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Gesteira TF, Sun M, Coulson-Thomas YM, Yamaguchi Y, Yeh LK, Hascall V, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Hyaluronan Rich Microenvironment in the Limbal Stem Cell Niche Regulates Limbal Stem Cell Differentiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:4407-4421. [PMID: 28863216 PMCID: PMC5584473 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Limbal epithelial stem cells (LSCs), located in the basal layer of the corneal epithelium in the corneal limbus, are vital for maintaining the corneal epithelium. LSCs have a high capacity of self-renewal with increased potential for error-free proliferation and poor differentiation. To date, limited research has focused on unveiling the composition of the limbal stem cell niche, and, more important, on the role the specific stem cell niche may have in LSC differentiation and function. Our work investigates the composition of the extracellular matrix in the LSC niche and how it regulates LSC differentiation and function. Methods Hyaluronan (HA) is naturally synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HASs), and vertebrates have the following three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. Wild-type and HAS and TSG-6 knockout mice-HAS1-/-;HAS3-/-, HAS2Δ/ΔCorEpi, TSG-6-/--were used to determine the importance of the HA niche in LSC differentiation and specification. Results Our data demonstrate that the LSC niche is composed of a HA rich extracellular matrix. HAS1-/-;HAS3-/-, HAS2Δ/ΔCorEpi, and TSG-6-/- mice have delayed wound healing and increased inflammation after injury. Interestingly, upon insult the HAS knock-out mice up-regulate HA throughout the cornea through a compensatory mechanism, and in turn this alters LSC and epithelial cell specification. Conclusions The LSC niche is composed of a specialized HA matrix that differs from that present in the rest of the corneal epithelium, and the disruption of this specific HA matrix within the LSC niche leads to compromised corneal epithelial regeneration. Finally, our findings suggest that HA has a major role in maintaining the LSC phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Burns, Chemical/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cellular Microenvironment/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Eye Burns/chemically induced
- Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism
- Hyaluronan Synthases
- Hyaluronic Acid/genetics
- Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Limbus Corneae/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Stem Cell Niche/physiology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Wound Healing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingxia Sun
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Linko, Taiwan
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Rauhala L, Hämäläinen L, Salonen P, Bart G, Tammi M, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Tammi R. Low dose ultraviolet B irradiation increases hyaluronan synthesis in epidermal keratinocytes via sequential induction of hyaluronan synthases Has1-3 mediated by p38 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17999-8012. [PMID: 23645665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.472530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan, a major epidermal extracellular matrix component, responds strongly to different kinds of injuries. This also occurs by UV radiation, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The effects of a single ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure on hyaluronan content and molecular mass, and expression of genes involved in hyaluronan metabolism were defined in monolayer and differentiated, organotypic three-dimensional cultures of rat epidermal keratinocytes. The signals regulating the response were characterized using specific inhibitors and Western blotting. In monolayer cultures, UVB increased hyaluronan synthase Has1 mRNA already 4 h postexposure, with a return to control level by 24 h. In contrast, Has2 and Has3 were persistently elevated from 8 h onward. Silencing of Has2 and especially Has3 decreased the UVB-induced accumulation of hyaluronan. p38 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II pathways were found to be involved in the UVB-induced up-regulation of Has2 and Has3 expression, respectively, and their inhibition reduced hyaluronan deposition. However, the expressions of the hyaluronan-degrading enzymes Hyal1 and Hyal2 and the hyaluronan receptor Cd44 were also up-regulated by UVB. In organotypic cultures, UVB treatment also resulted in increased expression of both Has and Hyal genes and shifted hyaluronan toward a smaller size range. Histochemical stainings indicated localized losses of hyaluronan in the epidermis. The data show that exposure of keratinocytes to acute, low dose UVB increases hyaluronan synthesis via up-regulation of Has2 and Has3. The simultaneously enhanced catabolism of hyaluronan demonstrates the complexity of the UVB-induced changes. Nevertheless, enhanced hyaluronan metabolism is an important part of the adaptation of keratinocytes to radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Rauhala
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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Diaz S, Varki A. Metabolic radiolabeling of animal cell glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 12:12.2.1-12.2.15. [PMID: 19688735 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1202s57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Useful information about glycoconjugates can be obtained by labeling their aglycone (noncarbohydrate) portions-e.g., labeling proteins with radioactive amino acids-and then using techniques described elsewhere in this chapter to infer the presence, type, and nature of glycan chains. This unit describes metabolic labeling techniques that provide more specific information about the structure, sequence, and distribution of the sugar chains of glycoconjugates. Following metabolic labeling, the radioactive glycoconjugate of interest is isolated, individual glycosylation sites are identified and separated if necessary, and the labeled glycans are subjected to structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Diaz
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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4
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Diaz S, Varki A. Metabolic radiolabeling of animal cell glycoconjugates. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; Chapter 17:Unit17.4. [PMID: 19575476 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1704s87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Useful information about glycoconjugates can be obtained by labeling their aglycone (noncarbohydrate) portions--e.g., labeling proteins with radioactive amino acids--and then using techniques described elsewhere in this chapter to infer the presence, type, and nature of glycan chains. This unit describes metabolic labeling techniques that provide more specific information about the structure, sequence, and distribution of the sugar chains of glycoconjugates. Following metabolic labeling, the radioactive glycoconjugate of interest is isolated, individual glycosylation sites are identified and separated if necessary, and the labeled glycans are subjected to structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Diaz
