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Préhaud C, Lay S, Dietzschold B, Lafon M. Glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a key determinant of human cell apoptosis. J Virol 2003; 77:10537-47. [PMID: 12970438 PMCID: PMC228383 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.19.10537-10547.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/20/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed that, unlike pathogenic rabies virus (RV) strain CVS, attenuated RV strain ERA triggers the caspase-dependent apoptosis of human cells. Furthermore, we observed that the induction of apoptosis is correlated with a particular virus antigen distribution: the overexpression of the viral G protein on the cell surface, with continuous localization on the cytoplasmic membrane, and large cytoplasmic inclusions of the N protein. To determine whether one of these two major RV proteins (G and N proteins) triggers apoptosis, we constructed transgenic Jurkat T-cell lines that drive tetracycline-inducible gene expression to produce the G and N proteins of ERA and CVS individually. The induction of ERA G protein (G-ERA) expression but not of ERA N protein expression resulted in apoptosis, and G-ERA was more efficient at triggering apoptosis than was CVS G protein. To test whether other viral proteins participated in the induction of apoptosis, human cells were infected with recombinant RV in which the G protein gene from the attenuated strain had been replaced by its virulent strain counterpart (CVS). Only RV containing the G protein from the nonpathogenic RV strain was able to trigger the apoptosis of human cells. Thus, the ability of RV strains to induce apoptosis is largely determined by the viral G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Préhaud
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Flanagan EB, Schoeb TR, Wertz GW. Vesicular stomatitis viruses with rearranged genomes have altered invasiveness and neuropathogenesis in mice. J Virol 2003; 77:5740-8. [PMID: 12719567 PMCID: PMC154046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.10.5740-5748.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/20/2003] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of vesicular stomatitis virus is controlled by the position of a gene relative to the single 3' genomic promoter: promoter-proximal genes are transcribed at higher levels than those in more 5' distal positions. In previous work, we generated viruses having rearranged gene orders. These viruses had the promoter-proximal gene that encodes the nucleocapsid protein, N, moved to the second or fourth position in the genome in combination with the glycoprotein gene, G, moved from its usual promoter-distal fourth position to the first or third position. This resulted in three new viruses identified by the positions of the N and G genes in the gene order: G3N4, G1N4, and G1N2. The viruses G3N4 and G1N4 were attenuated for lethality in mice. In the present study, we addressed the basis of this attenuation by measuring the ability of each of the rearranged viruses to travel to and replicate in the olfactory bulb and brain following intranasal inoculation. In addition, the neuropathogenicity, serum cytokine levels, and immunoglobulin G isotype profiles in infected mice were determined. All the viruses reached the olfactory bulb and brain, but the outcomes of these infections were dramatically different. Viruses N1G4(wt) and G1N2 caused lethal encephalitis in 100% of animals within 7 days postinoculation; however, viruses G3N4 and G1N4 were cleared from the brain by 7 days postinoculation and all animals survived without apparent distress. The viruses differed in the distribution and intensity of lesions produced and the type and levels of cytokines induced. Animals inoculated with N1G4(wt) or G1N2 displayed extensive encephalitis and meningitis and had elevated levels of serum gamma interferon compared to what was seen with G3N4- or G1N4-infected mice. In contrast to what occurred with intranasal inoculation, all four viruses caused lethal encephalitis when administered by direct inoculation to the brain, a route that circumvents the majority of the host immune response, demonstrating that G3N4 and G1N4 were not deficient in their abilities to cause disease in the brain. These findings indicate that gene rearrangement and its consequent alteration of gene expression can, without any other changes, alter the viral spread and cytokine response following intranasal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brian Flanagan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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3
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Ito Y. Induction of interferon by virus glycoprotein(s) in lymphoid cells through interaction with the cellular receptors via lectin-like action: an alternative interferon induction mechanism. Arch Virol 1994; 138:187-98. [PMID: 7527998 PMCID: PMC7086744 DOI: 10.1007/bf01379125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1993] [Accepted: 05/25/1994] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
