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Ringold GM, Dobson DE, Grove JR, Hall CV, Lee F, Vannice JL. Glucocorticoid regulation of gene expression: mouse mammary tumor virus as a model system. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1983; 39:387-424. [PMID: 6314448 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571139-5.50014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/analysis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Chemical Phenomena
- Chemistry
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial/drug effects
- Genes, Viral/drug effects
- Liver Neoplasms
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/analysis
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/growth & development
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Pentosyltransferases/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Transfection
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2
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Shibley GP, Manousos M, Munch K, Zelljadt I, Fisher L, Mayyasi S, Harewood K, Stevens R, Jensen KE. New method for large-scale growth; and concentration of the Epstein-Barr viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 40:1044-8. [PMID: 6257160 PMCID: PMC291719 DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.6.1044-1048.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacious systems are described for the large-scale growth in tissue culture and concentration of infectious (P3HR-1) and transforming (B95-8) Epstein-Barr virus. Also recorded here are our updated procedures for growing stock cultures and protocols to harvest fluids containing biologically active virus which is infectious or transforming. Various methods of concentrating biologically active Epstein-Barr virus have been evaluated. Cellular debris can be removed efficiently and rapidly from culture harvest fluids by clarification through a JCF-Z continuous-flow rotor. Efficient and reliable virus concentration was achieved by molecular filtration with Millipore Pellicon cassettes, using flow rates to 10 liters/h to produce fivefold concentrates followed by pelletization in a fixed-angle rotor. Data from recent production lots showed an average infectivity titer for P3HR-1 virus of 10(4.5) early antigen units per ml (100-fold concentrate) and 10(5.7) transforming units per ml (200-fold concentrate) for B95-9 virus lots.
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3
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Howard DK, Schlom J. Isolation of a series of novel variants of murine mammary tumor viruses with broadened host ranges. Int J Cancer 1980; 25:647-54. [PMID: 6246012 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910250515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have previously isolated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) host range variants by serial virus passage in feline cells. These variants productively infect cells of a broad range of species but replicate most efficiently in feline cells. We report here the isolation of a series of novel MMTV host range variants that have the ability to replicate with high efficiency in murine, rat, canine and human cells, respectively; these variants were isolated by serial virus passage in cells of each respective species. These new variants, furthermore, all retained their ability to efficiently replicate in feline cells, and each exhibited unique host range properties. The novel MMTV variants obtained from murine, rat, feline, canine, and human cells showed no overt evidence of recombination with endogenous type-C viruses in that they retained their antigenic reactivities in group-specific radioimmunoassays for MMTV polypeptides, and were unreactive for type-C virus proteins when tested by radioimmunoassays and DNA polymerase assays. These novel MMTV host range variants now broaden the spectrum of studies that can be undertaken involving MMTV replication and the initiation and promotion of virus-mediated mammary cell transformation.
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4
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Ringold GM. Glucocorticoid regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus gene expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1979; 560:487-508. [PMID: 229906 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(79)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones act rapidly and specifically to stimulate the synthesis of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA in a variety of mouse mammary tumor cells and infected heterologous cells. The increase in viral RNA production appears to be mediated by receptor proteins and requires the presence of basal levels of viral RNA. Infection of heterologous cells with MMTV may alter host cell responses to glucocorticoids; in addition, production of unintegrated viral DNA in these cells has provided reagents required for studying the structure and function of the viral DNA itself. The advent of new techniques for genetic manipulation of eukaryotic cells and for isolation of large amounts of specific DNA sequences should now permit detailed analyses of steroid hormone action in this system.
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6
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Varmus HE, Ringold G, Yamamoto KR. Regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus gene expression by glucocorticoid hormones. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1979; 12:253-78. [PMID: 226870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81265-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several laboratories have documented that glucocorticoid hormones markedly stimulate the expression of mouse mammary tumor virus genes in a variety of mouse mammary tumor cells and in infected heterologous cells. The effect of the hormone appears to be a rapid and specific augmentation of the synthesis of viral RNA, mediated by interaction with glucocorticoid receptor proteins. The availability of virus-specific reagents and recent developments in the molecular biology of RNA tumor viruses now permit a highly refined analysis of hormonal regulation in this experimental system.