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Nigro J, Potter-Perigo S, Ivey ME, de Dios ST, Evanko SP, Wight TN, Little PJ. The effect of PPAR ligands to modulate glucose metabolism alters the incorporation of metabolic precursors into proteoglycans synthesized by human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114:171-7. [PMID: 18629682 DOI: 10.1080/13813450802181013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PPAR ligands are important effectors of energy metabolism and can modify proteoglycan synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Describing the cell biology of these important clinical agents is important for understanding their full clinical potential, including toxicity. Troglitazone (10 microM) and fenofibrate (30 microM) treatment of VSMCs reduces ((35)S)-sulphate incorporation into proteoglycans due to a reduction of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain length. Conversely, under physiological glucose conditions (5.5 mM), the same treatment increases ((3)H)-glucosamine incorporation into GAGs. This apparent paradox is the consequence of an increase in the intracellular ((3)H)-galactosamine specific activity from 48.2 +/- 3.2 microCi/ micromol to 90.7 +/- 11.0 microCi/ micromol (P < 0.001) and 57.1 +/- 2.6 microCi/ micromol (P < 0.05) when VSMCs were treated with troglitazone and fenofibrate, respectively. The increased specific activity observed with troglitazone (10 microM) treatment correlates with a two-fold increase in glucose consumption, while fenofibrate (50 microM) treatment showed a modest (14.6%) increase in glucose consumption. We conclude that the sole use of glucosamine precursors to assess GAG biosynthesis results in misleading conclusions when assessing the effect of PPAR ligands on VSMC proteoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nigro
- CSIRO, Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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6
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Diaz S, Varki A. Metabolic radiolabeling of animal cell glycoconjugates. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Chapter 8:Unit 8.13. [PMID: 18432853 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0813s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes metabolic labeling techniques that provide specific information about the structure, sequence, and distribution of the sugar chains of glycoconjugates. In the Basic Protocol, cells in culture are grown through several population doublings in complete medium supplemented with radiolabeled glycoconjugate precursors to reach a steady-state level of incorporation. In the alternate protocols, cells are cultured for a short period of time in a deficient medium that contains a high concentration of radiolabeled precursor. A pulse or pulse-chase labeling procedure is provided to analyze precursor-product relationships. With the sequential pulse-labeling method described here, it is possible to obtain quantities of labeled glycoconjugates with the use of a minimum amount of labeled precursor by using the same batch of medium to pulse-label a series of cultures. A support protocol describes the preparation of multiply deficient medium (MDM) for use in making appropriate deficient media.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diaz
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Diaz S, Varki A. Metabolic radiolabeling of animal cell glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 17:Unit17.4. [PMID: 18265161 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1704s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes metabolic labeling techniques that provide specific information about the structure, sequence, and distribution of the sugar chains of glycoconjugates. Although these techniques provide less information than complete sequencing of the sugar chains, the partial structural information derived is sufficient for many purposes. In the basic procedure presented in this unit, actively growing cell cultures are grown through several population doublings in complete medium supplemented with radiolabeled glycoconjugate precursors to reach a steady-state level of incorporation. In alternate protocols, cells are cultured for a short period of time in a deficient medium that contains a high concentration of radiolabeled precursor. A pulse or pulse-chase labeling procedure can be used to analyze precursor-product relationships. With sequential pulse-labeling, it is possible to obtain quantities of labeled glycoconjugates with the use of a minimal amount of labeled precursor by using the same medium to pulse-label a series of cultures. A support protocol describes the preparation of multiply deficient medium (MDM) for use in making appropriate deficient media.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diaz
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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8
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Tooze SA. Metabolic labeling with sulfate. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2008; Chapter 7:Unit 7.3. [PMID: 18228381 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0703s04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins make it possible to determine where a protein normally resides or to follow its transport through the cell. One such modification is addition of sulfate either to tyrosine residues or to carbohydrate side chains. Labeling studies with [(35)S] sulfate can be done as continuous or pulse-chase experiments, as described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Tooze
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Männistö M, Reinisalo M, Ruponen M, Honkakoski P, Tammi M, Urtti A. Polyplex-mediated gene transfer and cell cycle: effect of carrier on cellular uptake and intracellular kinetics, and significance of glycosaminoglycans. J Gene Med 2007; 9:479-87. [PMID: 17410614 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here we report on studies that probe whether the intracellular kinetics of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are modified during the cell cycle in a way that can be correlated with changes in gene transfer efficiency with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and poly-L-lysine (PLL) polyplexes. METHODS Synchronized D407 retinal cells were transfected with PEI and PLL polyplexes using a luciferase reporter. The free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA was determined by real-time PCR, and compared with transgene expression, the rate of pinocytosis by FITC-dextran uptake and the content of cell surface GAGs. RESULTS The amount of free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA between cell cycle phases varied approximately 4-20 times (G1 < S < G2/M). Both carriers delivered pDNA in a similar way into the nucleus (PLL vs. PEI < or = 3.5-fold), but PEI was approximately 10-100 times more efficient in gene expression than PLL (G1 < G2/M < S). The rate of pinocytosis increased up to 70-fold from G1 to middle S phase. Cell surface heparan and chondroitin sulfate increased 50-80%, and hyaluronan decreased 50% when the cells went from G1 through S to G2/M. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained indicates that no single parameter (pinocytosis, cell surface GAGs, nuclear uptake) solely accounts for the differential pDNA uptake or expression during cell cycle, and that the main difference in PLL- and PEI-mediated transfections seems to be at the nuclear level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Männistö
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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11
