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Klaunig JE, Cohen SM. Mode of action of dieldrin-induced liver tumors: application to human risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 39077834 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2377208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Dieldrin is an organochlorine insecticide that was widely used until 1970 when its use was banned because of its liver carcinogenicity in mice. Several long-term rodent bioassays have reported dieldrin to induce liver tumors in in several strains of mice, but not in rats. This article reviews the available information on dieldrin liver effects and performs an analysis of mode of action (MOA) and human relevance of these liver findings. Scientific evidence strongly supports a MOA based on CAR activation, leading to alterations in gene expression, which result in increased hepatocellular proliferation, clonal expansion leading to altered hepatic foci, and ultimately the formation of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. Associative events include increased liver weight, centrilobular hypertrophy, increased expression of Cyp2b10 and its resulting increased enzymatic activity. Other associative events include alterations of intercellular gap junction communication and oxidative stress. Alternative MOAs are evaluated and shown not to be related to dieldrin administration. Weight of evidence shows that dieldrin is not DNA reactive, it is not mutagenic, and it is not genotoxic in general. Furthermore, activation of other pertinent nuclear receptors, including PXR, PPARα, AhR, and estrogen are not related to dieldrin-induced liver tumors nor is there liver cytotoxicity. In previous studies, rats, dogs, and non-human primates did not show increased cell proliferation or production of pre-neoplastic or neoplastic lesions following dieldrin treatment. Thus, the evidence strongly indicates that dieldrin-induced mouse liver tumors are due to CAR activation and are specific to the mouse, which are qualitatively not relevant to human hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, there is no carcinogenic risk to humans. This conclusion is also supported by a lack of positive epidemiologic findings for evidence of liver carcinogenicity. Based on current understanding of the mode of action of dieldrin-induced liver tumors in mice, the appropriate conclusion is that dieldrin is a mouse specific liver carcinogen and it does not pose a cancer risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and the Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Pascotto VM, Guerra MT, Franci JAA, de Camargo JLV, Kempinas WG, Franchi CAS. Effects of a mixture of pesticides on the adult female reproductive system of Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Lewis rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:602-616. [PMID: 25965195 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1010467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian federal government Agency for Health Surveillance detected pesticide residues in fresh food available for consumers all over the country. The current study investigated the effects of a mixture of some of those pesticides (dichlorvos, dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, and permethrin) on the reproductive system of Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar (WT), and Lewis (LEW) rats. Female rats from each strain were randomized into three experimental groups and were fed a control diet or diets added with pesticides mixture at their respective no-observed-effect level (NOEL)/no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) (low dose) (mg/kg/d): dichlorvos (0.23), dicofol (0.5), dieldrin (0.025), endosulfan (0.7), permethrin (5), or lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL)/lowest-effect level (LEL)/ lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) (toxically effective dose) (mg/kg/d): dichlorvos (2.3), dicofol (2.1), dieldrin (0.05), endosulfan (3.8), and permethrin (25) as reported in the literature. Euthanasia was performed between wk 10 and 12, during the estrous stage. Decreased body weights gain (SD and WT) and increased liver weights (SD, WT, and LEW) were observed in each strain fed the pesticides mixture at the higher levels. At that dose level, rat strains also varied in their responses regarding the estrous cycle, hormonal levels, and number of developing ovarian follicles. The studied mixture of pesticides was found to interfere with the female reproductive system when individual pesticides were mixed above a certain level, indicating a threshold exists for each of the strains studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Pascotto
- a Department of Pathology , UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
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Buonsante VA, Muilerman H, Santos T, Robinson C, Tweedale AC. Risk assessment's insensitive toxicity testing may cause it to fail. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:139-147. [PMID: 25262087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk assessment of chemicals and other agents must be accurate to protect health. We analyse the determinants of a sensitive chronic toxicity study, risk assessment's most important test. Manufacturers originally generate data on the properties of a molecule, and if government approval is needed to market it, laws globally require toxicity data to be generated using Test Guidelines (TG), i.e. test methods of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), or their equivalent. TGs have advantages, but they test close-to-poisonous doses for chronic exposures and have other insensitivities, such as not testing disease latency. This and the fact that academic investigators will not be constrained by such artificial methods, created a de facto total ban of academia's diverse and sensitive toxicity tests from most risk assessment. OBJECTIVE To start and sustain a dialogue between regulatory agencies and academic scientists (secondarily, industry and NGOs) whose goals would be to (1) agree on the determinants of accurate toxicity tests and (2) implement them (via the OECD). DISCUSSION We analyse the quality of the data produced by these incompatible paradigms: regulatory and academic toxicology; analyse the criteria used to designate data quality in risk assessment; and discuss accurate chronic toxicity test methods. CONCLUSION There are abundant modern experimental methods (and rigorous epidemiology), and an existing systematic review system, to at long last allow academia's toxicity studies to be used in most risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Muilerman
- Pesticide Action Network Europe, 1 Rue de la Pépinière, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tatiana Santos
- European Environmental Bureau, 34 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Claire Robinson
- Earth Open Source, 145-157 St. John Street, London EC1V 4PY, UK.
