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Lactoferrin and Its Detection Methods: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082492. [PMID: 34444652 PMCID: PMC8398339 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is one of the major functional proteins in maintaining human health due to its antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. Abnormal levels of LF in the human body are related to some serious diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer’s disease and dry eye disease. Recent studies indicate that LF can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of these diseases. Many methods have been developed to detect the level of LF. In this review, the biofunctions of LF and its potential to work as a biomarker are introduced. In addition, the current methods of detecting lactoferrin have been presented and discussed. We hope that this review will inspire efforts in the development of new sensing systems for LF detection.
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Rudin D, Lanzilotto A, Bachmann F, Housecroft CE, Constable EC, Drewe J, Haschke M, Krähenbühl S. Non-immunological toxicological mechanisms of metamizole-associated neutropenia in HL60 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:345-356. [PMID: 30653950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metamizole is an analgesic and antipyretic, but can cause neutropenia and agranulocytosis. We investigated the toxicity of the metabolites N-methyl-4-aminoantipyrine (MAA), 4-aminoantipyrine (AA), N-formyl-4-aminoantipyrine (FAA) and N-acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine (AAA) on neutrophil granulocytes and on HL60 cells (granulocyte precursor cell line). MAA, FAA, AA, and AAA (up to 100 µM) alone were not toxic for HL60 cells or granulocytes. In the presence of the myeloperoxidase substrate H2O2, MAA reduced cytotoxicity for HL60 cells at low concentrations (<50 µM), but increased cytotoxicity at 100 µM H2O2. Neutrophil granulocytes were resistant to H2O2 and MAA. Fe2+ and Fe3+ were not toxic to HL60 cells, irrespective of the presence of H2O2 and MAA. Similarly, MAA did not increase the toxicity of lactoferrin, hemoglobin or methemoglobin for HL60 cells. Hemin (hemoglobin degradation product containing a porphyrin ring and Fe3+) was toxic on HL60 cells and cytotoxicity was increased by MAA. EDTA, N-acetylcystein and glutathione prevented the toxicity of hemin and hemin/MAA. The absorption spectrum of hemin changed concentration-dependently after addition of MAA, suggesting an interaction between Fe3+ and MAA. NMR revealed the formation of a stable MAA reaction product with a reaction pathway involving the formation of an electrophilic intermediate. In conclusion, MAA, the principle metabolite of metamizole, increased cytotoxicity of hemin by a reaction involving the formation of an electrophilic metabolite. Accordingly, cytotoxicity of MAA/hemin could be prevented by the iron chelator EDTA and by the electron donors NAC and glutathione. Situations with increased production of hemin may represent a risk factor for metamizole-associated granulocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rudin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabio Bachmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jürgen Drewe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Haschke
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
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Nuclear and cytoplasmic delivery of lactoferrin in glioma using chitosan nanoparticles: Cellular location dependent-action of lactoferrin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:74-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Luzi C, Brisdelli F, Iorio R, Bozzi A, Carnicelli V, Di Giulio A, Lizzi AR. Apoptotic effects of bovine apo-lactoferrin on HeLa tumor cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:33-41. [PMID: 28052347 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a cationic iron-binding glycoprotein of 80 kDa present in body secretions, is known as a compound with marked antimicrobial activity. In the present study, the apoptotic effect of iron-free bovine lactoferrin (apo-bLf) on human epithelial cancer (HeLa) cells was examined in association with reactive oxygen species and glutathione (GSH) levels. Apoptotic effect of iron-free bovine lactoferrin inhibited the growth of HeLa cells after 48 hours of treatment while the diferric-bLf was ineffective in the concentration range tested (from 1 to 12.5 μM). Western blot analysis showed that key apoptotic regulators including Bax, Bcl-2, Sirt1, Mcl-1, and PARP-1 were modulated by 1.25 μM of apo-bLf. In the same cell line, apo-bLf induced apoptosis together with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, caspase activation, and a significant drop of NAD+ . In addition, apo-bLf-treated HeLa cells showed a marked increase of reactive oxygen species level and a significant GSH depletion. On the whole, apo-bLf triggered apoptosis of HeLa cells upon oxygen radicals burst and GSH decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Luzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Brisdelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Iorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Argante Bozzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Veronica Carnicelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Giulio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Lizzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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5