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Vogl-Willis CA, Edwards IJ. High-glucose-induced structural changes in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, of cultured human aortic endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:36-45. [PMID: 15056491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. One potential mechanism involves hyperglycemia-induced changes in arterial wall extracellular matrix components leading to increased atherosclerosis susceptibility. A decrease in heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans (GAG) has been reported in diabetic arteries. The present studies examined the effects of high glucose on in vitro production of proteoglycans (PG) by aortic endothelial cells. Exposure of cells to high glucose (30 vs. 5 mM glucose) resulted in decreased [(35)S] sodium sulfate incorporation specifically into secreted HSPG. Differences were not due to hyperosmolar effects and no changes were observed in CS/DSPG. Enzymatic procedures, immunoprecipitation and Western analyses demonstrated that high glucose induced changes specifically in the HSPG, perlecan. In double-label experiments, lower sulfate incorporation in high-glucose-treated cells was accompanied by lower [(3)H] glucosamine incorporation into GAG but not lower [(3)H] serine incorporation into PG core proteins. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that GAG size was unchanged and GAG sulfation was not reduced. These results indicate that the level of regulation of perlecan by high glucose is posttranslational, involving a modification in molecular structure, possibly a decrease in the number of HS GAG chains on the core protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Vogl-Willis
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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12
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Mroz PJ, Silbert JE. Effects of [3H]glucosamine concentration on [3H]chondroitin sulphate formation by cultured chondrocytes. Biochem J 2003; 376:511-5. [PMID: 12943531 PMCID: PMC1223773 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Revised: 08/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GlcN (glucosamine) is now promoted over the counter for implied treatment of osteoarthritis, ostensibly by stimulating biosynthesis of cartilage chondroitin sulphate. In order to evaluate whether exogenous GlcN has any stimulatory effect, we have incubated mouse chondrocytes with [(35)S]sulphate and various amounts of GlcN, to determine whether any increment in chondroitin [(35)S]sulphate formation occurs. Similarly we have used varying concentrations of [(3)H]GlcN to determine the dilution of incorporation into [(3)H]chondroitin sulphate due to provision of endogenous GlcN by metabolism from glucose at two different glucose concentrations. The incorporation of both (35)S and (3)H was essentially linear over a 5 h time period. We found no stimulation of chondroitin [(35)S]sulphate synthesis at lower concentrations of GlcN, and a significant reduction at higher concentrations. Even at concentrations of [(3)H]GlcN that were greater than could be achieved with standard doses of oral GlcN, there was significant dilution of exogenous GlcN. Furthermore, an artificial acceptor for glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cell culture, 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside, did not modify the provision of GlcN from endogenous sources, even though it stimulated chondroitin sulphate synthesis 4 -5-fold at each GlcN concentration. We conclude that the cells have excess capacity to form maximal amounts of GlcN from glucose so that exogenous GlcN does not stimulate chondroitin sulphate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Mroz
- Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, 200 Springs Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
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Midura RJ, Su X, Morcuende JA, Tammi M, Tammi R. Parathyroid Hormone Rapidly Stimulates Hyaluronan Synthesis by Periosteal Osteoblasts in the Tibial Diaphysis of the Growing Rat. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51462-8. [PMID: 14514685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307567200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Short term treatment (3-24 h) with parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulated the synthesis and accumulation of hyaluronan (HyA) in explant cultures of tibial diaphyses from young rats. PTH increased the overall HyA content of periosteum 5-fold, with the basal cambium layer exhibiting the greatest enhancement ( approximately 8-fold). PTH increased the HyA content of cortical bone by 2-fold while not affecting the HyA content of bone marrow. PTH treatment greatly enhanced HyA staining throughout all layers of the periosteum, although its most dramatic effect occurred in the basal cambium layer. Here, unlike in the control tissue sections, nearly all cambium-lining osteoblasts stained intensely positive for HyA. PTH treatment enhanced the HyA staining of osteocytes in cortical bone tissue sections to the extent that the lacunocanalicular system became visualized. Three significant findings were revealed in this study. First, mature periosteal osteoblasts, under natural conditions, do not contain much HyA in their surrounding extracellular matrix but dramatically enhance their matrix HyA content when treated with PTH. Second, pre-osteocytes and osteocytes contain more HyA in their natural matrix than mature lining osteoblasts, and they appear to have functional PTH receptors because they responded to PTH treatment with an enhancement of HyA content. Finally, it was observed that the lining cells along the endosteal surface of the diaphysis did not stain strongly positive for HyA either naturally or when exposed to PTH treatment. This indicates that periosteal and endosteal osteoblastic cell populations exhibit metabolic differences in their extracellular matrix responses to PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Midura
- Orthopaedic Research Center and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Lerner Research Institute of The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Lietman SA, Hobbs W, Inoue N, Reddi AH. Effects of selected growth factors on porcine meniscus in chemically defined medium. Orthopedics 2003; 26:799-803. [PMID: 12938945 DOI: 10.3928/0147-7447-20030801-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Some evidence shows that selected growth factors can increase proteoglycan synthesis and that fibrin clot aids in the repair of meniscal tears. A significant (P<.05) dose-dependent stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis was found with platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-[AB]), transforming growth factor-beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (osteogenic protein-I). In separate experiments, a significant increase in cellularity was found in the deep and superficial aspects of the explants treated with PDGF-(AB) compared with those treated with basal medium alone. The current study provides data as to which growth factors might prove most useful in the maintenance and repair of menisci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Lietman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-0882, USA
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15
