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Abstract
The surface envelope protein of any virus is major determinant of the host cell that is infected and as a result a major determinant of viral pathogenesis. Retroviruses have a single surface protein named Env. It is a trimer of heterodimers and is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor and mediating fusion between the viral and host membranes. In this review we will discuss the history of the discovery of the avian leukosis virus (ALV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env proteins and their receptor specificity, comparing the many differences but having some similarities. Much of the progress in these fields has relied on viral genetics and genetic polymorphisms in the host population. A special feature of HIV-1 is that its persistent infection in its human host, to the point of depleting its favorite target cells, allows the virus to evolve new entry phenotypes to expand its host range into several new cell types. This variety of entry phenotypes has led to confusion in the field leading to the major form of entry phenotype of HIV-1 being overlooked until recently. Thus an important part of this story is the description and naming of the most abundant entry form of the virus: R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1.
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Cheung KH, Keerthikumar S, Roncaglia P, Subramanian SL, Roth ME, Samuel M, Anand S, Gangoda L, Gould S, Alexander R, Galas D, Gerstein MB, Hill AF, Kitchen RR, Lötvall J, Patel T, Procaccini DC, Quesenberry P, Rozowsky J, Raffai RL, Shypitsyna A, Su AI, Théry C, Vickers K, Wauben MHM, Mathivanan S, Milosavljevic A, Laurent LC. Extending gene ontology in the context of extracellular RNA and vesicle communication. J Biomed Semantics 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 27076901 PMCID: PMC4830068 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-016-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To address the lack of standard terminology to describe extracellular RNA (exRNA) data/metadata, we have launched an inter-community effort to extend the Gene Ontology (GO) with subcellular structure concepts relevant to the exRNA domain. By extending GO in this manner, the exRNA data/metadata will be more easily annotated and queried because it will be based on a shared set of terms and relationships relevant to extracellular research. Methods By following a consensus-building process, we have worked with several academic societies/consortia, including ERCC, ISEV, and ASEMV, to identify and approve a set of exRNA and extracellular vesicle-related terms and relationships that have been incorporated into GO. In addition, we have initiated an ongoing process of extractions of gene product annotations associated with these terms from Vesiclepedia and ExoCarta, conversion of the extracted annotations to Gene Association File (GAF) format for batch submission to GO, and curation of the submitted annotations by the GO Consortium. As a use case, we have incorporated some of the GO terms into annotations of samples from the exRNA Atlas and implemented a faceted search interface based on such annotations. Results We have added 7 new terms and modified 9 existing terms (along with their synonyms and relationships) to GO. Additionally, 18,695 unique coding gene products (mRNAs and proteins) and 963 unique non-coding gene products (ncRNAs) which are associated with the terms: “extracellular vesicle”, “extracellular exosome”, “apoptotic body”, and “microvesicle” were extracted from ExoCarta and Vesiclepedia. These annotations are currently being processed for submission to GO. Conclusions As an inter-community effort, we have made a substantial update to GO in the exRNA context. We have also demonstrated the utility of some of the new GO terms for sample annotation and metadata search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Paola Roncaglia
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK ; Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Sai Lakshmi Subramanian
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Matthew E Roth
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Monisha Samuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Sushma Anand
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Stephen Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; American Society for Exosomes and Microvesicles (ASEMV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Roger Alexander
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - David Galas
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Robert R Kitchen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Jan Lötvall
- University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Tushar Patel
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Dena C Procaccini
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Rockville, MD USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- University Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Providence, RI USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Joel Rozowsky
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Aleksandra Shypitsyna
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK ; Gene Ontology Consortium (GOC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Kasey Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ ; International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ; Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), ᅟ, ᅟ
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Rodrigues T, Alves A, Lopes A, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Cruz PE. Removal of envelope protein-free retroviral vectors by anion-exchange chromatography to improve product quality. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3509-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), a contagious lung cancer of sheep. Until recently, research on JSRV/OPA was hampered by the lack of a tissue culture system for the propagation of the virus. Historically, pathological samples (lung fluid) collected from sheep affected by OPA were the only source of infectious JSRV. Thus studies on the JSRV/OPA system were conducted only where field isolates of OPA cases were readily available. In the past 10 years, the deduction of the JSRV sequence (York et al. 1991; York 1992), the isolation of an infectious and oncogenic JSRV molecular clone (JSRV21) (Palmarini et al. 1999a) and the establishment of a rapid method to produce infectious virus in vitro (Palmarini et al. 1999a) sparked many studies at the molecular level that strengthened past observations and revealed new properties of this unique virus. Here, we will review the data accumulated so far on the molecular biology of JSRV using the infectious and oncogenic JSRV21 molecular clone as virus of reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palmarini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7386, USA.
