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McAuslan BR. Enzymes specified by DNA-containing animal viruses. In: strategy of the viral genome. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:25-44. [PMID: 4337203 DOI: 10.1002/9780470719824.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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2
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Vainionpää R, Marusyk R, Salmi A. The paramyxoviridae: aspects of molecular structure, pathogenesis, and immunity. Adv Virus Res 1989; 37:211-42. [PMID: 2690597 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Vainionpää
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
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3
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Abstract
The intracellular synthesis of human parainfluenza type 3 virus-specified polypeptides was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled cell extracts under reducing conditions. All of the virion structural proteins were detected in cell extracts, including: L, 180,000 molecular weight (180K); P, 83K; HN, 69K; NP, 66K; F0, 60K; F1, 51K; and M, 38K. P and NP were phosphorylated. HN and F were glycosylated. The kinetics of intracellular viral protein synthesis did not detect any early or late proteins. Pulse-chase experiments failed to detect any precursor-product relationships. No nonstructural proteins were detected.
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4
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Paterson RG, Harris TJ, Lamb RA. Analysis and gene assignment of mRNAs of a paramyxovirus, simian virus 5. Virology 1984; 138:310-23. [PMID: 6548594 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides synthesized by the paramyxovirus SV5 in infected CV-1 cells were readily identified when the host cell was treated with actinomycin D. The unglycosylated forms of HN and Fo synthesized in infected cells in the presence of tunicamycin and HN and Fo synthesized in vitro were identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies. Separation of SV5-specific poly(A)-containing RNAs on methyl-mercury agarose gels and in vitro translation of fractions, indicated that the viral polypeptides were translated from individual mRNAs except P (Mr approximately 44K) and the nonstructural polypeptide V (Mr approximately 24K) for which the mRNAs could not be separated. cDNA copies of SV5-specific mRNAs were synthesized and cloned in plasmid pBR322. Clones to NP, P + V, M, F, and HN were identified by hybrid-arrest and hybrid-selection translation of SV5 mRNAs. Tryptic peptide mapping of polypeptides P and V indicated that the peptides of V were a subset of those of P. Hybridization of cDNA probes to infected cell mRNAs separated on agarose gels permitted identification of the NP, P + V, M, F, and HN mRNAs and presumptive polycistronic mRNAs. The sizes and sequence homologies of these polycistronic mRNAs were used to derive a likely gene order on the SV5 50 S genome RNA.
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5
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Abramson JS, Lewis JC, Lyles DS, Heller KA, Mills EL, Bass DA. Inhibition of neutrophil lysosome-phagosome fusion associated with influenza virus infection in vitro. Role in depressed bactericidal activity. J Clin Invest 1982; 69:1393-7. [PMID: 7085879 PMCID: PMC370213 DOI: 10.1172/jci110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of various unopsonized strains of influenza A virus on release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and acid phosphatase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). These results were correlated with the effect that these same viruses had on bactericidal activity in PMNL. Several strains of virus inhibited the fusion of azurophil granules with phagosomes containing Staphylococcus aureus. These same strains inhibited the extracellular release of MPO from PMNL (39-59%) and caused depressed killing (42-77%). In contrast, one of the influenza viruses (X-47a) did not inhibit PMNL MPO release or killing. The data indicate a close relationship between the ability of influenza virus to ablate normal intracellular lysosome-phagosome fusion with subsequent depression of bactericidal functions of PMNL.
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6
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Späth PJ, Koblet H. Properties of SDS-polyacrylamide gels highly cross-linked with N,N'-diallyltartardiamide and the rapid isolation of macromolecules from the gel matrix. Anal Biochem 1979; 93:275-85. [PMID: 464262 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Abstract
The bovine coronavirus strain LY-138 was purified by differential as well as velocity and isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose or CsCl gradients. The substrate for purification was contents of the small intestine of experimentally inoculated calves. This strain is highly enteropathogenic, but it could not yet be propagated in cultured cells. Intact virions had a density of 1.245 g/cm3 in CsCl and 1.185 g/cm3 in sucrose. A spherical core-like structure with an average diameter of 82 nm remaining after treatment with chloroform had a density of 1.299 g/cm3 in CsCl and 1.201 g/cm3 in sucrose. Seven distinct bands of polypeptides and 4 shoulders were detected after electrophoresis of SDS-solubilized virions in polyacrylamide gels. The approximate molecular weights ranged from 110,000 to 36,000. Four of the bands gave a PAS positive reaction. These 4 glycoproteins and an additional protein with an approximate molecular weight of 70,000 were removed by chloroform treatment. The remaining core-like structure contained the 2 polypeptides VP3 and VP7.
