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Ye J, Zhang J, Ding W. DNA methylation modulates epigenetic regulation in colorectal cancer diagnosis, prognosis and precision medicine. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:34-53. [PMID: 38464391 PMCID: PMC10918240 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifaceted disease influenced by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The clinical heterogeneity of CRC cannot be attributed exclusively to genetic diversity and environmental exposures, and epigenetic markers, especially DNA methylation, play a critical role as key molecular markers of cancer. This review compiles a comprehensive body of evidence underscoring the significant involvement of DNA methylation modifications in the pathogenesis of CRC. Moreover, this review explores the potential utility of DNA methylation in cancer diagnosis, prognostics, assessment of disease activity, and prediction of drug responses. Recognizing the impact of DNA methylation will enhance the ability to identify distinct CRC subtypes, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies and advancing precision medicine in the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian 223800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weifeng Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Arumugam T, Ramphal U, Adimulam T, Chinniah R, Ramsuran V. Deciphering DNA Methylation in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:795121. [PMID: 34925380 PMCID: PMC8674454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With approximately 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, and a further 1.5 million new global infections per year, it is imperative that we advance our understanding of all factors contributing to HIV infection. While most studies have focused on the influence of host genetic factors on HIV pathogenesis, epigenetic factors are gaining attention. Epigenetics involves alterations in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism that influences both viral and host factors. This review has five focal points, which examines (i) fluctuations in the expression of methylation modifying factors upon HIV infection (ii) the effect of DNA methylation on HIV viral genes and (iii) host genome (iv) inferences from other infectious and non-communicable diseases, we provide a list of HIV-associated host genes that are regulated by methylation in other disease models (v) the potential of DNA methylation as an epi-therapeutic strategy and biomarker. DNA methylation has also been shown to serve as a robust therapeutic strategy and precision medicine biomarker against diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. Despite new drugs being discovered for HIV, drug resistance is a problem in high disease burden settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, genetic therapies that are under investigation are irreversible and may have off target effects. Alternative therapies that are nongenetic are essential. In this review, we discuss the potential role of DNA methylation as a novel therapeutic intervention against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Upasana Ramphal
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Theolan Adimulam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Romona Chinniah
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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3
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Yukl SA, Kaiser P, Kim P, Telwatte S, Joshi SK, Vu M, Lampiris H, Wong JK. HIV latency in isolated patient CD4 + T cells may be due to blocks in HIV transcriptional elongation, completion, and splicing. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/430/eaap9927. [PMID: 29491188 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap9927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Latently infected CD4+ T cells are the main barrier to complete clearance of HIV infection, but it is unclear what mechanisms govern latent HIV infection in vivo. To address this question, we developed a new panel of reverse transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) assays specific for different HIV transcripts that define distinct blocks to transcription. We applied this panel of assays to CD4+ T cells freshly isolated from HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) to quantify the degree to which different mechanisms inhibit HIV transcription. In addition, we measured the degree to which these transcriptional blocks could be reversed ex vivo by T cell activation (using anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies) or latency-reversing agents. We found that the main reversible block to HIV RNA transcription was not inhibition of transcriptional initiation but rather a series of blocks to proximal elongation, distal transcription/polyadenylation (completion), and multiple splicing. Cell dilution experiments suggested that these mechanisms operated in most of the HIV-infected CD4+ T cells examined. Latency-reversing agents exerted differential effects on the three blocks to HIV transcription, suggesting that these blocks may be governed by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Philipp Kaiser
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Peggy Kim
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Mai Vu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Harry Lampiris
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Joseph K Wong