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Grzesik WJ, Frazier CR, Shapiro JR, Sponseller PD, Robey PG, Fedarko NS. Age-related changes in human bone proteoglycan structure. Impact of osteogenesis imperfecta. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:43638-47. [PMID: 12221073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are a family of molecules that undergo extensive post-translational modifications that include addition of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains as well as N- and O-linked oligosaccharides to the protein core. PG composition and structure have been reported to alter with age. To test whether the post-translational modifications to PGs can serve as in vitro surrogate end point markers for chronological age, the extent of GAG modifications was determined for PGs derived from normal human bone cells of 14 donors (age range, fetal to 60 years). Isolated cells were steady state radiolabeled with (35)SO(4)(2-) and [(3)H]GlcN. For biglycan and decorin, iduronate content was linearly correlated with age (increased 1.5x between fetal and age 60 years). For the syndecan-like heparan sulfate PG, the N-sulfation of post-natal cells increased over 3.5-fold until reaching a plateau during the 4th decade of life. The amount of O-linked oligosaccharides was also found to decrease as a function of increasing normal donor age, whereas the specific activity of the metabolic precursor pool remained constant regardless of donor age. These age-related changes in post-translational modifications were then used to demonstrate that osteoblasts derived from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta did not exhibit facets of a pre-mature aging, but rather were arrested in a fetal-like phenotypic state. A growth matrix rich in thrombospondin altered PG metabolism in osteoblastic cells, resulting in the production and secretion of the fetal-like (rich in O-linked oligosaccharides) forms of decorin and biglycan. This effect was qualitatively different from the effect of transforming growth factor-beta, which predominantly altered GAGs rather than O-linked oligosaccharides. No other Arg-Gly-Asp protein (fibronectin, vitronectin, type I collagen, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein) showed any detectable effect on PG metabolism in bone cells. These results indicate that a proper matrix stoichiometry is critical for metabolism of PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech J Grzesik
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599-7455, USA
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Tammi R, Rilla K, Pienimaki JP, MacCallum DK, Hogg M, Luukkonen M, Hascall VC, Tammi M. Hyaluronan enters keratinocytes by a novel endocytic route for catabolism. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:35111-22. [PMID: 11451952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103481200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthesized in the epidermis has an exceptionally short half-life, indicative of its catabolism by epidermal keratinocytes. An intracellular pool of endogenously synthesized hyaluronan, from 1 to 20 fg/cell, inversely related to cell density, was observed in cultured rat epidermal keratinocytes. More than 80% of the intracellular hyaluronan was small (<90 kDa). Approximately 25% of newly synthesized hyaluronan was endocytosed by the keratinocytes and had a half-life of 2-3 h. A biotinylated aggrecan G(1) domain/link protein probe demonstrated hyaluronan in small vesicles of approximately 100 nm diameter close to the plasma membrane, and in large vesicles and multivesicular bodies up to 1300 nm diameter around the nucleus. Hyaluronan did not co-localize with markers of lysosomes. However, inhibition of lysosomal acidification with NH(4)Cl or chloroquine, or treating the cells with the hyaluronidase inhibitor apigenin increased intracellular hyaluronan staining, suggesting that it resided in prelysosomal endosomes. Competitive displacement of hyaluronan from surface receptors using hyaluronan decasaccharides, resulted in a rapid disappearance of this endosomal hyaluronan (t(12) approximately 5 min), indicating its transitory nature. The ultrastructure of the hyaluronan-containing vesicles, co-localization with marker proteins for different vesicle types, and application of specific uptake inhibitors demonstrated that the formation of hyaluronan-containing vesicles did not involve clathrin-coated pits or caveolae. Treatment of rat epidermal keratinocytes with the OX50 monoclonal antibody against the hyaluronan receptor CD44 increased endosomal hyaluronan. However, no CD44-hyaluronan co-localization was observed intracellularly unless endosomal trafficking was retarded by monensin, or cultivation at 20 degrees C, suggesting CD44 recycling. Rat epidermal keratinocytes thus internalize a large proportion of their newly synthesized hyaluronan into non-clathrin-coated endosomes in a receptor mediated way, and rapidly transport it to slower degradation in the endosomal/lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, P. O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Pienimaki JP, Rilla K, Fulop C, Sironen RK, Karvinen S, Pasonen S, Lammi MJ, Tammi R, Hascall VC, Tammi MI. Epidermal growth factor activates hyaluronan synthase 2 in epidermal keratinocytes and increases pericellular and intracellular hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20428-35. [PMID: 11262389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is an abundant and rapidly turned over matrix molecule between the vital cell layers of the epidermis. In this study, epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced a coat of hyaluronan and a 3-5-fold increase in its rate of synthesis in a rat epidermal keratinocyte cell line that has retained its ability for differentiation. EGF also increased hyaluronan in perinuclear vesicles, suggesting concurrent enhancement in its endocytosis. Cell-associated hyaluronan was most abundant in elongated cells that were stimulated to migrate by EGF, as determined in vitro in a wound healing assay. Large fluctuations in the pool size of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, the metabolic precursor of hyaluronan, correlated with medium glucose concentrations but not with EGF. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed no increase in hyaluronan synthases 1 and 3 (Has1 and Has3), whereas Has2 mRNA increased 2-3-fold in less than 2 h following the introduction of EGF, as estimated by quantitative RT-PCR with a truncated Has2 mRNA internal standard. The average level of Has2 mRNA increased from approximately 6 copies/cell in cultures before change of fresh medium, up to approximately 54 copies/cell after 6 h in EGF-containing medium. A control medium with 10% serum caused a maximum level of approximately 21 copies/cell at 6 h. The change in the Has2 mRNA levels and the stimulation of hyaluronan synthesis followed a similar temporal pattern, reaching a maximum level at 6 h and declining toward 24 h, a finding in line with a predominantly Has2-dependent hyaluronan synthesis and its transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pienimaki
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Diaz S, Varki A. Metabolic Radiolabeling of Animal Cell Glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; Chapter 12:Unit 12.2. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1202s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Diaz
- University of California San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Ajit Varki
- University of California San Diego La Jolla California
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19
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Abstract
Hyaluronan, nature's simplest, but still exceptionally versatile glycosaminoglycan, is currently the focus of attention across a wide front of research; from cell biology, morphogenesis, matrix organization, pathobiology to tissue engineering. This macromolecule has entangled me in a number of puzzling and challenging projects over the past 3 decades. These entertaining encounters are outlined in this retrospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
