancestral starting points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Watanabe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK.,Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Sakyoku Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daniel J Field
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Hiroshige Matsuoka
- Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Sakyoku Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Villalobos-Cid M, Salinas F, Inostroza-Ponta M. Total evidence or taxonomic congruence? A comparison of methods for combining biological evidence. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2020; 18:2050040. [PMID: 33155874 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720020500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic inference proposes an evolutionary hypothesis for a group of taxa which is usually represented as a phylogenetic tree. The use of several distinct biological evidence has shown to produce more resolved phylogenies than single evidence approaches. Currently, two conflicting paradigms are applied to combine biological evidence: taxonomic congruence (TC) and total evidence (TE). Although the literature recommends the application of these paradigms depending on the congruence of the input data, the resultant evolutionary hypotheses could vary according to the strategy used to combine the biological evidence biasing the resultant topologies of the trees. In this work, we evaluate the ability of different strategies associated with both paradigms to produce integrated evolutionary hypotheses by considering different features of the data: missing biological evidence, diversity among sequences, complexity, and congruence. Using datasets from the literature, we compare the resultant trees with reference hypotheses obtained by applying two inference criteria: maximum parsimony and likelihood. The results show that methods associated with TE paradigm are more robust compared to TC methods, obtaining trees with more similar topologies in relation to reference trees. These results are obtained regardless of (1) the features of the data, (2) the estimated evolutionary rates, and (3) the criteria used to infer the reference evolutionary hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Villalobos-Cid
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Ecuador #3659, Estación Central 9170124, Chile
| | - Francisco Salinas
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile.,Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Inostroza-Ponta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Ecuador #3659, Estación Central 9170124, Chile
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29
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Sarmento-Soares LM, Martins-Pinheiro RF. A reappraisal of phylogenetic relationships among auchenipterid catfishes of the subfamily Centromochlinae and diagnosis of its genera (Teleostei: Siluriformes). PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1635/053.167.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Maria Sarmento-Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Prédio Bárbara Weinberg, Campus de Goiabeiras, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brasil. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-1794
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30
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Mallory XF, Edrisi M, Navin N, Nakhleh L. Methods for copy number aberration detection from single-cell DNA-sequencing data. Genome Biol 2020; 21:208. [PMID: 32807205 PMCID: PMC7433197 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number aberrations (CNAs), which are pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs), play an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Single-cell DNA-sequencing (scDNAseq) technologies produce data that is ideal for inferring CNAs. In this review, we review eight methods that have been developed for detecting CNAs in scDNAseq data, and categorize them according to the steps of a seven-step pipeline that they employ. Furthermore, we review models and methods for evolutionary analyses of CNAs from scDNAseq data and highlight advances and future research directions for computational methods for CNA detection from scDNAseq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian F. Mallory
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | | | - Nicholas Navin
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Luay Nakhleh
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
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31
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Hayden JE. Monophyletic classification and information content. Cladistics 2020; 36:424-436. [PMID: 34618938 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between monophyly and efficient taxonomic diagnoses is elaborated. The inefficiency of nonmonophyletic groups is shown by reconstructing data matrices from hierarchical sets of diagnoses that are derived from apomorphies and read in order from highest to lowest rank. The practice of diagnosing nonmonophyletic groups either results in omitting data, resulting in errors in reconstructed datasets, or repeating character information to make up for the implied losses. Step-by-step demonstrations with hypothetical and real data are used as guidance. Provisions are made for missing, inapplicable and polymorphic data. Slow optimization (delayed transformation) is useful for choosing a state reconstruction in order to report apomorphies completely. The diagnoses of paraphyletic groups can be expressed in different ways, including regrafting derived clades, reanalyzing data with constraints, and reading the original diagnoses in a different order--the last is the least efficient. A cladistic version of the data compression ratio is proposed to quantify the diagnostic efficiency of a cladogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hayden