| | - Anthony C Tweedale
- R.I.S.K. Consultancy, c/o EEB, 34 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Hooker EP, Fulcher KG, Gibb HJ. Aldrin and dieldrin: a reevaluation of the cancer and noncancer dose-response assessments. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:865-878. [PMID: 24955469 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The dose-response analyses of cancer and noncancer health effects of aldrin and dieldrin were evaluated using current methodology, including benchmark dose analysis and the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) guidance on body weight scaling and uncertainty factors. A literature review was performed to determine the most appropriate adverse effect endpoints. Using current methodology and information, the estimated reference dose values were 0.0001 and 0.00008 mg/kg-day for aldrin and dieldrin, respectively. The estimated cancer slope factors for aldrin and dieldrin were 3.4 and 7.0 (mg/kg-day)(-1), respectively (i.e., about 5- and 2.3-fold lower risk than the 1987 U.S. EPA assessments). Because aldrin and dieldrin are no longer used as pesticides in the United States, they are presumed to be a low priority for additional review by the U.S. EPA. However, because they are persistent and still detected in environmental samples, quantitative risk assessments based on the best available methods are required. Recent epidemiologic studies do not demonstrate a causal association between aldrin and dieldrin and human cancer risk. The proposed reevaluations suggest that these two compounds pose a lower human health risk than currently reported by the U.S. EPA.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to aldrin and dieldrin as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pohl HR, Chou CHSJ. Health effects classification and its role in the derivation of minimal risk levels: Hepatic effects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 42:161-71. [PMID: 15869832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) derives health based guidance values called minimal risk levels (MRLs) to assist with assessment of risks posed by exposures to hazardous chemicals. Current MRLs are posted on ATSDR's web site (www.atsdr.cdc.gov). From the total 326 MRLs currently posted, 79 MRLs are based on hepatic endpoints. The paper reports on endpoints used for the derivation of these MRLs and the use of uncertainty factors. It also describes the ranking of effects into less serious and serious categories as described in ATSDR's Guidance for Developing Toxicological Profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana R Pohl
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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8
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Lazorchak JM, McCormick FH, Henry TR, Herlihy AT. Contamination of fish in streams of the Mid-Atlantic Region: an approach to regional indicator selection and wildlife assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2003; 22:545-553. [PMID: 12627641 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5620220312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The extent of contamination of fish in the Mid-Atlantic Region was evaluated as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Monitoring and Assessment Program's regional assessment in 1993 through 1994. Fish assemblages from wadeable streams were dominated by small, short-lived fishes (e.g., minnows, darters, and sculpins) that were more widely distributed and abundant than large fishes typically chosen for tissue contaminant studies (e.g., trout, black bass, sunfish, common carp). Chemical concentrations in whole-fish homogenates exceeded detection limits for mercury, DDT, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 75 to 100% of the stream length assessed using small fishes and 84 to 100% of the stream length assessed using large fishes. Wildlife values (WVs) representing a threshold for toxic effect were developed to allow examination of the spatial extent of potential risk to piscivorous wildlife. For mercury, DDT, dieldrin, and chlordane, estimates of the regional extent of streams where fish contaminant concentrations exceeded the WVs were greater when based on small fishes than on large fishes. However, within the distribution of stream lengths assessed using small and large fishes, the percentage of stream kilometers exceeding the WVs were quite similar. Our data demonstrate that the greater abundance and distribution of small, short-lived fishes provide greater estimates of regional extent of contamination for first- through third-order streams and can be used for regional assessments of potential exposure and effects in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Lazorchak
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