When animals and cells are infected with a virus, interferon is produced. Viral-nucleic acid is considered to be one of actual components for interferon induction. In addition, viral glycoproteins trigger interferon induction in lymphoid cells by membrane-membrane interaction via a lectin-like activity. A biological significance of lectin-like activity of viral glycoproteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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Production of a cellular macromolecular synthesis inhibition factor(s) in gypsy moth cells infected with the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Invertebr Pathol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(91)90146-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Animal viruses modify membrane permeability during lytic infection. There is a co-entry of macromolecules and virion particules during virus penetration and a drastic change in transport and membrane permeability at the late stages of the lytic cycle. Both events are of importance to understand different molecular aspects of viral infection, as virus entry into the cell and the interference of virus infection with cellular metabolism. Other methods of cell permeabilization of potential relevance to understand the mechanism of viral damage of the membrane are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Koblet H. Contributions of molecular biology to diagnosis, pathogenesis and epidemiology of infectious diseases. Introduction. EXPERIENTIA 1987; 43:1185-9. [PMID: 3319666 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Koblet
- Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Yamada A, Tsurudome M, Hishiyama M, Ito Y. Inhibition of host cellular ribonucleic acid synthesis by glycoprotein of mumps virus. Virology 1984; 135:299-307. [PMID: 6740940 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
After infection with mumps virus, cellular ribonucleic acid synthesis of a murine lymphoma cell line, EL4, was appreciably depressed. The inactivation of viral infectivity by ultraviolet irradiation or the treatment of cells with mouse interferon did not abolish the inhibiting effect, suggesting that virus replication is not required for the depressed RNA synthesis. Envelope glycoproteins isolated from disrupted mumps virus caused inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis. The addition of low concentrations of specific antibody enhanced the inhibitory effect, probably through the formation of aggregates of glycoproteins. On the contrary, the glycoproteins showed no effect on RNA synthesis in the presence of cytochalasin D.
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Wilcox DK, Whitaker-Dowling PA, Youngner JS, Widnell CC. Rapid inhibition of pinocytosis in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells following infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1983; 97:1444-51. [PMID: 6195165 PMCID: PMC2112698 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.97.5.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of baby hamster kidney cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) caused a reduced rate of pinocytosis (as judged by the uptake of horseradish peroxidase) after 1 h, and maximum inhibition (60-80%) was observed at 4-6 h. This inhibition occurred 2-3 h before release of virus or changes in cell morphology. Analytical cell fractionation of homogenates of VSV-infected cells indicated that the horseradish peroxidase taken up by pinocytosis was transferred to lysosomes. The inhibition of pinocytosis required viral gene expression: little or no inhibition was detected in cells infected with UV-irradiated virus, wild-type virus in the presence of cycloheximide, or a temperature-sensitive mutant which failed to synthesize viral proteins. When cells were infected with temperature-sensitive viruses with mutations in the five VSV genes, an inhibition of pinocytosis was observed only when the viral transmembrane glycoprotein was present on the surface of the cells.
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Kizaka S, Goodman-Snitkoff G, McSharry JJ. Sendai virus glycoproteins are T cell-dependent B cell mitogens. Infect Immun 1983; 40:592-600. [PMID: 6302000 PMCID: PMC264895 DOI: 10.1128/iai.40.2.592-600.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UV-inactivated Sendai virus is mitogenic for murine splenocytes, whereas infectious Sendai virus kills spleen cells in vitro. The isolated hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins of Sendai virus are also mitogenic for cultured mouse spleen cells. A mixture of these glycoproteins (1 microgram/well) gives maximum stimulation 96 h after culture initiation. Viral proteins remaining insoluble after Triton X-100 extraction are also mitogenic for mouse spleen cells, with maximum stimulation occurring at 72 h after culture initiation with 1 to 5 microgram/well. On the basis of protein concentration, the HN and F glycoproteins are approximately three times more mitogenic than the Triton X-100-insoluble material. The mitogenic response of the HN and F glycoproteins has two components, a T cell-independent B cell proliferation, which is less than one-half of the total stimulation observed, and a T cell-dependent B cell proliferation. In contrast, the Triton X-100-insoluble material is a T cell-dependent B cell mitogen. Purified T lymphocytes do not respond to the mitogenic signal of either HN-F or Triton X-100-insoluble material.