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8
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Arida EN, Hultin T. Preparation of projection-less particles from influenza virus and their messenger activities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Arch Virol 1978; 56:15-31. [PMID: 343752 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fraction of projection-less particles was prepared from influenza A/Dunedin/4/73 and A/Victoria/3/75 (X-47) (H3N2) by detergent treatment and extraction into ether at 0 degrees C. The activity of this material in stimulating protein synthesis in vitro was studied and compared with that of isolated virion RNA using a) an RNA-dependent E. coli system, and b) a wheat germ system. In the bacterial system the purified RNA had the highest template activity, while in the eukaryotic system the disrupted particle preparation was by far the most active. Translation products were formed with immunological and electrophoretic properties similar to those of several influenza virion proteins. The experiments indicate that, when added in the form of disrupted projection-less particles, RNA from influenza A2 virus is utilized as a template by eukaryotic ribosomes.
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9
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Shaw MW, Compans RW. Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic inclusions from influenza A virus-infected cells. J Virol 1978; 25:608-15. [PMID: 625086 PMCID: PMC353974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.25.2.608-615.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses induce the accumulation of electron-dense inclusions in the cytoplasm of infected cells during the latter stages of the replication cycle. Cell fractionation studies showed that these inclusions could be recovered in subcellular fractions containing ribosomes and polysomes. Isolation of these inclusions was accomplished by procedures involving RNase treatment of these fractions followed by repurification, or by fluorocarbon extraction and gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy indicated that the isolated inclusions exhibited a major periodicity of approximately 8 nm with minor periodicities of approximately 4 nm. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the influenza virus coded nonstructural protein was the only protein component present in isolated inclusions.
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11
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McSharry JJ, Choppin PW. Biological properties of the VSV glycoprotein. 1. Effects of the isolated glycoprotein on host macromolecular synthesis. Virology 1978; 84:172-82. [PMID: 202075 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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McSharry JJ. The effect of chemical and physical treatments on the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology 1977; 83:482-5. [PMID: 201097 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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14
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Abstract
The genome RNA species of influenza type C virions were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pattern obtained was found to resemble those of other influenza viruses. Six RNA species were resolved, with estimated sizes ranging from 0.37 X 10(6) to 1.25 X 10(6) daltons. The internal ribonucleoproteins of influenza C virions were found to sediment heterogeneously in glycerol velocity gradients as demonstrated previously with influenza A/WSN virus. The ribonucleoproteins possessed diameters of 12 to 15 nm, with lengths ranging from 30 to 100 nm. Of the three major virion polypeptides (molecular weights, 88,000, 66,000, and 26,000), only the largest is glycosylated. Similar polypeptide species were present in influenza C virions of five different strains. All three major proteins of influenza C virions possess electrophoretic mobilities distinguishable from those of the major polypeptides of influenza A/WSN. The 66,000-dalton protein is associated with the ribonucleoprotein components. Two additional glycosylated polypeptides, with estimated molecular weights of 65,000 and 30,000, were detected in virions grown in embryonated eggs, but not in virus particles obtained from chicken embryo fibroblasts.
