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Santos DE, Alberici LC, Hartfelder K. Mitochondrial structure and dynamics as critical factors in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) caste development. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 73:1-11. [PMID: 27058771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between nutrition and phenotype is an especially challenging question in cases of facultative polyphenism, like the castes of social insects. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera, unexpected modifications in conserved signaling pathways revealed the hypoxia response as a possible mechanism underlying the regulation of body size and organ growth. Hence, the current study was designed to investigate possible causes of why the three hypoxia core genes are overexpressed in worker larvae. Parting from the hypothesis that this has an endogenous cause and is not due to differences in external oxygen levels we investigated mitochondrial numbers and distribution, as well as mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates in fat body cells of queen and worker larvae during the caste fate-critical larval stages. By immunofluorescence and electron microscopy we found higher densities of mitochondria in queen larval fat body, a finding further confirmed by a citrate synthase assay quantifying mitochondrial functional units. Oxygen consumption measurements by high-resolution respirometry revealed that queen larvae have higher maximum capacities of ATP production at lower physiological demand. Finally, the expression analysis of mitogenesis-related factors showed that the honey bee TFB1 and TFB2 homologs, and a nutritional regulator, ERR, are overexpressed in queen larvae. These results are strong evidence that the differential nutrition of queen and worker larvae by nurse bees affects mitochondrial dynamics and functionality in the fat body of these larvae, hence explaining their differential hypoxia response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Elias Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Jackson A, Locke M. The formation of plasma membrane reticular systems in the oenocytes of an insect. Tissue Cell 2012; 21:463-73. [PMID: 18620271 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/1989] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane reticular systems (RSs) are infolds of the plasma membrane found in cells of several insect tissues that are not transporting epithelia. They form a subsurface reticular lymph space that may be involved in the loading and unloading of hemolymph carrier molecules. The development of a new RS during the fifth larval stadium has been studied in the oenocytes of Calpodes ethlius by scanning electron microscopy. The RS forms by the extension and progressive apical fusion of cell processes leaving a reticular lymph space below. Reticular system formation occurs in a front moving over the cell surface. The RS made in the 4th stadium persists through the moult to the 5th stage but diminishes for the next 3 days. A new intermoult RS then forms very quickly. Its time of formation follows the commitment ecdysteroid peak rather than the beginning of secretion by the wax glands. This new 5th stage RS is maintained during the period of intermoult synthesis, after which it declines and is nearly absent by the time of pupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jackson
- Cell Science Laboratories, Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A5B7
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3
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Isolation, primary culture and morphological characterization of oenocytes from Aedes aegypti pupae. Tissue Cell 2011; 43:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Lipovšek S, Novak T, Janžekovič F, Pabst MA. Role of the fat body in the cave crickets Troglophilus cavicola and Troglophilus neglectus (Rhaphidophoridae, Saltatoria) during overwintering. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2011; 40:54-63. [PMID: 20868768 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cave crickets Troglophilus cavicola and Troglophilus neglectus are the most widely distributed European species of the family Rhaphidophoridae. Their life cycles span two years. They overwinter twice in caves in 4-6 months lasting diapause, T. cavicola in warmer microhabitats. In caves, older T. cavicola undergo sexual maturation, while T. neglectus do not. We hypothesized that the use of energy-supplying compounds and reserve proteins in the fat body is more extensive in T. cavicola than in T. neglectus. We analyzed the contents and morphology of lipid droplets, glycogen rosettes and protein granula at the beginning, the middle and the end of overwintering applying optic, TEM and biochemical methods. In all individuals, the fat body is composed of about 40 oval ribbons consisted of gradually changing adipocytes and urocytes. T. cavicola use glycogen continuously, and stop using lipids in the middle of overwintering, while this is inverse in T. neglectus. Till the middle of overwintering, all individuals exploit proteins, afterwards they are unevenly exploited. We found that the fat body is differently engaged in metabolism of both cave crickets during overwintering, supporting a more glycogen-dependent metabolism in T. cavicola, and a more lipid-dependent one in T. neglectus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saška Lipovšek
- Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Slomškov trg 15, Maribor, Slovenia.