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Lizzi AR, Carnicelli V, Clarkson MM, Nazzicone C, Segatore B, Celenza G, Aschi M, Dolo V, Strom R, Amicosante G. Bovine lactoferrin and its tryptic peptides: Antibacterial activity against different species. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gaspar D, Spanoudes K, Holladay C, Pandit A, Zeugolis D. Progress in cell-based therapies for tendon repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:240-56. [PMID: 25543005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen significant developments in cell therapies, based on permanently differentiated, reprogrammed or engineered stem cells, for tendon injuries and degenerative conditions. In vitro studies assess the influence of biophysical, biochemical and biological signals on tenogenic phenotype maintenance and/or differentiation towards tenogenic lineage. However, the ideal culture environment has yet to be identified due to the lack of standardised experimental setup and readout system. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and tenocytes/dermal fibroblasts appear to be the cell populations of choice for clinical translation in equine and human patients respectively based on circumstantial, rather than on hard evidence. Collaborative, inter- and multi-disciplinary efforts are expected to provide clinically relevant and commercially viable cell-based therapies for tendon repair and regeneration in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gaspar
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Kyriakos Spanoudes
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolyn Holladay
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios Zeugolis
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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7
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Physico-chemical properties of different forms of bovine lactoferrin. Food Chem 2013; 141:3007-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Bokkhim H, Tran T, Bansal N, Grøndahl L, Bhandari B. Evaluation of different methods for determination of the iron saturation level in bovine lactoferrin. Food Chem 2013; 152:121-7. [PMID: 24444915 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) samples with ca. 25%, 50%, 75%, 85% and 100% iron saturation were prepared for the purpose of evaluating Chromametry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Circular Dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry for their suitability in determining the iron saturation level. Numerical values for colour from Chromametry, enthalpy change of denaturation (ΔHcal) from DSC and molar ellipticities from CD were statistically analysed to evaluate their correlation with the level of iron saturation in Lf. Linear regression analysis of colour coordinates Chroma (C(∗)) and hue (h°) angle on percentage iron saturation level of Lf showed that the values can be used to estimate the iron saturation level. The ΔHcal for the iron saturated peak and the CD ellipticities in the 310-340 nm region provided reliable data for the estimation of iron saturation level of Lf up to 75%. Mono- and di-saturated Lf displayed the same thermal stability and very similar tertiary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Bokkhim
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Trang Tran
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lisbeth Grøndahl
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Bhesh Bhandari
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Sato S, Murakami H, Sugahara T, Ikegami T, Yamada K, Omura H, Hashizume S. Stimulation of monoclonal antibody production by human-human hybridoma cells with an elevated concentration of potassium or sodium phosphate in serum-free medium. Cytotechnology 2012; 2:63-7. [PMID: 22358582 DOI: 10.1007/bf00365416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1988] [Accepted: 11/01/1988] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium or sodium phosphate was found to stimulate the production of human monoclonal antibody by human-human hybridoma HB4C5. The addition of 15 mM Na-phosphate (pH 7.4) into serum-free culture medium increased the antibody production up to 4-fold, when seeded at cell density of 1×10(5) cells/ml in dishes. At the higher cell density of 5×10(5) cells/ml, K-phosphate was more effective than Na-phosphate, at the same concentration. In large-scale continuous culture, the addition of 10 mM Na-phosphate into serum-free culture medium stimulated antibody production by HB4C5 cells 6-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sato
- Morinaga Institute of Biological Science, Shimosueyoshi 2-1-1, Tsurumi-ku, 230, Yokohama, Japan
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10
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Antimicrobial mechanism of action of transferrins: selective inhibition of H+-ATPase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4335-42. [PMID: 20625147 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01620-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two bacterial species with different metabolic features, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus lactis, were used as a comparative experimental model to investigate the antimicrobial target and mechanism of transferrins. In anaerobiosis, P. aeruginosa cells were not susceptible to lactoferrin (hLf) or transferrin (hTf). In aerobiosis, the cells were susceptible but O(2) consumption was not modified, indicating that components of the electron transport chain (ETC) were not targeted. However, the respiratory chain inhibitor piericidin A significantly reduced the killing activity of both proteins. Moreover, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), a reducing agent that accepts electrons from the ETC coupled to H(+) extrusion, made P. aeruginosa susceptible to hLf and hTf in anaerobiosis. These results indicated that active cooperation of the cell was indispensable for the antimicrobial effect. For L. lactis cells lacking an ETC, the absence of a detectable transmembrane electrical potential in hLf-treated cells suggested a loss of H(+)-ATPase activity. Furthermore, the inhibition of ATPase activity and H(+) translocation (inverted membrane vesicles) provided direct evidence of the ability of hLf to inhibit H(+)-ATPase in L. lactis. Based on these data, we propose that hLf and hTf also inhibit the H(+)-ATPase of respiring P. aeruginosa cells. Such inhibition thereby interferes with reentry of H(+) from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm, resulting in perturbation of intracellular pH and the transmembrane proton gradient. Consistent with this hypothesis, periplasmic H(+) accumulation was prevented by anaerobiosis or by piericidin A or was induced by DCIP in anaerobiosis. Collectively, these results indicate that transferrins target H(+)-ATPase and interfere with H(+) translocation, yielding a lethal effect in vitro.
