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Prolonged insulin-induced hypoglycaemia reduces ß-cell activity rather than number in pancreatic islets in non-diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14113. [PMID: 35982111 PMCID: PMC9388517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells have an extraordinary ability to adapt to acute fluctuations in glucose levels by rapid changing insulin production to meet metabolic needs. Although acute changes have been characterised, effects of prolonged metabolic stress on β-cell dynamics are still unclear. Here, the aim was to investigate pancreatic β-cell dynamics and function during and after prolonged hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia was induced in male and female rats by infusion of human insulin for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week infusion-free recovery period. Animals were euthanized after 4 or 8 weeks of infusion, and either 2 days and 4 weeks after infusion-stop. Total volumes of pancreatic islets and β-cell nuclei, islet insulin and glucagon content, and plasma c-peptide levels were quantified. Prolonged hypoglycaemia reduced c-peptide levels, islet volume and almost depleted islet insulin. Relative β-cell nuclei: total pancreas volume decreased, while being unchanged relative to islet volume. Glucagon: total pancreas volume decreased during hypoglycaemia, whereas glucagon: islet volume increased. Within two days after infusion-stop, plasma glucose and c-peptide levels normalised and all remaining parameters were fully reversed after 4 weeks. In conclusion, our findings indicate that prolonged hypoglycaemia inactivates β-cells, which can rapidly be reactivated when needed, demonstrating the high plasticity of β-cells even following prolonged suppression.
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Nowak J, Wohlfarth M, Nüsken E, Demozay D, Nüsken KD, Bøgh IB. Placental nutrient transporters adapt during persistent maternal hypoglycaemia in rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265988. [PMID: 35344549 PMCID: PMC8959168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition is associated with decreased nutrient transfer to the foetus, which may lead to foetal growth restriction, predisposing children to a variety of diseases. However, regulation of placental nutrient transfer during decreased nutrient availability is not fully understood. In the present study, the aim was to investigate changes in levels of placental nutrient transporters accompanying maternal hypoglycaemia following different durations and stages of gestation in rats. Maternal hypoglycaemia was induced by insulin-infusion throughout gestation until gestation day (GD)20 or until end of organogenesis (GD17), with sacrifice on GD17 or GD20. Protein levels of placental glucose transporters GLUT1 (45/55 kDa isotypes) and GLUT3, amino acid transporters SNAT1 and SNAT2, and insulin receptor (InsR) were assessed. On GD17, GLUT1-45, GLUT3, and SNAT1 levels were increased and InsR levels decreased versus controls. On GD20, following hypoglycaemia throughout gestation, GLUT3 levels were increased, GLUT1-55 showed the same trend. After cessation of hypoglycaemia at end of organogenesis, GLUT1-55, GLUT3, and InsR levels were increased versus controls, whereas SNAT1 levels were decreased. The increases in levels of placental nutrient transporters seen during maternal hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia likely reflect an adaptive response to optimise foetal nutrient supply and development during limited availability of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F. H. Jensen
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jette Nowak
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Maria Wohlfarth
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Nüsken
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Damien Demozay
- Department of Diabetes Pharmacology 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kai-Dietrich Nüsken
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingrid B. Bøgh
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Lykkesfeldt J, Fels JJ, Andersen L, Renaut R, McGuigan F, Åkesson KE, Bøgh IB. Importance of gestational hypoglycaemia for foetal malformations and skeletal development in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:14-26. [PMID: 31644949 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate embryo-foetal effects of continuous maternal insulin-induced hypoglycaemia extending throughout gestation or until gestation day (GD)17 (typical last day of dosing during pre-clinical evaluation) providing comparator data for safety assessment of longer-acting insulin analogues in non-diabetic rats. Pregnant rats received human insulin (HI)-infusion during gestation until either GD20 or GD17 (HI-GD20; HI-GD17). On GD20, foetal abnormalities and skeletal ossification/mineralisation were evaluated. HI-infusion induced continuous hypoglycaemia. Foetal skeletal and eye malformations (e.g. bent ribs, microphthalmia) were common in both groups. Foetal size and skeletal ossification/mineralisation decreased, particularly with infusion throughout gestation. Concluding, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia during gestation in non-diabetic rats is damaging to embryo-foetal growth and skeletal development, particularly after GD17. Three days without HI-infusion after GD17 allows for some developmental catch-up. Eye development is sensitive to HI-infusion before GD17. These results should serve as a benchmark during pre-clinical safety assessment of longer-acting insulin analogues tested in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Flou Hjorth Jensen
- Department of Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S Maaloev, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Department of Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Andersen
- Department of Clinical Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ruth Renaut
- Division of Toxicology, Envigo, Eye, Suffolk, UK
| | - Fiona McGuigan
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina E Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Brück Bøgh
- Department of Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S Maaloev, Denmark
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Influence of High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Produced by Antennas for Mobile Communication on the Structure of the Pancreas in Rats: Histological and Unbiased Stereological Analysis. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The emission of high frequency electromagnetic fields (HF EMF) produced by antennas for mobile communications has been controversially alleged to have adverse health effects. The aim of our work was to examine whether there are effects on living organisms from HF EMF produced by mobile communication antennas. In this experiment Wistar strain rats were exposed to HF EMF with the following characteristics: 1.9 GHz frequency, 0.24 A/m intensity, electric field strength of 4.79 V/m, and SAR (specific absorption rate) value of 2.0 W/m2. Exposure time was 7 hours per day, 5 days per week, over the course of sixty days. This experiment was conducted on a total of 30 male rats divided randomly into two equal groups: one group of animals was exposed to GSM fields (Global System of antennas for Mobile Communications) as described above whereas the other group of animals was not exposed to any GSM fields. In our study, results show that the quantity, diameter and numerical density of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreatic tissue increased in rats exposed to HF EMF compared to the unexposed group. The volume density, number and numerical density of pancreatic cells also changed in rats that were exposed to the HF EMF compared to the unexposed group. Our study shows a change in the stereological and histological parameters of rat pancreatic tissue due to the effects of HF EM fields produced by antennas for mobile communication.
