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Singh K, Bhushan B, Kumar S, Singh S, Macadangdang RR, Pandey E, Varma AK, Kumar S. Precision Genome Editing Techniques in Gene Therapy: Current State and Future Prospects. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:377-394. [PMID: 38258771 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232279528240115075352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Precision genome editing is a rapidly evolving field in gene therapy, allowing for the precise modification of genetic material. The CRISPR and Cas systems, particularly the CRISPRCas9 system, have revolutionized genetic research and therapeutic development by enabling precise changes like single-nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. This technology has the potential to correct disease-causing mutations at their source, allowing for the treatment of various genetic diseases. Programmable nucleases like CRISPR-Cas9, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) can be used to restore normal gene function, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions. However, challenges, such as off-target effects, unintended modifications, and ethical concerns surrounding germline editing, require careful consideration and mitigation strategies. Researchers are exploring innovative solutions, such as enhanced nucleases, refined delivery methods, and improved bioinformatics tools for predicting and minimizing off-target effects. The prospects of precision genome editing in gene therapy are promising, with continued research and innovation expected to refine existing techniques and uncover new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, P.K. University, Thanra, Karera, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Supriya Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Faizabaad road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ekta Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Varma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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The evolution and history of gene editing technologies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 178:1-62. [PMID: 33685594 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientific enquiry must be the driving force of research. This sentiment is manifested as the profound impact gene editing technologies are having in our current world. There exist three main gene editing technologies today: Zinc Finger Nucleases, TALENs and the CRISPR-Cas system. When these systems were being uncovered, none of the scientists set out to design tools to engineer genomes. They were simply trying to understand the mechanisms existing in nature. If it was not for this simple sense of wonder, we probably would not have these breakthrough technologies. In this chapter, we will discuss the history, applications and ethical issues surrounding these technologies, focusing on the now predominant CRISPR-Cas technology. Gene editing technologies, as we know them now, are poised to have an overwhelming impact on our world. However, it is impossible to predict the route they will take in the future or to comprehend the full impact of its repercussions.
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Lee YM, Conlon TJ, Specht A, Coleman KE, Brown LM, Estrella AM, Dambska M, Dahlberg KR, Weinstein DA. Long-term safety and efficacy of AAV gene therapy in the canine model of glycogen storage disease type Ia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:977-984. [PMID: 29802554 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral mediated gene therapy has progressed after overcoming early failures, and gene therapy has now been approved for several conditions in Europe and the USA. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ia, caused by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase-α, has been viewed as an outstanding candidate for gene therapy. This follow-up report describes the long-term outcome for the naturally occurring GSD-Ia dogs treated with rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-mediated gene therapy. METHODS A total of seven dogs were treated with rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-mediated gene therapy. The first four dogs were treated at birth, and three dogs were treated between 2 and 6 months of age to assess the efficacy and safety in animals with mature livers. Blood and urine samples, radiographic studies, histological evaluation, and biodistribution were assessed. RESULTS Gene therapy improved survival in the GSD-Ia dogs. With treatment, the biochemical studies normalized for the duration of the study (up to 7 years). None of the rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-treated dogs had focal hepatic lesions or renal abnormalities. Dogs treated at birth required a second dose of rAAV after 2-4 months; gene therapy after hepatic maturation resulted in improved efficacy after a single dose. CONCLUSION rAAV-GPE-hG6PC treatment in GSD-Ia dogs was found to be safe and efficacious. GSD-Ia is an attractive target for human gene therapy since it is a monogenic disorder with limited tissue involvement. Blood glucose and lactate monitoring can be used to assess effectiveness and as a biomarker of success. GSD-Ia can also serve as a model for other hepatic monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mok Lee
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas J Conlon
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- CR Scientific and Compliance Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrew Specht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kirsten E Coleman
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Laurie M Brown
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ana M Estrella
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Monika Dambska
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn R Dahlberg
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David A Weinstein
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
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Gene Therapy: A Paradigm Shift in Dentistry. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7110098. [PMID: 27834914 PMCID: PMC5126784 DOI: 10.3390/genes7110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy holds a promising future for bridging the gap between the disciplines of medicine and clinical dentistry. The dynamic treatment approaches of gene therapy have been advancing by leaps and bounds. They are transforming the conventional approaches into more precise and preventive ones that may limit the need of using drugs and surgery. The oral cavity is one of the most accessible areas for the clinical applications of gene therapy for various oral tissues. The idea of genetic engineering has become more exciting due to its advantages over other treatment modalities. For instance, the body is neither subjected to an invasive surgery nor deep wounds, nor is it susceptible to systemic effects of drugs. The aim of this article is to review the gene therapy applications in the field of dentistry. In addition, therapeutic benefits in terms of treatment of diseases, minimal invasion and maximum outcomes have been discussed.