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20
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Kimura EA, Katzin AM, Couto AS. More on protein glycosylation in the malaria parasite. PARASITOLOGY TODAY (PERSONAL ED.) 2000; 16:38-40. [PMID: 10637588 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Castro CM, Cruzado MC, Miatello RM, Risler NR. Proteoglycan production by vascular smooth muscle cells from resistance arteries of hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1999; 34:893-6. [PMID: 10523380 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.34.4.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) modifications in the vascular wall contribute to the narrowing of arteries in hypertension. Because direct evidence for the role of proteoglycans (PGs) in the pathological process of resistance-sized arteries has not already been demonstrated, we examined the effect of growth factors on secreted and membrane-bound PG synthesis by cultured mesenteric vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar rats. After 48 hours of stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 0.1% FCS as control, PG synthesis (in dpm/ng DNA) was evaluated in the medium (M-ECM) and in the cell layer (P-ECM) by a double-isotopic label method with both [(3)H]-glucosamine and [(35)S]-sodium sulfate, which are incorporated into all complex carbohydrates or only into sulfated disaccharides, respectively. VSMC from SHR displayed a significantly lower level of synthesis of M-ECM [(3)H]-PGs than those of Wistar rats in all the experimental groups, including the control group (0. 1% FCS), but no differences in M-ECM [(35)S] uptake were found in any case. In the P-ECM, Ang II was the only factor that produced a lesser effect on [(3)H]-glucosamine and a greater effect on [(35)S]-sodium sulfate uptakes in VSMC from SHR than from Wistar rats. The most prominent change seen in VSMC from SHR was an increased sulfation, assessed by [(35)S]/[(3)H] ratio, in nonstimulated cells and in response to 10% FCS and Ang II but not to PDGF-BB compared with VSMC from Wistar rats. These data indicate the existence of changes in PG modulation in the resistance vessels of SHR, which suggests that PGs may contribute to the development of structural and functional modifications in hypertensive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Castro
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, School of Medicine-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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22
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Ibrahim J, Griffin P, Coombe DR, Rider CC, James W. Cell-surface heparan sulfate facilitates human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 entry into some cell lines but not primary lymphocytes. Virus Res 1999; 60:159-69. [PMID: 10392724 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have evolved to exploit cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAG), particularly heparan sulfate, to facilitate their attachment and infection of host cells. Here, the case for the involvement of heparan sulfate GAG in cellular infection by human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) compared with herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1) is re-examined. It is shown that HIV-1 infection is facilitated by heparan sulfate GAG in only one of three highly permissive cell lines tested, whereas HSV-1 infection is facilitated to varying extents in all three. To evaluate the physiological relevance of these findings, primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), the physiological host for HIV-1, were examined. It was found that treatment of PBL with heparitinase, to remove any traces of heparan sulfate GAG, did not alter their sensitivity to infection by either lymphocyte-tropic, X4-type strain HIV-1IIIB, nor the monocyte-tropic, R5-type strain, HIV-1Ba-L. It is concluded that heparan sulfate GAG has little physiological role in the infection of lymphocytes by HIV-1 and that evidence derived from studies on immortalized cell lines suggesting a significant role must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ibrahim
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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23
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Tammi R, MacCallum D, Hascall VC, Pienimäki JP, Hyttinen M, Tammi M. Hyaluronan bound to CD44 on keratinocytes is displaced by hyaluronan decasaccharides and not hexasaccharides. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:28878-88. [PMID: 9786890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.44.28878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant hyaluronan is present between epidermal keratinocytes. However, virtually nothing is known regarding its organization in the limited extracellular space between these cells. We have used metabolic labeling with [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate and a hyaluronan-specific biotinylated probe to study the metabolism of hyaluronan and its localization in monolayer cultures of a rat epidermal keratinocyte cell line. Hyaluronan (approximately 20 fg/cell) was present on the apical and lateral surfaces of the cells in two nearly equal pools, either in patches (approximately 160/cell) or diffusely spread. The hyaluronan in the patches is bound to CD44 as indicated by co-localization with an antibody to CD44, and by displacement with hyaluronan decasaccharides as well as with an antibody that blocks hyaluronan binding to CD44. The inability of hyaluronan oligomers shorter than 10 monosaccharides to displace hyaluronan suggests that CD44 dimerization or cooperative interactions are required for tight binding. The diffuse hyaluronan pool is likely bound to hyaluronan synthase during its biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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24
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Rossi A, Kaitila I, Wilcox WR, Rimoin DL, Steinmann B, Cetta G, Superti-Furga A. Proteoglycan sulfation in cartilage and cell cultures from patients with sulfate transporter chondrodysplasias: relationship to clinical severity and indications on the role of intracellular sulfate production. Matrix Biol 1998; 17:361-9. [PMID: 9822202 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(98)90088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST) gene have been associated with a family of chondrodysplasias that includes diastrophic dysplasia (DTD), atelosteogenesis type 2 (AO2) and the lethal condition achondrogenesis type 1B (ACG1B). There is a correlation between the nature of the mutations and the clinical phenotype, but our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder, which involves defective sulfation of cartilage proteoglycans, is far from complete. To evaluate the degree of proteoglycan undersulfation in vivo, we have extracted chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans from cartilage of twelve patients with sulfate transporter chondrodysplasias and analyzed their disaccharide composition by HPLC after digestion with chondroitinase ABC. The amount of non-sulfated disaccharide was elevated in patients' samples (controls, 5.5%+/-2.8 (n=10); patients, 11% to 77%), the highest amount being present in ACG1B patients, indicating that undersulfation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans occurs in cartilage in vivo and is correlated with the clinical severity. To investigate further