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5
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Kingston RL, Olson NH, Vogt VM. The organization of mature Rous sarcoma virus as studied by cryoelectron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2001; 136:67-80. [PMID: 11858708 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.2001.4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the organization of mature infectious Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), suspended in vitreous ice, using transmission electron microscopy. The enveloped virions are spherical in shape, have a mean diameter of 127 nm, and vary significantly in size. Image processing reveals the presence of the viral matrix protein underlying the lipid bilayer and the viral envelope proteins external to the lipid bilayer. In the interior of the virus, the characteristic mature retroviral core is clearly imaged. In contrast to lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, the core of RSV is essentially isometric. The capsid, or external shell of the core, has a faceted, almost polygonal appearance in electron micrographs, but many capsids also exhibit continuous surface curvature. Cores are not uniform in size or shape. Serrations observed along the projected faces of the core suggest a repetitive molecular structure. Some isolated cores were observed in the sample, confirming that cores are at least transiently stable in the absence of the viral envelope. Using an approach grounded in geometric probability, we estimate the size of the viral core from the projection data. We show that the size of the core is not tightly controlled and that core size and virion size are positively correlated. From estimates of RNA packing density we conclude that either the RNA within the core is loosely packed or, more probably, that it does not fill the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Kingston
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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Vogt VM, Simon MN. Mass determination of rous sarcoma virus virions by scanning transmission electron microscopy. J Virol 1999; 73:7050-5. [PMID: 10400808 PMCID: PMC112795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.7050-7055.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/1998] [Accepted: 05/07/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal structural protein of retroviruses, Gag, comprises most of the mass of the virion, and Gag itself can give rise to virus-like particles when expressed in appropriate cells. Previously the stoichiometry of Gag in virions was inferred from indirect measurements carried out 2 decades ago. We now have directly determined the masses of individual particles of the prototypic avian retrovirus, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), by using scanning transmission electron microscopy. In this technique, the number of scattered electrons in the dark-field image integrated over an individual freeze-dried virus particle on a grid is directly proportional to its mass. The RSV virions had a mean mass of 2.5 x 10(8) Da, corresponding to about 1,500 Gag molecules per virion. The population of virions was not homogeneous, with about one-third to two-thirds of the virions deviating from the mean by more than 10% of the mass in two respective preparations. The mean masses for virions carrying genomes of 7.4 or 9.3 kb were indistinguishable, suggesting that mass variability is not due to differences in RNA incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Vogt
- Section of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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7
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contributions that studies with viruses have made to current concepts in cell biology. Among the important advantages that viruses provide in such studies is their structural and genetic simplicity. The chapter describes the methods for growth, assay, and purification of viruses and infection of cells by several viruses that have been widely utilized for studies of cellular processes. Most investigations of virus replication at the cellular level are carried out using animal cells in culture. For the events in individual cells to occur with a high level of synchrony, single cycle growth conditions are used. Cells are infected using a high multiplicity of infectious virus particles in a low volume of medium to enhance the efficiency of virus adsorption to cell surfaces. After the adsorption period, the residual inoculum is removed and replaced with an appropriate culture medium. During further incubation, each individual cell in the culture is at a similar temporal stage in the viral replication process. Therefore, experimental procedures carried out on the entire culture reflect the replicative events occurring within an individual cell. The length of a single cycle of virus growth can range from a few hours to several days, depending on the virus type.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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8