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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32
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Owens HL, Ribeiro V, Saupe EE, Cobos ME, Hosner PA, Cooper JC, Samy AM, Barve V, Barve N, Muñoz‐R. CJ, Peterson AT. Acknowledging uncertainty in evolutionary reconstructions of ecological niches. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6967-6977. [PMID: 32760505 PMCID: PMC7391559 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing ecological niche evolution can provide insight into the biogeography and diversification of evolving lineages. However, comparative phylogenetic methods may infer the history of ecological niche evolution inaccurately because (a) species' niches are often poorly characterized; and (b) phylogenetic comparative methods rely on niche summary statistics rather than full estimates of species' environmental tolerances. Here, we propose a new framework for coding ecological niches and reconstructing their evolution that explicitly acknowledges and incorporates the uncertainty introduced by incomplete niche characterization. Then, we modify existing ancestral state inference methods to leverage full estimates of environmental tolerances. We provide a worked empirical example of our method, investigating ecological niche evolution in the New World orioles (Aves: Passeriformes: Icterus spp.). Temperature and precipitation tolerances were generally broad and conserved among orioles, with niche reduction and specialization limited to a few terminal branches. Tools for performing these reconstructions are available in a new R package called nichevol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Owens
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and ClimateGLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Erin E. Saupe
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Peter A. Hosner
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and ClimateGLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jacob C. Cooper
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Abdallah M. Samy
- Entomology DepartmentFaculty of ScienceAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Vijay Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Narayani Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Carlos J. Muñoz‐R.
- Laboratorio de Análisis EspacialesInstituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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Koyanagi KO. Inferring changes in histone modification during cell differentiation by ancestral state estimation based on phylogenetic trees of cell types: Human hematopoiesis as a model case. Gene 2020; 721S:100021. [PMID: 32550550 PMCID: PMC7286071 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Revealing the landscape of epigenetic changes in cells during differentiation is important for understanding the development of organisms. In this study, to infer such epigenetic changes during human hematopoiesis, ancestral state estimation based on a phylogenetic tree was applied to map the epigenomic changes in six kinds of histone modifications onto the hierarchical cell differentiation process of hematopoiesis using epigenomes of eight types of differentiated hematopoietic cells. The histone modification changes inferred during hematopoiesis showed that changes that occurred on the branches separating different cell types reflected the characteristics of hematopoiesis in terms of genomic position and gene function. These results suggested that ancestral state estimation based on phylogenetic analysis of histone modifications in differentiated hematopoietic cells could reconstruct an appropriate landscape of histone modification changes during hematopoiesis. Since integration of the inferred changes of different histone modifications could reveal genes with specific histone marks such as active histone marks and bivalent histone marks on each internal branch of cell-type trees, this approach could provide valuable information for understanding the cell differentiation steps of each cell lineage.
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Key Words
- Ancestral state estimation
- B, B cell
- BED, browser extensible data
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat
- Cell lineage
- Cell-type tree
- ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- Eo, eosinophil
- Er, erythroblast
- H3K27ac, acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 27
- H3K27me3, trimethylations of histone H3 at lysine 27
- H3K36me3, trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 36
- H3K4me1, monomethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4
- H3K4me3, trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4
- H3K9me3, trimethylations of histone H3 at lysine 9
- Histone modification
- KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes
- L, lymphoid lineage
- M, myeloid lineage
- Me, megakaryocyte
- Mo, monocyte
- Ne, neutrophil
- Nk, natural killer cell
- Phyloepigenetics
- T, T cell
- TSS, transcription start sites
- kb, kilobase(s)
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Cabrera R, O'Shields B, Diaz-Larrea J, López-Bautista JM. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the genus Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) in Cuba. CARIBB J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v50i1.a10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Cabrera
- Gabinete de Arqueología, Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad, Habana Vieja, Cuba
| | - Britton O'Shields
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Jhoana Diaz-Larrea
- Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan M. López-Bautista
