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Fernandez EJ, Anderson W, Kowalski A. Evaluation of an automated response-independent schedule on the behavioral welfare of shelter dogs. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:50-61. [PMID: 37140463 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Response-independent schedules involve the delivery of an item independent of a response requirement. Often described in the applied behavior analytic literature as "noncontingent reinforcement," they have also frequently been used to reduce undesired or problematic behaviors. The current study examined the use of an automated response-independent food schedule on the behaviors and sound levels of shelter dogs. Several dogs were included in a 6-week reversal design, where a fixed-time 1 min schedule was compared with a baseline condition. Eleven behaviors were measured, as were two areas of each kennel and the overall and session sound intensity (dB) that occurred during the study. The results demonstrated that the fixed-time schedule increased overall activity while decreasing inactivity and led to a reduction in the overall sound intensity measured. Session and hour-to-hour sound-intensity data were less clear, suggesting a potential contextual conditioning effect as well as a need for adjusted methods to study shelter sound. The above are discussed in terms of their potential welfare benefits for shelter dogs as well as the translational approach that this and similar research could contribute to the application and functional understanding of response-independent schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Fernandez
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wes Anderson
- Smart Animal Training Systems, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Mei Y, Teng H, Li Z, Zeng C, Li Y, Song W, Zhang K, Sun ZS, Wang Y. Restricted Feeding Resets Endogenous Circadian Rhythm in Female Mice Under Constant Darkness. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1005-1009. [PMID: 33779891 PMCID: PMC8275728 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Mei
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Huajing Teng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kaifan Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Refinetti R. Circadian rhythmicity of body temperature and metabolism. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:321-362. [PMID: 33251281 PMCID: PMC7678948 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1743605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the circadian rhythms of body temperature and whole-organism metabolism. The two rhythms are first described separately, each description preceded by a review of research methods. Both rhythms are generated endogenously but can be affected by exogenous factors. The relationship between the two rhythms is discussed next. In endothermic animals, modulation of metabolic activity can affect body temperature, but the rhythm of body temperature is not a mere side effect of the rhythm of metabolic thermogenesis associated with general activity. The circadian system modulates metabolic heat production to generate the body temperature rhythm, which challenges homeothermy but does not abolish it. Individual cells do not regulate their own temperature, but the relationship between circadian rhythms and metabolism at the cellular level is also discussed. Metabolism is both an output of and an input to the circadian clock, meaning that circadian rhythmicity and metabolism are intertwined in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Refinetti
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Immediate and delayed effects of nutrient-sensing in fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Processes 2019; 164:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gillman AG, Rebec GV, Pecoraro NC, Kosobud AEK. Circadian entrainment by food and drugs of abuse. Behav Processes 2019; 165:23-28. [PMID: 31132444 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms organize behavior and physiological processes to be appropriate to the predictable cycle of daily events. These rhythms are entrained by stimuli that provide time of day cues (zeitgebers), such as light, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle and associated rhythms. But other events, including meals, social cues, and bouts of locomotor activity, can act as zeitgebers. Recent evidence shows that most organs and tissues contain cells that are capable of some degree of independent circadian cycling, suggesting the circadian system is broadly and diffusely distributed. Within laboratory studies of behavior, circadian rhythms tend to be treated as a complication to be minimized, but they offer a useful model of predictable shifts in behavioral tendencies. In the present review, we summarize the evidence that formed the basis for a hypothesis that drugs of abuse can entrain circadian rhythms and describe the outcome of a series of experiments designed to test that hypothesis. We propose that such drug-entrained rhythms may contribute to demonstrated daily variations in drug metabolism, tolerance, and sensitivity to drug reward. Of particular importance, these rhythms may be evoked by a single episode of drug taking, strengthen with repeated episodes, and re-emerge after long periods of abstinence, thereby contributing to drug abuse, addiction, and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Gillman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George V Rebec
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Norman C Pecoraro
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Ann E K Kosobud
- Dept. of Neurology, IU School of Medicine, 362 W 15th St, GH 4600, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-2266, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale B. Carey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Lisa C. Merrill