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Rhee SS, Hunter E. A single amino acid substitution within the matrix protein of a type D retrovirus converts its morphogenesis to that of a type C retrovirus. Cell 1990; 63:77-86. [PMID: 2170021 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90289-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two different morphogenic processes of retroviral capsid assembly have been observed: the capsid is either assembled at the plasma membrane during the budding process (type C), or preassembled within the cytoplasm (types B and D). We describe here a gag mutant of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a type D retrovirus, in which a tryptophan substituted for an arginine in the matrix protein results in efficient assembly of capsids at the plasma membrane through a morphogenic process similar to that of type C retroviruses. We conclude that a type D retrovirus Gag polyprotein contains an additional, dominant signal that prevents immediate transport of precursors from the site of biosynthesis to the plasma membrane. Instead, they are directed to and retained at a cytoplasmic site where a concentration sufficient for self-assembly into capsids occurs. Thus, capsid assembly processes for different retroviruses appear to differ only in the intracellular site to which capsid precursors are directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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9
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Rhee SS, Hui HX, Hunter E. Preassembled capsids of type D retroviruses contain a signal sufficient for targeting specifically to the plasma membrane. J Virol 1990; 64:3844-52. [PMID: 2370682 PMCID: PMC249680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.8.3844-3852.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsids of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), an immunosuppressive type D retrovirus, are preassembled in the infected cell cytoplasm and are then transported to the plasma membrane, where they are enveloped in a virus glycoprotein-containing lipid bilayer. The role of viral glycoprotein in intracellular transport of M-PMV capsids was investigated with a spontaneous mutant (5A) of M-PMV, which we show here to be defective in envelope glycoprotein biosynthesis. DNA sequence analysis of the env gene of mutant 5A reveals a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of the gene, which results in the synthesis of a truncated form of the envelope glycoprotein. Evidence is presented showing that the mutant glycoprotein is not expressed at the cell surface but is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Normal levels of gag-pro-pol precursor polyproteins are made and processed in mutant genome-transfected cells, and high levels of noninfectious particles lacking viral glycoprotein are released with normal kinetics into the culture medium. No intracisternal budding of capsids is observed. We conclude that viral glycoprotein is required neither for targeting preassembled capsids of M-PMV to the plasma membrane for final maturation nor for the budding process. Since the presence or absence of M-PMV glycoprotein at the site of budding does not affect the efficiency or kinetics of the targeting process, the preassembled capsid of M-PMV, in contrast to those of intracisternal type A particles, appears to have an intrinsic signal for intracellular transport to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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10
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Patel JR, Shilleto RW. Characterisation of lymphoproliferative disease virus of turkeys. Structural polypeptides of the C-type particles. Arch Virol 1987; 95:159-76. [PMID: 3038051 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoproliferative disease virus of turkeys (LPDV), a C-type retrovirus, was shown to contain 3 major [32 kilodaltons (kd, p 32), 26 kd, 22/21 kd] and 2 minor (41 kd and 12 kd) polypeptides. Preliminary evidence suggests a glycoprotein of 76 kd (GP 76) and a major doublet polypeptide of 13.5/13 kd to be also of viral origin. Of these GP 76 was susceptible to bromelain action implying its surface location in the virion, while p 32, p 26 and p 13.5/13 were the main constituents of viral cores. p 13.5/13 bound an RNA probe, suggesting it to be the main constituent of viral ribonucleoprotein. p 22/21 was not cleaved by bromelain, and was absent in viral cores suggesting its intramembrane location between virion envelope and core. The polypeptide profile of LPDV is distinct from those of avian sarcoma-leukosis viruses and avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses.
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Robin J, Laperrière A, Berthiaume L. Identification of the glycoproteins of lymphocystis disease virus (LDV) of fish. Arch Virol 1986; 87:297-305. [PMID: 3947242 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of highly purified fish Lymphocystis Disease Virus (LDV), strain Leetown NFH, by three different methods, namely periodic Acid Schiff reaction, radiolabelling with tritiated fucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and staining with three lectins, indicated that ten glycoproteins were associated with the virus structure. Six of them were detected by all of the three methods, three by both radiolabelling and lectin staining but only one by the lectin technique. Localization of these glycoproteins at the surface or inside the virion is discussed.