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Schnitzlein WM, O'Banion MK, Poirot MK, Reichmann ME. Effect of intracellular vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA concentration on the inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. J Virol 1983; 45:206-14. [PMID: 6296431 PMCID: PMC256403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.206-214.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of host cellular protein synthesis by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been suggested to be primarily the result of competition for ribosomes between cellular and viral mRNAs (H. F. Lodish and M. Porter, J. Virol., 36:719-733, 1980; Lodish and Porter, J. Virol. 38:504-517, 1981). This hypothesis was investigated by regulating the extent of VSV mRNA synthesis through the use of defective interfering particles. Although intracellular VSV mRNA concentrations decreased by as much as a factor of 14 at high multiplicities of infection of defective interfering particles, the inhibition of host cell protein synthesis by VSV decreased by a maximum of only 10%. The data also indicated that under these conditions the protein-synthesizing capacity of the cells was not exhausted. We concluded that competition for cellular ribosomes could not have been the major factor in the inhibition of host cell protein synthesis by VSV. This conclusion was further supported by inhibition data obtained with VSV mutants. The ts G22 mutant, defective in replication but not in primary transcription, inhibited host protein synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) to the same extent as did wild-type virus, even though it generated only 30 to 50% of the amount of viral mRNA as did wild-type virus. Conversely, in infections with the R1 mutant, which did not inhibit host cell protein synthesis, the amount of total and polysome-bound viral mRNA was indistinguishable from that obtained in infections by wild-type virus.
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12
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Schrom M, Bablanian R. Altered cellular morphology resulting from cytocidal virus infection. Arch Virol 1981; 70:173-87. [PMID: 7034686 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Bablanian R, Coppola G, Scribani S, Esteban M. Inhibition of protein synthesis by vaccinia virus. III. The effect of ultraviolet-irradiated virus on the inhibition of protein synthesis. Virology 1981; 112:1-12. [PMID: 7245613 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Goodman-Snitkoff G, Mannino RJ, McSharry JJ. The glycoprotein isolated from vesicular stomatitis virus is mitogenic for mouse B lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1981; 153:1489-502. [PMID: 6265586 PMCID: PMC2186193 DOI: 10.1084/jem.153.6.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein (G protein) of VSV was purified from the intact virion by Triton X-100 extraction. The isolated G protein has been shown to be a T cell-independent, B lymphocyte mitogen and polyclonal activator. Neither G protein nor the intact virion are stimulatory for murine T lymphocytes. The greater the density of G protein in lipid vesicles or the degree of aggregation of isolated G protein, the more highly stimulatory it is for murine splenocytes. As G protein is spread out in artificial vesicles, it becomes less mitogenic. It is probable that other viral components are also stimulatory since the Triton-insoluble pellet and VSV from which the G protein has been enzymatically removed retain mitogenic activity. To out knowledge, this is the first time a purified viral component has been demonstrated to be lymphocyte mitogen.
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Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a mitogen for mouse spleen cells, and infectious virus is not required for mitogenesis. At concentrations between 10 and 100 microgram per culture, VSV stimulated DNA synthesis and blast transformation. Maximal activation by VSV occurred 48 h after culture initiation. Spleen cells depleted of T-lymphocytes by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 and complement and those obtained from congenitally athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice were activated by VSV, suggesting that VSV is a B-cell mitogen. Activation of spleen cells was independent of the host in which the virus was grown, since VSV grown in BHK-21, HKCC, or MDBK cells was mitogenic. The mitogenesis was specific for VSV, since MDBK cell-grown WSN influenza virus was not a mitogen in this in vitro activation system, VSV-specific antibody prevented VSV mitogenesis, and VSV was mitogenic for spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice which were resistant to mitogenesis by endotoxin.
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Cerutti M, Devauchelle G. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in cells infected with an invertebrate virus (iridovirus type 6 or CIV). Arch Virol 1980; 63:297-303. [PMID: 7356399 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chilo Iridescent Virus (CIV), an invertebrate virus, rapidly inhibits cellular RNA, DNA and protein synthesis in permissive and non permissive vertebrate and invertebrate cell lines. The integrity of the viral genome is not required for inhibitory expression, since viral proteins solubilized from CIV by freezing and treatment with EDTA exhibit inhibitory properties similar to those of intact virions.