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11
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Ramírez OT, Sureshkumar GK, Mutharasan R. Bovine colostrum or milk as a serum substitute for the cultivation of a mouse hybridoma. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 35:882-9. [PMID: 18592592 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260350905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A mouse-mouse hybridoma was grown in serum-free medium supplemented with bovine milk or colostrum. Bovine colostrum supported growth of the hybridoma whereas bovine milk alone did not support cellular proliferation. For growth in medium supplemented with colostrum, the maximum cell concentration achieved was 1.4 x 10(6) cells/mL in 2.2% colostrum, which is 44% of that obtained in 9% serum. When cells were grown in media containing milk and low amounts of serum (<1%) the maximum cell concentration in 2.2% milk with 0.4% serum was 2 x 10(6) cells/ml, whereas it was only 0.2 x 10(6) cells/ml and 1.3 x 10(6) cells/ml in 2.2% milk alone and 0.4% serum alone, respectively. Similar behavior was observed for growth in media containing colostrum and low amounts of serum. The monoclonal antibody production in media containing combinations of serum and milk or colostrum was comparable to that obtained in media with higher serum concentrations. Experiments performed with conditioned media suggest that the rapid decrease in viability, after the maximum cell concentration has been reached, is partially due to the presence of some inhibitory components generated during the cell culture rather than due to depletion of some serum components.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Ramírez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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12
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Brisson G, Britten M, Pouliot Y. Heat-induced aggregation of bovine lactoferrin at neutral pH: Effect of iron saturation. Int Dairy J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Brisson G, Britten M, Pouliot Y. Effect of Iron Saturation on the Recovery of Lactoferrin in Rennet Whey Coming from Heat-Treated Skim Milk. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:2655-64. [PMID: 17517705 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of thermal treatments on the recovery of lactoferrin in whey coming from rennet-coagulated skim milk. The impact of lactoferrin iron saturation was also assessed using skim milk spiked with different lactoferrin iron forms. The recovery of lactoferrin in the rennet whey fraction was determined by reverse-phase HPLC. One- and 2-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE analyses were performed on rennet curds to characterize the protein interactions involving lactoferrin in heated milk. The extent of lactoferrin recovered in the whey fraction was found to reduce as the heating temperature increased. The binding of iron by lactoferrin improved its thermal stability and its recovery in the whey fraction. Poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis results showed that the association of lactoferrin in the unheated milk rennet curd involved noncovalent interactions, whereas upon heating, lactoferrin also interacted via an intermolecular disulfide link. Depending on the severity of the heat treatment, lactoferrin aggregates with Cys-containing proteins (beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, alpha(s2)-casein, and kappa-casein) occurred by intermolecular thiol/disulfide exchange reactions. These noncovalent and covalent interactions explained the lower recovery of lactoferrin in heated milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brisson
- Groupe de Recherche STELA, Institut sur les Nutraceutiques et Aliments Fonctionnels, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Wang Y, Tu Y, Han F, Xu Z, Wang J. Developmental gene expression of lactoferrin and effect of dietary iron on gene regulation of lactoferrin in mouse mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2006; 88:2065-71. [PMID: 15905437 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the developmental gene expression of lactoferrin (LF) and the effect of supplementary iron on gene expression of LF in the mammary gland of mice using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. In experiment 1, a total of 12 female mice were used to determine the effect of different lactating stages on mRNA expression of LF. The Institute of Cancer Research mice were divided into 4 groups; each group of 3 mice was tested on d 1, 9, 17, and 25 of lactation. In experiment 2, 6 groups of mice (total of 24 female mice at d 12 after mating) were fed purified diets (without iron or supplement iron) and were assigned to 2 treatments (control and treatment). The experimental feeding period lasted 35 d. During the feeding experiment, 6 mice (3 animals in each group) were chosen on d 1, 9, 17, and 25 of lactation to determine the effect of iron on LF mRNA expression of mice at different stages of lactation. The results of experiment 1 showed that LF mRNA had strong expression on d 1 of lactation, decreased gradually on d 9 and 17 of lactation, and then increased again markedly on d 25 of lactation. These results imply that the expression of LF in the mammary gland at different lactating stages is consistent with the changes in LF concentrations in milk. Iron significantly increased LF mRNA expression on d 1 and 25 of lactation. Iron did not statistically increase LF gene expression on d 9 and 17 of lactation. These findings raised the possibility that iron supplementation may play a role in regulation of LF levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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15