the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the translation of genotype to phenotype, we have studied fibroblast cultures of patients with DTD, AO2 and ACG1B, and controls, by double-labelling with [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine. The incorporation of extracellular sulfate, estimated by the 35S/3H ratio in proteoglycans, was reduced in all patients' cells, with ACG1B cells showing the lowest values. However, disaccharide analysis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans showed that these were normally sul fated or only moderately undersulfated; marked undersulfation was observed only after addition of the artificial glycosaminoglycan-chain initiator, beta-D-xyloside, to the culture medium. These results suggest that, while utilization of extracellular sulfate is impaired, fibroblasts can replenish their intracellular sulfate pool by oxidizing sulfur-containing compounds (such as cysteine) and thus partially rescue PG sulfation under basal conditions. This rescue pathway becomes insufficient when GAG synthesis rate is stimulated by beta-D-xyloside. These findings may explain why phenotypic consequences of DTDST mutations are restricted to cartilage, a tissue with high GAG synthesis rate and poor vascular supply, and imply that pharmacological therapy aimed at restoring the intracellular sulfate pool might improve PG sulfation in DTD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry Alessandro Castellani, University of Pavia, Italy
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25
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Goodstone NJ, Hascall VC, Calabro A. Differential effects of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin on the synthesis of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate by rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 350:26-35. [PMID: 9466816 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membranes of rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were permeabilized by treatment with alpha-hemolysin, the major toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which forms small, stable, heptameric, transmembrane pores (1-2 nm in diameter) permitting influx/efflux of low-molecular-mass molecules (< or = 2000 Da). Treated chondrocytes were permeable to entry of trypan blue and exit of ATP. We describe the effects of alpha-hemolysin on the synthesis of hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) by chondrocytes using the simple sugar [3H]glucosamine as a metabolic precursor. Chondrocytes permeabilized with alpha-hemolysin in serum-free media decreased intracellular ATP and synthesis of CS to approximately 5% of control within 2-4 h, but synthesized HA (80% of control for 8 h; approximately 65% of control at 24 h). Adding fresh medium (with or without serum) to permeabilized cells increased ATP significantly and increased HA synthesis to near initial control values. Under the same conditions, the recovery of CS synthesis approached initial levels in control but not permeabilized cells. Our model demonstrates that the biosynthesis of HA by these cells in vitro is remarkably stable to cellular perturbations which drastically inhibit synthesis of CS on proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Goodstone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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26
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Hill WG, Harper GS, Rozaklis T, Hopwood JJ. Sulfation of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate by cystic fibrosis pancreatic duct cells is not different from control cells. BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE 1997; 62:85-94. [PMID: 9367803 DOI: 10.1006/bmme.1997.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is associated with mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-regulated plasma membrane chloride channel. Cystic fibrosis patients have been reported to possess elevated sulfation of glycoconjugates, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans by a cystic fibrosis pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line homozygous for DeltaF508 (CFPAC-1), a control pancreatic cell line (PANC-1), two CFPAC-1 cell lines transfected with the gene for CFTR (PLJ-CFTR-4.7, TR20), and a mock-transfected CFPAC-1 control (PLJ-6) was investigated. Cells were radiolabeled with [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine, and glycosaminoglycans secreted into the medium after 24 and 72 h were isolated. Chondroitinase ABC digestion of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate allowed the recovery of disaccharides which were analyzed for their degree of sulfation by strong anion-exchange HPLC. No differences in the extent of sulfation by any of the cell lines were noted. However, glycoaminoglycans synthesized by cystic fibrosis cells consistently exhibited twofold higher [35S]-sulfate:[3H]glucosamine ratios than the controls. We conclude that CFTR plays no role in the sulfation of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate by pancreatic cells and that isotope incorporation ratios alone are insufficient evidence of changes in sulfation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Hill
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5006. whill+@pitt.edu
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27
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Thiébot B, Bichoualne L, Langris M, Bonnamy PJ, Barbey P, Carreau S, Bocquet J. IGF-1 stimulates synthesis of undersulfated proteoglycans and of hyaluronic acid by peritubular cells from immature rat testis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1358:127-41. [PMID: 9332449 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of confluent peritubular (PT) cells from immature rat testis to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) induced a time and dose-dependent increase of [35S]-sulfate and [3H]-D-glucosamine incorporations in newly synthesized proteoglycans (PG). This increased content of PG was the result of an enhancement of PG synthesis rather than a decreased rate of degradation. IGF-1 had no effect on the molecular weight of synthesized PG nor on the nature and distribution of the constitutive glycosaminoglycan chains, both in medium and in cell layer. The stimulation of PG synthesis by IGF-1 appeared to be due, at least partially, to an increase of glycosylation processes. IGF-1 effect was mediated by the classical tyrosine kinase signalling process, since IGF-1 action on PG synthesis was abolished by genistein and tyrphostin A9, two well known tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The increase of PG synthesis was accompanied with an undersulfation of constitutive glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains (chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate chains) since the [35S]/[3H] ratio was reduced by about 20-25% in presence of IGF-1. Although the mechanism of hyaluronic acid synthesis was completely different from those of other GAG, IGF-1 also dramatically enhanced its production by PT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thiébot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, EP CNRS 009, IRBA, Université de Caen, France
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28