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Raftery RM, Walsh DP, Castaño IM, Heise A, Duffy GP, Cryan SA, O'Brien FJ. Delivering Nucleic-Acid Based Nanomedicines on Biomaterial Scaffolds for Orthopedic Tissue Repair: Challenges, Progress and Future Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5447-5469. [PMID: 26840618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As well as acting to fill defects and allow for cell infiltration and proliferation in regenerative medicine, biomaterial scaffolds can also act as carriers for therapeutics, further enhancing their efficacy. Drug and protein delivery on scaffolds have shown potential, however, supraphysiological quantities of therapeutic are often released at the defect site, causing off-target side effects and cytotoxicity. Gene therapy involves the introduction of foreign genes into a cell in order to exert an effect; either replacing a missing gene or modulating expression of a protein. State of the art gene therapy also encompasses manipulation of the transcriptome by harnessing RNA interference (RNAi) therapy. The delivery of nucleic acid nanomedicines on biomaterial scaffolds - gene-activated scaffolds -has shown potential for use in a variety of tissue engineering applications, but as of yet, have not reached clinical use. The current state of the art in terms of biomaterial scaffolds and delivery vector materials for gene therapy is reviewed, and the limitations of current procedures discussed. Future directions in the clinical translation of gene-activated scaffolds are also considered, with a particular focus on bone and cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Raftery
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, Ireland
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Research Team, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Walsh
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, Ireland
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Research Team, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Irene Mencía Castaño
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Garry P Duffy
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Research Team, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123, St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering (TCBE), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, Ireland
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Wirth T, Parker N, Ylä-Herttuala S. History of gene therapy. Gene 2013; 525:162-9. [PMID: 23618815 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two decades after the initial gene therapy trials and more than 1700 approved clinical trials worldwide we not only have gained much new information and knowledge regarding gene therapy in general, but also learned to understand the concern that has persisted in society. Despite the setbacks gene therapy has faced, success stories have increasingly emerged. Examples for these are the positive recommendation for a gene therapy product (Glybera) by the EMA for approval in the European Union and the positive trials for the treatment of ADA deficiency, SCID-X1 and adrenoleukodystrophy. Nevertheless, our knowledge continues to grow and during the course of time more safety data has become available that helps us to develop better gene therapy approaches. Also, with the increased understanding of molecular medicine, we have been able to develop more specific and efficient gene transfer vectors which are now producing clinical results. In this review, we will take a historical view and highlight some of the milestones that had an important impact on the development of gene therapy. We will also discuss briefly the safety and ethical aspects of gene therapy and address some concerns that have been connected with gene therapy as an important therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wirth
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine Unit, Univ. of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Monajemi M, Woodworth CF, Benkaroun J, Grant M, Larijani M. Emerging complexities of APOBEC3G action on immunity and viral fitness during HIV infection and treatment. Retrovirology 2012; 9:35. [PMID: 22546055 PMCID: PMC3416701 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme APOBEC3G (A3G) mutates the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome by converting deoxycytidine (dC) to deoxyuridine (dU) on minus strand viral DNA during reverse transcription. A3G restricts viral propagation by degrading or incapacitating the coding ability of the HIV genome. Thus, this enzyme has been perceived as an innate immune barrier to viral replication whilst adaptive immunity responses escalate to effective levels. The discovery of A3G less than a decade ago led to the promise of new anti-viral therapies based on manipulation of its cellular expression and/or activity. The rationale for therapeutic approaches has been solidified by demonstration of the effectiveness of A3G in diminishing viral replication in cell culture systems of HIV infection, reports of its mutational footprint in virions from patients, and recognition of its unusually robust enzymatic potential in biochemical studies in vitro. Despite its effectiveness in various experimental systems, numerous recent studies have shown that the ability of A3G to combat HIV in the physiological setting is severely limited. In fact, it has become apparent that its mutational activity may actually enhance viral fitness by accelerating HIV evolution towards the evasion of both anti-viral drugs and the immune system. This body of work suggests that the role of A3G in HIV infection is more complex than heretofore appreciated and supports the hypothesis that HIV has evolved to exploit the action of this host factor. Here we present an overview of recent data that bring to light historical overestimation of A3G's standing as a strictly anti-viral agent. We discuss the limitations of experimental systems used to assess its activities as well as caveats in data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Monajemi