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S.A
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35
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Cohen JI. How to build distylous flowers: comparative floral development and evolution of distylous species across the angiosperms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1285-1299. [PMID: 31539168 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Distyly, a plant breeding system characterized by two floral morphs that have reciprocal positioning of anthers and stigmas, is known from at least 27 angiosperm families, making it an excellent example of convergent evolution. The various manners in which patterns of floral development produce the distinct anther and stigma heights in each morph remain largely unexplored from developmental and evolutionary perspectives. METHODS In 15 species representing at least 12 origins of distyly, heights and lengths of floral organs in each morph throughout development were examined using light microscopy. Patterns of floral organ development were determined and compared among species. Family-level phylogenies of distylous species and relatives were reconstructed, and patterns of ancestral herkogamy were resolved. RESULTS Differences in floral development between morphs resulted in 12 patterns leading to the anther and stigma positions characterizing distyly. Distylous species evolved from ancestors with different types of herkogamy, with approach herkogamy and lack of herkogamy resolved most frequently. CONCLUSIONS Seven of the 12 patterns of floral development are known from only one species, with three other patterns described among pairs of close relatives. The most common pattern of floral development, described from at least seven genera, involves for anther heights, distinct intermorph growth rates and for stigma heights, growth rates that differ between morphs only during later development. This pattern is common among subclass Lamiidae, suggesting canalized development within the taxon. Among distylous species, the same type of ancestral herkogamy can give rise to different patterns of floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Cohen
- Kettering University, 1700 University Ave., Flint, MI, 48503, USA
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36
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Calegari BB, Vari RP, Reis RE. Phylogenetic systematics of the driftwood catfishes (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): a combined morphological and molecular analysis. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A comprehensive phylogeny of species relationships of the Auchenipteridae is reconstructed here with a large-scale taxon sampling based on combined morphological and molecular datasets. The hypothesized phylogeny includes most species of Auchenipteridae (97 of 124 valid species) and multiple members of siluriform families as an outgroup (32 species) to embrace the diversity of forms among related catfishes. As the first large-scale phylogeny of the Auchenipteridae, comparison between taxa included information from both morphology (264 characters) and mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers (3490 nucleotides) from five genes: coI, 16S, rag2, myh6 and SH3PX3. Trees were generated under two different optimality criteria (Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference). A new classification for the family is presented herein to bring the taxonomy more in line with the new phylogenetic hypothesis. The strict consensus tree corroborates the monophyly of superfamily Doradoidea, family Auchenipteridae and its two subfamilies, Centromochlinae and Auchenipterinae. The new classification scheme proposes nine tribes in Auchenipteridae, based on the monophyly of major groups in both subfamilies. Centromochlus, Glanidium and Tatia are each recovered as paraphyletic. To maintain a monophyletic classification, some species treated as Tatia and Centromochlus are assigned to genera not previously recognized as valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara B Calegari
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, Brazil
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard P Vari
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roberto E Reis
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, Brazil
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37
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Ishikawa SA, Zhukova A, Iwasaki W, Gascuel O. A Fast Likelihood Method to Reconstruct and Visualize Ancestral Scenarios. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2069-2085. [PMID: 31127303 PMCID: PMC6735705 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of ancestral scenarios is widely used to study the evolution of characters along phylogenetic trees. One commonly uses the marginal posterior probabilities of the character states, or the joint reconstruction of the most likely scenario. However, marginal reconstructions provide users with state probabilities, which are difficult to interpret and visualize, whereas joint reconstructions select a unique state for every tree node and thus do not reflect the uncertainty of inferences. We propose a simple and fast approach, which is in between these two extremes. We use decision-theory concepts (namely, the Brier score) to associate each node in the tree to a set of likely states. A unique state is predicted in tree regions with low uncertainty, whereas several states are predicted in uncertain regions, typically around the tree root. To visualize the results, we cluster the neighboring nodes associated with the same states and use graph visualization tools. The method is implemented in the PastML program and web server. The results on simulated data demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the approach. PastML was applied to the phylogeography of Dengue serotype 2 (DENV2), and the evolution of drug resistances in a large HIV data set. These analyses took a few minutes and provided convincing results. PastML retrieved the main transmission routes of human DENV2 and showed the uncertainty of the human-sylvatic DENV2 geographic origin. With HIV, the results show that resistance mutations mostly emerge independently under treatment pressure, but resistance clusters are found, corresponding to transmissions among untreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohta A Ishikawa