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Wang Y, Han F, Xu Z. Developmental gene expression of lactoferrin in duodenum and effect of weaning age on gene expression of lactoferrin in piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:1-9. [PMID: 16529153 DOI: 10.1080/17450390500468255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate duodenal gene expression of lactoferrin and effect of weaning age on mRNA expression of lactoferrin in piglets using semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. In experiment 1, a total of 15 female Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire piglets of five groups, each group pigs at 1, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days of age were used to determine developmental gene expression of lactoferrin in duodenum. In experiment 2, a total of 18 female neonatal piglets were divided into three groups, which were weaned at 21, 28 and 35 days of age respectively. In each group, three piglets' duodena were sampled at 21, 28 and 35 days of age and the other three piglets' duodena were sampled 7 days after weaning in each group. The samples were collected for detecting the effect of weaning age on lactoferrin mRNA expression of piglets. The results show that lactoferrin mRNA levels decreased steadily in postnatal day 1-56. But only from day 28-42 (14 days after weaned), the levels of lactoferrin gene expression were decreased markedly (p < 0.05), and the difference of lactoferrin mRNA levels at other stages was not significant. This result suggested that weaning had an effect on gene expression of lactoferrin. The results of experiment 2 showed that when the piglets were weaned at 21-28 and 35 days of age respectively, the expression levels of lactoferrin were decreased by 77%, 53% and 59% at the seventh day after weaning. Our results showed that weaning significantly decreased lactoferrin mRNA expression of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Abstract
The brain shares with other organs the need for a constant and readily available supply of iron and has a similar array of proteins available to it for iron transport, storage, and regulation. However, unlike other organs, the brain places demands on iron availability that are regional, cellular, and age sensitive. Failure to meet these demands for iron with an adequate supply in a timely manner can result in persistent neurological and cognitive dysfunction. Consequently, the brain has developed mechanisms to maintain a continuous supply of iron. However, in a number of common neurodegenerative disorders, there appears to be an excess accumulation of iron in the brain that suggests a loss of the homeostatic mechanisms responsible for regulating iron in the brain. These systems are reviewed in this article. As a result of a loss in iron homeostasis, the brain becomes vulnerable to iron-induced oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a confounding variable in understanding the cell death that may result directly from a specific disease and is a contributing factor to the disease process. The underlying pathogenic event in oxidative stress is cellular iron mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Thompson
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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17
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Sitaram MP, Moloney B, McAbee DD. Prokaryotic expression of bovine lactoferrin deletion mutants that bind to the Ca2+-dependent lactoferrin receptor on isolated rat hepatocytes. Protein Expr Purif 1998; 14:229-36. [PMID: 9790885 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1998.0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We generated a series of recombinant variants of bovine lactoferrin (Lf) as fusion proteins using two prokaryotic expression vectors and examined the ability of the expressed proteins to compete with native Lf for binding to the Ca2+-dependent Lf receptor on isolated rat hepatocytes. A near-full-length bovine Lf cDNA (pN16b) was expressed in pGEMEX-2 as a gene 10 fusion protein (r-bLf10/-70). Deletions of pN16b were cloned into the HindIII/NotI and BamHI/NotI restriction sites of expression vector pET 32 and expressed as thioredoxin fusion proteins, r-bLfT/-271 and r-bLfT/-310, respectively. r-bLf10/-70, r-bLfT/-271, and r-bLfT/-310 lacked, respectively, the NH2-terminal 70, 271, and 310 amino acids of Lf. Expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli BL21-DE3 strain was monitored by denaturing gel electrophoresis or by immunoblot with anti-Lf antibodies. The yield of each of the soluble recombinant proteins was approximately 10 mg/L of BL21-DE3 suspension. r-bLf10/-70 and r-bLfT/-271 competed strongly with 125I-Lf for binding to hepatocytes but r-bLfT/-310 did not. Our findings are consistent with the conclusion that Lf binds to its Ca2+-dependent receptor on hepatocytes via noncarbohydrate determinants contained within its C-lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sitaram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University at Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