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Stevenson DE, Walborg EF, North DW, Sielken RL, Ross CE, Wright AS, Xu Y, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE. Monograph: reassessment of human cancer risk of aldrin/dieldrin. Toxicol Lett 1999; 109:123-86. [PMID: 10555138 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1987, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified aldrin and dieldrin as category B2 carcinogens, i.e. probable human carcinogens, based largely on the increase in liver tumors in mice fed either organochlorine insecticide. At that date, the relevant epidemiology was deemed inadequate to influence the cancer risk assessment. More time has now elapsed since early exposures of manufacturing workers to aldrin/dieldrin; therefore, updated epidemiological data possess more power to detect exposure-related differences in cancer risk and mortality. Also, recent experimental studies provide a plausible mode of action to explain the mouse specificity of dieldrin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis and call into question the relevance of this activity to human cancer risk. This monograph places this new information within the historic and current perspectives of human cancer risk assessment, including EPA's 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Updated epidemiological studies of manufacturing workers in which lifetime exposures to aldrin/dieldrin have been quantified do not indicate increased mortality or cancer risk. In fact, at the middle range of exposures, there is evidence of a decrease in both mortality from all causes and cancer. Recent experimental studies indicate that dieldrin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice occurs through a nongenotoxic mode of action, in which the slow oxidative metabolism of dieldrin is accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen species, depletion of hepatic antioxidant defenses (particularly alpha-tocopherol), and peroxidation of liver lipids. Dieldrin-induced oxidative stress or its sequelae apparently result in modulation of gene expression that favors expansion of initiated mouse, but not rat, liver cells; thus, dieldrin acts as a nongenotoxic promoter/accelerator of background liver tumorigenesis in the mouse. Within the framework of EPA's Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, it is proposed that the most appropriate cancer risk descriptor for aldrin/dieldrin, relating to the mouse liver tumor response, is 'not likely a human carcinogen', a descriptor consistent with the example of phenobarbital cited by EPA.
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Clewell HJ, Gentry PR, Gearhart JM. Investigation of the potential impact of benchmark dose and pharmacokinetic modeling in noncancer risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 52:475-515. [PMID: 9397182 DOI: 10.1080/00984109708984077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been relatively little attention given to incorporating knowledge of mode of action or of dosimetry of active toxic chemical to target tissue sites in the calculation of noncancer exposure guidelines. One exception is the focus in the revised reference concentration (RfC) process on delivered dose adjustments for inhaled materials. The studies reported here attempt to continue in the spirit of the new RfC guidelines by incorporating both mechanistic and delivered dose information using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, along with quantitative dose-response information using the benchmark dose (BMD) method, into the noncancer risk assessment paradigm. Two examples of the use of PBPK and BMD techniques in noncancer risk assessment are described: methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene. Minimal risk levels (MRLs) based on PBPK analysis of these chemicals were generally similar to those based on the traditional process, but individual MRLs ranged from roughly 10-fold higher to more than 10-fold lower than existing MRLs that were not based on PBPK modeling. Only two MRLs were based on critical studies that presented adequate data for BMD modeling, and in these two cases the BMD models were unable to provide an acceptable fit to the overall dose-response of the data, even using pharmacokinetic dose metrics. A review of 10 additional chemicals indicated that data reporting in the toxicological literature is often inadequate to support BMD modeling. Three general observations regarding the use of PBPK and BMD modeling in noncancer risk assessment were noted. First, a full PBPK model may not be necessary to support a more accurate risk assessment; often only a simple pharmacokinetic description, or an understanding of basic pharmacokinetic principles, is needed. Second, pharmacokinetic and mode of action considerations are a crucial factor in conducting noncancer risk assessments that involve animal-to-human extrapolation. Third, to support the application of BMD modeling in noncancer risk assessment, reporting of toxicity results in the toxicological literature should include both means and standard deviations for each dose group in the case of quantitative endpoints, such as relative organ weights or testing scores, and should report the number of animals affected in the case of qualitative endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Clewell
- KS Crump Division, ICF Kaiser International, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, USA
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11
