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Gupta P, Sághy T, Bollmann M, Jin T, Ohlsson C, Carlsten H, Corciulo C, Engdahl C. Local Immune Activation and Age Impact on Humoral Immunity in Mice, with a Focus on IgG Sialylation. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:479. [PMID: 38793730 PMCID: PMC11125885 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Age alters the host's susceptibility to immune induction. Humoral immunity with circulating antibodies, particularly immunoglobulin G (IgG), plays an essential role in immune response. IgG glycosylation in the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region, including sialylation, is important in regulating the effector function by interacting with Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs). Glycosylation is fundamentally changed with age and inflammatory responses. We aimed to explore the regulation of humoral immunity by comparing responses to antigen-induced immune challenges in young and adult mice using a local antigen-induced arthritis mouse model. This study examines the differences in immune response between healthy and immune-challenged states across these groups. Our initial assessment of the arthritis model indicated that adult mice presented more severe knee swelling than their younger counterparts. In contrast, we found that neither histological assessment, bone mineral density, nor the number of osteoclasts differs. Our data revealed an age-associated but not immune challenge increase in total IgG; the only subtype affected by immune challenge was IgG1 and partially IgG3. Interestingly, the sialylation of IgG2b and IgG3 is affected by age and immune challenges but not stimulated further by immune challenges in adult mice. This suggests a shift in IgG towards a pro-inflammatory and potentially pathogenic state with age and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (T.S.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (H.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tibor Sághy
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (T.S.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (H.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miriam Bollmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (T.S.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (H.C.)
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (T.S.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (H.C.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Hans Carlsten
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (T.S.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (H.C.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (T.S.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (H.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gupta P, Hu Z, Kopparapu PK, Deshmukh M, Sághy T, Mohammad M, Jin T, Engdahl C. The impact of TLR2 and aging on the humoral immune response to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8850. [PMID: 37258615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging alters immunoglobulin production, affecting the humoral immune response. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) which causes bacteremia with high mortality in the elderly. To understand how TLR2 and aging affect the humoral immune response in bacteremia, four groups of mice (wild type-young, wild type-old, TLR2-/--young, and TLR2-/--old) were used to analyze immunoglobulin levels in healthy conditions as well as 10 days after intravenous injection with S. aureus. We found that aging increased the levels of both IgM and IgG. Increased IgG in aged mice was controlled by TLR2. In bacteremia infection, aged mice failed to mount proper IgM response in both wild-type (WT) and TLR2-/- mice, whereas IgG response was impaired in both aged and TLR2-/- mice. Aged mice displayed reduced IgG1 and IgG2a response irrespective of TLR2 expression. However, impaired IgG2b response was only found in aged WT mice and not in TLR2-/- mice. Both aging and TLR2-/- increased the levels of anti-staphylococcal IgM in bacteremia. Aging increased sialylated IgG in WT mice but not in TLR2-/- mice. IgG sialylation was not affected by the infection in neither of the mice. In summary, aging increases all immunoglobulins except IgG1. However, aged mice fail to mount a proper antibody response to S. aureus bacteremia. TLR2 plays the regulatory role in IgG but not IgM response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pradeep Kumar Kopparapu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Meghshree Deshmukh
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tibor Sághy
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Cardiac troponin T and autoimmunity in skeletal muscle aging. GeroScience 2022; 44:2025-2045. [PMID: 35034279 PMCID: PMC9616986 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related muscle mass and strength decline (sarcopenia) impairs the performance of daily living activities and can lead to mobility disability/limitation in older adults. Biological pathways in muscle that lead to mobility problems have not been fully elucidated. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) infiltration in muscle is a known marker of increased fiber membrane permeability and damage vulnerability, but whether this translates to impaired function is unknown. Here, we report that IgG1 and IgG4 are abundantly present in the skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) of ~ 50% (11 out of 23) of older adults (> 65 years) examined. Skeletal muscle IgG1 was inversely correlated with physical performance (400 m walk time: r = 0.74, p = 0.005; SPPB score: r = - 0.73, p = 0.006) and muscle strength (r = - 0.6, p = 0.05). In a murine model, IgG was found to be higher in both muscle and blood of older, versus younger, C57BL/6 mice. Older mice with a higher level of muscle IgG had lower motor activity. IgG in mouse muscle co-localized with cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and markers of complement activation and apoptosis/necroptosis. Skeletal muscle-inducible cTnT knockin mice also showed elevated IgG in muscle and an accelerated muscle degeneration and motor activity decline with age. Most importantly, anti-cTnT autoantibodies were detected in the blood of cTnT knockin mice, old mice, and older humans. Our findings suggest a novel cTnT-mediated autoimmune response may be an indicator of sarcopenia.