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12
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Abstract
The host cell receptor for Moloney murine leukemia virus was solubilized from murine L-cell membranes and characterized. In initial studies designed to identify a receptor-rich cell line, different mouse cells were screened for binding to Moloney gp70, the viral envelope glycoprotein which determines host cell-binding specificity. gp70 binding to murine L cells was specific and saturable, with an apparent affinity constant (Ka) of 4 X 10(8) M-1, and the number of receptors per cell (6 X 10(5)) was similar to that of other mouse fibroblast cell lines. Characterization of the gp70 receptor with regard to extraction by detergents, protease sensitivity, and heat denaturation suggests that the receptor is an intrinsic membrane protein. Upon extraction of L-cell membranes with 0.2% deoxycholic acid and precipitation with acetone, specific and saturable binding of gp70 could be detected. The solubilized gp70-binding component was eluted upon gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 into a species with an approximate molecular weight of 110,000.
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Hongo S, Sugawara K, Homma M, Nakamura K. The functions of oligosaccharide chains associated with influenza C viral glycoproteins. I. The formation of influenza C virus particles in the absence of glycosylation. Arch Virol 1986; 89:171-87. [PMID: 3718234 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin (TM) on the replication of influenza C virus was investigated. Incorporation of [3H]-glucosamine into the gp88 glycoproteins of this virus was completely inhibited by TM at the concentrations higher than 0.25 microgram/ml. Under these conditions, the synthesis of internal proteins NP and M was shown in TM-treated cells but the synthesis of gp88 was not. The disappearance of gp88 was however accompanied with the appearance of two new polypeptides with molecular weights of 80,000 (T80) and 76,000 (T76). While T80 was identified by peptide mapping as a host cell protein whose synthesis was enhanced by TM, T76 was shown to correspond to a nonglycosylated form of gp88. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that there was no significant difference in the intracellular stability of T76 and gp88. Although TM depressed the production of infectious progeny virus greater than 100-fold, only a five-fold decrease was observed in the release of noninfectious physical particles, suggesting that glycosylation is not essential for the formation of influenza C virus particles. However, the virions from TM-treated cells had a lower buoyant density in isopycnic sucrose gradients and lacked surface proteins in either glycosylated or nonglycosylated form.
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Hunter E, Hill E, Hardwick M, Bhown A, Schwartz DE, Tizard R. Complete sequence of the Rous sarcoma virus env gene: identification of structural and functional regions of its product. J Virol 1983; 46:920-36. [PMID: 6304351 PMCID: PMC256567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.46.3.920-936.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of gp85 and gp37, the envelope glycoproteins of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), were determined. Alignment of these sequences with the amino acid sequence predicted from the complete nucleotide sequence of the Prague strain of RSV, subgroup C (PR-C), has allowed us to delineate the env gene-coding region of this virus. The coding sequences for gp85 and gp37 have been placed in an open reading frame that extends from nucleotide 5045 to nucleotide 6862 and predict sizes of 341 amino acids (36,962 molecular weight) for gp85 and 198 amino acids (21,566 molecular weight) for gp37. Carbohydrate makes a significant contribution to the observed molecular weights of these polypeptides--the amino acid sequence contains 14 potential glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) in gp85 and two in gp37. Experiments aimed at estimating the number of carbohydrate side chains yielded results consistent with most or all of these sites being occupied. Although an initiation codon is located early (codon 4) in the open reading frame, it is likely that splicing yields an mRNA on which translation initiates at the same AUG as that of the gag gene to produce a nascent polypeptide in which gp85 is preceded by a 62-amino-acid-long leader peptide. This leader contains the hydrophobic sequence (signal sequence) necessary for translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum and is completely removed from the env gene product during translation. The polyprotein precursor, Pr95env, is cleaved to gp85 and gp37 at the carboxyl side of the basic sequence:-Arg-Arg-Lys-Arg-. gp85 is attached through a disulphide linkage to gp37, and although the positions of the cysteines involved in this linkage are not known, the presence of a 27-amino-acid-long hydrophobic region at the carboxy-terminus of gp37 is consistent with its role as a membrane anchor for the viral glycoprotein complex. The location of host range variable regions with respect to the possible tertiary structure of the complex is discussed.