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McAbee DD, Ling YY, Stich C. Iron loading of isolated rat hepatocytes inhibits asialoglycoprotein receptor dynamics and induces formation of rat hepatic lectin-1 [correction of leptin-1] (RHL-1) oligomers. Biochem J 1998; 331 ( Pt 3):719-26. [PMID: 9560297 PMCID: PMC1219410 DOI: 10.1042/bj3310719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The major subunit [rat hepatic lectin-1 (RHL-1)] of the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor mediates endocytosis of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin (Lf) by isolated rat hepatocytes, yet iron loading of cultured adult rat hepatocytes increases the binding and endocytosis of Lf while greatly inhibiting the uptake of desialylated ligand. In the present study, we determined whether the iron-induced Lf-binding site is RHL-1 and examined the nature of the iron-induced block in ASGP receptor endocytic function. Isolated rat hepatocytes increased their non-haem iron content from 70 to 470 p.p. b. following incubation with ferric ammonium citrate (<=100 microgram/ml). These conditions blocked internalization of 125I-asialo-orosomucoid (ASOR) by approximately 90% but increased 125I-Lf endocytosis by 40%. ASOR and anti-RHL-1 sera blocked the binding and endocytosis of 125I-Lf on control cells but not on iron-loaded cells, indicating that the iron-induced Lf-binding site on hepatocytes is not RHL-1. Iron-loading of hepatocytes in the presence or absence of excess ASOR did not significantly alter the number of active ASGP receptors on the cell surface. In contrast, iron-loading decreased the number of active intracellular receptors by 40% and blocked the uptake of 125I-ASOR prebound to the cells by approximately 80%. Under these conditions, we found an iron-dependent evolution of 88 and 140 kDa RHL-1-containing, beta-mercaptoethanol-sensitive multimers that constituted up to 34 and 23%, respectively, of total immunodetectable RHL-1. We propose that iron-induced formation of cystinyl-linked RHL-1-containing multimers inhibits ASGP receptor movement between cell surface and interior and disrupts acylation of intracellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D McAbee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840-3903, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Lactoferrin (Mw=78 kDa) is a member of the transferrin family of iron-binding glycoproteins. Previous studies carried out primarily in vitro indicate that the protein has multifunctional properties and may be involved in regulation of iron homeostasis, inhibition of bacterial growth and regulation of immune responses. However, the significance and species specificity of these proposed functions in vivo have not been adequately addressed due to lack of sufficient purified homospecies lactoferrin for analysis in small animal models. We previously reported the successful production of biologically active recombinant human lactoferrin using an Aspergillus expression system. In the present study, we report the production of recombinant murine lactoferrin using a similar expression strategy. Recombinant murine lactoferrin was purified to homogeneity and was similar in size and immunoreactivity to native murine milk lactoferrin. The recombinant protein was correctly processed at its N-terminus and was glycosylated. Interestingly, while both human and murine lactoferrin bind iron in a 2:1 molar ratio, iron bound to recombinant murine lactoferrin was more acid labile than human lactoferrin, demonstrating species-specific variation in the stability of iron-binding to this protein. Finally, the availability of recombinant murine lactoferrin will now facilitate the study of the species specificity of lactoferrin action in a mouse model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Ward
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Otani H, Odashima M. Inhibition of proliferative responses of mouse spleen lymphocytes by lacto‐ and ovotransferrins. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109709354950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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Sitaram MP, McAbee DD. Isolated rat hepatocytes differentially bind and internalize bovine lactoferrin N- and C-lobes. Biochem J 1997; 323 ( Pt 3):815-22. [PMID: 9169617 PMCID: PMC1218387 DOI: 10.1042/bj3230815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Isolated rat hepatocytes bind and internalize bovine lactoferrin (Lf) and its bound iron in a Ca2+-dependent manner. In this study, we determined if one or both halves of Lf (N- and C-lobes) were responsible for the interaction of Lf with hepatocytes. We isolated three tryptic fragments of bovine Lf. Cleavage at Arg284-Ser285 generated two fragments: N-terminal pp36 that contained 80% of Lf N-lobe and C-terminal pp51. A second cleavage at Arg338-Ala339 generated a smaller fragment (pp44) that contained all of the C-lobe with no N-lobe elements. Hepatocytes bound Lf and pp51 in a Ca2+-dependent manner with the same affinity (Kd approx. 75 nM) and to nearly identical extents (approx. 10(6) sites per cell). Lf and pp51 competed with each other for binding to cells over a similar titration range. Hepatocytes internalized Lf at a faster rate than pp51 (kin=0.28 and 0.19 min-1 respectively), but cells degraded pp51 at approx. twice the rate of native Lf. pp44 competed with 125I-labelled Lf for binding to Ca2+-dependent binding sites on hepatocytes as well as native Lf or pp51. In contrast, hepatocytes bound pp36 (Kd=90 nM, <=5x10(6) sites per cell) but did not internalize or degrade it appreciably. Moreover, pp36 binding to cells was not Ca2+-dependent, and pp36 competed poorly with native Lf and pp51 for binding to cells. We conclude from these findings that the Lf determinants responsible for binding to the Ca2+-dependent receptor on hepatocytes is present within the C-lobe of Lf.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sitaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA
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22