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Khan SR, Chaker L, Ikram MA, Peeters RP, van Hagen PM, Dalm VASH. Determinants and Reference Ranges of Serum Immunoglobulins in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals: a Population-Based Study. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1902-1914. [PMID: 34505230 PMCID: PMC8604889 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In clinical practice, currently one reference range for serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, G, and M is applied to all adults, although various factors may influence Ig serum levels. Population-based data on determinants of IgA, IgG, and IgM and recommendations for subgroup specific reference ranges are lacking. We aimed to provide an overview of determinants of IgA, IgG, and IgM in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly individuals and explore determinants that influence Ig reference ranges. Methods Within the Rotterdam Study, we performed linear regression analyses for the association of demographic, lifestyle, and cardiovascular factors with serum IgA, IgG, and IgM. We furthermore calculated Ig reference ranges (based on percentiles), both overall and within relevant subgroups. Results We included 8768 participants (median age 62 years). IgA and IgG increased non-linearly with higher age (P < .0001 for both). Women had lower IgA (beta: − 0.24; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: − 0.29; − 0.20) and IgG (beta: − 0.33; 95% CI: − 0.44; − 0.23), but higher IgM levels (beta: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04;0.13) than men. Former and particularly current smoking were associated with lower IgA and IgG (betas between − 0.07 and − 1.03). Higher alcohol consumption was associated with lower IgG (beta for heavy drinking: − 0.70; 95% CI: − 0.91; − 0.48). Corticosteroid use was associated with lower IgG (beta: − 1.12; 95% CI: − 1.58; − 0.66). Associations with cardiovascular factors were heterogeneous and differed between sexes. Conclusion Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, corticosteroid use, and cardiovascular factors are determinants that should be considered when interpreting serum Ig levels in middle-aged and elderly individuals and may require adjusted reference ranges. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-021-01120-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Raza Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Patrick Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petrus Martinus van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Virgil Alain Silvester Hovestadt Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Barton JC, Barton JC, Bertoli LF, Acton RT. Factors associated with IgG levels in adults with IgG subclass deficiency. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:53. [PMID: 34372773 PMCID: PMC8353875 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Factors associated with IgG levels in adults with IgG subclass deficiency (IgGSD) are incompletely understood. We studied adults with IgGSD with subnormal IgG1 only, subnormal IgG1/IgG3, or subnormal IgG3 only without other subnormal IgG subclasses, IgA, or IgM. We compiled: age; sex; autoimmune condition(s) (AC); atopy; IgG, IgG subclasses, IgA, IgM; IgGsum (IgG1 + IgG2 + IgG3 + IgG4); and D (percentage difference between IgGsum and IgG). We compared attributes of patients with/without subnormal IgG (< 7.00 g/L; subnormal IgG1 subclass groups only) and analyzed IgGsum and IgG relationships. We performed backward stepwise regressions on IgG using independent variables IgG subclasses, age, and sex and on D using independent variables age and sex. Results There were 39 patients with subnormal IgG1 only (89.7% women), 53 with subnormal IgG1/IgG3 (88.7% women), and 115 with subnormal IgG3 only (91.3% women). Fifteen patients (38.5%) and 32 patients (60.4%) in the respective subnormal IgG1 subclass groups had subnormal IgG. Attributes of patients with/without IgG < 7.00 g/L were similar, except that AC prevalence was lower in patients with subnormal IgG1 only and IgG < 7.00 g/L than ≥ 7.00 g/L (p = 0.0484). Mean/median IgG1 and IgG2 were significantly lower in patients with IgG < 7.00 g/L in both subnormal IgG1 subclass groups (p < 0.0001, all comparisons). Regressions on IgG in three subclass groups revealed positive associations with IgG1 and IgG2 (p < 0.0001 each association). Regressions on D revealed no significant association. IgG1 percentages of IgGsum were lower and IgG2 percentages were higher in patients with subnormal IgG1 subclass levels than subnormal IgG3 only (p < 0.0001 all comparisons). Conclusions We conclude that both IgG1 and IgG2 are major determinants of IgG in patients with subnormal IgG1, combined subnormal IgG1/IgG3, or subnormal IgG3 and that in patients with subnormal IgG1 or combined subnormal IgG1/IgG3, median IgG2 levels are significantly lower in those with IgG < 7.00 g/L than those with IgG ≥ 7.00 g/L. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00447-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Barton