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, Institut Pasteur, C3BI USR 3756 IP & CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anna Zhukova
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, Institut Pasteur, C3BI USR 3756 IP & CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olivier Gascuel
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, Institut Pasteur, C3BI USR 3756 IP & CNRS, Paris, France
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Chevenet F, Castel G, Jousselin E, Gascuel O. PastView: a user-friendly interface to explore ancestral scenarios. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:163. [PMID: 31375065 PMCID: PMC6679476 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ancestral character states computed from the combination of phylogenetic trees with extrinsic traits are used to decipher evolutionary scenarios in various research fields such as phylogeography, epidemiology, and ecology. Despite the existence of powerful methods and software in ancestral character state inference, difficulties may arise when interpreting the outputs of such inferences. The growing complexity of data (trees, annotations), the diversity of optimization criteria for computing trees and ancestral character states, the combinatorial explosion of potential evolutionary scenarios if some ancestral characters states do not stand out clearly from others, requires the design of new methods to explore associations of phylogenetic trees with extrinsic traits, to ease the visualization and interpretation of evolutionary scenarios. RESULT We developed PastView, a user-friendly interface that includes numerical and graphical features to help users to import and/or compute ancestral character states from discrete variables and extract ancestral scenarios as sets of successive transitions of character states from the tree root to its leaves. PastView provides summarized views such as transition maps and integrates comparative tools to highlight agreements or discrepancies between methods of ancestral annotations inference. CONCLUSION The main contribution of PastView is to assemble known numerical and graphical methods into a multi-maps graphical user interface dedicated to the computing, searching and viewing of evolutionary scenarios based on phylogenetic trees and ancestral character states. PastView is available publicly as a standalone software on www.pastview.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chevenet
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France. .,LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Guillaume Castel
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jousselin
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Gascuel
- LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Unité de Bioinformatique Evolutive, C3BI, USR 3756, Institut Pasteur & CNRS, Paris, France
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Monjaraz-Ruedas R, Prendini L, Francke OF. Systematics of the Short-Tailed Whipscorpion Genus Stenochrus Chamberlin, 1922 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), with Descriptions of Six New Genera and Five New Species. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2019. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.435.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Monjaraz-Ruedas
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Lorenzo Prendini
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology. American Museum of Natural History
| | - Oscar F. Francke
- Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Hughey BD, Adams GC, Bruns TD, Hibbett DS. Phylogeny of Calostoma, the gelatinous-stalked puffball, based on nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi D. Hughey
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, 166 Plant Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312
| | - Gerard C. Adams
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, 166 Plant Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312
| | - Tom D. Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
| | - David S. Hibbett
- Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Jiang X, Assis R. Rapid functional divergence after small-scale gene duplication in grasses. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:97. [PMID: 31046675 PMCID: PMC6498639 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene duplication has played an important role in the evolution and domestication of flowering plants. Yet little is known about how plant duplicate genes evolve and are retained over long timescales, particularly those arising from small-scale duplication (SSD) rather than whole-genome duplication (WGD) events. RESULTS We address this question in the Poaceae (grass) family by analyzing gene expression data from nine tissues of Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa japonica (rice), and Sorghum bicolor (sorghum). Consistent with theoretical predictions, expression profiles of most grass genes are conserved after SSD, suggesting that functional conservation is the primary outcome of SSD in grasses. However, we also uncover support for widespread functional divergence, much of which occurs asymmetrically via the process of neofunctionalization. Moreover, neofunctionalization preferentially targets younger (child) duplicate gene copies, is associated with RNA-mediated duplication, and occurs quickly after duplication. Further analysis reveals that functional divergence of SSD-derived genes is positively correlated with both sequence divergence and tissue specificity in all three grass species, and particularly with anther expression in B. distachyon. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SSD-derived grass genes often undergo rapid functional divergence that may be driven by natural selection on male-specific phenotypes. These observations are consistent with those in several animal species, suggesting that duplicate genes take similar evolutionary trajectories in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Jiang