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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Gillman AG, Kosobud AEK, Timberlake W. Pre- and post-nicotine circadian activity rhythms can be differentiated by a paired environmental cue. Physiol Behav 2007; 93:337-50. [PMID: 17961611 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that addictive drugs presented daily at fixed times produce circadian (oscillator-driven) anticipatory and evoked activity rhythms in rats. Other studies have shown that environmental cues paired with addictive drugs produce tolerance to drug effects and elicit craving behavior when presented without the drug. The present study tested these circadian entrainment and paired-cue conditioning effects together. This study compared the ability of daily nicotine and saline injections at different fixed times to entrain pre-injection (anticipatory) and post-injection (evoked) circadian activity rhythms in two groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats. One group (Paired) had an environmental cue (a tone) paired with the effects of the nicotine injection, and the second group (Unpaired) had the tone paired with the effects of the saline injection. The rats were housed singly for 56 days in chambers with attached wheels under constant dim light and rate-limited food access. During three separate injection phases, nicotine and saline were administered daily at different fixed times, and the tone was presented at the second injection time. Three multi-day test phases examined circadian activity (a) without injections or tone, (b) with the tone alone at normal and novel times, and (c) with the tone absent and with injections occurring at normal and at novel times. The results showed that nicotine entrained both pre- and post-injection circadian oscillators, and the nicotine-paired tone interfered with pre-injection anticipatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Gillman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, United States.
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Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 2000; 14:2950-61. [PMID: 11114885 PMCID: PMC317100 DOI: 10.1101/gad.183500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1688] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, circadian oscillators exist not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which harbors the central pacemaker, but also in most peripheral tissues. It is believed that the SCN clock entrains the phase of peripheral clocks via chemical cues, such as rhythmically secreted hormones. Here we show that temporal feeding restriction under light-dark or dark-dark conditions can change the phase of circadian gene expression in peripheral cell types by up to 12 h while leaving the phase of cyclic gene expression in the SCN unaffected. Hence, changes in metabolism can lead to an uncoupling of peripheral oscillators from the central pacemaker. Sudden large changes in feeding time, similar to abrupt changes in the photoperiod, reset the phase of rhythmic gene expression gradually and are thus likely to act through a clock-dependent mechanism. Food-induced phase resetting proceeds faster in liver than in kidney, heart, or pancreas, but after 1 wk of daytime feeding, the phases of circadian gene expression are similar in all examined peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Damiola
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Sciences II, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Pecoraro N, Kosobud AE, Rebec GV, Timberlake W. Long T methamphetamine schedules produce circadian ensuing drug activity in rats. Physiol Behav 2000; 71:95-106. [PMID: 11134691 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in isolated continuous 24-h/day environments under conditions of constant dim light and a rate-limited feeding schedule. Following 2 months of free-running activity, all animals were administered methamphetamine (MA) i.p. (2 mg/kg) once every 31 h for 24 injection cycles. Average wave forms of wheel-running activity showed that animals did not anticipate the 31-h schedule of MA injections, but rather displayed circadian ensuing drug activity (CEDA) between 24 and 28 h following the injections. Post-injection meals failed to meet reliably the threshold necessary to achieve food-engendered anticipatory or ensuing activity. Cosinor analysis showed that the intensity of CEDA was strongly influenced by the relative phase of the free-running rhythm. CEDA was moderately influenced by the size of the post-injection bout of activity. Because injection times rotated daily throughout local time without repeating a time of day, CEDA resulting from a long T schedule of MA administration appeared to be based on one-trial resetting of a circadian-related mechanism by a major drug of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pecoraro
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA.
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Hastings MH, Duffield GE, Smith EJ, Maywood ES, Ebling FJ. Entrainment of the circadian system of mammals by nonphotic cues. Chronobiol Int 1998; 15:425-45. [PMID: 9787934 DOI: 10.3109/07420529808998700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although light is the principal zeitgeber to the mammalian circadian system, other cues can be shown to have a potent resetting effect on the clock of both adult and perinatal mammals. Nonphotic entrainment may have both biological and therapeutic significance. This review focuses on the effect of behavioral arousal as a nonphotic cue and the neurochemical circuitry that mediates arousal-induced entrainment in the adult rodent. In addition, it considers the role of nonphotic entrainment of the developing circadian system in perinatal life prior to the establishment of retinal input to the clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hastings
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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