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Seeger C. Biographical Feature: William (Bill) S. Mason. J Virol 2023; 97:e0188222. [PMID: 36622221 PMCID: PMC9888215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01882-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Lee EG, Linial ML. Basic residues of the retroviral nucleocapsid play different roles in gag-gag and Gag-Psi RNA interactions. J Virol 2004; 78:8486-95. [PMID: 15280457 PMCID: PMC479049 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8486-8495.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Orthoretrovirus Gag interaction (I) domain maps to the nucleocapsid (NC) domain in the Gag polyprotein. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to analyze the role of Alpharetrovirus NC in Gag-Gag interactions and also examined the efficiency of viral assembly and release in vivo. We could delete either or both of the two Cys-His (CH) boxes without abrogating Gag-Gag interactions. We found that as few as eight clustered basic residues, attached to the C terminus of the spacer peptide separating the capsid (CA) and NC domains in the absence of NC, was sufficient for Gag-Gag interactions. Our results support the idea that a sufficient number of basic residues, rather than the CH boxes, play the important role in Gag multimerization. We also examined the requirement for basic residues in Gag for packaging of specific packaging signal (Psi)-containing RNA. Using a yeast three-hybrid RNA-protein interaction assay, second-site suppressors of a packaging-defective Gag mutant were isolated, which restored Psi RNA binding. These suppressors mapped to the p10 or CA domains in Gag and resulted in either introduction of a positively charged residue or elimination of a negatively charged one. These results imply that the structural interactions of NC with other domains of Gag are necessary for Psi RNA binding. Taken together, our results show that while Gag assembly only requires a certain number of positively charged amino acids, Gag binding to genomic RNA for packaging requires more complex interactions inherent in the protein tertiary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Lee
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Anderson DJ, Stone J, Lum R, Linial ML. The packaging phenotype of the SE21Q1b provirus is related to high proviral expression and not trans-acting factors. J Virol 1995; 69:7319-23. [PMID: 7474162 PMCID: PMC189662 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7319-7323.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian packaging cell line SE21Q1b produces particles which encapsidate cellular RNAs. Such RNAs can be reverse transcribed by endogenous polymerase and integrated into the genomes of newly infected cells (M. Linial, Cell 49:93-102, 1987). Genomic RNA is not packaged because the packaging (psi) region of the provirus is deleted. The provirus also lacks the negative-strand primer binding site, which prevents efficient reverse transcription of randomly packaged genomic RNA. Previous work from our laboratory suggested that the trans-acting defect which allows packaging of cellular mRNA mapped to the provirus but did not map to the nucleocapsid region of the gag gene (D.J. Anderson, P. Lee, K. L. Levine, J. Sang, S. A. Shah, O. O. Yang, P. R. Shank, and M. L. Linial, J. Virol. 66:204-216, 1992). We have found, using proviral recombinants between SE21Q1b and wild-type Rous sarcoma virus, that packaging of cellular RNAs does not map to the gag gene. Rather, the propensity of SE21Q1b particles to package cellular mRNA is a function of the high level of particle production in these cells and not of any specific viral structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Anderson
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Liu C, Condreay LD, Burch JB, Mason W. Characterization of the core promoter and enhancer of duck hepatitis B virus. Virology 1991; 184:242-52. [PMID: 1871970 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The core gene promoter of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) has been localized and an enhancer element has been found in a region of the DHBV genome immediately upstream of the core promoter. This enhancer was able to activate expression from both the core promoter and the S promoter of DHBV, as well as from the heterologous thymidine kinase and simian virus 40 early promoters, but not from the DHBV PreS promoter, which was active both in the absence and in the presence of the enhancer. The activity of the enhancer showed a preference for cell cultures of hepatic origin, suggesting a possible tissue preference in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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Petcu DJ, Aldrich CE, Coates L, Taylor JM, Mason WS. Suramin inhibitsin vitro infection by duck hepatitis B virus, rous sarcoma virus, and hepatitis delta virus. Virology 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hippenmeyer PJ, Grandgenett DP. Requirement of the avian retrovirus pp32 DNA binding protein domain for replication. Virology 1984; 137:358-70. [PMID: 6091334 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the pp32 DNA binding protein has been determined, thus establishing its precise coding region in the polymerase gene of Rous sarcoma virus. Specific mutations were constructed in molecularly cloned Prague A DNA near the NH2- and COOH-termini of pp32 and the effects were assayed by transfection on chick embryo fibroblasts. Out-of-frame deletions at both sites and an in-frame deletion near the NH2 terminus rendered the DNA noninfectious and transformation negative. Single point mutations near the NH2 terminus reduced the transfection efficiency and the rate of virus replication. Biochemical studies indicated that the RNA-directed DNA polymerase and RNase H activities of the mutant viruses were not affected but the processing of the viral beta polypeptide was altered.