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Raquel Assis
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Böhmer C, Fabre AC, Taverne M, Herbin M, Peigné S, Herrel A. Functional relationship between myology and ecology in carnivores: do forelimb muscles reflect adaptations to prehension? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Maxime Taverne
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 CR 2P, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d’Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Russell AP, Gamble T. Evolution of the Gekkotan Adhesive System: Does Digit Anatomy Point to One or More Origins? Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:131-147. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recently-developed, molecularly-based phylogenies of geckos have provided the basis for reassessing the number of times adhesive toe-pads have arisen within the Gekkota. At present both a single origin and multiple origin hypotheses prevail, each of which has consequences that relate to explanations about digit form and evolutionary transitions underlying the enormous variation in adhesive toe pad structure among extant, limbed geckos (pygopods lack pertinent features). These competing hypotheses result from mapping the distribution of toe pads onto a phylogenetic framework employing the simple binary expedient of whether such toe pads are present or absent. It is evident, however, that adhesive toe pads are functional complexes that consist of a suite of integrated structural components that interact to bring about adhesive contact with the substratum and release from it. We evaluated the competing hypotheses about toe pad origins using 34 features associated with digit structure (drawn from the overall form of the digits; the presence and form of adhesive scansors; the proportions and structure of the phalanges; aspects of digital muscular and tendon morphology; presence and form of paraphalangeal elements; and the presence and form of substrate compliance-enhancing structures). We mapped these onto a well-supported phylogeny to reconstruct their evolution. Nineteen of these characters proved to be informative for all extant, limbed geckos, allowing us to assess which of them exhibit co-occurrence and/or clade-specificity. We found the absence of adhesive toe pads to be the ancestral state for the extant Gekkota as a whole, and our data to be consistent with independent origins of adhesive toe pads in the Diplodactylidae, Sphaerodactylidae, Phyllodactylidae, and Gekkonidae, with a strong likelihood of multiple origins in the latter three families. These findings are consistent with recently-published evidence of the presence of adhesively-competent digits in geckos generally regarded as lacking toe pads. Based upon morphology we identify other taxa at various locations within the gekkotan tree that are promising candidates for the expression of the early phases of adhesively-assisted locomotion. Investigation of functionally transitional forms will be valuable for enhancing our understanding of what is necessary and sufficient for the transition to adhesively-assisted locomotion, and for those whose objectives are to develop simulacra of the gekkotan adhesive system for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55113, USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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Coates MI, Finarelli JA, Sansom IJ, Andreev PS, Criswell KE, Tietjen K, Rivers ML, La Riviere PJ. An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2418. [PMID: 29298937 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although relationships among the major groups of living gnathostomes are well established, the relatedness of early jawed vertebrates to modern clades is intensely debated. Here, we provide a new description of Gladbachus, a Middle Devonian (Givetian approx. 385-million-year-old) stem chondrichthyan from Germany, and one of the very few early chondrichthyans in which substantial portions of the endoskeleton are preserved. Tomographic and histological techniques reveal new details of the gill skeleton, hyoid arch and jaws, neurocranium, cartilage, scales and teeth. Despite many features resembling placoderm or osteichthyan conditions, phylogenetic analysis confirms Gladbachus as a stem chondrichthyan and corroborates hypotheses that all acanthodians are stem chondrichthyans. The unfamiliar character combination displayed by Gladbachus, alongside conditions observed in acanthodians, implies that pre-Devonian stem chondrichthyans are severely under-sampled and strongly supports indications from isolated scales that the gnathostome crown group originated at the latest by the early Silurian (approx. 440 Ma). Moreover, phylogenetic results highlight the likely convergent evolution of conventional chondrichthyan conditions among earliest members of this primary gnathostome division, while skeletal morphology points towards the likely suspension feeding habits of Gladbachus, suggesting a functional origin of the gill slit condition characteristic of the vast majority of living and fossil chondrichthyans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA