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15
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Yagi MJ, Compans RW. Structural components of mouse mammary tumor virus. I. Polypeptides of the virion. Virology 1977; 76:751-66. [PMID: 190773 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Lenard J, Tsai DK, Compans RW, Landsberger FR. Observations on the membrane organization of standard and incomplete influenza grown in MDBK cells. Virology 1976; 71:389-94. [PMID: 180658 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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18
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Scholtissek C, Bowles AL. Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of fowl plague virus. Virology 1975; 67:576-87. [PMID: 1189290 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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McSharry JJ, Compans RW, Lackland H, Choppin PW. Isolation and characterization of the nonglycosylated membrane protein and a nucleocapsid complex from the paramyxovirus SV5. Virology 1975; 67:365-74. [PMID: 1189285 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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21
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Li JK, Fox CF. Radioiodination of the envelope proteins of Newcastle disease virus. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1975; 3:51-60. [PMID: 1152467 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination selectively labels the two glycoproteins (VP1 and VP2) of Newcastle disease virus. The low-molecular-weight, nonglycosylated major viral protein, VP6, was not iodinated in the intact virus but was iodinated in disrupted virions, suggesting a localization on the inner, rather than the outer, envelope surface. Studies on the distribution of virion proteins labeled with 125-I and 3-H-isoleucine between detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions show that the virion proteins VP4, VP5, and VP6 are solubilized to a much lesser extent than are VP1 and VP2.
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22
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Poste G. Interaction of concanavalin A with the surface of virus-infected cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1975; 55:117-52. [PMID: 1098411 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0949-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of untransformed cells with a wide-range of non-oncogenic enveloped viruses causes a significant increase in their susceptibility to agglutination by concanavalin A (Con A). The increased Con A agglutinability of these cells is not caused by an increase in the number of Con A sites on the cell surface but involves alteration in the surface properties of infected cells to allow redistribution of Con A receptors to form "patches" following binding of Con A to the cell surface. Similarities between Con A-mediated agglutination of normal cells infected with non-oncogenic viruses and the agglutination response to cells transformed by oncogenic viruses will be reviewed. Finally, the use of Con A as an experimental tool to modify the replication and cytopathogenicity of non-oncogenic viruses grown in mammalian cells will be presented.
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23
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Abstract
d-Glucosamine and 2-deoxy-d-glucose interfere with the biosynthesis of the hemagglutinin glycoproteins. With increasing inhibitor concentrations a progressive decrease in size of the precursor HA and the cleavage products, HA(1) and HA(2) can be observed. The shift in molecular weight is paralleled by a decrease of the carbohydrate content. This was shown by labeling studies with radioactive sugars which revealed that the inhibitors block the incorporation into glycoproteins, whereas they have no or only slight effects on the uptake and activation of sugars. Under conditions of maximal inhibition, the hemagglutinin proteins lack all or most of their carbohydrates. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of d-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-d-glucose is due to an impairment of glycosylation. When glycosylation is inhibited, the precursor polypeptide is synthesized at normal rates. Its cleavage products, however, are very heterogeneous. This suggests that carbohydrate protects the hemagglutinin from proteolytic degradation.
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24
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Isolation and comparative study of the nucleocapsids of measles and canine distemper viruses from infected cells. Virology 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Lenard J, Compans RW. The membrane structure of lipid-containing viruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 344:51-94. [PMID: 4598854 PMCID: PMC7148776 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(74)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1973] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Key Words
- viruses, sfv, semliki forest virus
- ndv, newcastle disease virus
- sv5, simian virus 5
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
- rsv, rous sarcoma virus
- cellscef, chick embryo fibroblasts
- bhk, bhk21 line of baby hamster kidney cells
- mdbk, madin-darby bovine kidney cell line
- mk, primary rhesus monkey kidney cells
- hak, hamster kidney cell line
- rk, primary rabbit kidney cells
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26
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Klenk HD, Wöllert W, Rott R, Scholtissek C. Association of influenza virus proteins with cytoplasmic fractions. Virology 1974; 57:28-41. [PMID: 4856427 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Compans RW, Meier-Ewert H, Palese P. Assembly of lipid-containing viruses. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1974; 2:496-511. [PMID: 4437183 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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29