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Chatterjee S, Bradac JA, Hunter E. Effect of monensin on Mason-Pfizer monkey virus glycoprotein synthesis. J Virol 1982; 44:1003-12. [PMID: 7176016 PMCID: PMC256360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.44.3.1003-1012.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the monovalent carboxylic ionophore monensin on the biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and surface expression of the glycoproteins of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus was examined. Cells treated with monensin at concentrations of 10(-7) or 10(-6) M continued to synthesize virus particles, which from electron microscopic studies appeared to bud normally from the plasma membrane of the cells. However, the particles released had an altered buoyant density in sucrose gradients and were noninfectious. These noninfectious virions had a normal complement of non-glycosylated polypeptides but showed a significantly reduced amount of glycosylated proteins. The gp70 and gp20 polypeptides appeared to be completely absent, and a heterogeneous, higher-molecular-weight protein was observed on the virions instead. Studies on intracellular protein synthesis indicated that the precursor (Pr86env) to gp70 and gp20 is synthesized normally but is not cleaved to the mature proteins. Immunofluorescence studies showed, however, that the uncleaved molecule is expressed on the cell surface. In this system, therefore, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus glycoprotein migration appears to occur in the presence of monensin, whereas the cleavage and insertion of the glycoproteins into virions are inhibited.
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Notter MF, Leary JF, Balduzzi PC. Adsorption of Rous sarcoma virus to genetically susceptible and resistant chicken cells studied by laser flow cytometry. J Virol 1982; 41:958-64. [PMID: 6284984 PMCID: PMC256832 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.41.3.958-964.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative binding of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) of different antigenic subgroups to chicken cells was examined by using a laser flow cytometer/cell sorter. RSV of subgroups A, C, and E, labeled with the fluorescent membrane probe rhodamine-18, bound 2 to 10 times more to genetically susceptible chicken embryo fibroblasts than to resistant cells, as measured by flow cytometry on a single-cell basis. This suggested that susceptible cells possess both specific and nonspecific receptors for virus adsorption, whereas resistant cells bind virus only by means of nonspecific sites. Polybrene at low concentration increased eightfold the binding of virus. Higher levels of Polybrene inhibited adsorption. Cell binding sites were saturable, and attachment of labeled virus could be partially blocked by preexposure of cells to unlabeled RSV. Virus surface glycoproteins played an important role in adsorption, since their removal with bromelain decreased binding of virus to susceptible cells. Maximal binding of RSV to both susceptible and resistant cells occurred within 10 min, although the level of binding was up to 10-fold higher for susceptible cells. Binding to all cell types showed a broad distribution. This implies that there are considerable differences in the number of virions bound per cell.
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Op Den Kamp JA. Chapter 3 The asymmetric architecture of membranes. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(09)60007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Landen B, Fox CF. Isolation of BPgp70, a fibroblast receptor for the envelope antigen of Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:4988-92. [PMID: 6933542 PMCID: PMC349975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.8.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein that avidly binds gp70, the envelope antigen of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMuLV), has been purified from the culture medium used for growth of BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells. Gel filtration chromatrography revealed the apparent Mr 10,000 BPgp70 was efficiently labeled when BALB/c 3T3 cells were grown in medium containing [3H]leucine, indicating a cellular origin for BPpg70. Metabolically labeled [3H]BPgp70 was not immunoprecipitated by IgG-anti RMuLV-gp&) alone, but was immunoprecipitated when gp70 was added, an indicaton of BPgp70 x gp70 complex formation. The dissociation constant estimated by immunoprecitipation agreed with the apparent Kd for binding of gp70 to BALB/c 3T3 cells. BPgp70 reversibly inhibited specific binding of 125I-labeled BMuLV-gp70 to BALB/c 3T3 cells when it was incubated with the 125I-labeled gp70 first. These data yielded a dissociation constant similar to that calculated from the immunoprecipitation data. 125I-Labeled BPgp70 also bound specifically to cells infected with RMuLV, but not to uninfected cells. Incubation of BALB/c 3T3 cells with the IgG fraction of an antiserum to BPgp70 inhibited the specific binding of 125I-labeled gp70 to these cells, but preimmune IgG did not. Complete inhibition was achieved at a less than 100:1 ratio of IgG anti-BPgp70 to gp70 binding sites.