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Byrd RA, Owens RA, Blackbourne JL, Coutant DE, Farmen MW, Michael MD, Moyers JS, Schultze AE, Sievert MK, Tripathi NK, Vahle JL. Nonclinical pharmacology and toxicology of the first biosimilar insulin glargine drug product (BASAGLAR ® /ABASAGLAR ® ) approved in the European Union. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Berthelsen LO, Alifrangis L, Andersen L, Chapman M, Lykkesfeldt J, Bøgh IB. Toxicological Effects during and following Persistent Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia in Healthy Euglycaemic Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:53-66. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F. H. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Section for Experimental Animal Models; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Toxicology; Safety Pharm and Pathology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Department of Toxicology; Safety Pharm and Pathology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
| | - Line O. Berthelsen
- Department of Toxicology; Safety Pharm and Pathology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
| | - Lene Alifrangis
- Department of Development DMPK; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
| | - Lene Andersen
- Department of Diabetes Bioanalysis; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Section for Experimental Animal Models; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ingrid B. Bøgh
- Department of Toxicology; Safety Pharm and Pathology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Chapman M, Alifrangis L, Andersen L, Lykkesfeldt J, Bøgh IB. Chronic Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia in Rats Is Accompanied by Increased Body Weight, Hyperleptinaemia, and Decreased Neuronal Glucose Transporter Levels in the Brain. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:7861236. [PMID: 28421113 PMCID: PMC5379133 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7861236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is vulnerable to hypoglycaemia due to a continuous need of energy substrates to meet its high metabolic demands. Studies have shown that severe acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia results in oxidative stress in the rat brain, when neuroglycopenia cannot be evaded despite increased levels of cerebral glucose transporters. Compensatory measures in the brain during chronic insulin-induced hypoglycaemia are less well understood. The present study investigated how the brain of nondiabetic rats copes with chronic insulin-induced hypoglycaemia for up to eight weeks. Brain level of different substrate transporters and redox homeostasis was evaluated. Hyperinsulinaemia for 8 weeks consistently lowered blood glucose levels by 30-50% (4-6 mM versus 7-9 mM in controls). The animals had increased food consumption, body weights, and hyperleptinaemia. During infusion, protein levels of the brain neuronal glucose transporter were decreased, whereas levels of lipid peroxidation products were unchanged. Discontinued infusion was followed by transient systemic hyperglycaemia and decreased food consumption and body weight. After 4 weeks, plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products were increased, possibly as a consequence of hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress. The present data suggests that chronic moderate hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia causes increased body weight and hyperleptinaemia. This is accompanied by decreased neuronal glucose transporter levels, which may be leptin-induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F. H. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharm and Pathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
- *Vivi F. H. Jensen:
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharm and Pathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Alifrangis
- Department of Development DMPK, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lene Andersen
- Department of Development Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid B. Bøgh
- Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharm and Pathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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Ayuob N, ElBeshbeishy R. Impact of an Energy Drink on the Structure of Stomach and Pancreas of Albino Rat: Can Omega-3 Provide a Protection? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149191. [PMID: 26894845 PMCID: PMC4760982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A controversy developed between the benefits of energy drinks (EDs) versus the possible health threats since its revolution. Lack of information was a call to assess the effect of chronic consumption of Power Horse (PH) as one of the EDs, on the structure of pancreas and fundic mucosa of stomach in rats, and possible protective role of Omega-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two adult male albino rats were divided equally into 4 groups; control received group which only received a standard diet, Omega-3 group, PH group which given PH and PH plus Omega-3 group received both PH plus Omega-3 for 4 weeks. Biochemical assessment of blood glucose, serum insulin, gastrin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) was performed. The antioxidant activity and histopathological examination of both pancreatic tissue and fundic mucosa of stomach were assessed. RESULTS Administration of PH significantly increased serum insulin and glucose levels while it significantly reduced serum gastrin level compared to control. PH also caused oxidants/antioxidants imbalance in both pancreas and fundic mucosa. The latter revealed degenerative changes and increased apoptosis which was evident by increased caspase-3 immunoexpression. Pancreas exhibited signs of β-cells overstimulation. Fundic mucosa showed reduced number of parietal cells, gastrin hormone expression compared to control group. Omega-3 administration could alleviate, to some extent, these changes. It significantly decreased TNF-α, iNOS and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as significantly increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared to the group which received PH alone. CONCLUSION Power Horse intake significantly injures islet cells, pancreatic acini as well as the glandular cells of the fundic mucosa. Omega-3 decreases these detrimental effects mostly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasra Ayuob