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7
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Nagle SC, Fine DL. Demonstration of components of serum-free culture medium effecting maximum in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus. IN VITRO 1978; 14:218-6. [PMID: 78889 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By using a chemically defined serum-free (SF) medium for propagation of Mm5mtc1 mouse adenocarcinoma cell cultures and clonal derivatives, medium components including hormones, glucose and individual amino acids were evaluated as to modulation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) porduction. Insulin, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone each increased MMTV production on a per cell basis over constitutive expression that occurs in SF medium devoid of hormones. Maximum production occurred when all three hormones were present. Hormone-stimulated virus expression also was influenced by glucose concentration. Cell growth and maximum MMTV expression increased when thyroxine, asparagine, proline and serine were omitted from the medium formulation. The resulting modified SF medium provides and ideal system for the propagation of high MMTV-producer clones and for the study of the biochemical regulation of MMTV expression.
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8
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Sarkar NH, Pomenti AA, Dion AS. Replication of mouse mammary tumor virus in tissue culture. 1. Establishment of a mouse mammary tumor cell line, virus characterization, and quantitation of virus production. Virology 1977; 77:12-30. [PMID: 65833 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Sarkar NH, Pomenti AA, Dion AS. Replication of mouse mammary tumor virus in tissue culture. II. Kinetics of virus production and the effect of RNA and protein inhibitors on viral synthesis. Virology 1977; 77:31-44. [PMID: 190785 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Teramoto YA, Cardiff RD, Lund JK. The structure of the mouse mammary tumor virus: isolation and characterization of the core. Virology 1977; 77:135-48. [PMID: 65834 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Ringold GM, Cardiff RD, Varmus HE, Yamamoto KR. Infection of cultured rat hepatoma cells by mouse mammary tumor virus. Cell 1977; 10:11-8. [PMID: 189932 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A continuous line of buffalo rat hepatoma (HTC) cells has been successfully infected with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) produced by the GR mammary tumor cell line. Uniform infection required initial exposure of the HTC cells to greater than 10(5) MMTV particles per cell. The resultant chronically infected cell population was found to have stably acquired 20-30 copies of MMTV DNA. The infected cells contain viral RNA and express viral antigens; however, very few MMTV particles are released into the culture medium. In spite of the biochemical evidence for infection, we have not detected any alterations in the morphology or growth properties of the infected HTC cells. As is the case in mammary tumor cells, the intracellular concentration of viral RNA is strongly stimulated (50-150 fold) by the synthetic glucorcorticoid, dexamethasone. Thus it appears that the mechanisms by which glucorticoids regulate MMTV gene expression in mouse cells are maintained when this virus infects nonmurine cells.
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12
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Fine DL, Arthur LO, Young LJ. Cell culture factors influencing in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus. IN VITRO 1976; 12:693-701. [PMID: 65318 DOI: 10.1007/bf02797473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several cell culture factors were found to influence in vitro expression of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in the mouse adenocarcinoma cell line Mm5mt/c1. Cells were propagated in a variety of commercially available cell culture media to which dexamethasone (DXM) was added as a stimulator of MMTV production. Culture seeding density, culture medium type, and glucose concentration each influenced MMTV production when expressed on a per cell basis. Maximum cell growth occurred in cultures grown in RPMI-1640 medium containing insulin. Those media which provided good cell growth were not necessarily optimal for virus expression. Addition of insulin did not stimulate MMTV synthesis although dexamethasone alone was stimulatory in all media used; however, maximum MMTV expression was obtained when dexamethasone and insulin were used in concert. Equivalent levels of MMTV-specific cell membrane antigen, MMTV-specific protein, and virus particles were produced at incubation temperatures of 32 degrees, 34 degrees or 37 degrees C; however, higher levels of virus-related RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity were recovered from cultures incubated at 32 degrees and 34 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Decreased levels of RDDP were attributed to enzyme thermolability at 37 degrees C incubation.
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13
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Methods of obtaining antisera against antigens of mammary gland carcinoma virus. Bull Exp Biol Med 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00799912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Ringold G, Lasfargues EY, Bishop JM, Varmus HE. Production of mouse mammary tumor virus by cultured cells in the absence and presence of hormones: assay by molecular hybridization. Virology 1975; 65:135-47. [PMID: 49975 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell-Free System
- DNA, Circular/biosynthesis
- DNA, Single-Stranded/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Evaluation Studies as Topic
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Experimental
- Lymphoma
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/analysis
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/enzymology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/growth & development
- Mice
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Fine DL, Arthur LO, PLOWMAN JK, Hillman EA, Klein F. In vitro system for production of mouse mammary tumor virus. Appl Microbiol 1974; 28:1040-6. [PMID: 4141598 PMCID: PMC186879 DOI: 10.1128/am.28.6.1040-1046.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro system for production, purification, and concentration of mouse mammary tumor virus is described. Monolayer cultures of C(3)H mouse mammary tumor cells propagated at 34 C in roller bottles in the presence of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid hormone, release B-type particles which possess ribonucleic acid and a ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. One thousandfold concentration by ultracentrifugation with subsequent gradient fractionation yielded > 7 x 10(10) particles per ml in the 1.16- to 1.18-g/ml region. Mouse mammary tumor virus produced in this system was free of detectable C-type virus.