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Miller DK, Feuer BI, Vanderoef R, Lenard J. Reconstituted G protein-lipid vesicles from vesicular stomatitis virus and their inhibition of VSV infection. J Cell Biol 1980; 84:421-9. [PMID: 6247354 PMCID: PMC2110555 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.84.2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The single glycoprotein (G) of vesiclar stomatitis virus (VSV) was isolated in nearly quantitative yield by extraction of the purified virions with 0.05 M octyl-beta-D- glucoside (OG) in 0.01 M sodium phosphate, pH 8.0. The extract contained essentially all of the viral phospholipids and glycolipids, and was free of other essentially all of the viral phospholipids and glycolipids, and was free of other viral proteins. Dialysis to remove OG resulted in the formation of G protein-viral lipid vesicles having a lipid-G protein ratio similar to that of the intact virions. The vesicles were 250-1,000 A in diameter, with a "fuzzy" external layer also similar to that of intact virions. The vesicles were predominantly unilamellar and sealed, with both phosphatidyl ethanolamine and gangliosides symmetrically distributed in the bilayer. G protein was asymmetrically oriented, with about 80 percent accessible to exogenous protease. Addition of soybean phospholipid to the viral extract before dialysis resulted in vesicles that incorporated viral proteins and lipids quantitatively, but that were markedly decreased in buoyant density. The G neutralized protein-lipid vesicles were effective in eliciting specific anti-G antibodies that neutralized viral infectivity. Competitive radioimmunoassay showed that both reconstituted vesicles and a soluble form of G protein (Gs) were indistinguishable from purified VSV in their antibody binding properties. Addition of G protein-lipid vesicles of BHK-21 cells before, or simultaneously with, infection by VSV inhibited viral infectivity, as measured by two independent techniques (viral RNA production in the presence of actinomycin D and a neutral red assay of cell viability). The total inhibitory activity of G protein in the vesicular form was, however, less than 5 percent of that found for intact virus particles that have been inactivated by ultraviolet light irradiation. Gs was inactive as an inhibitor as determined by the RNA production assay.
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Wyers F, Richard-Molard C, Blondel D, Dezelee S. Vesicular stomatitis virus growth in Drosophila melanogaster cells: G protein deficiency. J Virol 1980; 33:411-22. [PMID: 6245242 PMCID: PMC288557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.33.1.411-422.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) established a persistent, noncytopathic infection. No inhibition of host protein synthesis occurred even though all cells were initially infected. No defective interfering particles were detected, which would explain the establishment of the carrier state. In studies of the time course of viral protein synthesis in Drosophila cells, N, NS, and M viral polypeptides were readily detected within 1 h of infection. The yield of G protein and one of its precursors; G1, was very low at any time of the virus cycle; the released viruses always contained four to five times less G than those produced by chicken embryo cells, whatever the VSV strain or serotype used for infection and whatever the Drosophila cell line used as host. Actinomycin D added to the cells before infection enhanced VSV growth up to eight times. G and G1 synthesis increased much more than that of the other viral proteins when the cells were pretreated with the drug; nevertheless, the released viruses exhibited the same deficiency in G protein as the VSV released from untreated cells. Host cell control on both G-protein maturation process and synthesis at traduction level is discussed in relation to G biological properties.
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McSharry JJ, Caliguiri LA, Eggers HJ. Inhibition of uncoating of poliovirus by arildone, a new antiviral drug. Virology 1979; 97:307-15. [PMID: 224584 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Reichmann ME, Schnitzlein WM. Defective interfering particles of rhabdoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1979; 86:123-68. [PMID: 387344 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67341-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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McSharry JJ, Ledda CA, Freiman HJ, Choppin PW. Biological properties of the VSV glycoprotein. II. Effects of the host cell and of the glycoprotein carbohydrate composition on hemagglutination. Virology 1978; 84:183-8. [PMID: 202076 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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