| | - John A Finarelli
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Science Education and Research Centre (West), UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ivan J Sansom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Plamen S Andreev
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katharine E Criswell
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA.,Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Kristen Tietjen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA
| | - Mark L Rivers
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA
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Arratia G. Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A morphological revision is presented here on the cohort Otomorpha, a clade currently interpreted as the most primitive among the large supercohort Clupeocephala. Otomorpha is a morphologically heterogeneous group represented by clupei forms , alepocephaliforms, and ostariophysans (gonorynchiforms, cypriniforms, characiforms, siluriforms, and gymnoti forms) that inhabit various marine and freshwater environments worldwide. Otomorphs have a long (ca. 145 Ma) and diverse fossil record. They are the largest fish teleostean clade worldwide, as well as the largest of the Neotropical Region. While molecular studies strongly confirm the monophyly of Otomorpha, most potential morphological synapomorphies of the group become homoplastic largely due to the peculiar morphological character states (either losses or transformations) present in alepocephaliforms. The fusion of haemal arches with their respective vertebral centra anterior to preural centrum 2 stands as an unambiguous synapomorphy of the clade. The ankylosis or fusion of the extrascapular and parietal bones, and silvery areas associated with the gas bladder are also interpreted as synapomorphies, although they are homoplastic characters mainly due to secondary losses or further transformations of the morphological features in the alepocephaliforms.
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Abstract
Background Much evolutionary theory predicts that diversity arises via both adaptive radiation (diversification driven by selection against niche-overlap within communities) and divergence of geographically isolated populations. We focus on tropical fruit flies (Blepharoneura, Tephritidae) that reveal unexpected patterns of niche-overlap within local communities. Throughout the Neotropics, multiple sympatric non-interbreeding populations often share the same highly specialized patterns of host use (e.g., flies are specialists on flowers of a single gender of a single species of host plants). Lineage through time (LTT) plots can help distinguish patterns of diversification consistent with ecologically limited adaptive radiation from those predicted by ecologically neutral theories. Here, we use a time-calibrated phylogeny of Blepharoneura to test the hypothesis that patterns of Blepharoneura diversification are consistent with an “ecologically neutral” model of diversification that predicts that diversification is primarily a function of time and space. Results The Blepharoneura phylogeny showed more cladogenic divergence associated with geography than with shifts in host-use. Shifts in host-use were associated with ~ 20% of recent splits (< 3 Ma), but > 60% of older splits (> 3 Ma). In the overall tree, gamma statistic and maximum likelihood model fitting showed no evidence of diversification rate changes though there was a weak signature of slowing diversification rate in one of the component clades. Conclusions Overall patterns of Blepharoneura diversity are inconsistent with a traditional explanation of adaptive radiation involving decreases in diversification rates associated with niche-overlap. Sister lineages usually use the same host-species and host-parts, and multiple non-interbreeding sympatric populations regularly co-occur on the same hosts. We suggest that most lineage origins (phylogenetic splits) occur in allopatry, usually without shifts in host-use, and that subsequent dispersal results in assembly of communities composed of multiple sympatric non-interbreeding populations of flies that share the same hosts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1146-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Review of Trichodamon Mello-Leitão 1935 and phylogenetic placement of the genus in Phrynichidae (Arachnida, Amblypygi). ZOOL ANZ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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López-Arbarello A, Sferco E. Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172337. [PMID: 29657820 PMCID: PMC5882744 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of the recently described genus †Ticinolepis from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio are explored through cladistic analyses of the so far largest morphological dataset for fossil actinopterygians, including representatives of the crown-neopterygian clades Halecomorphi, Ginglymodi and Teleostei, and merging the characters from previously published systematic studies together with newly proposed characters. †Ticinolepis is retrieved as the most basal Ginglymodi and our results support the monophyly of Teleostei and Holostei, as well as Halecomorphi and Ginglymodi within the latter clade. The patterns of relationships within these clades mostly agree with those of previous studies, although a few important differences require future research. According to our results, ionoscopiforms are not monophyletic, caturids are not amiiforms and leptolepids and luisiellids form a monophyletic clade. Our phylogenetic hypothesis confirms the rapid radiation of the holostean clades Halecomorphi and Ginglymodi during the Early and Middle Triassic and the radiation of pholidophoriform teleosts during the Late Triassic. Crown-group Halecomorphi have an enormous ghost lineage throughout half of the Mesozoic, but ginglymodians and teleosts show a second radiation during the Early Jurassic. The crown-groups of Halecomorphi, Ginglymodi and Teleostei originated within parallel events of radiation during the Late Jurassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana López-Arbarello