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Lietman SA, Yanagishita M, Sampath TK, Reddi AH. Stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis in explants of porcine articular cartilage by recombinant osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic protein-7). J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79:1132-7. [PMID: 9278071 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199708000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteogenic protein-1 (also known as bone morphogenetic protein-7) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family. Bone morphogenetic proteins and related members of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily are involved in the development and repair of bone. Recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins induce the formation of new cartilage and bone at heterotopic sites. We investigated the influence of recombinant osteogenic protein-1 (at doses of three, ten, thirty, or 100 nanograms per milliliter) on the synthesis and release of proteoglycans and the maintenance of a steady-state concentration of proteoglycans in explants of porcine articular cartilage that were maintained in chemically defined serum-free medium. We found a dose-dependent stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis and a concurrent decrease in the rate of release of proteoglycans from the explants. The size of the proteoglycan monomers and the composition of the glycosaminoglycan chains in the untreated articular cartilage were similar to those in the articular cartilage treated with osteogenic protein-1. The capacity of the newly synthesized proteoglycan monomers to form aggregates with exogenous hyaluronic acid was found to be similar to that of proteoglycans in bovine nasal cartilage. Our results demonstrated that osteogenic protein-1 stimulated the synthesis of proteoglycans and diminished the release of proteoglycans from explants of porcine articular cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The maintenance and repair of articular cartilage is a formidable challenge in clinical orthopaedics. The stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis by osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic protein-7) in explants of cartilage maintained in chemically defined serum-free medium implies that recombinant osteogenic protein-1 may play a role in the maintenance of a steady-state concentration of proteoglycans in articular cartilage, a desirable prerequisite for optimum repair of cartilage. Osteogenic protein-1 can initiate the formation of cartilage from mesenchymal cells. Once new cartilage has formed at the site of repair, osteogenic protein-1 also may maintain the synthesis of proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lietman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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29
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Tirone E, D'Alessandris C, Hascall VC, Siracusa G, Salustri A. Hyaluronan synthesis by mouse cumulus cells is regulated by interactions between follicle-stimulating hormone (or epidermal growth factor) and a soluble oocyte factor (or transforming growth factor beta1). J Biol Chem 1997; 272:4787-94. [PMID: 9030534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC) in the preovulatory mammalian follicle requires a transient induction of hyaluronan (HA) synthesis by the cumulus cells. We studied the interactions of known factors that regulate this process by isolating compact COCs from mice and inducing their expansion in vitro. Maximum HA synthesis requires either follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) in combination with either a soluble factor(s) produced by the oocyte or transforming growth factor beta1. FSH (or EGF) exerts its effects during the first 2 h of incubation, before HA synthesis actually begins. The oocyte factor(s) (or transforming growth factor beta1) exerts its effects from 2 h onwards and must be continuously present throughout the subsequent approximately 10 h to achieve a maximum level of HA synthesis. FSH stimulates intracellular cAMP synthesis, which correlates with net HA production up to approximately 14 fmol/COC at 5 ng/ml FSH; however, higher concentrations of FSH increase cAMP levels approximately 10-fold higher with no additional effect on HA synthesis. EGF at saturating concentrations for HA synthesis does not stimulate cAMP above basal levels. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin AG18 nearly abolish the HA synthesis response to EGF and inhibit the response to FSH by approximately 60%, suggesting that a tyrosine kinase activity is involved for both factors, whereas FSH also operates partially through another signaling pathway. Actinomycin D abolishes HA synthesis if added at the beginning of culture and reduces HA synthesis by approximately 50% if added between 6-12 h when HA synthesis is normally maximal. The results suggest that regulation of HA synthesis is primarily controlled at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tirone
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00173 Rome, Italy
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30
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Masi L, Brandi ML, Robey PG, Crescioli C, Calvo JC, Bernabei P, Kerr JM, Yanagishita M. Biosynthesis of bone sialoprotein by a human osteoclast-like cell line (FLG 29.1). J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:187-96. [PMID: 7754798 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of bone sialoprotein (BSP) by a human osteoclastic cell line (FLG 29.1) during its differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) was studied using metabolic radiolabeling experiments. The FLG 29.1 cells were metabolically radiolabeled with [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate, and the labeled glycoproteins were analyzed by anion exchange chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoprecipitation experiments. One of the major glycoproteins synthesized by the TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells was sulfated, had an identical electrophoretic mobility to purified BSP, and could be immunoprecipitated with a specific antibody against human BSP (LF 6). Thus, this glycoprotein was tentatively identified as the BSP. Furthermore, mRNA for BSP was also detected in TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells by RNA-polymerase chain reaction. Most BSP synthesized by FLG 29.1 cells remained cell-associated, and this is in contrast with those synthesized by osteoblasts, where the protein is rapidly released into the extracellular matrix. Immunocytochemistry using an anti-BSP antibody showed a prominent paranuclear (suggestive of Golgi apparatus) localization of BSP in the TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells after permeabilization, while untreated cells were not significantly immunostained. Localization of BSP at the plasma membrane was also demonstrated in the TPA-treated FLG 29.1 cells by the fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Since TPA has been demonstrated to induce expression of various osteoclastic characteristics in FLG 29.1 cells, induction of BSP expression by TPA suggests that the protein may play a role during the differentiation process of osteoclasts or in functions of differentiated osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Masi
- Bone Research Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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31
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Calabro A, Hascall V. Differential effects of brefeldin A on chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan synthesis in rat chondrosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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32
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33