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Abstract
Isolated rat hepatocytes bind and internalize bovine lactoferrin (Lf) protein and Lf-bound Fe3+ via Ca2+-dependent recycling Lf binding sites (McAbee, 1995, Biochem. J., 311:603-609). In this study, we determined if iron loading of primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes altered their ability to bind and internalize Lf. Rat hepatocytes were cultured 16-24 h with or without ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) and then assayed for Ca2+-dependent 125I-Lf binding at 4 degrees C or 125I-Lf endocytosis at 37 degrees C. Cells pretreated with FAC (5 microg/mL) internalized two- to sixfold more 125I-Lf than did control cells. The FAC-induced increase in 125I-Lf endocytosis required 4-8 h of culture at 37 degrees C and was fully reversible if cells were incubated an additional 24 h without FAC either in the presence or absence of the Fe3+ chelator desferrioxamine. Maximal endocytic rates for untreated and FAC-treated cells were 370 and 2,300 molecules 125I-Lf cell(-1) sec(-1), respectively. Both 125I-Lf binding at 4 degrees C and endocytosis at 37 degrees C increased up to sixfold between 0.3 10 microg/mL FAC, indicating that iron-induced enhancement of 125I-Lf uptake was due to an increase in the number of Lf receptors present on the cells. 125I-Lf bound to untreated and FAC-treated cells at 4 degrees C with similar affinities (K(d) approximately 1.5 microM). Cycloheximide but not actinomycin D blocked the FAC-induced increase in 125I-Lf binding, indicating that the increase in the number of Lf binding sites required translation but not transcription. Notably, iron loading blocked endocytosis of asialoorosomucoid by hepatocytes by up to 80%, reducing the number of active intracellular asialoglycoprotein receptors >65% without altering the number of active cell surface receptors. We conclude from these studies that Lf receptor activity on hepatocytes is regulated posttranscriptionally by the iron status of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D McAbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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23
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Kelver ME, Kaul A, Nowicki B, Findley WE, Hutchens TW, Nagamani M. Estrogen regulation of lactoferrin expression in human endometrium. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996; 36:243-7. [PMID: 8955499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein that has been shown to be overexpressed in human endometrial carcinomas. The purpose of our present study is to investigate the possible role of estradiol in the expression of lactoferrin. METHOD OF STUDY We investigated 1) serum levels of lactoferrin in five women during normal ovulatory cycles, 2) serum levels of lactoferrin during ten human menopausal gonadotropin induced cycles when estradiol levels are high, and 3) lactoferrin expression in five proliferative and five secretory phase endometrium by immunohistochemical studies. The serum concentrations of lactoferrin were measured by a peroxidase-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In normal ovulatory cycles, the mean serum lactoferrin concentration during the proliferative phase (0.4013 +/- 0.0242 micrograms/mL) was significantly higher (P < 0.02) than in the secretory phase (0.3468 +/- 0.0209 micrograms/mL). In induced cycles, there was gradual increase in lactoferrin levels with increasing estradiol concentrations. Peak lactoferrin levels in induced cycles (0.7495 +/- 0.1148 micrograms/mL) were significantly higher (P < 0.003) than the midcycle levels (0.423 +/- 0.0424 micrograms/mL) in normal cycles. Immunohistochemical analysis of the endometrium revealed greater expression of lactoferrin in proliferative endometrium (50.7 +/- 13%, range 28-72%) than in secretory endometrium (19.2 +/- 4%, range 7-31%). CONCLUSION These results indicate that estradiol may play a role in the regulation of lactoferrin expression in human endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Kelver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0587, USA
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24
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Abstract
The iron-binding protein lactoferrin (Lf) present in blood is metabolized by the liver. Isolated rat hepatocytes vigorously endocytose bovine Lf via recycling Ca2(+)-dependent binding sites, but the uptake of iron from Lf by hepatocytes has not been examined. In this study, isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with radiolabelled bovine Lf (125I-Lf, 59Fe-Lf or 125I-59Fe-Lf) at 37 degrees C, then washed at 4 degrees C in the presence of dextran sulphate with either Ca2+ or EGTA to distinguish between total bound and internal radioactivity respectively. Cells internalized 125I-Lf protein and Lf-bound 59Fe at maximal endocytic rates of 1700 and 480 mol.cell-1.s-1 respectively. When Lf was normalized for 59Fe content, these endocytic rates were equivalent and reflected an uptake potential of at least 3400 mol of iron.cell-1.s-1. Cells prebound with 125I-59Fe-Lf to Ca2+(-)dependent sites at 4 degrees C internalized more than 80% of both 125I-Lf protein and Lf-bound 59Fe approx. 6 min after warming to 37 degrees C at similar rates (125I-Lf: k(in) = 0.276 min-1, 59Fe: k(in) = 0.303 min-1). Within 4 h at 37 degrees C, cells had released 25% or less internalized Lf protein in the form of acid-soluble 125I-by-products but retained all the Lf-delivered 59Fe. Hyperosmotic disruption of clathrin-dependent endocytosis blocked the uptake of 125I-Lf and Lf-bound 59Fe. Incubation of cells with 125I-59Fe-Lf and a 100 molar excess of diferric transferrin reduced slightly the endocytosis of 125I-Lf protein and 59Fe accumulation. Treatment of cells with the ferric chelator desferrioxamine did not alter uptake of 125I-Lf protein or Lf-bound 59Fe, but the ferrous chelator bathophenanthroline disulphonate slightly elevated endocytosis of 125I-Lf protein and Lf-bound 59Fe. These findings indicate that Lf does not release its bound iron before endocytosis. It was concluded from this study that hepatocytes take up iron from Lf at high rates by a process that requires endocytosis of Lf-iron complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D McAbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556-5645, USA