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Claire F Woodworth
- Mani Larijani, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Jessica Benkaroun
- Mani Larijani, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Michael Grant
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
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Fisher S. Not beyond reasonable doubt: Howard Temin's provirus hypothesis revisited. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 2010; 43:661-696. [PMID: 20665081 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-009-9202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During the 1960s, Howard M. Temin (1934-1994), dared to advocate a "heretical" hypothesis that appeared to be at variance with the central dogma of molecular biology, understood by many to imply that information transfer in nature occurred only from DNA to RNA. Temin's provirus hypothesis offered a simple explanation of both virus replication and viral-induced cancer and stated that Rous sarcoma virus, an RNA virus, is replicated via a DNA intermediate. Popular accounts of this scientific episode, written after the discovery of an RNA-directed DNA polymerase in 1970, tend to describe the reaction to his proposition as ardent opposition. Typically these accounts use a [Symbol: see text]molecular biology' standpoint emphasizing the central dogma's part in its rejection. In this article, however, this episode will be examined from a joint perspective of virology and experimental cancer research. From this perspective it is clear that Temin's work was well within the epistemological and methodological boundaries of virology and cancer research. Still, scientists did have reasons to doubt the provirus hypothesis, but these do not seem to be good enough to either justify an account that portrays Temin as a renegade or his ideas as heretical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Fisher
- The Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel.
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Gonçalves MAFV. A concise peer into the background, initial thoughts and practices of human gene therapy. Bioessays 2005; 27:506-17. [PMID: 15832383 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept of human gene therapy came on the heels of fundamental discoveries on the nature and working of the gene. However, realistic prospects to correct the underlying cause of recessive genetic disorders through the transfer of wild-type alleles of defective genes had to wait for the arrival of recombinant DNA technology. These techniques permitted the isolation and insertion of genes into the first recombinant delivery systems. The realization that viruses are natural gene carriers provided inspiration for gene therapy and, as engineered vectors, viruses became prominent gene delivery vehicles. Nonetheless, when put in the context of human and non-human primate studies, all vectors fell short of success regardless of their viral or non-viral origin. Recognition of issues such as inefficient gene transfer and short-lived or scant expression in the relevant cell type(s) prompted researchers to refine and develop several gene delivery systems, in particular those based on retroviruses, adeno-associated viruses and adenoviruses. Concomitantly, available technology was deployed to tackle disorders that require few genetically corrected cells to attain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A F V Gonçalves
- Gene Therapy Section, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Mansky LM, Preveral S, Selig L, Benarous R, Benichou S. The interaction of vpr with uracil DNA glycosylase modulates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 In vivo mutation rate. J Virol 2000; 74:7039-47. [PMID: 10888643 PMCID: PMC112221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.15.7039-7047.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) influences the in vivo mutation rate of the virus. Since Vpr interacts with a cellular protein implicated in the DNA repair process, uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG), we have explored the contribution of this interaction to the mutation rate of HIV-1. Single-amino-acid variants of Vpr were characterized for their differential UNG-binding properties and used to trans complement vpr null mutant HIV-1. A striking correlation was established between the abilities of Vpr to interact with UNG and to influence the HIV-1 mutation rate. We demonstrate that Vpr incorporation into virus particles is required to influence the in vivo mutation rate and to mediate virion packaging of the nuclear form of UNG. The recruitment of UNG into virions indicates a mechanism for how Vpr can influence reverse transcription accuracy. Our data suggest that distinct mechanisms evolved in primate and nonprimate lentiviruses to reconcile uracil misincorporation into lentiviral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mansky