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brookwood Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Luigi F Bertoli
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brookwood Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ronald T Acton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama At Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Khan SR, van der Burgh AC, Peeters RP, van Hagen PM, Dalm VASH, Chaker L. Determinants of Serum Immunoglobulin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664526. [PMID: 33897714 PMCID: PMC8058410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An up-to-date overview of determinants of serum immunoglobulins in adults is pivotal for clinical practice and research, but currently lacking. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify determinants of serum immunoglobulin levels. Methods Embase, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to July 11th, 2019 for articles reporting on determinants of serum immunoglobulin A, G or M (IgA, IgG or IgM) in adult humans. Random and fixed effect models were applied to obtain pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of age and sex with serum immunoglobulins. Results We retrieved 117 articles reporting on determinants of serum immunoglobulins, of which 28 could be meta-analyzed. Older compared to younger individuals had higher IgA (MD: 0.38; CI: 0.18 - 0.58), but lower IgM levels (MD: -0.40; 95%: -0.66 - -0.14). Men had higher IgA (MD: 0.22; CI: 0.03 - 0.42), but lower IgM levels (MD: -0.21; CI: -0.32 - -0.10) than women. Age and sex did not influence IgG. Caucasian ethnicity was associated with lower IgA, IgG, and IgM. Smoking and corticosteroid use were associated with lower IgG. Positive associations were reported of probiotics with IgG, alcohol with IgA, hypertension with IgA and IgG, and acute psychological stress with IgA, IgG, and IgM. Conclusions Older age and male sex are associated with higher IgA, but lower IgM, and urge investigation of age- and sex-specific reference ranges of immunoglobulins. Other identified determinants were ethnicity, diet, lifestyle and cardio-metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer R. Khan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna C. van der Burgh
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - P. Martin van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Virgil A. S. H. Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Ebersole JL, Hamzeh R, Nguyen L, Al-Sabbagh M, Dawson D. Variations in IgG antibody subclass responses to oral bacteria: Effects of periodontal disease and modifying factors. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:863-876. [PMID: 33826149 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Local and systemic IgG antibodies or oral bacteria have been described with periodontitis. We extended these observations by assessing the impact of a range of intrinsic factors on serum IgG subclass antibodies to both commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria that would contribute to variations in immune protection or disease susceptibility in periodontitis have not been described. METHODS Subjects (n = 278) were classified as healthy, gingivitis, or periodontitis and categorized as mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis. Demographic stratification included sex, age, race/ethnicity, smoking, and obesity. Whole formalin-fixed bacteria were used as antigens to detect serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass antibody levels using an ELISA. RESULTS The greatest differences in variations in IgG subclasses occurred in periodontitis versus health or gingivitis to bacteria considered oral pathogens (eg, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) with IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 increased by three- to sevenfold with Pg. Differences in subclass levels and distribution were also observed related to disease severity, particularly related to individual subclass responses to Pg. Examination of the overall population showed that females had elevated antibody, reflected by elevated IgG2 amounts/proportions. The older group of subjects demonstrated elevated antibody to multiple oral bacteria, lacking any particular subclass pattern. IgG2 antibody to Aa and Pg was increased in smokers. Multiple IgG subclass antibody levels to oral pathogens were significantly decreased in the obese subset within this population. CONCLUSION This investigation identified patterns of IgG subclass antibody responses to oral bacteria and demonstrated substantial effects of disease impacting the level and subclass distribution of antibody to an array of oral bacteria. Altered subclass antibody profiles most often in IgG2 levels and for antibody to P. gingivalis were found related to sex, age, disease severity, race/ethnicity, smoking, and obesity to both pathogens and commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Razan Hamzeh