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de Jong G, Swaen GM, Slangen JJ. Mortality of workers exposed to dieldrin and aldrin: a retrospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54:702-7. [PMID: 9404316 PMCID: PMC1128923 DOI: 10.1136/oem.54.10.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of long term health effects in humans exposed to aldrin and dieldrin, with an update of an earlier retrospective cohort mortality study. METHODS A group of 570 workers employed between 1 January 1954 and 1 January 1970 either in a production or formulation plant were followed up for mortality until 1 January 1993. There were extensive industrial hygiene data available and biological monitoring data of aldrin and dieldrin for most of the workers. From these data individual estimates were made of the total intake of dieldrin. A total number of 2539.37 person-years at risk was added to the original study. RESULTS 118 deaths were observed compared with 156 expected. No increase in mortality from liver cancer was found. However, there was an excess in mortality from rectal cancer. This excess was inversely related to the dose gradient. An analysis by job title did not show any excess cancer in any particular job. CONCLUSION The study does not support a carcinogenic effect of dieldrin and aldrin in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Jong
- Shell International BV, Den Haag, The Netherlands
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12
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Johnstone JJ, Petty EE, Volz SA. Solid phase extraction GC/ECD method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240200802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Munro IC, Ford RA, Kennepohl E, Sprenger JG. Correlation of structural class with no-observed-effect levels: a proposal for establishing a threshold of concern. Food Chem Toxicol 1996; 34:829-67. [PMID: 8972878 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(96)00049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between chemical structure and toxicity was explored through the compilation of a large reference database consisting of over 600 chemical substances tested for a variety of endpoints resulting in over 2900 no-observed-effect levels (NOELs). Each substance in the database was classified into one of three structural classes using a decision tree approach. The resulting cumulative distributions of NOELs for each of the structural classes differed significantly from one another, supporting the contention that chemical structure defines toxicity. The database was used to derive a threshold of acceptable human exposure for each of the structural classes that could be applied in the absence of specific toxicity data on a substance within one of the three structural classes. The human exposure thresholds provide guidance on the degree of testing and evaluation required for substances that lack toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Munro
- CanTox Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Epstein SS. Environmental and occupational pollutants are avoidable causes of breast cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 1994; 24:145-50. [PMID: 8150563 DOI: 10.2190/5gm4-hw92-qe9k-rk37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
For over three decades, evidence has accumulated relating avoidable exposures to environmental and occupational carcinogens to the escalating incidence of breast cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations. This evidence has until very recently been totally ignored by the cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute, and the American Cancer Society, despite expenditures of over $1 billion on breast cancer research. Recognition of these environmental and occupational risk factors should lead to the belated development of public health policies directed to the primary prevention of breast cancer. Their recognition should also lend urgency to the need for radical reforms in the priorities and leadership of the cancer establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Epstein
- School of Public Health West, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago 60612
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Abstract
A statement by some 68 prominent national experts in industrial medicine, carcinogenesis, epidemiology, and public health, released at a February 4, 1992 press conference in Washington, D.C., charged that the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has confused the public by repeated claims of winning the war against cancer. In fact, age standardized incidence rates have increased sharply over recent decades, while ability to treat and cure most cancers has not materially improved. Furthermore, the NCI has minimized evidence for increasing cancer rates which are largely attributed to smoking and to diet. In so doing, NCI trivializes the importance of occupational carcinogens as non-smoking-attributable causes of lung and other cancers, and ignores the tenuous and inconsistent evidence for the causal role of diet per se and also the important role of carcinogenic dietary contaminants. Reflecting this near exclusionary blame-the-victim theory of cancer causation, with support from the American Cancer Society and industry, the NCI discounts the role of avoidable involuntary exposures to industrial carcinogens in air, water, food, the home, and the workplace. The NCI has also failed to provide scientific guidance to Congress and regulatory agencies on fundamental principles of carcinogenesis and epidemiology, and on the critical need to reduce avoidable exposures to environmental and occupational carcinogens. Contrary to NCI, analysis of their $2 billion budget reveals very limited allocations for research on primary cancer prevention, and for occupational cancer which receives only $19 million annually, 1% of NCI's total budget. Problems of professional mindsets in NCI leadership--fixation on diagnosis, treatment, and basic research (much of questionable relevance) and the neglect of cancer prevention--are