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25
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Kawamoto S, Hashizume S, Katakura Y, Tachibana H, Murakami H. Molecular cloning of yeast cytochrome c-like polypeptide expressed in human lung carcinoma: an antigen recognizable by lung cancer-specific human monoclonal antibody. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995; 31:724-9. [PMID: 8564085 DOI: 10.1007/bf02634095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously determined the amino acid sequence to the epitope (ATLFKTR) of cytochrome c from Candida krusei, which is cross-reactive to the lung cancer-specific human monoclonal antibody HB4C5. Here we report that an antigen messenger RNA, which codes for a structure similar to the cytochrome c epitope, is expressed in the human lung adenocarcinoma A549. Sequencing analysis has revealed that this messenger RNA encodes a novel 190 amino acid polypeptide of 21-kDa containing an amino acid sequence (ALLFFT) similar to the cytochrome c epitope, although the total messenger RNA sequence is apparently different from the cytochrome c messenger RNA. Western analysis indicated that an antibody-recognizable 21-kDa antigen which has the same molecular weight as the predicted polypeptide is expressed in the A549 adenocarcinoma. The in vitro translated product of the antigen messenger RNA and synthesized ALLFFT peptide were both shown to be reactive with the monoclonal antibody, indicating that this protein contains the epitope which enables A549 cells to specifically react with the antibody. The antigen mRNA was not expressed in non-transformed fibroblasts, suggesting that the antigen mRNA expression was associated with cellular transformation. Also in part of the antigen nucleotide sequence, there was a segment that had about 90% homology to the long terminal repeat sequence (no. 297-475) of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K10, which was related to the mouse mammary tumor virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Hammarström ML, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Hammarström S. Functional lactoferrin receptors on activated human lymphocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 371A:47-53. [PMID: 8525969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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27
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Kohno Y, Shiraki K, Mura T, Ikawa S. Iron-saturated lactoferrin as a co-mitogenic substance for neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82:650-5. [PMID: 8374212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb18033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of lactoferrin on DNA synthesis in neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary culture to determine if this agent acts as a mitogen in human milk. Thymidine incorporation into the DNA of cultured hepatocytes stimulated by lactoferrin in the presence of insulin and human epidermal growth factor was examined. Iron-saturated lactoferrin increased DNA synthesis of neonatal hepatocytes by 1.5 times and this potency was the same as that of insulin. It significantly enhanced the stimulatory effect of human epidermal growth factor plus insulin; DNA synthesis under these conditions was seven times that of control. Iron-free lactoferrin did not affect DNA synthesis, nor did the exogenous addition of ferric ions. The enhancement of DNA synthesis by iron-saturated lactoferrin was significant for neonatal hepatocytes, but not for adult hepatocytes. These results suggest that iron-saturated lactoferrin, which itself had low mitogenic activity, is a co-mitogenic substance for neonatal hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kohno
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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28
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Garré C, Bianchi-Scarrá G, Sirito M, Musso M, Ravazzolo R. Lactoferrin binding sites and nuclear localization in K562(S) cells. J Cell Physiol 1992; 153:477-82. [PMID: 1447310 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041530306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin, a single chain cationic glycoprotein, present in the secondary granules of neutrophils, acts as a negative feedback regulator of myelopoiesis. Specific receptors for lactoferrin were detected on the surface of different hematopoietic cell types. The influence of lactoferrin on cell growth in culture has been reported. Interactions of lactoferrin with DNA were also demonstrated. In the present paper we confirm the presence of lactoferrin specific binding sites on K562 cells and we estimate the number of binding sites and the dissociation constant. By Western blotting analysis performed on K562 lysates we find a band of about 120 kDa responsible for specific binding of lactoferrin. We also show that lactoferrin, after binding at the cell surface, is internalized in a temperature dependent way and is immunologically detectable as a DNA-linked protein in nuclear extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garré