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Rana ElBeshbeishy
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Heydenreich A, Jensen KJ, Bertelsen LO, Alifrangis L, Andersen L, Søeborg H, Chapman M, Lykkesfeldt J, Bøgh IB. Histopathological nerve and skeletal muscle changes in rats subjected to persistent insulin-induced hypoglycemia. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 29:17-30. [PMID: 26989298 PMCID: PMC4766526 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New insulin analogues with a longer duration of action and a flatter pharmacodynamic profile are developed to improve convenience and safety for diabetic patients. During the nonclinical development of such analogues, safety studies must be conducted in nondiabetic rats, which consequently are rendered chronically hypoglycemic. A rat comparator model using human insulin would be valuable, as it would enable differentiation between effects related to either persistent insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) or a new analogue per se. Such a model could alleviate the need for an in-study-comparator and thereby reduce the number of animals used during development. Thus, the aims of the present study were i) to develop a preclinical animal model of persistent hypoglycemia in rats using human insulin infusion for four weeks and ii) to investigate histopathological changes in sciatic nerves and quadriceps femoris muscle tissue, as little is known about the response to persistent hypoglycemia in these tissues. Histopathologic changes in insulin-infused animals included axonal degeneration and myofibre degeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that persistent IIH provokes peripheral nerve and skeletal myofiber degeneration within the same animals. This suggests that the model can serve as a nonclinical comparator model during development of long-acting insulin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Flou Hjorth Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Lene Alifrangis
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lene Andersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Henrik Søeborg
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Barric Lane, Eye, Suffolk, IP23 7PX, UK
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Metukuri MR, Zhang P, Basantani MK, Chin C, Stamateris RE, Alonso LC, Takane KK, Gramignoli R, Strom SC, O’Doherty RM, Stewart AF, Vasavada RC, Garcia-Ocaña A, Scott DK. ChREBP mediates glucose-stimulated pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Diabetes 2012; 61:2004-15. [PMID: 22586588 PMCID: PMC3402328 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glucose stimulates rodent and human β-cell replication, but the intracellular signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a lipogenic glucose-sensing transcription factor with unknown functions in pancreatic β-cells. We tested the hypothesis that ChREBP is required for glucose-stimulated β-cell proliferation. The relative expression of ChREBP was determined in liver and β-cells using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Loss- and gain-of-function studies were performed using small interfering RNA and genetic deletion of ChREBP and adenoviral overexpression of ChREBP in rodent and human β-cells. Proliferation was measured by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. In addition, the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes was measured by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. ChREBP expression was comparable with liver in mouse pancreata and in rat and human islets. Depletion of ChREBP decreased glucose-stimulated proliferation in β-cells isolated from ChREBP(-/-) mice, in INS-1-derived 832/13 cells, and in primary rat and human β-cells. Furthermore, depletion of ChREBP decreased the glucose-stimulated expression of cell cycle accelerators. Overexpression of ChREBP amplified glucose-stimulated proliferation in rat and human β-cells, with concomitant increases in cyclin gene expression. In conclusion, ChREBP mediates glucose-stimulated proliferation in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna R. Metukuri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Pili Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mahesh K. Basantani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Connie Chin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel E. Stamateris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura C. Alonso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen K. Takane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert M. O’Doherty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew F. Stewart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rupangi C. Vasavada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald K. Scott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding author: Donald K. Scott,
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Tarabra E, Pelengaris S, Khan M. A simple matter of life and death-the trials of postnatal Beta-cell mass regulation. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:516718. [PMID: 22577380 PMCID: PMC3346985 DOI: 10.1155/2012/516718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells, which secrete the hormone insulin, are the key arbiters of glucose homeostasis. Defective beta-cell numbers and/or function underlie essentially all major forms of diabetes and must be restored if diabetes is to be cured. Thus, the identification of the molecular regulators of beta-cell mass and a better understanding of the processes of beta-cell differentiation and proliferation may provide further insight for the development of new therapeutic targets for diabetes. This review will focus on the principal hormones and nutrients, as well as downstream signalling pathways regulating beta-cell mass in the adult. Furthermore, we will also address more recently appreciated regulators of beta-cell mass, such as microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tarabra