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16
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Dickson C, Haslam S, Nandi S. Conditions for optimal MTV synthesis in vitro and the effect of steroid hormones on virus production. Virology 1974; 62:242-52. [PMID: 4138556 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/pharmacology
- Animals
- Carbon Radioisotopes
- Cell-Free System
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Culture Techniques
- Desoxycorticosterone/pharmacology
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hydrocortisone/pharmacology
- Immunodiffusion
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/enzymology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/growth & development
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Microscopy, Electron
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Uridine/metabolism
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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17
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Cardiff RD, Puentes MJ, Teramoto YA, Lund JK. Structure of the mouse mammary tumor virus: characterization of bald particles. J Virol 1974; 14:1293-303. [PMID: 4372399 PMCID: PMC355648 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.5.1293-1303.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The polypeptide, antigenic, and morphological structure of the mouse mammary tumor virus was studied following protease digestion of intact virions. Intact, untreated virions (rho = 1.17 g/ml) had characteristic envelope spikes, five major polypeptides, and were precipitated by antisera against gp52. Two of the major polypeptides, with molecular weights of 52,000 (gp52) and 36,000 (gp36), had carbohydrate moieties. Protease treatment resulted in spikeless, "bald" particles (rho = 1.14 g/ml), which had altered surface antigenicity and which contained neither gp52 nor gp36. These data indicated that gp52 and gp36 were on the viral envelope. Bald particles retained a 28,000 dalton polypeptide (p28) which was proposed as the major internal polypeptide.
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18
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Teramoto YA, Puentes MJ, Young LJ, Cardiff RD. Structure of the mouse mammary tumor virus: polypeptides and glycoproteins. J Virol 1974; 13:411-8. [PMID: 4359300 PMCID: PMC355311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.2.411-418.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The polypeptide and glycoprotein compositions of the mouse mammary tumor virus virion from primary monolayer cultures of BALB/cfC3H mouse mammary tumor cells were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by using internal and external labeling and Coomassie blue and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Twelve polypeptides were reproducibly resolved by the combined methods. Five major polypeptides were demonstrable with estimated molecular weights of 52,000, 36,000, 28,000, 14,000, and 10,000. Seven minor polypeptides were also consistently detected and had estimated molecular weights of 70,000, 60,000, 46,000, 38,000, 30,000, 22,000, and 17,000. Carbohydrate was associated with five of these polypeptides as measured by PAS stain or [(3)H] glucosamine labeling, or both. These glycoproteins had estimated molecular weights of 70,000, 60,000, 52,000, 36,000 and 10,000. The majority of the PAS stain and glucosamine was found in the 52,000 and 36,000 dalton peaks.
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Keydar J, Gilead Z, Hartman JR, Ben-Shaul Y. In vitro production of mouse mammary tumor virus in a mouse mammary tumor ascites line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2983-7. [PMID: 4126729 PMCID: PMC427152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An ascites line derived from a spontaneous mouse mammary carcinoma produces, on explantation and cultivation in vitro, large amounts of oncornavirus particles. The biochemical, biophysical, and electron microscopic characteristics of the virions are described. Molecular hybridization and immunological methods identify these virions as mouse mammary tumor virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Ascitic Fluid
- Cell Line
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Complement Fixation Tests
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Polynucleotides
- RNA
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism
- Templates, Genetic
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Hilgers J, Williams WC, Myers B, Dmochowski L. Detection of antigens of the mouse mammary tumor (MTV) and murine leukemia virus (MuLV) in cells of cultures derived from mammary tumors of mice of several strains. Virology 1971; 45:470-83. [PMID: 4328811 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Cardiff RD, Blair PB. In vitro cultivation of the mouse mammary tumor virus: correlation of infectivity and morphology with radioisotope studies. Int J Cancer 1970; 5:211-6. [PMID: 4317727 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Duesberg PH, Cardiff RD. Structural relationships between the RNA of mammary tumor virus and those of other RNA tumor viruses. Virology 1968; 36:696-700. [PMID: 4302009 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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