- Institute of Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Italy
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29
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Sanchez-Lopez R, Haldar K. A transferrin-independent iron uptake activity in Plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1992; 55:9-20. [PMID: 1435878 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-heme iron is essential for the asexual growth of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in mature erythrocytes. Utilization of iron bound to serum transferrin by the parasitized cells has been postulated, but direct evidence for its specific delivery has not been reported. Here we demonstrate that normal levels of transferrin in human serum are not required for intraerythrocytic P. falciparum growth: culture medium immunodepleted 500-1000 fold in human transferrin was capable of supporting parasitemias and rates of invasion comparable to those observed in non-depleted medium. 55Fe bound to transferrin was not taken up by infected cells. A transferrin-independent non-heme iron uptake activity was, however, detected in both infected and uninfected erythrocytes when iron was presented to the cells as 55Fe-NTA or 55Fe-citrate. Although the uptake activity was not parasite specific, the radiolabel was found in association with parasites mechanically released from the infected erythrocytes, indicating that it is delivered to the intracellular organism. Evidence is presented that the transferrin-independent iron uptake activity is time-, temperature- and concentration-dependent, but apparently not energy-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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30
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McAbee D, Esbensen K. Binding and endocytosis of apo- and holo-lactoferrin by isolated rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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31
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Loo D, Rawson C, Helmrich A, Barnes D. Serum-free mouse embryo cells: growth responses in vitro. J Cell Physiol 1989; 139:484-91. [PMID: 2786879 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041390306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have derived serum-free mouse embryo (SFME) cultures in a basal nutrient medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and fibronectin. These cells are nontumorigenic, lack gross chromosomal aberrations, and exhibit several other unique properties, including dependence on EGF for survival and growth inhibition by serum. We have examined the concentration dependence of the growth stimulatory effects of protein supplements used in the SFME medium formulation and surveyed other supplements that might act as alternative or complementary additions to the culture medium. Insulin could be replaced by insulin-like growth factor I and EGF could be replaced by transforming growth factor alpha in the same concentration range. Transferrin could be replaced by higher concentrations of lactoferrin. Deterioration of cultures in the absence of EGF began within 8 hours of the removal of the growth factor, and could be prevented by the addition of fibroblast growth factor/heparin-binding growth factor. Attachment proteins other than fibronectin were effective on SFME cells, but limited success was obtained when substituting other lipid preparations for HDL. These data introduce a precise system for exploring the unusual characteristics of SFME cells and contribute additional information that may be useful in the extension of these approaches to other cell types and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Loo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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32
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Hashizume S, Mochizuki K, Murakami H, Yano T, Yasumoto K, Nomoto K. Serodiagnosis of cancer, using porcine antigens recognized by human monoclonal antibody, HB4C5. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1989; 1:109-15. [PMID: 2641462 DOI: 10.1007/bf02170142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antigens, recognized by human monoclonal antibody (HB4C5) generated from a lung cancer patient, were found to occur in porcine pancreas. The antigens-I and -II were purified from crude trypsin of porcine pancreas, only by Mono Q column chromatography, and were eluted at 260 and 300 mM NaCl in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, respectively. These antigens differed from trypsin in molecular weight, elution pattern from the Mono Q column, and their reactivity with HB4C5. The molecular weights of the two antigens were almost the same at around 35000. These were used for serodiagnosis with an assay system based on 96-well immunoplates. The reactivities of antigens-I and -II with various sera were similar. When the reactivity of IgG in serum with antigen-II was measured, absorbance at 415 nm in the case of normal and lung cancer patients was 0.178 +/- 0.056 and 0.492 +/- 0.136 (p less than 0.005). The rates of positive reaction in ovary, larynx, uterus, lung and liver cancers were more than 50%, but the rates in stomach and breast cancers were less than 30%. Positive reaction was hardly detected in pancreas cancer and normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashizume
- Morinaga Institute of Biological Science, Yokohama, Japan
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