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Ghosh HP. Characterization of a replication-defective temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus. Virology 1984; 135:480-8. [PMID: 6204447 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A temperature-sensitive mutant (LA83) of Rous sarcoma virus defective both in the transformation and replication function has been isolated and partially characterized. Temperature-shift experiments showed that the defects in both the focus-forming and replication functions were late and continuous. The mutant LA83 was complemented by avian leukosis viruses. Complementation of LA83 replication was also observed with the glycoprotein-deletion mutant, Brian high-titer RSV(-) suggesting that the env gene in LA83 was not defective. At the nonpermissive temperature LA83-infected cells produced noninfectious particles with a yield of about 30%. The noninfectious particles had only about 3% of reverse-transcriptase activity as the infectious LA83 produced at the permissive temperature. However, the LA83 virions were as thermolabile as the parent wild-type PR-B virions.
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Abstract
Reverse transcriptase from avian retrovirus has a physically associated DNA endonuclease with novel substrate and cofactor requirements. A similar endonuclease activity copurifies with pp32, a protein from viral cores that has been identified with the non-alpha region of the beta subunit of reverse transcriptase. Several temperature-sensitive mutants of avian retrovirus with thermolabile DNA polymerase were tested for thermal sensitivity of their DNA endonuclease activity. Two pol mutants of Rous sarcoma virus, ts335 and ts337, had thermolabile DNA endonuclease; a temperature-resistant revertant of ts335 had a heat-stable DNA endonuclease. DNA endonuclease is therefore a product of the pol gene and an integral part of the reverse transcriptase. A second class of pol mutants, typified by ts568 and ts553, had thermolabile DNA polymerase, but heat-stable DNA endonuclease.
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Hirano A, Vogt PK. Avian sarcoma virus PRCII: conditional mutants temperature sensitive in the maintenance of fibroblast transformation. Virology 1981; 109:193-7. [PMID: 6258308 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mason WS, Yeater C, Bosch JV, Wyke JA, Friis RR. Fourteen temperature-sensitive replication mutants of Rous sarcoma virus. Virology 1979; 99:226-40. [PMID: 92853 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Aaronson SA, Krakower JM, Tronick SR, Stephenson JR. Immunologic approaches toward detection of type C viral expression in man. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1978; 21:S27-45. [PMID: 78714 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780210905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type C RNA viruses have been isolated from a large number of mammalian species. These agents may be horizontally transmitted as infectious cancer-inducing agents, or vertically transmitted from one generation to the next, often in an unexpressed form, within the host genome. To date, the translational products of three viral genes have been identified. With purified virus-coded proteins as probes, sensitive and highly specific radioimmunologic assays have been developed for the detection of antibodies and antigens related to the known type C viruses. These techniques have proved valuable in sero-epidemiologic studies of the horizontally transmitted oncogenic viruses of cats, cattle, and gibbons, and have been used to detect translational products of endogenous viruses in tissues of species from which complete virus has yet to be isolated. This review describes the application of radioimmunoassays in the search for immunologic evidence of type C virus expression in man.
