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Elliott RM, Kelly DC. Frog virus 3 replication: induction and intracellular distribution of polypeptides in infected cells. J Virol 2010; 33:28-51. [PMID: 16789186 PMCID: PMC288521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.33.1.28-51.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the polypeptides induced in frog virus 3-infected cells was analyzed by high-resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radiolabeled cell extracts. Purified frog virus 3 contained 22 polypeptides, with molecular weights in the range 9 x 10(3) to 114 x 10(3). All of the structural and an additional seven nonstructural polypeptides were detected in infected cell lysates. The following three classes of induced polypeptides (under temporal control) were observed in BHK cells: at 2 h, four alpha polypeptides; at 4 h, 13 beta polypeptides; and at 6 h, the remaining 12 gamma polypeptides. The total molecular weight of the infected cell-specific polypeptides (ICPs) was approximately 1.5 x 10(6), which accounts for about 30% of the coding capacity of the viral genome. At least 10 of the induced polypeptides were phosphorylated, but none was glycosylated or sulfated. No evidence for posttranslation cleavage of polypeptides in pulse-chase and inhibition experiments was obtained. The synthesis of gamma polypeptides was not detected in the presence of the viral DNA replication inhibitors cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea, but halogenated nucleotides apparently had no effect. These results suggest that alpha and beta polypeptides are "early" events and that detectable gamma polypeptide synthesis is dependent on the production of progeny viral DNA. The regulation of frog virus 3-induced polypeptide synthesis in infected BHK cells was examined by using inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis and amino acid analogs. These experiments confirmed the existence of three sequentially synthesized, coordinately regulated classes of polypeptides, designated alpha, beta, and gamma. The requirements for the synthesis of each class were as follows: (i) alpha polypeptides did not require previous cell protein synthesis; (ii) beta polypeptides required a prescribed period of alpha polypeptide synthesis and new mRNA synthesis; and (iii) gamma polypeptides required prior synthesis of functional beta polypeptides and new mRNA synthesis. alpha polypeptide synthesis was controlled by beta and gamma polypeptides, and alpha and beta polypeptides were involved in the suppression of host cell polypeptide synthesis. Indirect evidence was obtained for the temporal regulation of frog virus 3 transcription. The intracellular distribution of virus-induced polypeptides in cells infected with frog virus 3 was investigated by using standard cell fractionation techniques. Most of the 29 induced polypeptides were bound to structures within the nucleus, and only two ICPs were not associated with purified nuclei. When isolated nuclei were incubated in an infected cell cytoplasm preparation, all of the nuclear ICPs were incorporated in vitro. All of the ICPs were associated with ribosomal and rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions of infected cells, and a number of ICPs were found on smooth intracellular membranes. Most of the ICPs were also associated with purified plasma membranes of infected cells, and one polypeptide (ICP 58) was highly enriched in the plasma membrane compared with whole cell extracts or purified frog virus 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Elliott
- Natural Environment Research Council, Unit of Invertebrate Virology, and Department of Forestry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UB, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- T Williams
- ECOSUR-El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chiapas, Mexico
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Willis DB, Goorha R, Chinchar VG. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1985; 116:77-106. [PMID: 3893912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70280-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Murti KG, Goorha R. Interaction of frog virus-3 with the cytoskeleton. I. Altered organization of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. J Cell Biol 1983; 96:1248-57. [PMID: 6341377 PMCID: PMC2112641 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.96.5.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive cytoskeletal alterations of frog virus 3-infected baby hamster kidney (BHK) and fathead minnow (FHM) cells were studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The virus assembly sites, which contain viral genomes and viral proteins, were detected in the cytoplasm at 4 h (FHM) or 6 h (BHK) and mature virions appeared 2 h later. When infected cells were treated with Triton X-100, the assembly sites were found in association with the cytoskeleton. In infected cells, the number of microtubules progressively decreased but a few microtubules traversing in the vicinity of the assembly sites remained intact. Early in infection, the intermediate filaments retracted from the cell periphery, delimited the forming assembly sites, and remained there throughout infection. We suggest that intermediate filaments are involved in the formation of assembly sites. In addition, the filaments either by themselves or in conjunction with microtubules may anchor the assembly sites near the nucleus. The microfilament bundles (stress fibers) disappeared with the formation of assembly sites, and late in infection many projections containing microfilaments and virus particles appeared at the cell surface. The observation suggests a role for microfilaments in virus release. Taken together, these results provide the first example of a virus-infected cell in which all three cytoskeletal filaments show profound organizational changes and suggest an active participation of the host cytoskeleton in viral functions.
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Kirn A, Gut JP, Bingen A, Steffan AM. Murine hepatitis induced by frog virus 3: a model for studying the effect of sinusoidal cell damage on the liver. Hepatology 1983; 3:105-11. [PMID: 6185407 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cerutti M, Devauchelle G. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in cells infected with an invertebrate virus (iridovirus type 6 or CIV). Arch Virol 1980; 63:297-303. [PMID: 7356399 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chilo Iridescent Virus (CIV), an invertebrate virus, rapidly inhibits cellular RNA, DNA and protein synthesis in permissive and non permissive vertebrate and invertebrate cell lines. The integrity of the viral genome is not required for inhibitory expression, since viral proteins solubilized from CIV by freezing and treatment with EDTA exhibit inhibitory properties similar to those of intact virions.