exemplified by the composition of the Executive President's Cancer Panel and the National Cancer Advisory Board. Contrary to the explicit mandate of the National Cancer Act, the Board is virtually devoid of recognized authorities in occupational and environmental carcinogenesis. These problems are further compounded by institutionalized conflicts of interest reflected in the composition of past Cancer Panels, and of the current Board of Overseers of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NCI's prototype comprehensive cancer center, with their closely interlocking financial interests with the cancer drug and other industries. Comprehensive reforms of NCI policies and priorities are overdue. Implementation of such reforms is, however, unlikely in the absence of further support from industrial medicine professionals, which is here solicited, besides action by Congress and concerned citizen groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Epstein
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago
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Epstein SS. Evaluation of the national cancer program and proposed reforms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 1993; 23:15-44. [PMID: 8425784 DOI: 10.2190/ul9h-7cfh-ep2h-9rv1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A statement by 68 prominent national experts in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, epidemiology, and public health, released at a February 4, 1992, press conference in Washington, D.C., charged that the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has misled and confused the public by repeated claims of winning the war against cancer. In fact, age-standardized incidence rates have escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, while the ability to treat and cure most cancers has not materially improved. Furthermore, the NCI has minimized evidence for increasing cancer rates, which are largely attributed to smoking, trivializing the importance of occupational carcinogens as non-smoking attributable causes of lung and other cancers, and to diet per se, in spite of tenuous and inconsistent evidence and ignoring the important role of carcinogenic dietary contaminants. Reflecting this near exclusionary blame-the-victim theory of cancer causation, with lockstep support from the American Cancer Society and industry, the NCI discounts the role of avoidable involuntary exposures to industrial carcinogens in air, water, food, the home, and the workplace. The NCI has also failed to provide any scientific guidance to Congress and regulatory agencies on fundament principles of carcinogenesis and epidemiology, and on the critical needs to reduce avoidable exposures to environmental and occupational carcinogens. Analysis of the +2 billion NCI budget, in spite of fiscal and semantic manipulation, reveals minimal allocations for research on primary cancer prevention, and for occupational cancer, which receives only +19 million annually, 1 percent of NCI's total budget. Problems of professional mindsets in the NCI leadership, fixation on diagnosis, treatment, and basic research, much of questionable relevance, and the neglect of cancer prevention, are exemplified by the composition of the National Cancer Advisory Board. Contrary to the explicit mandate of the National Cancer Act, the Board is devoid of members authoritative in occupational and environmental carcinogenesis. These problems are further compounded by institutionalized conflicts of interest reflected in the composition of past executive President's Cancer Panels, and of the current Board of Overseers of the Sloan-Kettering Memorial Cancer Center, the NCI's prototype comprehensive cancer center, with their closely interlocking financial interests with the cancer drug and other industries. Drastic reforms of NCI policies and priorities are long overdue. Implementation of such reforms is, however, unlikely in the absence of further support from industrial medicine professionals, besides action by Congress and concerned citizen groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Epstein
- Health Resources Management (M/C 922), School of Public Health West, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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A study of exposure, health effects and mortality of workers engaged in the manufacture and formulation of the insecticides aldrin and dieldrin. Toxicol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(91)90002-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bandyopadhyay SK, Tiwari RK, Mitra A, Mukherjee B, Banerjee A, Chatterjee GC. Effects of L-ascorbic acid supplementation on dieldrin toxicity in rats. Arch Toxicol 1982; 50:227-32. [PMID: 7149987 DOI: 10.1007/bf00310854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic dieldrin administration to rats (5 mg/kg/day) produced pathological changes in liver and kidney tissues. Dieldrin treated rats showed high levels of liver ascorbic acid and increased activities of inorganic pyrophosphatase in brain and glucose-6-phosphatase in liver. The activities of Mg2+-ATPase in liver and acetylcholinesterase in brain were decreased under toxic doses of dieldrin. L-Ascorbic acid supplements in treated animals could partially prevent the pathological alterations, as observed histologically in liver and kidney tissues. Administration of this vitamin could also prevent alterations in some enzyme activities produced by toxic dieldrin doses.