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Mohanad Al-Sabbagh
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dolph Dawson
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Zachova K, Kosztyu P, Zadrazil J, Matousovic K, Vondrak K, Hubacek P, Julian BA, Moldoveanu Z, Novak Z, Kostovcikova K, Raska M, Mestecky J. Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in Pathogenesis and Racial Distribution of IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:267. [PMID: 32184780 PMCID: PMC7058636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the dominant type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. However, IgAN rarely affects African Blacks and is uncommon in African Americans. Polymeric IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge-region glycans is recognized as auto-antigen by glycan-specific antibodies, leading to formation of circulating immune complexes with nephritogenic consequences. Because human B cells infected in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) secrete galactose-deficient IgA1, we examined peripheral blood B cells from adult IgAN patients, and relevant controls, for the presence of EBV and their phenotypic markers. We found that IgAN patients had more lymphoblasts/plasmablasts that were surface-positive for IgA, infected with EBV, and displayed increased expression of homing receptors for targeting the upper respiratory tract. Upon polyclonal stimulation, these cells produced more galactose-deficient IgA1 than did cells from healthy controls. Unexpectedly, in healthy African Americans, EBV was detected preferentially in surface IgM- and IgD-positive cells. Importantly, most African Blacks and African Americans acquire EBV within 2 years of birth. At that time, the IgA system is naturally deficient, manifested as low serum IgA levels and few IgA-producing cells. Consequently, EBV infects cells secreting immunoglobulins other than IgA. Our novel data implicate Epstein-Barr virus infected IgA+ cells as the source of galactose-deficient IgA1 and basis for expression of relevant homing receptors. Moreover, the temporal sequence of racial-specific differences in Epstein-Barr virus infection as related to the naturally delayed maturation of the IgA system explains the racial disparity in the prevalence of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zachova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karel Matousovic
- Department of Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vondrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Hubacek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bruce A Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zdenek Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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10
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Pinto ABT, Medeiros MÂDS, Jardim MPDB, Albernaz AP. FREQUÊNCIAS DOS TIPOS SANGUÍNEOS E TÍTULOS DOS ALOANTICORPOS EM FELINOS DOMÉSTICOS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v17i213453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A área da hemoterapia necessita de testes de compatibilidade sanguínea confiáveis, como a tipagem sanguínea, para se evitarem possíveis reações transfusionais, mas em felinos é também importante para se evitar a isoeritrólise neonatal. Transfusões sanguíneas realizadas entre felinos doadores e receptores que não possuem compatibilidade sanguínea podem refletir em reação transfusional aguda, particularmente severa quando o sangue tipo A é transfundido em um gato tipo B, pois geralmente este último possui altos níveis de aloanticorpos de ocorrência natural. Portanto, o conhecimento da frequência dos tipos sanguíneos da população de gatos de uma região pode auxiliar na determinação dos riscos de reações transfusionais e de ocorrência de isoeritrólise neonatal. Tais riscos podem ser prevenidos com a tipagem sanguínea em casos de transfusão. Foram coletadas 100 amostras sanguíneas de felinos para a realização da tipagem sanguínea com plasmas reagentes anti-A e anti-B conhecidas e titulações de aloanticorpos anti-A e anti-B dos plasmas armazenados. A distribuição das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos foi 96% de felinos com tipo sanguíneo A e 4% de felinos com tipo sanguíneo B, não sendo encontrado na amostra populacional de felino tipo AB. Há um grande risco de reação adversa através da transfusão sanguínea randomizada entre felinos não tipados previamente.