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DRILLIEN R, SPEHNER D, KIRN A. INACTIVATION OF THE TOXICITY OF FROG VIRUS 3 PROTEINS BY UV IRRADIATION. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1980.tb01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Aubertin AM, Travo C, Fellinger E, Kirn A. DNA damage: a consequence of the combined effect of virus infection and incorporated radioactive thymidine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 88:68-74. [PMID: 454452 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tabares E, Sánchez Botija C. Synthesis of DNA in cells infected with African swine fever virus. Arch Virol 1979; 61:49-59. [PMID: 117788 DOI: 10.1007/bf01320591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of 14C-thymidine by cells infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) occurs in the nucleus. Part of this DNA is transferred to the cytoplasm and becomes resistant to DNAse. The nuclear fraction washed with Triton X100 retained all labeled DNA and was able to synthesize viral and cellular DNA under in vitro conditions in the presence of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, Mg+2, and sucrose. Under similar conditions nuclei from uninfected cells synthesized very little DNA.
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Tannenbaum J, Goorha R, Granoff A. Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus replication by frog virus 3. Selective action on secondary transcription. Virology 1978; 89:560-9. [PMID: 213882 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Goorha R, Murti G, Granoff A, Tirey R. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VIII. The nucleus is a site of frog virus 3 DNA and RNA synthesis. Virology 1978; 84:32-50. [PMID: 619492 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Drillien R, Spehner D, Kirn A. Cell killing by frog virus 3: evidence for cell killing by single viral particles or single viral subunits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 79:105-11. [PMID: 921788 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Goorha R, Willis DB, Granoff A. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. VI. Frog virus 3 replication is dependent on the cell nucleus. J Virol 1977; 21:802-5. [PMID: 556785 PMCID: PMC353883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.21.2.802-805.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence indicated that frog virus 3 (FV3), an icosahedral DNA virus, replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm. However, data presented here demonstrate that FV3 does not replicate in UV-irradiated or enuleated chicken embryo or BSC-1 cells and that virus-specific DNA synthesis is not initiated in such cells. Primary transcription was not detected in infected enucleated cells. These results demonstrate that a functional nucleus is essential for FV3 replication.
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Willis DB, Granoff A. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. IV. Regulation of virus-specific RNA synthesis. Virology 1976; 70:399-410. [PMID: 944493 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Goorha R, Naegele RF, Purifoy D, Granoff A. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected with frog virus 3. III. Virus-specific protein synthesis by temperature-sensitive mutants. Virology 1975; 66:428-39. [PMID: 1171552 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zylber-Katz E, Weisman P. Effects on host cell polyribosomes following infection with frog virus 3 at a non-permissive temperature. Brief Report. Arch Virol 1975; 47:181-5. [PMID: 1168042 DOI: 10.1007/bf01320558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zylber-Katz E, Lazar A, Weisman P. Electron microscopic studies on frog virus 3 infection in HeLa cells at permissive and non-permissive temperatures. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1974; 45:376-81. [PMID: 4474866 DOI: 10.1007/bf01242883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Goorha R, Granoff A. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. I. Virus-specific protein synthesis and its regulation. Virology 1974; 60:237-50. [PMID: 4276315 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Houts GE, Gravell M, Granoff A. Electron microscopic observations on early events of frog virus 3 replication. Virology 1974; 58:589-94. [PMID: 4362435 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Webster RG, Goorha R, Granoff A. Replication of influenza virus in chick embryo fibroblasts after inhibition of host cell macromolecular synthesis by frog virus 3. Virology 1974; 58:600-4. [PMID: 4856572 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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McAuslan BR, Armentrout RW. The biochemistry of icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1974:77-105. [PMID: 4375019 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66044-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kucera LS. Failure of rifampin to inhibit frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus multiplication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 4:372-5. [PMID: 4586149 PMCID: PMC444559 DOI: 10.1128/aac.4.3.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance of frog virus multiplication to rifampin suggests that components peculiar to cytoplasmic deoxyribonucleic acid replicating viruses (e.g., poxvirus) are not equally sensitive to rifampin.
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Purifoy D, Naegele RF, Granoff A. Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. XIV. Temperature-sensitive mutants of frog virus 3 with defective encapsidation. Virology 1973; 54:525-35. [PMID: 4542031 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gravell M, Cromeans TL. Viron-associated protein kinase and its involvement in nongenetic reactivation of frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus. Virology 1972; 48:847-51. [PMID: 4624201 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gravell M, Cromeans TL. Mechanisms involved in nongenetic reactivation of frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus: evidence for an RNA polymerase in the virion. Virology 1971; 46:39-49. [PMID: 5166354 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tan KB, McAuslan BR. Proteins of polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyviruses. I. The structural polypeptides of FV 3 . Virology 1971; 45:200-7. [PMID: 5165250 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Naegele RF, Granoff A. Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. XI. Isolation of frog virus 3 temperature-sensitive mutants; complementation and genetic recombination. Virology 1971; 44:286-95. [PMID: 5105771 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kucera LS. Effects of temperature on frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus multiplication: thermosensitivity of initiation, replication, and encapsidation of viral DNA. Virology 1970; 42:576-89. [PMID: 5529978 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Takehara M. Nucleic acid synthesis during the focus formation by Shope fibroma virus on green monkey kidney cells. Arch Virol 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01253765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gravell M, Naegele RF. Nongenetic reactivation of frog polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus (PCDV). Virology 1970; 40:170-4. [PMID: 5411190 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kucera LS, Granoff A. Induction and regulation of DNA nucleotidyltransferase activity in fish cells infected with frog virus 3. Virology 1969; 37:455-63. [PMID: 4975945 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kucera LS, Granoff A. Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. VI. Interrelationships of macromolecular synthesis and infectious virus production in frog virus 3-infected BHK 21/13 cells. Virology 1968; 34:240-9. [PMID: 5643637 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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