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Gao RD, Hin N, Prchalová E, Pal A, Lam J, Rais R, Slusher BS, Tsukamoto T. Model studies towards prodrugs of the glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) containing a diazo precursor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 50:128321. [PMID: 34400301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct diazo precursors, imidazotetrazine and nitrous amide, were explored as promoieties in designing prodrugs of 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), a glutamine antagonist. As a model for an imidazotetrazine-based prodrug, we synthesized (S)-2-acetamido-6-(8-carbamoyl-4-oxoimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazin-3(4H)-yl)-5-oxohexanoic acid (4) containing the entire scaffold of temozolomide, a precursor of the DNA-methylating agent clinically approved for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. For a nitrous amide-based prodrug, we synthesized 2-acetamido-6-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)(nitroso)amino)-5-oxohexanoic acid (5) containing a N-nitrosocarbamate group, which can be converted to a diazo moiety via a mechanism similar to that of streptozotocin, a clinically approved diazomethane-releasing drug containing an N-nitrosourea group. Preliminary characterization confirmed formation of N-acetyl DON (6), also known as duazomycin A, from compound 4 in a pH-dependent manner while compound 5 did not exhibit sufficient stability to allow further characterization. Taken together, our model studies suggest that further improvements are needed to translate this prodrug approach into glutamine antagonist-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Duo Gao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Niyada Hin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eva Prchalová
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jenny Lam
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Comprehensive analysis of ß-lactam antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems in poultry muscle using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7859-74. [PMID: 23430185 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive method for the quantitative residue analysis of trace levels of 22 ß-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, in poultry muscle by liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometric detection is reported. The samples analyzed for ß-lactam residues are hydrolyzed using piperidine in order to improve compound stability and to include the total residue content of the cephalosporin ceftifour. The reaction procedure was optimized using a full experimental design. Following detailed isotope labeling, tandem mass spectrometry studies and exact mass measurements using high-resolution mass spectrometry reaction schemes could be proposed for all ß-lactams studied. The main reaction occurring is the hydrolysis of the ß-lactam ring under formation of the piperidine substituted amide. For some ß-lactams, multiple isobaric hydrolysis reaction products are obtained, in accordance with expectations, but this did not hamper quantitative analysis. The final method was fully validated as a quantitative confirmatory residue analysis method according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and showed satisfactory quantitative performance for all compounds with trueness between 80 and 110% and within-laboratory reproducibility below 22% at target level, except for biapenem. For biapenem, the method proved to be suitable for qualitative analysis only.
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Qu X, Yang C, Zhang J, Ding N, Lu Y, Huang L, Xiang G. In vitroevaluation of a Folate-bovine serum albumin-doxorubicin conjugate. J Drug Target 2009; 18:351-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903450049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Blau L, Menegon RF, Ferreira EI, Ferreira AG, Boffo EF, Tavares LA, Heleno VCG, Chung MC. Synthesis and total 1H- and 13C-NMR assignment of cephem derivatives for use in ADEPT approaches. Molecules 2008; 13:841-54. [PMID: 18463586 PMCID: PMC6245275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and total NMR characterization of 5-thia-1-azabicyclo-[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[[[(4’’-nitrophenoxy)carbonyl]oxy]-methyl]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]-diphenylmethyl ester-5-dioxide (5), a new cephalosporin derivative. This compound can be used as the carrier of a wide range of drugs containing an amino group. The preparation of the intermediate product, 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[methyl 4-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentylcarbamate]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]-diphenylmethyl ester-5-dioxide (6), as well as the synthesis of the antimalarial primaquine prodrug 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[methyl 4-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentylcarbamate]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]- 5-dioxide (7) are also described, together with their total 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Blau
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 502 - 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Senter PD, Springer CJ. Selective activation of anticancer prodrugs by monoclonal antibody-enzyme conjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 53:247-64. [PMID: 11744170 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of interest has surrounded the activities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and mAb-drug, toxin and radionuclide conjugates for the treatment of human cancers. In the last few years, a number of new mAb-based reagents have been clinically approved (Rituxan, Herceptin, and Panorex), and several others are now in advanced clinical trials. Successful therapeutic treatment of solid tumors with drug conjugates of such macromolecules must overcome the barriers to penetration within tumor masses, antigen heterogeneity, conjugated drug potency, and efficient drug release from the mAbs inside tumor cells. An alternative strategy for drug delivery involves a two-step approach to cancer therapy in which mAbs are used to localize enzymes to tumor cell surface antigens. Once the conjugate binds to the cancer cells and clears from the systemic circulation, antitumor prodrugs are administered that are catalytically converted to active drugs by the targeted enzyme. The drugs thus released are capable of penetrating within the tumor mass and eliminating both cells that have and have not bound the mAb-enzyme conjugate. Significant therapeutic effects have been obtained using a broad range of enzymes along with prodrugs that are derived from both approved anticancer drugs and highly potent experimental agents. This review focuses on the activities of several mAb-enzyme/prodrug combinations, with an emphasis on those that have provided mechanistic insight, clinical activity, novel protein constructs, and the potential for reduced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr. SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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Dubowchik GM, Walker MA. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 83:67-123. [PMID: 10511457 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is a survey of various approaches to targeting cytotoxic anticancer drugs to tumors primarily through biomolecules expressed by cancer cells or associated vasculature and stroma. These include monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates; enzyme prodrug therapies, such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy; and metabolism-based therapies that seek to exploit increased tumor expression of, e.g., proteases, low-density lipoprotein receptors, hormones, and adhesion molecules. Following a discussion of factors that positively and negatively affect drug delivery to solid tumors, we concentrate on a mechanistic understanding of selective drug release or generation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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