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Homma M, Ouchi M. Trypsin action on the growth of Sendai virus in tissue culture cells. 3. Structural difference of Sendai viruses grown in eggs and tissue culture cells. J Virol 1973; 12:1457-65. [PMID: 4357516 PMCID: PMC356788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.6.1457-1465.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypeptides of egg-borne Sendai virus (egg Sendai), which is biologically active on the basis of criteria of the infectivity for L cells and of hemolytic and cell fusion activities, were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with those of L cell-borne (L Sendai) and HeLa cell-borne Sendai (HeLa Sendai) viruses, which are judged biologically inactive by the above criteria. Densitometer profiles on the stained gels of egg Sendai resolved six polypeptides (virion protein [VP] 1 to VP6), in which VP2 and VP4 were identified as glycoproteins by PAS stain. Comparative electropherograms of both L Sendai and HeLa Sendai revealed that there were significantly larger amounts in the VP2 region of these viruses but VP4 was present only in greatly reduced amounts as compared to egg Sendai. It was also found that VP2 of L Sendai and HeLa Sendai consisted of two components, VP2a and VP2b, but the one of egg Sendai consisted of only VP2a. A mild trypsin treatment which converts both L Sendai and HeLa Sendai to a biologically active form selectively removed VP2b from these viruses and increased concomitantly the amounts of materials in the VP4 region. The same treatment of egg Sendai affected neither its biological activities nor its electropherogram. Consequently, gross polypeptide profiles on the stained gels of L Sendai and HeLa Sendai after trypsin treatment became favorably comparable to that of egg Sendai. Electrophoresis of labeled L Sendai and HeLa Sendai with a (3)H-amino acids mixture and (14)C-glucosamine resolved at least three glycoproteins, GP1, GP2, and GP3, each corresponding to VP2a, VP2b, and VP4, respectively. The trypsin treatment of these viruses removed almost all the radioactivity of GP2 and simultaneously increased the radioactive counts of GP3 and raised small amounts of rapidly moving heterogeneous glycoprotein, GP4. A possible relationship between the biological modification and the above characteristic polypeptide patterns of Sendai virus was discussed.
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30
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Lazarowitz SG, Goldberg AR, Choppin PW. Proteolytic cleavage by plasmin of the HA polypeptide of influenza virus: host cell activation of serum plasminogen. Virology 1973; 56:172-80. [PMID: 4795670 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Landsberger FR, Compans RW, Choppin PW, Lenard J. Organization of the lipid phase in viral membranes. Effects of independent variation of the lipid and the protein composition. Biochemistry 1973; 12:4498-502. [PMID: 4356241 DOI: 10.1021/bi00746a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Compans RW. Distinct carbohydrate components of influenza virus glycoproteins in smooth and rough cytoplasmic membranes. Virology 1973; 55:541-5. [PMID: 4795464 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Kaluza G, Schmidt MF, Scholtissek C. Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the multiplication of Semliki Forest virus and the reversal of the block by mannose. Virology 1973; 54:179-89. [PMID: 4736595 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Lazarowitz SG, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin polypeptide of influenza virus. Function of the uncleaved polypeptide HA. Virology 1973; 52:199-212. [PMID: 4139805 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Compans RW, Caliguiri LA. Isolation and properties of an RNA polymerase from influenza virus-infected cells. J Virol 1973; 11:441-8. [PMID: 4120639 PMCID: PMC355119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.3.441-448.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Structures with RNA polymerase activity were isolated from influenza virus-infected cells, and consisted of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, similar in morphology to the viral internal component or nucleocapsid. The isolation procedure involved fractionation of infected cells in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, in which enzyme activity was concentrated in a fraction of intermediate density which contains both smooth and rough cytoplasmic membranes. The RNPs with polymerase activity were further purified in a velocity gradient, after which the peak fractions showed a 35-fold purification of the polymerase activity when compared with cytoplasmic extracts. The NP polypeptide, which is the subunit of the virion RNP, was the only virus-specific polypeptide detected in these RNP structures.
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36
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Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) envelope proteins. The two surface glycoproteins and the non-glycosylated membrane protein were solubilized with 2% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Removal of the KCl by dialysis yielded by precipitation a pure preparation of the non-glycosylated membrane protein, which is insoluble in solutions of low ionic strength. The soluble fraction consisting of the two glycoproteins possessed full neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activities. The two glycoproteins could be separated by rate zonal sedimentation in a sucrose gradient containing 1% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Under these conditions, the sedimentation coefficient of the larger glycoprotein, virus protein 1, was 9.3s, and that of the smaller, virus protein 2, was 6.1s. Both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities were associated with virus protein 1; virus protein 2 had neither activity. The results suggest that both activities reside on a single NDV glycoprotein. Similar results were obtained previously with another paramyxovirus, simian virus 5. These findings suggest that the association of hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities with one glycoprotein is a general property of the paramyxovirus group.