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Center for Retrovirus Research, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Mansky LM. Forward mutation rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a T lymphoid cell line. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:307-14. [PMID: 8906991 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vivo assay was previously developed for detecting forward mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a single cycle of replication. This system uses the lacZalpha peptide gene as a reporter for mutations, and allows for the rates and types of mutations that occur to be determined. The forward mutation rate for HIV-1 in HeLa cells was found to be 3 x 10(-5) mutations per target base pair per cycle. To test whether the mutation rate was influenced by cell type, the mutation rate of HIV-1 in CEM-A cells, a T lymphoid cell line, was determined. The mutation rate of HIV-1 reverse transcription in CEM-A cells was found to be 4 x 10(-5) mutations per target base pair per cycle. The number and types of mutations observed were similar to that in HeLa cells. Specifically, base substitution mutations predominated, and G-to-A transition mutations were the most common base substitution. G-to-A hypermutants were also characterized. The difference in HIV-1 mutation rate between HeLa and CEM-A cells was not significant, indicating that the accuracy of HIV-1 reverse transcription is comparable in both the HeLa and CEM-A cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mansky
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706, USA
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Mansky LM, Temin HM. Lower in vivo mutation rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 than that predicted from the fidelity of purified reverse transcriptase. J Virol 1995; 69:5087-94. [PMID: 7541846 PMCID: PMC189326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.8.5087-5094.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of genetic variation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a member of the lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family, is high relative to that of retroviruses in some other genera. The high error rates of purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in cell-free systems suggest an explanation for this high genetic variation. To test whether the in vivo rate of mutation during reverse transcription of HIV-1 is as high as predicted by cell-free studies, and therefore higher than that rates of mutation of retroviruses in other genera, we developed an in vivo assay for detecting forward mutations in HIV-1, using the lacZ alpha peptide gene as a reporter for mutations. This system allows the rates and types of mutations that occur during a single cycle of replication to be studied. We found that the forward mutation rate for HIV-1 was 3.4 x 10(-5) mutations per bp per cycle. Base substitution mutations predominated; G-to-A transition mutations were the most common base substitution. The in vivo mutation rates for HIV-1 are three and seven times higher than those previously reported for two other retroviruses, spleen necrosis virus and bovine leukemia virus, respectively. In contrast, our calculated in vivo mutation rate for HIV-1 is about 20-fold lower than the error rate of purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, with the same target sequence. This finding indicates that HIV-1 reverse transcription in vivo is not as error prone as predicted from the fidelity of purified reverse transcriptase in cell-free studies. Our data suggest that the fidelity of purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase may not accurately reflect the level of genetic variation in a natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mansky
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706, USA
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Mansky LM, Temin HM. Lower mutation rate of bovine leukemia virus relative to that of spleen necrosis virus. J Virol 1994; 68:494-9. [PMID: 8254760 PMCID: PMC236310 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.494-499.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation of the more complex retroviruses in the human T-cell leukemia virus/bovine leukemia virus (HTLV/BLV) group is less than in some other retroviral genera. To test whether reverse transcription of HTLV/BLV group members is less error prone than that of members of other groups, we developed an assay for detecting forward mutations in BLV, similar to that developed for the simpler spleen necrosis virus (SNV). We used this system to study the rates and types of mutations that occur during a single replication cycle. We found that BLV reverse transcription is approximately two and one-half times less error prone than SNV reverse transcription (4.8 x 10(-6) versus 1.2 x 10(-5) mutation per bp per cycle, respectively). The relative numbers of all types of observed mutations (that is, base pair substitutions, frameshifts, deletions, and deletions with insertions) were similar for BLV and SNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mansky
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Pathak VK, Temin HM. Broad spectrum of in vivo forward mutations, hypermutations, and mutational hotspots in a retroviral shuttle vector after a single replication cycle: substitutions, frameshifts, and hypermutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:6019-23. [PMID: 2201018 PMCID: PMC54463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the in vivo forward mutation rate in a single replication cycle for spleen necrosis virus (SNV). A method was developed to clone integrated proviruses of retroviral shuttle vectors by exploiting the tight binding of the lac operator to the lac repressor protein. The vectors contained the lacZ alpha gene as a reporter of mutations. Thirty-seven of the 16,867 proviruses recovered contained five classes of mutations, including substitutions and frameshifts. Runs of 9 and 10 identical base pairs and a direct repeat of 110 base pairs were mutational hotspots. In addition, two copies of a provirus contained 15 G-to-A substitutions. Such proviruses, which we name hypermutants, may arise through the action of an error-prone polymerase and could significantly contribute to the genetic variation in retroviral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Pathak