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Romoser WS, Turell MJ, Lerdthusnee K, Neira M, Dohm D, Ludwig G, Wasieloski L. Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus in mosquitoes--tracheal conduits & the basal lamina as an extra-cellular barrier. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2006:89-100. [PMID: 16355869 DOI: 10.1007/3-211-29981-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the fate of an arbovirus in a mosquito is fundamental to understanding the mosquito's competence to transmit the virus. When a competent mosquito ingests viremic vertebrate blood, virus infects midgut epithelial cells and replicates, then disseminates to other tissues, including salivary glands and/or ovaries. The virus is then transmitted to the next vertebrate host horizontally via bite and/or vertically to the mosquito's offspring. Not all mosquitoes that ingest virus become infected or, if infected, transmit virus. Several "barriers" to arbovirus passage, and ultimately transmission, have been identified in incompetent or partially competent mosquitoes, including, among others, gut escape barriers and salivary gland infection barriers. The extra-cellular basal lamina around the midgut epithelium and the basal lamina that surrounds the salivary glands may act as such barriers. Midgut basal lamina pore sizes are significantly smaller than arboviruses and ultrastructural evidence suggests that midgut tracheae and tracheoles may provide a means for viruses to circumvent this barrier. Further, immunocytochemical evidence indicates the existence of a salivary gland infection barrier in Anopheles stephensi. The basal lamina may prevent access to mosquito cell surface virus receptors and help explain why anopheline mosquitoes are relatively incompetent arbovirus transmitters when compared to culicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Romoser
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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Romoser WS, Wasieloski LP, Pushko P, Kondig JP, Lerdthusnee K, Neira M, Ludwig GV. Evidence for arbovirus dissemination conduits from the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) midgut. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:467-475. [PMID: 15185952 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which arboviruses bypass the basal lamina of mosquito midgut cells and enter the body cavity has been unclear. Experiments using Venezuelan equine encephalitis viral replicon particles, which express the green fluorescent protein gene in cells, indicate the operation of tissue conduits, possibly involving tracheae and visceral muscles, that facilitate virus movement through the basal lamina. Ultrastructural studies of the midgut reveal evidence for possible complete penetration of the basal lamina by tracheal cells and regions of modified basal lamina associated with visceral muscle. The modified basal lamina closely resembles proventricular matrix material known to allow virus passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Romoser
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Abstract
In the absence of fossils, the cells of vertebrates are often described in lieu of a general animal eukaryote model, neglecting work on insects. However, a common ancestor is nearly a billion years in the past, making some vertebrate generalizations inappropriate for insects. For example, insect cells are adept at the cell remodeling needed for molting and metamorphosis, they have plasma membrane reticular systems and vacuolar ferritin, and their Golgi complexes continue to work during mitosis. This review stresses the ways that insect cells differ from those of vertebrates, summarizing the structure of surface membranes and vacuolar systems, especially of the epidermis and fat body, as a prerequisite for the molecular studies needed to understand cell function. The objective is to provide a structural base from which molecular biology can emerge from biochemical description into a useful analysis of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Locke
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.
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Locke M. The Wigglesworth Lecture: Insects for studying fundamental problems in biology. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 47:495-507. [PMID: 11166314 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(00)00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Locke
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Canada
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GIORGI F, Yin CM, STOFFOLANO JG. Permeability barriers and anionic sites of the ovarian basal laminae in the black blowflyPhormia regina(Meigen) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1991.9672154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Engelhard E, Keddie B, Volkman L. Isolation of third, fourth, and fifth instar larval midgut epithelia of the moth, Trichoplusia ni. Tissue Cell 1991; 23:917-28. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(91)90041-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1991] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Shelby KS, Michael Chippendale G. In vitro synthesis and secretion of lipophorin by the fat body of nondiapause and prediapause larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(90)90034-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Delhanty P, Locke M. The development of epidermal feet in preparation for metamorphosis in an insect. Tissue Cell 1989; 21:891-909. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(89)90040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1989] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Willott E, Bew LK, Nagle RB, Wells MA. Sequential structural changes in the fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, during the fifth larval stadium. Tissue Cell 1988; 20:635-43. [PMID: 3238692 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(88)90065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Light and electron microscopy revealed a series of structural changes that occur in the fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, during the fifth, i.e. the final, larval stadium. At each developmental stage studied, the cells of the fat body were homogeneous in structure. We found no evidence suggesting the presence of more than one type of fat body cell. Our structural data are consistent with published observations on biochemical activities of M. sexta fat body at particular developmental stages. Specific points of agreement include: (a) acquisition of Golgi complex (GC) and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) concomitant with the time of major protein production; (b) loss of many cellular organelles (such as GC and RER) as protein production drastically decreases; (c) accumulation of protein granules and urate granules after the onset of wandering (i.e. during the pre-pupal period); (d) accumulation of lipid and glycogen throughout the feeding period. In addition we found that (a) the plasma membrane reticular system (PMRS) developed during the period when protein secretion was great; (b) the PMRS was lost abruptly at the onset of wandering; and (c) the nucleus changed in shape from being roughly spherical to elliptoid in the pre-pupal stage. We found that the structure of M. sexta fat body is similar to that published for other Lepidoptera. However, it differs from that of Heliothis zea in that regional differences are not obviously apparent.
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14
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Locke M. The very rapid induction of filopodia in insect cells. Tissue Cell 1987; 19:301-18. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(87)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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