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Bandyopadhyay SK, Tiwari RK, Bhattacharyya A, Chatterjee GC. Effect of dieldrin on rat liver plasma membrane enzymes. Toxicol Lett 1982; 11:131-4. [PMID: 6124057 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(82)90117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dieldrin, an organochlorine insecticide, when administered orally to male albino rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 days inhibits the enzyme Mg2+ -ATPase and stimulates the activity of 5'-nucleotidase and NADH-dehydrogenase in liver plasma membrane. L-ascorbic acid supplementation offers some protection in relation to the inhibition of Mg2+ -ATPase.
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Siegel HS, Latimer JW. Effect of sex hormones on the retention of dieldrin in the fat of growing chickens. Poult Sci 1981; 60:2210-7. [PMID: 7329904 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0602210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the bird's sex, castration, and sex hormone replacement on the retention of dieldrin in the carcass fat of growing chickens given low levels of dieldrin in the feed (1 mg/kg) were investigated. Confirmed were previous results that "best-fit" curves for depletion after noncontaminated feed was provided were represented by an equation of the form, y = aX-b, and that, with the approach of sexual maturity, males tend to retain greater concentrations of dieldrin in the carcass fat than females. This sex difference was partly a diluting effect of higher carcass fat deposition in females as compared to males. Additionally, when dieldrin feeding was discontinued after 10 weeks of age, androgen replacement in castrates restricted the clearance of dieldrin from the fatty tissue, and estrogen replacement did not further increase clearance over that of nontreated castrates.
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Greenman DL, Oller WL, Littlefield NA, Nelson CJ. Commercial laboratory animal diets: toxicant and nutrient variability. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1980; 6:235-46. [PMID: 7392092 DOI: 10.1080/15287398009529848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A commercial rodent feed was analyzed for a series of nutrients and potential contaminants during a 5-yr period. Annual average Cu and vitamin A concentrations were generally at least 12% lower than the approximate concentrations listed by the manufacturer, whereas Ca, protein, and vitamin B1 were within +/- 5% and fat and Zn within +/- 8% of the manufacturer's specifications. Frequently, Se was found at concentrations at which it has been shown to interact with the process of chemical carcinogenesis. DDT, dieldrin, Cd, and Pb were occasionally close to concentrations known to have biological effects.
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Abstract
Syrian golden hamsters were fed for their lifespan a diet containing 0, 20, 60 and 180 parts per million (ppm) Dieldrin. Tumour-bearing animals totaled 13% among control females and ranged between 3-15% in treated females. Eight per cent of male controls had tumours and between 16-23% of treated males. Incidences of endocrine organ tumours were comparable in all groups. A hepatoma was found in 1 female and 1 male led 180 ppm Dieldrin. The present results show that hamsters tolerate higher doses of Dieldrin than do mice and rats. No significant tumour incidence was observed in treated versus control Syrian golden hamsters.