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Fidelity of two retroviral reverse transcriptases during DNA-dependent DNA synthesis in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2469002 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the fidelity of avian myeloblastosis virus and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptases (RTs) during DNA synthesis in vitro using the M13mp2 lacZ alpha gene as a mutational target. Both RTs commit an error approximately once for every 30,000 nucleotides polymerized. DNA sequence analysis of mutants generated in a forward mutation assay capable of detecting many types of errors demonstrated that avian myeloblastosis virus RT produced a variety of different mutations. The majority (58%) were single-base substitutions; all of which resulted from the misincorporation of either dAMP or dGMP. Minus-one frameshifts were also common, composing about 30% of the mutations. In addition to single-base events, eight mutants contained sequence changes involving from 2 to 59 bases. The frequency of these mutants suggests that, at least during DNA synthesis in vitro, RTs also commit errors by mechanisms other than classical base miscoding and misalignment. We examined the ability of RTs to synthesize DNA from a mismatched primer terminus at a sequence where the mismatched base was complementary to the next base in the template. Unlike cellular DNA polymerases which polymerize from the mismatched template-primer, RTs preferred to polymerize from a rearranged template-primer containing a matched terminal base pair and an unpaired base in the template strand. The unusual preference for this substrate suggests that the interactions between RTs and the template-primer are different from those of cellular DNA polymerases. The overall error rate of RT in vitro is sufficient to account for the estimated mutation rate of these viruses.
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Roberts JD, Preston BD, Johnston LA, Soni A, Loeb LA, Kunkel TA. Fidelity of two retroviral reverse transcriptases during DNA-dependent DNA synthesis in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:469-76. [PMID: 2469002 PMCID: PMC362622 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.469-476.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the fidelity of avian myeloblastosis virus and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptases (RTs) during DNA synthesis in vitro using the M13mp2 lacZ alpha gene as a mutational target. Both RTs commit an error approximately once for every 30,000 nucleotides polymerized. DNA sequence analysis of mutants generated in a forward mutation assay capable of detecting many types of errors demonstrated that avian myeloblastosis virus RT produced a variety of different mutations. The majority (58%) were single-base substitutions; all of which resulted from the misincorporation of either dAMP or dGMP. Minus-one frameshifts were also common, composing about 30% of the mutations. In addition to single-base events, eight mutants contained sequence changes involving from 2 to 59 bases. The frequency of these mutants suggests that, at least during DNA synthesis in vitro, RTs also commit errors by mechanisms other than classical base miscoding and misalignment. We examined the ability of RTs to synthesize DNA from a mismatched primer terminus at a sequence where the mismatched base was complementary to the next base in the template. Unlike cellular DNA polymerases which polymerize from the mismatched template-primer, RTs preferred to polymerize from a rearranged template-primer containing a matched terminal base pair and an unpaired base in the template strand. The unusual preference for this substrate suggests that the interactions between RTs and the template-primer are different from those of cellular DNA polymerases. The overall error rate of RT in vitro is sufficient to account for the estimated mutation rate of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Roberts
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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O'Rear JJ, Temin HM. Spontaneous changes in nucleotide sequence in proviruses of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1230-4. [PMID: 6951170 PMCID: PMC345935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the nucleotide sequence of about 1 kilobase of DNA 3' to the 5' long terminal repeat of three noninfectious ad one infectious proviral DNA clones of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, to determine if the types of nucleic acid changes involved in retrovirus mutation shed light on special features of retrovirus replication. An open reading frame was found starting 411 base pairs from the end of the long terminal repeat. It contained sequences coding for the 36 amino acids at the amino terminus of the p30 of a related reticuloendotheliosis virus [Oroszlan, S., Barbacid, M., Copeland T., Aaronson, S. A. & Gilden, R. V. (1981) J. Virol. 39, 845-854]. Therefore, the open reading frame represents the 5' end of the gag gene. A mutation in one noninfectious provirus changed the initiation codon for the gag polypeptide; a mutation in another noninfectious provirus caused premature termination of gag polypeptide synthesis; and a nontandem duplication into gag resulting from a mistake in initial (+) strand DNA synthesis changed amino acids and the reading frame in a third noninfectious provirus. These mutations appear to be responsible for the lack of infectivity of these provirus clones and indicate a higher relative frequency of mutation in this region of the genome. In addition, all four clones have multiple other mutations. These mutations are mostly base pair substitutions and many are clustered for any one clone, reflecting certain special features of retrovirus replication.