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38
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Abstract
This chapter discusses lipids in viruses. Lipid forms an integral part of many viruses and exists either in the form of a continuous envelope or in lipoprotein complexes that surround a nucleoprotein core or helix. In general, the envelope can be described as a molecular container for the genetic material of the virus. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are not known to carry genetic coding for enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Hence, they generally contain the same classes of lipid as are found in the host cell or their membrane of assembly. Lipids make up 20–35% by weight of most viruses; however, there are exceptions such as vaccinia virus, which has only 5% lipid despite having a complex multimembrane envelope structure. Naked herpesvirus capsids closely resemble non-lipid-containing viruses such as adenovirus or polyoma virus, which are also assembled in the nucleus but show full infectivity without any envelope. Both naked and enveloped herpesvirus particles are found in infected cells; however, only enveloped particles are found in extracellular fluids.
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39
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Bendersky S, De Martinez Segovia ZM. Density of an arbovirus in relation to its host cells. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 37:316-22. [PMID: 5064733 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Scheid A, Caliguiri LA, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Isolation of paramyxovirus glycoproteins. Association of both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities with the larger SV5 glycoprotein. Virology 1972; 50:640-52. [PMID: 4118317 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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41
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Klenk HD, Scholtissek C, Rott R. Inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis of influenza virus by D-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Virology 1972; 49:723-34. [PMID: 4672417 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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43
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44
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45
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Pettersson R, Kääriäinen L, von Bonsdorff CH, Oker-Blom N. Structural components of Uukuniemi virus, a noncubical tick-borne arbovirus. Virology 1971; 46:721-9. [PMID: 4109526 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Lazarowitz SG, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Influenza virus structural and nonstructural proteins in infected cells and their plasma membranes. Virology 1971; 46:830-43. [PMID: 5167660 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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47
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48
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49
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McSharry JJ, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and of phenotypically mixed vesicular stomatitis virus-simian virus 5 virions. J Virol 1971; 8:722-9. [PMID: 4108932 PMCID: PMC376253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.5.722-729.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity of the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as the spike protein has been confirmed by the removal of the spikes with a protease from Streptomyces griseus, leaving bullet-shaped particles bounded by a smooth membrane. This treatment removes the glycoprotein but does not affect the other virion proteins, apparently because they are protected from the enzyme by the lipids in the viral membrane. The proteins of phenotypically mixed, bullet-shaped virions produced by cells mixedly infected with VSV and the parainfluenza virus simian virus 5 (SV5) have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These virions contain all the VSV proteins plus the two SV5 spike proteins, both of which are glycoproteins. The finding of the SV5 spike glycoproteins on virions with the typical morphology of VSV indicates that there is not a stringent requirement that only the VSV glycoprotein can be used to form the bullet-shaped virion. On the other hand, the SV5 nucleocapsid protein and the major non-spike protein of the SV5 envelope were not detected in the phenotypically mixed virions, and this suggests that a specific interaction between the VSV nucleocapsid and regions of the cell membrane which contain the nonglycosylated VSV envelope protein is necessary for assembly of the bullet-shaped virion.
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Landsberger FR, Lenard J, Paxton J, Compans RW. Spin-labeled electron spin resonance study of the lipid-containing membrane of influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2579-83. [PMID: 4332817 PMCID: PMC389472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.10.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of the lipid-containing membrane of influenza virus has been studied by the use of three different lipid spin labels, and the results are compared with a parallel study on human erythrocyte ghosts. The lipid phase of the viral membrane is slightly more rigid than that of the erythrocyte ghosts. The data suggest that the viral lipid is arranged in a bilayer. The data suggest that the viral lipid is arranged in a bilayer. The glycoprotein spikes covering the viral membrane were specifically removed by proteases, and no alteration in the environment of any of the three spin labels was detected. This suggests that the spikes are not involved in determining the organization of the lipid bilayer.
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