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Abstract
Endrin is very toxic to birds and has been implicated in the deaths of birds in nature. However, it is not known how rapidly birds eliminate endrin, a factor important in determining how much is accumulated in tissues. In this study, the loss rate of endrin was followed for 64 days in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) drakes that had been fed 20 ppm endrin for 13 days. The loss from carcass and blood was described by the equation Y = a e b square root of x where Y = the concentration of endrin in ppm, a = the concentration at day 0, e = the base of natural logarithms, b = the first order rate constant for the elimination process, and x = the number of days after cessation of endrin treatment. Endrin was lost rapidly at first; concentrations in carcasses on a wet-weight basis decreased by 50% in the first 3 days. Thereafter, endrin was eliminated more slowly; elimination of 50% of the remainder required 8.9 days, and it took 32.9 days to lose 90% of the original amount.
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Sternberg SS. The carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and teratogenesis of insecticides. Review of studies in animals and man. Pharmacol Ther 1979; 6:147-66. [PMID: 117461 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(79)90059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Willhite C, Sharma RP. Acute dieldrin exposure in relation to brain monoamine oxidase activity and concentration of brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Toxicol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(78)90076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wagner SR, Greene FE. Dieldrin-induced alterations in biogenic amine content of rat brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978; 43:45-55. [PMID: 625764 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(78)80031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hutson DH. Comparative metabolism of dieldrin in the rat (CFE) and in two strains of mouse (CF1 and LACG). FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1976; 14:577-91. [PMID: 1017774 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Stevenson DE, Thorpe E, Hunt PF, Walker AI. The toxic effects of dieldrin in rats: a reevalution of data obtained in a two-year feeding study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976; 36:247-54. [PMID: 1273845 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(76)90004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Epstein SS. Recent approaches to the control of carcinogenic exposures. Case study 5: Aldrin and dieldrin suspension based on experimental evidence and evaluation and societal needs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1976; 271:187-95. [PMID: 826203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rodecap SE, Lindstrom FT. Numerical simulation of a compartmental system for the distribution of lipid soluble chemicals in mammalian tissues. Comput Biol Med 1976; 6:33-51. [PMID: 1253579 DOI: 10.1016/0010-4825(76)90035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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den Tonkelaar EM, van Esch GJ. No-effect levels of organochlorine pesticides based on induction of microsomal liver enzymes in short-term toxicity experiments. Toxicology 1974; 2:371-80. [PMID: 4137085 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(74)90030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Schulte-Hermann R. Induction of liver growth by xenobiotic compounds and other stimuli. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY 1974; 3:97-158. [PMID: 4373214 DOI: 10.3109/10408447409079856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Walker AI, Thorpe E, Stevenson DE. The toxicology of dieldrin (HEOD). I. Long-term oral toxicity studies in mice. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1973; 11:415-32. [PMID: 4353861 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(73)90007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Thorpe E, Walker AI. The toxicology of dieldrin (HEOD). II. Comparative long-term oral toxicity studies in mice with dieldrin, DDT, phenobarbitone, -BHC and -BHC. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1973; 11:433-42. [PMID: 4125578 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(73)90008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Baldwin MK, Robinson J, Parke DV. A comparison of the metabolism of HEOD (dieldrin) in the CF1 mouse with that in the CFE rat. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1972; 10:333-51. [PMID: 5045677 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(72)80252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wright AS, Potter D, Wooder MF, Donninger C, Greenland RD. The effects of dieldrin on the subcellular structure and function of mammalian liver cells. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1972; 10:311-32. [PMID: 4339899 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(72)80251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Walton MS, Bastone VB, Baron RL. Subchronic toxicity of photodieldrin, a photodecomposition product of dieldrin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 20:82-8. [PMID: 5110828 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(71)90091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Santolucito JA, Morrison G. EEG of rhesus monkeys following prolonged low-level feeding of pesticides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 19:147-54. [PMID: 4998948 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(71)90101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Robinson J, Roberts M. Estimation of the exposure of the general population to dieldrin (HEOD). FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1969; 7:501-14. [PMID: 4902881 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(69)80431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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