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11
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Djukic M, Schulz D, Schmidt H, Lange P, Nau R. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in geriatric patients from 2008 to 2011. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 46:353-7. [PMID: 22903361 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-012-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is age-dependent. METHODS Routine CSF parameters, the indications for lumbar puncture (LP), and the most frequent complications were retrospectively studied in patients older (n = 167) and younger (n = 36) than 65 years. RESULTS In the absence of meningeal inflammation, the mean CSF lactate level of patients older than 65 years was slightly but significantly higher than the mean CSF lactate level of younger patients. The lactate level of patients with otherwise normal CSF findings correlated significantly with the age of the patients. In the absence of meningeal inflammation, the CSF-to-serum albumin ratio (QAlbumin) was significantly higher in older patients than in younger ones. The most frequent indication for LP, suspected infection of the central nervous system (CNS) (n = 110), was confirmed in 12.7% of patients. The only LP complication documented was headache in two patients. CONCLUSIONS Elevations of QAlbumin and CSF lactate levels appear to be nonspecific findings in elderly patients. Suspected infections, the most frequent indication for LP, were confirmed by CSF analysis in more than 10% of patients. The very low complication rate of LP makes it a very valuable tool in the diagnostic routine for older patients with CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Djukic
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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12
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Schroeder HW, Szymanska-Mroczek E. Primary antibody deficiencies. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Hillman M, Törn C, Landin-Olsson M. The glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 immunoglobulin G subclass profile differs between adult-onset type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) up to 3 years after clinical onset. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:255-60. [PMID: 19604265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA) are found frequently in patients with autoimmune diabetes. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G(1) is the most frequent subclass among the GADA IgG subclasses. IgG(4) is a more common subclass in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) at clinical onset compared to type 1 diabetes. The aim of this work was to study the different GADA-IgG subclass profiles during a 3-year follow-up in these groups of autoimmune diabetes. Adult-onset subjects, classified as either type 1 (n = 40) or LADA (n = 43), were included in the study. New samples were collected every year from these patients. In addition to conventional GADA analyses, GADA-IgG subclasses were also analysed with a radioimmunoprecipitation assay using biotin-conjugated antibodies (directed against human IgG subclasses and IgM) and streptavidin Sepharose. During 3 years' follow-up, all the IgG subclass levels decreased in type 1 diabetes - IgG(1): P < 0.001; IgG(2): P < 0.001; IgG(3): P < 0.001; IgG(4): P < 0.05 (Friedman's' test) - while levels remained stable for all four subclasses in LADA. GADA IgM, however, decreased in both groups (P < 0.001). Patients with LADA have higher GADA IgG(3) and IgG(4) at clinical onset and seem to maintain the levels and profile of their IgG subclasses up to 3 years after clinical onset, while all the GADA IgG subclass levels decrease in type 1 diabetic patients. This indicates a persistent different immune response in LADA compared to type 1 diabetes and further indicates the difference in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hillman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweeden.