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19
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Marciani D, Papamatheakis J. Isolation and chemical characterization of the major envelope glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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21
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Patzer EJ, Wagner RR, Dubovi EJ. Viral membranes: model systems for studying biological membranes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 6:165-217. [PMID: 378533 DOI: 10.3109/10409237909102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Tato F, Beamand JA, Wyke JA. A mutant of Rous sarcoma virus with a thermolabile defect in the virus envelope. Virology 1978; 88:71-81. [PMID: 209624 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Montelaro RC, Sullivan SJ, Bolognesi DP. An analysis of type-C retrovirus polypeptides and their associations in the virion. Virology 1978; 84:19-31. [PMID: 202077 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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25
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Krantz MJ, Lee YC, Hung PP. Characterization and comparison of the major glycoprotein from three strains of Rous sarcoma virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:66-73. [PMID: 180897 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Sarkar NH, Taraschi NE, Pomenti AA, Dion AS. Polypeptides of the mouse mammary tumor virus. II. Identification of two major glycoproteins with the viral structure. Virology 1976; 69:677-90. [PMID: 176790 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Kurth R. Surface alterations in cells infected by avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. BIOMEMBRANES 1976; 8:167-233. [PMID: 183843 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9087-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Moldow CF, McGrath M, Van Santan L. Avian tumor virus interactions with chicken fibroblast plasma membranes. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1976; 4:497-506. [PMID: 180356 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A method is described which will rapidly measure the binding of avian tumor viruses (ATV) to plasma membrane receptors. With this procedure it may be shown that Rous sarcoma virus pseudotypes bind to protease-labile, heat-stable structures on the surface of chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) plasma membranes. The binding sites for ATV subgroups A and B appear distinct, and membranes from genetically resistant CEF bind as well those of sensitive CEF.
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29
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Vogt VM, Eisenman R, Diggelmann H. Generation of avian myeloblastosis virus structural proteins by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor polypeptide. J Mol Biol 1975; 96:471-93. [PMID: 170408 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Eger R, Compans RW, Rifkin DB. The organization of the proteins of vesicular stomatitis virions: labeling with pyridoxal phosphate. Virology 1975; 66:610-5. [PMID: 168689 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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de Giuli C, Kawai S, Dales S, Hanafusa H. Absence of surface projections of some noninfectious forms of RSV. Virology 1975; 66:253-60. [PMID: 166501 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The polypeptide composition of virions of spleen necrosis virus, a reticuloendotheliosis virus, was determined using electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing, 10 percent polyacrylamide gels. Ten polypeptides were resolved. Four of these were present in minor and somewhat variable amounts. Two proteins, gp71 and gp22, contained D-glucosamine and were located on the outer surface of the lipid envelope, as demonstrated by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and by bromelain digestion. The results suggest that two of the minor proteins, p36 and p26, were also located on the outer surface, although they lacked D-glucosamine. Treatment of the virus with 0.25 percent Nonidet P-40 and 1 percent dithiothreitol produced a subparticle with a buoyant density of approximately 1.31 g/cm-3. This particle was relatively enriched with polypeptides p77, p62, and p50 and contained small amounts of three other polypeptides.
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33
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Rieger D, Freund-Mölbert E, Stirm S. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. III. Fragments of bacteriophage 29. J Virol 1975; 15:964-75. [PMID: 1090754 PMCID: PMC354541 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.15.4.964-975.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A glycanase activity, catalyzing the depolymerization of host capsular polysaccharide, is associated with Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophage no. 29, a small virus with an isometric head, carrying a base plate with a set of spikes. The bacteriophage particles were disrupted by mild acid treatment (5 to 8 min at pH 3.5 and 37 C), and the enzymatically active fragments were isolated and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis as well as to electron microscopy. Of the at least nine different polypeptide chains found in the complete virion, three (of 57,000 plus or minus 3,000, 29,500 plus or minus 2,000 and 13,500 plus or minus 1,000 daltons) were detected in detached base plates. They had the appearance of six-pointed stars of about 14 nm in outer diameter, with a central hole or prop, carrying six (or, possibly, a multiple thereof) spikes. Two sizes of polypeptide chains (57,000 and 29,500) were found in pure spikes, cylindrical particles of about 14.5 to 15 nm in length and 5 nm in diameter, and one (57,000) in -- still capsule depolymerizing -- spike subunits of roughly 5 nm in diameter. Phage 29 spike preparations, homogeneous in analytical ultracentrifugation and immunoelectrophoresis, were found to have a molecular weight of 245,000, as determined from the sedimentation equilibrium, and to contain equimolar amounts of the two polypeptides, probably three copies of each per organelle. The amino acid analysis of the isolated spikes revealed that aspartic acid, alanine, serine, and glycine are their dominant constituents; no amino sugars or other carbohydrates were detected in the preparations.