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, 111W, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Alinejad-Rokny H, Anwar F, Waters SA, Davenport MP, Ebrahimi D. Source of CpG Depletion in the HIV-1 Genome. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:3205-3212. [PMID: 27682824 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dinucleotide CpG is highly underrepresented in the genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To identify the source of CpG depletion in the HIV-1 genome, we investigated two biological mechanisms: (1) CpG methylation-induced transcriptional silencing and (2) CpG recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We hypothesized that HIV-1 has been under selective evolutionary pressure by these mechanisms leading to the reduction of CpG in its genome. A CpG depleted genome would enable HIV-1 to avoid methylation-induced transcriptional silencing and/or to avoid recognition by TLRs that identify foreign CpG sequences. We investigated these two hypotheses by determining the sequence context dependency of CpG depletion and comparing it with that of CpG methylation and TLR recognition. We found that in both human and HIV-1 genomes the CpG motifs flanked by T/A were depleted most and those flanked by C/G were depleted least. Similarly, our analyses of human methylome data revealed that the CpG motifs flanked by T/A were methylated most and those flanked by C/G were methylated least. Given that a similar CpG depletion pattern was observed for the human genome within which CpGs are not likely to be recognized by TLRs, we argue that the main source of CpG depletion in HIV-1 is likely host-induced methylation. Analyses of CpG motifs in over 100 viruses revealed that this unique CpG representation pattern is specific to the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alinejad-Rokny
- Infection Analytics, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Systems Biology and Genomics Lab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Infection Analytics, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Infection Analytics, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diako Ebrahimi
- Infection Analytics, Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia .,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics; Masonic Cancer Center; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, MN
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Chávez L, Kauder S, Verdin E. In vivo, in vitro, and in silico analysis of methylation of the HIV-1 provirus. Methods 2011; 53:47-53. [PMID: 20670606 PMCID: PMC3566233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 latency is a barrier to overcome in the effort to fully eradicate the virus from infected individuals using highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Therefore, the study of the mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency are vital to achieving a cure. Transcriptional repression of the viral promoter is the major cause of HIV-1 latency. DNA methylation of genomic regions known as CpG islands (CpGIs) is a well-established transcriptional regulatory mechanism, and the HIV-1 provirus contains several conserved CpGIs including two that are located within the viral promoter region. The study of these CpGIs in both in vitro and in vivo models of HIV-1 latency using the technique of bisulfite-mediated methylcytosine mapping has led to their identification as factors that contribute to the maintenance of HIV-1 latency. Here, we discuss the identification of CpGIs within the HIV-1 provirus and the study of their differential methylation patterns in several HIV-1 latency models using bisulfite-mediated methylcytosine mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Chávez
- Gladstone Institute of Virology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158-2261
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158-2261
| | - Steven Kauder
- Gladstone Institute of Virology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158-2261
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158-2261
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158-2261
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94158-2261
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Yukl SA, Gianella S, Sinclair E, Epling L, Li Q, Duan L, Choi ALM, Girling V, Ho T, Li P, Fujimoto K, Lampiris H, Hare CB, Pandori M, Haase AT, Günthard HF, Fischer M, Shergill AK, McQuaid K, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Differences in HIV burden and immune activation within the gut of HIV-positive patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:1553-61. [PMID: 20939732 DOI: 10.1086/656722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut is a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that distinct immune environments within the gut may support varying levels of HIV. METHODS In 8 HIV-1-positive adults who were receiving ART and had CD4(+) T cell counts of >200 cells/μL and plasma viral loads of <40 copies/mL, levels of HIV and T cell activation were measured in blood samples and endoscopic biopsy specimens from the duodenum, ileum, ascending colon, and rectum. RESULTS HIV DNA and RNA levels per CD4(+) T cell were higher in all 4 gut sites compared with those in the blood. HIV DNA levels increased from the duodenum to the rectum, whereas the median HIV RNA level peaked in the ileum. HIV DNA levels correlated positively with T cell activation markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but negatively with T cell activation markers in the gut. Multiply spliced RNA was infrequently detected in gut, and ratios of unspliced RNA to DNA were lower in the colon and rectum than in PBMCs, which reflects paradoxically low HIV transcription, given the higher level of T cell activation in the gut. CONCLUSIONS HIV DNA and RNA are both concentrated in the gut, but the inverse relationship between HIV DNA levels and T cell activation in the gut and the paradoxically low levels of HIV expression in the large bowel suggest that different processes drive HIV persistence in the blood and gut. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00884793 (PLUS1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Shah S, Nonnemacher MR, Pirrone V, Wigdahl B. Innate and adaptive factors regulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:278-93. [PMID: 20387125 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, antiretroviral therapy targeting the viral entry process, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease, has prolonged the lives of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, despite the development of more effective therapeutic strategies, reservoirs of viral infection remain. This review discusses molecular mechanisms surrounding the development of latency from the site of integration to pre- and post-integration maintenance of latency, including epigenetic factors. In addition, an overview of innate and adaptive cells important to HIV-1 infection are examined from the viewpoint of cytokines released and cytokines that act on these cells to explore an overall understanding of HIV-1 proviral genome activation. Finally, this review is discussed from the viewpoint of how an understanding of the interplay of all of these factors will help guide the next generation of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Kilareski EM, Shah S, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Regulation of HIV-1 transcription in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Retrovirology 2009; 6:118. [PMID: 20030845 PMCID: PMC2805609 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been shown to replicate productively in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, although replication occurs to a lesser extent than in infected T cells. As cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage become differentiated and activated and subsequently travel to a variety of end organs, they become a source of infectious virus and secreted viral proteins and cellular products that likely initiate pathological consequences in a number of organ systems. During this process, alterations in a number of signaling pathways, including the level and functional properties of many cellular transcription factors, alter the course of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed gene expression. This process ultimately results in events that contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. First, increased transcription leads to the upregulation of infectious virus production, and the increased production of viral proteins (gp120, Tat, Nef, and Vpr), which have additional activities as extracellular proteins. Increased viral production and the presence of toxic proteins lead to enhanced deregulation of cellular functions increasing the production of toxic cellular proteins and metabolites and the resulting organ-specific pathologic consequences such as neuroAIDS. This article reviews the structural and functional features of the cis-acting elements upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site in the retroviral LTR. It also includes a discussion of the regulation of the retroviral LTR in the monocyte-macrophage lineage during virus infection of the bone marrow, the peripheral blood, the lymphoid tissues, and end organs such as the brain. The impact of genetic variation on LTR-directed transcription during the course of retrovirus disease is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Kilareski
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
| | - Sonia Shah
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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Colin L, Van Lint C. Molecular control of HIV-1 postintegration latency: implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Retrovirology 2009; 6:111. [PMID: 19961595 PMCID: PMC2797771 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoirs represents a major barrier to virus eradication in infected patients under HAART since interruption of the treatment inevitably leads to a rebound of plasma viremia. Latency establishes early after infection notably (but not only) in resting memory CD4+ T cells and involves numerous host and viral trans-acting proteins, as well as processes such as transcriptional interference, RNA silencing, epigenetic modifications and chromatin organization. In order to eliminate latent reservoirs, new strategies are envisaged and consist of reactivating HIV-1 transcription in latently-infected cells, while maintaining HAART in order to prevent de novo infection. The difficulty lies in the fact that a single residual latently-infected cell can in theory rekindle the infection. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency and in the transcriptional reactivation from latency. We highlight the potential of new therapeutic strategies based on this understanding of latency. Combinations of various compounds used simultaneously allow for the targeting of transcriptional repression at multiple levels and can facilitate the escape from latency and the clearance of viral reservoirs. We describe the current advantages and limitations of immune T-cell activators, inducers of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibitors of deacetylases and histone- and DNA- methyltransferases, used alone or in combinations. While a solution will not be achieved by tomorrow, the battle against HIV-1 latent reservoirs is well- underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Colin