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14
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Rosenstiel P, Derer S, Till A, Häsler R, Eberstein H, Bewig B, Nikolaus S, Nebel A, Schreiber S. Systematic expression profiling of innate immune genes defines a complex pattern of immunosenescence in peripheral and intestinal leukocytes. Genes Immun 2008; 9:103-14. [PMID: 18216864 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is characterized by a quantitative decline of adequate immune responses, which renders the elderly individual particularly susceptible to bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. Whereas changes of the aging adaptive immune system (for example, reduced immunoglobulin secretion) have been extensively characterized, alterations of the innate immune system are still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to systematically examine mRNA expression levels of innate immune genes and proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral and intestinal leukocytes of subjects of different ages. In both, whole blood samples and in colonic biopsies most of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) transcript levels were significantly downregulated in elderly subjects (90-99 years). Older individuals, when compared to the younger, exhibited an increased expression and/or secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral and intestinal leukocytes as well as an increased level of nuclear factor-kappaB activation in colonic biopsies. The observed downregulation of TLRs and NLRs during the aging process may contribute to the lack of effective recognition of invading pathogens or the commensal flora. This effect results in aberrant secondary immune cell activation and could significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality at advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rosenstiel
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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15
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16
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Mosedale DE, Sandhu MS, Luan J, Goodall M, Grainger DJ. A new sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgD. J Immunol Methods 2006; 313:74-80. [PMID: 16714033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new highly specific ELISA for IgD, and then used it to measure levels of circulating IgD in the serum of 480 un-selected patients from the East Anglia region of UK. The assay is both extremely sensitive and specific, with a minimum detected IgD concentration of 30 pg/ml and more than 10,000-fold specificity for IgD over all other human immunoglobulins. The assay shows linear dilution characteristics with both purified IgD and human serum, and spiking of purified IgD into either purified immunoglobulins or human serum shows c. 100% recovery. Furthermore, intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation for repeated measurements of the same samples are below 10% and 15% respectively. Measurement of IgD levels on the un-selected patient population showed levels to range from <300 pg/ml to over 100 microg/ml, with a geometric mean of 8 microg/ml. The distribution is approximately normal after log transformation. Levels of circulating IgD were higher in men than in women. There was a significant negative correlation between levels of IgD and age in women, but not in men. Moreover, after adjustment for age and sex, there were statistically significantly higher levels of circulating IgD in male (but not female) smokers, compared to their non-smoking counterparts. These results highlight the care that needs to be taken to control for age, sex and cigarette smoking when examining levels of circulating IgD in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Mosedale
- Translational Research Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge Cambs CB3 8RE, UK.
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17
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18
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Campbell DJ, Rawlings JM, Koelsch S, Wallace J, Strain JJ, Hannigan BM. Age-related differences in parameters of feline immune status. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 100:73-80. [PMID: 15182997 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess age-related differences in feline immune status, 101 domestic short haired cats were assigned to two groups, adult (2-5 years, n=50) and senior (10-14 years, n=51). Analyses of leucocyte populations, lymphocyte subsets, complement activity, serum immunoglobulins and acute-phase proteins were undertaken and revealed significant differences between the two groups. The senior group had significantly lower WBC, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts than the adult group. Neutrophil, monocyte and basophil counts did not differ between the groups. Flow cytometry analysis, in combination with differential WBC data, revealed that the absolute values (cells/l) of T-cells, B-cells and natural killer (NK) cells were significantly lower in the older animals. While serum immunoglobulins IgA and IgM were higher in the senior group when compared with the adult group, no significant differences were observed in complement activity or in serum acute-phase proteins. Our findings suggest that age-related changes to parameters of immune status in the feline model are likely to follow a similar pattern to those observed in other long-lived mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Campbell
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
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19