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, and GeoBio-Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Emilia Sferco
- CICTERRA-CONICET-UNC, Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, X0516GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
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A phylogenetic method to perform genome-wide association studies in microbes that accounts for population structure and recombination. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005958. [PMID: 29401456 PMCID: PMC5814097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in microbial organisms have the potential to vastly improve the way we understand, manage, and treat infectious diseases. Yet, microbial GWAS methods established thus far remain insufficiently able to capitalise on the growing wealth of bacterial and viral genetic sequence data. Facing clonal population structure and homologous recombination, existing GWAS methods struggle to achieve both the precision necessary to reject spurious findings and the power required to detect associations in microbes. In this paper, we introduce a novel phylogenetic approach that has been tailor-made for microbial GWAS, which is applicable to organisms ranging from purely clonal to frequently recombining, and to both binary and continuous phenotypes. Our approach is robust to the confounding effects of both population structure and recombination, while maintaining high statistical power to detect associations. Thorough testing via application to simulated data provides strong support for the power and specificity of our approach and demonstrates the advantages offered over alternative cluster-based and dimension-reduction methods. Two applications to Neisseria meningitidis illustrate the versatility and potential of our method, confirming previously-identified penicillin resistance loci and resulting in the identification of both well-characterised and novel drivers of invasive disease. Our method is implemented as an open-source R package called treeWAS which is freely available at https://github.com/caitiecollins/treeWAS. Measurable differences often exist within a microbial population, with important ecological or epidemiological consequences. Examples include differences in growth rates, host range, transmissibility, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, etc. Understanding the genetic factors involved in these phenotypic properties is a crucial aim in microbial genomics. A fundamental approach for doing so is to perform a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), where genomes are compared to search for genetic markers systematically correlated with the property of interest. If this strategy were implemented naively in microbes, it could lead to spurious results due to the confounding effects of population structure and recombination. Here we present treeWAS, a new phylogenetic method to perform microbial GWAS that avoids these pitfalls. We show, using simulated datasets, that treeWAS is able to distinguish between genetic markers that are truly associated with the property of interest and those that are not. Furthermore, we demonstrate that treeWAS offers advantages in both sensitivity and specificity over alternative cluster-based and dimension-reduction techniques. We also showcase treeWAS in two applications to real datasets from N. meningitidis. We have developed an easy-to-use implementation of treeWAS in the R environment, which should be useful to a wide range of researchers in microbial genomics.
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Douglas GM, Beiko RG, Langille MGI. Predicting the Functional Potential of the Microbiome from Marker Genes Using PICRUSt. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1849:169-177. [PMID: 30298254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8728-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Marker-gene sequencing is a cost-effective method of taxonomically profiling microbial communities. Unlike metagenomic approaches, marker-gene sequencing does not provide direct information about the functional genes that are present in the genomes of community members. However, by capitalizing on the rapid growth in the number of sequenced genomes, it is possible to infer which functions are likely associated with a marker gene based on its sequence similarity with a reference genome. The PICRUSt tool is based on this idea and can predict functional category abundances based on an input marker gene. In brief, this method requires a reference phylogeny with tips corresponding to taxa with reference genomes as well as taxa lacking sequenced genomes. A modified ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) method is then used to infer counts of functional categories for taxa without reference genomes. The predictions are written to pre-calculated files, which can be cross-referenced with other datasets to quickly generate predictions of functional potential for a community. This chapter will give an in-depth description of these methods and describe how PICRUSt should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Robert G Beiko
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Morgan G I Langille
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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