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
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Loss of the Brm-type SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a strong barrier to the Tat-independent transcriptional elongation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcripts. J Virol 2009; 83:11569-80. [PMID: 19726504 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00742-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the epigenetic regulation of Tat-independent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription following proviral integration, we constructed an HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-based replication-defective viral vector that expresses a reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) product from its intact long terminal repeat (LTR). We transduced this construct into human tumor cell lines that were either deficient in or competent for the Brm-type SWI/SNF complex. One day after transduction, single cells that expressed GFP were sorted, and the GFP expression profiles originating from each of these clones were analyzed. Unlike clones of the SWI/SNF-competent cell line, which exhibited clear unimodal expression patterns in all cases, many clones originating from Brm-deficient cell lines either showed a broad-range distribution of GFP expression or were fully silenced. The resorting of GFP-negative populations of these isolated clones showed that GFP silencing is either reversible or irreversible depending upon the proviral integration sites. We further observed that even in these silenced clones, proviral gene transcription initiates to accumulate short transcripts of around 60 bases in length, but no elongation occurs. We found that this termination is caused by tightly closed nucleosome-1 (nuc-1) at the 5' LTR. Also, nuc-1 is remodeled by exogenous Brm in some integrants. From these results, we propose that Brm is required for the occasional transcriptional elongation of the HIV-1 provirus in the absence of Tat. Since the Brm-type SWI/SNF complex is expressed at marginal levels in resting CD4+ T cells and is drastically induced upon CD4+ T-cell activation, we speculate that it plays crucial roles in the early Tat-independent phase of HIV transcription in affected patients.
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Blazkova J, Trejbalova K, Gondois-Rey F, Halfon P, Philibert P, Guiguen A, Verdin E, Olive D, Van Lint C, Hejnar J, Hirsch I. CpG methylation controls reactivation of HIV from latency. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000554. [PMID: 19696893 PMCID: PMC2722084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation of retroviral promoters and enhancers localized in the provirus 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) is considered to be a mechanism of transcriptional suppression that allows retroviruses to evade host immune responses and antiretroviral drugs. However, the role of DNA methylation in the control of HIV-1 latency has never been unambiguously demonstrated, in contrast to the apparent importance of transcriptional interference and chromatin structure, and has never been studied in HIV-1-infected patients. Here, we show in an in vitro model of reactivable latency and in a latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected patients that CpG methylation of the HIV-1 5' LTR is an additional epigenetic restriction mechanism, which controls resistance of latent HIV-1 to reactivation signals and thus determines the stability of the HIV-1 latency. CpG methylation acts as a late event during establishment of HIV-1 latency and is not required for the initial provirus silencing. Indeed, the latent reservoir of some aviremic patients contained high proportions of the non-methylated 5' LTR. The latency controlled solely by transcriptional interference and by chromatin-dependent mechanisms in the absence of significant promoter DNA methylation tends to be leaky and easily reactivable. In the latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected individuals without detectable plasma viremia, we found HIV-1 promoters and enhancers to be hypermethylated and resistant to reactivation, as opposed to the hypomethylated 5' LTR in viremic patients. However, even dense methylation of the HIV-1 5'LTR did not confer complete resistance to reactivation of latent HIV-1 with some histone deacetylase inhibitors, protein kinase C agonists, TNF-alpha, and their combinations with 5-aza-2deoxycytidine: the densely methylated HIV-1 promoter was most efficiently reactivated in virtual absence of T cell activation by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. Tight but incomplete control of HIV-1 latency by CpG methylation might have important implications for strategies aimed at eradicating HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blazkova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Katerina Trejbalova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Françoise Gondois-Rey
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Halfon
- Department of Virology, Alphabio Laboratory, Marseilles, France
| | - Patrick Philibert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Marseilles, France
| | - Allan Guiguen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Olive