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Schroeder HW, Schroeder HW, Sheikh SM. The Complex Genetics of Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Investig Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/108155890405200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (lg)A deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders in North America and Europe. These diseases appear to comprise a familial spectrum of immunodeficiency that ranges from partial IgA deficiency to a complete absence of serum immunoglobulin. The CVID phenotype is typically acquired and can spontaneously revert to IgG and IgM sufficiency. Family studies suggest the presence of at least two susceptibility loci within the major histocompatibility complex on the short arm of chromosome 6: one located near the class II region and the other located near the junction between the class III and class I regions. Inheritance of these susceptibility genes may yield an additive risk for the development of immunodeficiency. First-degree family members of patients with CVID are at risk throughout their lives for the development of these diseases and should be monitored with a high index of suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W. Schroeder
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sofia M. Sheikh
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging predicts that self-maintenance functions, such as immunity, will be selectively maintained in old age when extrinsic sources of mortality are low relative to intrinsic sources. Long-lived seabirds may provide an animal model for testing this prediction. We measured serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels across the lifespan, especially the oldest individuals, of a wild breeding population of the common tern (Sterna hirundo) in 1999 and 2002. Our analysis indicated that IgG levels do not show the typical increase late in life observed in mammals, but showed an age-independent response to environmental conditions. Power analysis indicated that Sample sizes were sufficient to detect a minimum difference of 23% in IgG level in the very oldest cohort. These data, and other studies of this species, support the hypothesis that long-lived species sustain self-maintenance functions, even at the end of their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Apanius
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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21
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Attanasio R, Brasky KM, Robbins SH, Jayashankar L, Nash RJ, Butler TM. Age-related autoantibody production in a nonhuman primate model. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:361-5. [PMID: 11298120 PMCID: PMC1906011 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibody production increases with ageing. However, the pathological significance of this increase as well as the corresponding underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To further our understanding of the role that ageing plays in the development of autoantibody responses, we used a novel nonhuman primate model consisting of healthy baboons of ages representing the entire lifespan of this animal species. Results from this study indicate that production of antinuclear antibodies, anticell extract antibodies and natural autoantibodies gradually and significantly increases from young age to old age without a corresponding increase in neither serum immunoglobulin concentration nor in levels of selected markers of immune dysregulation (sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, IL-2 sR alpha and IFN-gamma). Therefore, in the baboon model, autoantibodies may be produced in absence of recognizable pathological conditions of the ageing immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Attanasio
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302 USA.
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22
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Dobbs RJ, Dobbs SM, Charlett A, Weller C. Downward shift in serum IgM with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity. J Infect 2000; 41:240-4. [PMID: 11120611 DOI: 10.1053/jinf.2000.0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with premature immune ageing, with respect to circulating immunoglobulins. METHODS Serum immunoglobulin classes and H. pylori anti-urease antibody were measured in 205 subjects (aged 30-89 years), obeying inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS IgM decreased (P<0.001) by 0.9 (95% C.I. 0.3, 1.4)% per year, H. pylori seropositivity having an effect equivalent to 25 years of ageing (P<0.02). IgA increased by 0.5 (0.1, 0.8)% per year (P<0.007), IgG being unaffected by age. Seropositivity had no effect on IgA or IgG. CONCLUSIONS Increasing age and H. pylori seropositivity are each associated with a downward shift in circulating IgM. If clinical extrapolation is justified, H. pylori eradication may be important in combating susceptibility to infection in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dobbs
- Therapeutics in the Elderly, Research Group, Northwick Park and St Mark's Hospitals, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
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23
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Preud'homme JL, Petit I, Barra A, Morel F, Lecron JC, Lelièvre E. Structural and functional properties of membrane and secreted IgD. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:871-87. [PMID: 11282392 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 35 years ago, study of an unknown immunoglobulin (Ig) in the serum from a myeloma patient led to the discovery of IgD. Subsequently, the finding that it also exists as a membrane-bound Ig stimulated a large number of studies during the 70s. Then, the interest on IgD shrank, largely because of the lack of known function of secretory IgD (secIgD) and of a stagnating knowledge of the functions of surface IgD. In the recent years, very significant advances followed the tremendous accumulation of data on the physiology of the B cell receptor, of which IgD is the major component, on the role of secIgD in normal and diseased individuals. This review, which is focused on human IgD but integrates data in the mouse and other species when needed, summarizes present data on the structure, synthesis and functions of both membrane and secIgD, IgD receptors and the involvement of IgD in various diseases, especially the hyperIgD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Preud'homme
- Immunology and Molecular Interactions (CNRS FRE 2224 - EA and IFR FR59), University Hospital and Faculty of Sciences, BP 577, 86021 Cedex, Poitiers, France.