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Alevy MC, Vogt PK. Ts pol mutants of avian sarcoma viruses: mapping and demonstration of single cycle recombinants. Virology 1978; 87:21-33. [PMID: 78573 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Joho RH, Billeter MA, Weissmann C. Concordance of the RNA termini of recombinants from crosses between avian retroviruses with different termini. Virology 1978; 85:364-77. [PMID: 208231 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bauer G, Friis RR, Jilek G, Hofschneider PH. Purification and characterization of particles containing RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, in the allantoic fluid of uninfected leukosis virus-free chicken eggs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 518:125-37. [PMID: 75744 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The allantoic fluid of embryonated chicken eggs regularly contains particle-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, as shown by its reaction with homopolymeric and heteropolymeric RNA and by the characterization of the products. The purification of the particles is described. The purified particles are different from the known avian RNA tumor viruses in their protein composition and their sedimentation constant. They do not exhibit biological properties typical for RNA tumour viruses, such as helper activity, interfering properties or infectivity and do not show endogenous DNA synthesis. The particles are discussed as non-viral elements.
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Weymouth LA, Loeb LA. Infidelity of DNA synthesis by themperature-sensitive DNA polymerases from RNA tumor viruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 478:305-15. [PMID: 199256 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Loeb LA, Sirover MA, Weymouth LA, Dube DK, Seal G, Agarwal SS, Katz E. Infidelity of DNA synthesis as related to mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1977; 2:1297-304. [PMID: 886629 DOI: 10.1080/15287397709529531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An assay system has been developed for measuring the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro by using synthetic polynucleotide templates and purified DNA polymerases. Nearest-neighbor analysis of the synthesized product indicates that noncomplementary nucleotides are incorporated as single base substitutions. The accuracy of DNA synthesis can be decreased by (1) prior alkylation of the template, (2) increasing the relative concentration of incorrect nucleotides, and (3) addition of specific metal salts to the reaction mixture. As an initial evaluation of the utility of this system, the effects of 31 metal salts on the fidelity of DNA synthesis have been determined. The results indicate that potential metal mutagens and/or carcinogens may be detected by measuring alterations in the fidelity of DNA synthesis.
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Mason WS, Yeater C. A mutant of Rous sarcoma virus with a conditional defect in the determinant(s) of viral host range. Virology 1977; 77:443-56. [PMID: 67701 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blair DG. Genetic recombination between avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses. Experimental variables and the frequencies of recombination. Virology 1977; 77:534-44. [PMID: 193252 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ashley RL, Cardiff RD, Manning JS. Characterization of a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in mouse mammary tumor virus. Virology 1977; 77:367-75. [PMID: 65836 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Aaronson SA, Stephenson JR. Endogenous type-C RNA viruses of mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1976; 458:323-54. [PMID: 62589 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(76)90006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blair DG, Mason WS, Hunter E, Vogt PK. Temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma viruses: genetic recombination between multiple or coordinate mutants and avian leukosis viruses. Virology 1976; 75:48-59. [PMID: 185803 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Verma IM, Varmus HE, Hunter E. Characterization of "early" temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma viruses: biological properties, thermolability of reverse transcriptase in vitro, and synthesis of viral DNA in infected cells. Virology 1976; 74:16-29. [PMID: 62445 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Smith RG, Gallo RC. Prospects for biologic and pharmacologic inhibition of ribonucleic acid tumor viruses. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:491-5. [PMID: 60107 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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On the fidelity of DNA replication. Enzyme activities associated with DNA polymerases from RNA tumor viruses. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hunter E, Vogt PK. Temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma viruses. Genetic recombination with wild type sarcoma virus and physiological analysis of multiple mutants. Virology 1976; 69:23-34. [PMID: 174292 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hill M, Hillova J. Genetic transformation of animal cells with viral DNA of RNA tumor viruses. Adv Cancer Res 1976; 23:237-97. [PMID: 58548 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hillova J, Mariage R, Hill M. Infectious DNA coding for a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase of the coordinate LA335 mutant of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Virology 1975; 67:292-6. [PMID: 170738 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Friis RR, Mason WS, Chen YC, Halpern MS. A replication defective mutant of Rous sarcoma virus which fails to make a functional reverse transcriptase. Virology 1975; 64:49-62. [PMID: 46651 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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