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jiri Hejnar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Université Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Ishida T, Hamano A, Koiwa T, Watanabe T. 5' long terminal repeat (LTR)-selective methylation of latently infected HIV-1 provirus that is demethylated by reactivation signals. Retrovirology 2006; 3:69. [PMID: 17034647 PMCID: PMC1617119 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described selective hypermethylation of the 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR) of HTLV-1 provirus in vivo and in vitro. This prompted us to analyze CpG methylation of the two LTRs of the HIV provirus in chronically infected cell lines. The results demonstrate selective hypermethylation of the 5' LTR of the HIV provirus in ACH-2 cells. Moreover, induction of viral gene expression by TNF-alpha resulted in demethylation of the 5'-LTR. These results suggest that selective epigenetic modification of the 5'LTR of the HIV-1 provirus may be an important mechanism by which proviral activity is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Ishida
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8639, Japan
| | - Akiko Hamano
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8639, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Koiwa
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8639, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8639, Japan
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Pion M, Jordan A, Biancotto A, Dequiedt F, Gondois-Rey F, Rondeau S, Vigne R, Hejnar J, Verdin E, Hirsch I. Transcriptional suppression of in vitro-integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 does not correlate with proviral DNA methylation. J Virol 2003; 77:4025-32. [PMID: 12634362 PMCID: PMC150653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4025-4032.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) constitutes a major obstacle in the control of HIV-1 infection. Here we investigated whether the CpG methylation of the HIV-1 promoter can directly influence the expression of the HIV-1 genome and thereby contribute to the persistence and latency of HIV-1. The levels of CpG methylation in the promoter of HIV-1 were studied after bisulfite-induced modification of DNA in five Jurkat clonal cell lines transduced by an HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven retroviral vector and expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) and in primary resting memory T cells challenged with HIV-1 or with an HIV-1-derived retroviral vector. Basal HIV-1 promoter activities were low or undetectable in three tested HIV-1 LTR-GFP clones, one of which encoded the Tat protein, and they reached medium or high levels in two other clones. The CpG dinucleotide that occurred in a latently infected clonal cell line 240 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start remained methylated after reactivation of HIV-1 transcription with 10 nM phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. In two clones showing a medium promoter activity and in resting memory T cells, the HIV-1 LTR was generally not methylated. Our results show that the methylation profiles of the HIV-1 LTR, including those present in latently infected cells, are low and do not correlate with the transcriptional activity. We suggest that, in a noncloned cellular population in which the HIV-1 proviruses are randomly integrated in the human genome, HIV-1 latency is imperfectly controlled by CpG methylation and is inherently accompanied by residual replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Pion
- INSERM U372, Unité de Pathogénie des Infections à Lentivirus, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13276 Marseille, France
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14
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Guan M, Tudor G, Yang JY, Henderson EE. Structure and origin of HIV type 1 DNA in persistently infected B lymphoblastoid cell lines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:751-7. [PMID: 9171219 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can coinfect resting B cells, leading to EBV-carrying lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) persistently infected with HIV-1. LCLs established from coinfected peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) differed from LCLs derived from HIV-1-infected cell lines, in that the majority if not all of the cells expressed gp120 and a high percentage produced infectious HIV-1 after continuous passage for 6-9 months. Restriction analysis of the putative HIV-1 provirus revealed that persistently infected LCLs carried variable copies of primarily unintegrated circular and/or linear forms of HIV-1 DNA. This extrachromosomal location is strikingly different from that of the one to three copies of integrated proviral DNA deleted in persistently infected T cell and monocytic cell lines. Anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) inhibited HIV-1 expression and reduced HIV-1 DNA copy number in persistently infected LCLs, supporting the hypothesis that unintegrated HIV-1 DNA accumulates primarily as a result of superinfection. We propose that the extrachromosomal location of the HIV-1 DNA contributes to the semipermissive nature of B cell infection by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Kameoka M, Kimura T, Okada Y, Fujinaga K, Nakaya T, Takahashi H, Kishi M, Ikuta K. High susceptibility of U937-derived subclones to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection correlates with accumulation of unintegrated circular viral DNA. Virus Genes 1996; 12:117-29. [PMID: 8879128 DOI: 10.1007/bf00572950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our previous report showed that U937-derived subclones were differentiated into at least three types (high, middle, and low types), even in the subclones