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24
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Abstract
Changes in the B-cell repertoire during aging include a shift in antibody specificities from foreign to autologous antigens associated with a decline in the activity of conventional B2 compared to B1 lymphocytes. The age-associated increase in B1 lymphocyte number and activity contribute to the increased serum concentration of autoantibodies and the B-cell clonal expansions that develop with age. Aging is also associated with a decreased diversity of the antibody response reflected in the preferential loss of IgG and high affinity antibodies following immunization with a foreign antigen. Many of these changes can be traced to an impaired capacity of T cells to support isotype switching and somatic mutation in the periphery and the generation of a diverse B-cell repertoire from bone marrow B-cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Weksler
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Ginaldi L, De Martinis M, D'Ostilio A, Marini L, Loreto MF, Corsi MP, Quaglino D. The immune system in the elderly: I. Specific humoral immunity. Immunol Res 1999; 20:101-8. [PMID: 10580635 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Profound and complex changes in the immune response occur during the aging process. Immunosenescence is reflected by a sum of disregulations of the immune system and its interaction with other systems. Many of the changes would appear to implicate age-related deficiencies of the immune responses. The term immunosenescence designates therefore a sort of deterioration of the immune function which is believed to manifest itself in the increased susceptibility to cancer, autoimmune disease, and infectious disease. Evidence has been accumulating from several studies which suggest an association between immune function and individual longevity. However, there are observations, especially in very old healthy people, that several immune functions are unexpectedly well preserved and substantially comparable to those observed in young subjects. These findings raise the question of whether the alterations that can be observed in the immune parameters of the elderly are a cause or a result of underlying disease processes. Moreover, studies on centenarians revealed a remodeling of the immune system rather than a deterioration, suggesting that the changes observed during immunosenescence do not correspond to immunodeficiency. The underlying mechanisms of these events are however still unclear. The purpose of the present review is to assess the status of research on the immunobiology of aging. In this first section, we focus attention on the B cell biology of aging. In clinical practice, the changes in humoral immune responsiveness and antibody-mediated defense mechanisms could greatly influence the incidence and outcome of bacterial infections and autoimmune diseases as well as the response to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ginaldi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Public Health, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
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Powers DC. Effect of age on serum immunoglobulin G subclass antibody responses to inactivated influenza virus vaccine. J Med Virol 1994; 43:57-61. [PMID: 8083650 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890430111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported an age-associated impairment of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses to inactivated influenza virus vaccine. The present study extends these observations by examining the IgG subclass distribution of vaccine responses measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in healthy adults aged < 40 (young), 40-64 (middle-aged), and > or = 65 (elderly) years. Serological responses in all age groups showed antibodies that were predominantly IgG1 and secondarily IgG3. Influenza antigen-specific IgG4 titers did not change following vaccination, and antibodies of the IgG2 subclass were not detected in any serum specimens. Aging was associated with a significant impairment of IgG1, but not of IgG3, antibody production. Relative differences in the magnitude and frequency of response between IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses, which were present in young and middle-aged adults (viz., IgG1 > IgG3), were less apparent in the elderly. This observation was confirmed in a second analysis of IgG subclass-specific responses in a separate cohort of elderly vaccinees. These results suggest that the age-related impairment of humoral responses to inactivated influenza virus vaccine is primarily accounted for by differences in IgG1 antibody production, and that IgG3 antibodies make up a larger proportion of the overall serologic response in the elderly than they do in younger persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Powers
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis VAMC, MO 63125
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