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Battula N, Temin HM. Sites of integration of infectious DNA of avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses in different avian cellular DNAs. Cell 1978; 13:387-98. [PMID: 203406 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of integration for the infectious DNA of two avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses whose DNA is not inactivated by digestion with the restriction endonuclease, Eco RI was determined. High molecular weight DNA from infected chicken, turkey and pheasant cells was digested with Eco RI, electrophoresed through agarose gels and assayed for infectivity. The same patterns of integration of infectious viral DNA were found for these species of avian cells infected at high or low multiplicities with two reticuloendotheliosis viruses. There were multiple sites of integration in acutely infected cells with concomitant cell death. There was a single site of integration in chronically infected cells with no cell death. There were more integrated infectious viral DNA molecules per cell in acutely infected cells than in chronically infected cells. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that the cell death in the acute phase of infection is a result of the integration of the infectious viral DNA at multiple sites, and that only those cells survive that have the infectious viral DNA integrated exclusively at the single site.
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Abstract
I have discussed the observations and experiments that led to the formulation and establishment of the provirus hypothesis and the DNA provirus hypothesis, which includes RNA-directed DNA synthesis for the formation of the provirus. I have also discussed some aspects of the present status of our knowledge of the mechanism of formation of the DNA provirus both to point out the work remaining to be done and to illustrate hypotheses for the origins of ribodeoxyviruses and the origins of other animal enveloped RNA viruses and of animal small DNA viruses. Finally, I have indicated that I do not believe that infectious viruses cause most human cancers, but I do believe that viruses provide models of the processes involved in the etiology of human cancer.
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Duesberg PH, Vogt PK. RNA species obtained from clonal lines of avian sarcoma and from avian leukosis virus. Virology 1973; 54:207-19. [PMID: 4351610 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Smith DW. DNA synthesis in prokaryotes: replication. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:321-408. [PMID: 4122629 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Temin HM. Studies on carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses. VI. Differential multiplication of uninfected and of converted cells in response to insulin. J Cell Physiol 1967; 69:377-84. [PMID: 4296516 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040690314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Temin HM. Studies on carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses. V. Requirement for new DNA synthesis and for cell division. J Cell Physiol 1967. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040690108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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VIGIER P, GOLDE A. Effects of actinomycin D and of mitomycin C on the development of Rofs sarcoma virus. Virology 1964; 23:511-9. [PMID: 14204704 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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SPENCER HJ, GROUPE V. A Review of Recent Studies on Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) Emphasizing Virus-Cell-Host Interactions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1964; 38:284-311. [PMID: 14269510 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-42622-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Munk K. Grundzüge der Virusätiologie von Tumoren nach neueren Ergebnissen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-42622-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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TEMIN HM. Further evidence for a converted, non-virus-producing state of Rous sarcoma virus-infected cells. Virology 1963; 20:235-45. [PMID: 13980538 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(63)90111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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NEGRONI G. Progress with Some Tumor Viruses of Chickens and Mammals: The Problem of Passenger Viruses. Adv Cancer Res 1963; 7:515-61. [PMID: 14156502 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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PRINCE AM. Factors influencing the determination of cellular morphology in cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus. Virology 1962; 18:524-34. [PMID: 13986217 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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