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34
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Sarkar NH, Dion AS. Polypeptides of the mouse mammary tumor virus. I. Characterization of two group-specific antigens. Virology 1975; 64:471-91. [PMID: 49121 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Bolognesi DP, Ishizaki R, Hüper G, Vanaman TC, Smith RE. Immunological properties of avian oncornavirus polypeptides. Virology 1975; 64:349-57. [PMID: 49120 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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37
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Bolognesi DP, Huper G, Green RW, Graf T. Biochemical properties of oncornavirus polypeptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 355:220-35. [PMID: 4376419 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(74)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Witte ON, Weissman IL. Membrane proteins of MSV-MLV: their role in virion-virion interactions in vitro. Virology 1974; 61:588-93. [PMID: 4371500 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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39
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40
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Klenk HD, Becht H, Rott R. Reaction of viruses and virus-infected cells with heterophile agglutinins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 234:355-68. [PMID: 4528704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb53048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Poláková K, Russ G. Localization of major group-specific polypeptides in the avian RNA tumor viruses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 57:1130-6. [PMID: 4364561 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Krantz MJ, Lee YC, Hung PP. Carbohydrate groups in the major glycoprotein of Rous sarcoma virus. Nature 1974; 248:684-6. [PMID: 4364435 DOI: 10.1038/248684a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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Lenard J, Compans RW. The membrane structure of lipid-containing viruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 344:51-94. [PMID: 4598854 PMCID: PMC7148776 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(74)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1973] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Key Words
- viruses, sfv, semliki forest virus
- ndv, newcastle disease virus
- sv5, simian virus 5
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
- rsv, rous sarcoma virus
- cellscef, chick embryo fibroblasts
- bhk, bhk21 line of baby hamster kidney cells
- mdbk, madin-darby bovine kidney cell line
- mk, primary rhesus monkey kidney cells
- hak, hamster kidney cell line
- rk, primary rabbit kidney cells
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44
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45
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Stromberg K, Hurley NE, Davis NL, Rueckert RR, Fleissner E. Structural studies of avian myeloblastosis virus: comparison of polypeptides in virion and core component by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Virol 1974; 13:513-28. [PMID: 4129794 PMCID: PMC355323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.2.513-528.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two different systems of dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in separate laboratories detected analogous patterns of dye bands in virions of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). At least 11 of the dye bands co-migrated with the major polypeptides reported in Rous sarcoma virus. Particles with the morphology of the AMV core component, obtained after exposure of AMV to the nonionic surfactant Sterox SL, contained major polypeptides p12, p27, p60, p64, p91, and p98. The polypeptide p12 has been previously shown to be the major constituent of the inner ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of the AMV core, and has been designated p12(N). Two RNP polypeptides, p64 and p91, co-electrophoresed with purified AMV DNA polymerase and have now been designated p64(P) and p91(P). The polypeptide p27 has been identified as a probable constituent of the core shell, and has accordingly now been designated p27(C). In comparison to virions of AMV, the AMV core component contained a greatly reduced amount of polypeptide p15 and appeared to lack a major polypeptide, p19. Consequently, these polypeptides may be associated either with the exterior of the core shell or the interior of the viral envelope. Glycopeptides were not detected in AMV cores, in agreement with earlier reports that they reside in external projections from the viral envelope.
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46
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RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase—Properties and Functions in Oncogenic RNA Viruses and Cells1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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48
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Temin HM. The cellular and molecular biology of RNA tumor viruses, especially avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses, and their relatives. Adv Cancer Res 1974; 19:47-104. [PMID: 4137243 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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50
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