expressing similar levels of surface CD4, in terms of the kinetics of the appearance of viral antigens and virus production after infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we showed the evidence that high susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, which was confirmed by the profound expression of viral messages and antigens, was exclusively associated with a high number of the unintegrated extrachromosomal form of viral DNA, but not with the amounts of adsorbed virus RNA nor those of integrated DNA form. The difference in the amounts of extrachromosomal form of viral DNA was also observed in the culture with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), indicating that the susceptibility is essentially unrelated to multiple infection events. Thus, the susceptibility of U937-derived subclones to HIV-1 infection seems to be affected by the occurrence of specific events involved in the accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA after viral adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kameoka
- Section of Serology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kameoka M, Kimura T, Okada Y, Nakaya T, Kishi M, Ikuta K. High susceptibility of U937-derived subclones to infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is correlated with virus-induced cell differentiation and superoxide generation. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 30:89-101. [PMID: 7591717 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(95)00012-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The promonocytic human leukemic cell line U937, when infected with lymphotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), becomes a continuous virus producer. A total of 46 U937-derived subclones in suspension was isolated and classified into three (2 high, 42 middle, and 2 low) types based on their susceptibility to the infection. By analyzing subclones before infection, we found that the high-type subclones expressed LFA-1 antigens at a relatively low level. In addition, the ability of these subclones to induce adherence after exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was reduced. In contrast, a transition by HIV-1 infection to adherent macrophage-like cells was induced only in the high-type, but not in the low-type subclones. The high-type adherent cells obtained by HIV-1 infection were followed by further lineage to become retrodifferentiated suspension cells showing reduced syncytia formation ability. Superoxide was generated in the high-type subclones, without PMA-mediated differentiation, from the early stage of infection before HIV-1 replication, as well as during undifferentiated, differentiated and retrodifferentiated stages. In contrast, it was only transiently generated at acute phase of HIV-1 replication in low-type subclones. Long-term culture of the low-type subclones decreased the expression of major structural viral protein Gag and also virus production. Thus, the mechanism by which PMA differentiates U937 cells is not the same as that induced by HIV-1 infection. The latter mechanism results in high susceptibility to infection. The HIV-1 phenotypes of finally obtained persistently infected cells were also affected by the cell stages at the time of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kameoka
- Institute of Immunological Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Garcia JA, Gaynor RB. The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 long terminal repeat and its role in gene expression. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 49:157-96. [PMID: 7863006 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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Kishi M, Nishino Y, Ohki K, Kimura T, Ikuta K. Persistently human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected T cell clone expressing only doubly spliced mRNA exhibits reduced cell surface CD4 expression. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993; 84:153-62. [PMID: 8463132 PMCID: PMC5919124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1993.tb02849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cell clones possessing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome, consisting of an almost full-length DNA sequence, were isolated by limiting dilution of the clonal cell line M10 derived from MT-4 that survived infection with HIV-1 vpr mutant (M10/vpr-). One of the isolated clones (termed Vpr-1) expressed only doubly spliced mRNA, but not unspliced or singly spliced mRNA. Western blots of Vpr-1 revealed the presence of the nef translation product, although no expression of major structural genes such as gag, pol, and env was detected by indirect immunofluorescence and assay of reverse transcriptase activity. These HIV-1 phenotypes differed greatly from those of the original M10/vpr-, most of which expressed major structural HIV-1 proteins. Despite undetectable levels of env expression in Vpr-1, CD4 antigens were greatly down-modulated on the surface without alteration of steady-state levels of CD4 mRNA expression, similar to M10/vpr-. These HIV-1 phenotypes in Vpr-1 did not change after the treatment of the cells with both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and phytohemagglutinin. Therefore, the abnormal HIV-1 life cycle in Vpr-1 seems to be due to some viral factor(s), as well as cellular factors. Thus, Vpr-1 could be a useful model for understanding one HIV-1 latent form.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kishi
- Section of Serology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
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