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- *Elena Tarabra:
| | - Stella Pelengaris
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michael Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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12
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Ballian N, Hu M, Liu SH, Brunicardi FC. Proliferation, hyperplasia, neogenesis, and neoplasia in the islets of Langerhans. Pancreas 2007; 35:199-206. [PMID: 17895838 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318074c6ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic disease is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality as a result of pancreatic carcinoma and diabetes mellitus. Regulation of endocrine cell mass is thought to have a central role in the pathogenesis of both these diseases. Islet cell proliferation, hypertrophy, neogenesis, and apoptosis are the main determinants of endocrine cell mass in the pancreas, and their understanding has been improved by new clues of their genetic and molecular basis. Beta cells have attracted most research interest because of potential implications in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemic disorders. The processes that operate during pancreatic adaptation to a changing hormonal milieu are important in pancreatic carcinogenesis. There is evidence that somatostatin and its receptors are fundamental regulators of endocrine cell mass and are involved in islet tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos Ballian
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Paris M, Bernard-Kargar C, Berthault MF, Bouwens L, Ktorza A. Specific and combined effects of insulin and glucose on functional pancreatic beta-cell mass in vivo in adult rats. Endocrinology 2003; 144:2717-27. [PMID: 12746336 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-221112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the specific and associated effects of insulin and glucose on beta-cell growth and function in adult rats. By combining simultaneous infusion either of glucose and/or insulin or glucose and diazoxide, three groups of rats were constituted: hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic rats (high glucose-high insulin), hyperglycemic-euinsulinemic rats (high glucose), and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic rats (high insulin). All the infusions lasted 48 h. Control rats were infused with 0.9% NaCl (saline controls). In all groups, beta-cell mass was significantly increased, compared with controls (by 70% in high glucose-high insulin rats, 65% in high glucose rats, and 50% in high insulin rats). The stimulation of neogenesis was suggested by the high number of islets budding from pancreatic ducts in high glucose-high insulin and high glucose rats and by the presence of numerous clusters of few beta-cells within the exocrine pancreas in high insulin rats. beta-Cell hypertrophy was observed only in high glucose-high insulin rats. The rate of beta-cell proliferation was similar to that of controls in high glucose-high insulin rats after a 48-h glucose infusion, dropped dramatically in high insulin rats, and dropped to a lesser extent in high glucose rats. In high glucose-high insulin and high glucose rats, beta-cell mass increase was related to a higher beta-cell responsiveness to glucose in vitro as measured by islet perifusion studies, whereas in high insulin rats, no significant enhancement of glucose induced insulin secretion could be noticed. The data show that glucose and insulin may have specific stimulating effects on beta-cell growth and function in vivo in adult rats independently of the influence they exert each other on their respective plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Paris
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, 7059, Université Paris 7, 75251 Paris, France.
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Guz Y, Nasir I, Teitelman G. Regeneration of pancreatic beta cells from intra-islet precursor cells in an experimental model of diabetes. Endocrinology 2001; 142:4956-68. [PMID: 11606464 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.11.8501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that new beta cells differentiated in pancreatic islets of mice in which diabetes was produced by injection of a high dose of the beta cell toxin streptozotocin (SZ), which produces hyperglycemia due to rapid and massive beta cell death. After SZ-mediated elimination of existing beta cells, a population of insulin containing cells reappeared in islets. However, the number of new beta cells was small, and the animals remained severely hyperglycemic. In the present study, we tested whether restoration of normoglycemia by exogenous administered insulin would enhance beta cell differentiation and maturation. We found that beta cell regeneration improved in SZ-treated mice animals that rapidly attained normoglycemia following insulin administration because the number of beta cells per islet reached near 40% of control values during the first week after restoration of normoglycemia. Two presumptive precursor cell types appeared in regenerating islets. One expressed the glucose transporter-2 (Glut-2), and the other cell type coexpressed insulin and somatostatin. These cells probably generated the monospecific cells containing insulin that repopulated the islets. We conclude that beta cell neogenesis occurred in adult islets and that the outcome of this process was regulated by the insulin-mediated normalization of circulating blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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