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Chlorate-induced inhibition of tyrosine sulfation on bone sialoprotein synthesized by a rat osteoblast-like cell line (UMR 106-01 BSP). J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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34
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Goldin E, Imai Y, Kaneski CR, Pentchev PG, Brady RO, Hascall VC. Mucolipidosis IV fibroblasts synthesize normal amounts of hyaluronic acid. J Inherit Metab Dis 1994; 17:545-53. [PMID: 7837760 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (ML IV) (McKusick 252650) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that displays signs of both lipid and mucopolysaccharide (glycosaminoglycan) storage. It has been reported that fibroblasts from ML IV patients exhibit abnormally high synthesis of hyaluronic acid in culture. In our search for a biochemical marker that will enable positive identification of ML IV, we studied glycosaminoglycan synthesis in fibroblast cultures from patients with this disease. ML IV and normal control fibroblasts were incubated with [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulphate. Labelled glycosaminoglycans were extracted from the cell layer and medium. Chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid were determined by analysis of disaccharides after digestion with chondroitinase ABC. Synthesis of neither of these two glycosaminoglycans differed significantly between control and ML IV fibroblasts. Synthesis of hyaluronic acid was nearly linear for 24 h, with mean calculated values of 11.7 +/- 1.4 and 14.4 +/- 1.6 pg/cell per 24 h in control and ML IV cultures respectively. The variability within the two groups is attributed primarily to population variability and possibly to culture density. These experiments exclude the possibility that a general metabolic defect in hyaluronic acid synthesis is responsible for the ML IV phenotype, nor can such a defect be used as a diagnostic tool for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Goldin
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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35
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Silbert JE, Sugumaran G, Cogburn JN. Sulphation of proteochondroitin and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside-chondroitin formed by mouse mastocytoma cells cultured in sulphate-deficient medium. Biochem J 1993; 296 ( Pt 1):119-26. [PMID: 8250831 PMCID: PMC1137663 DOI: 10.1042/bj2960119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mouse mastocytoma cells were cultured in medium containing [3H]GlcN and concentrations of [35S]sulphate varying from 0.01 to 0.5 mM. Intracellular [35S]sulphate incorporation increased severalfold from the lowest concentrations, reaching a maximum at 0.1-0.2 mM, whereas incorporation of [3H]hexosamine remained constant at all sulphate concentrations. Proteo[3H]-chondroitin [35S]sulphate was isolated and incubated with chondroitin ABC lyase, yielding 35S-labelled and/or 3H-labelled delta Di-0S and delta Di-4S disaccharide products. The increasing percentage of delta Di-4S was consistent with the increasing sulphate incorporation at each higher [35S]sulphate concentration. Examination of proteochondroitin [35S]sulphate size by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography indicated a range consistent with various numbers of glycosaminoglycan chains on the protease-resistant serglycin core protein. Alkali-cleaved chondroitin [35S]sulphate products indicated similar size distributions at all sulphate concentrations with no indication of preferential sulphation being related to smaller or larger size. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of [3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate glycosaminoglycans indicated a random undersulphation as [35S]sulphate concentration was lowered. Addition of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside to the cultures resulted in a 2-2.5-fold stimulation of [3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate synthesis with formation of beta-xyloside-[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate which was much smaller, as estimated by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, than the decreased amount of [3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate derived from proteo[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate. Much higher concentrations of sulphate were necessary to produce sulphation of the beta-xyloside-[3H]chondroitin comparable with that of proteo[3H]-chondroitin, as indicated by chondroitin ABC lyase products and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The specific radioactivities of the [3H]GalN in the proteo[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate and beta-xyloside-[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate were calculated from the 3H and 35S c.p.m. of isolated dual-labelled delta Di-4S from each, and indicated that the presence of the beta-xyloside resulted in a dilution of the [3H]GlcN by endogenous GlcN that was 4 times higher than that of cultures lacking the beta-xyloside. The higher sulphate concentrations needed for sulphation of beta-xyloside-chondroitin suggests that the membrane-bound nature of the proteochondroitin acceptor in juxtaposition to a chondroitin sulphate-synthesizing enzyme complex effectively reduces the apparent Km for adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Silbert
- Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA
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Camaioni A, Hascall V, Yanagishita M, Salustri A. Effects of exogenous hyaluronic acid and serum on matrix organization and stability in the mouse cumulus cell-oocyte complex. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Purification of a protein typically involves development of a quantitative assay to track protein integrity (e.g. enzyme activity) during subsequent isolation steps. The generalized procedure involves choosing the source of the protein, defining extraction conditions, developing bulk purification methods followed by refined, more selective methods. The purification of proteoglycans is often complicated by a) limited source quantities, b) necessity of chaotropic solvents for efficient extraction, c) their large molecular size and d) lack of defined functions to enable purity (i.e. activity, conformation) to be assessed. Because the usual goal of proteoglycan purification is physical characterization (intact molecular weight, core protein and glycosaminoglycan class and size), the problems of a suitable assay and/or native conformation are avoided. The 'assay' for tracking proteoglycan isolation typically utilizes uronic acid content or radiolabel incorporation as a marker. Once extracted from their cellular/extracellular environment, proteoglycans can be isolated by density gradient centrifugation and/or column chromatography techniques. Recent advances in the composition of chromatographic supports have enabled the application of ion-exchange, gel permeation, hydrophobic interaction and affinity chromatography resins using efficient high-pressure liquid chromatography to proteoglycan purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Fedarko
- Bone Research Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Yanagishita M. Metabolic labeling of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in rat ovarian granulosa cells. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Deudon E, Berrou E, Breton M, Picard J. Growth-related production of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid in synchronous arterial smooth muscle cells. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:465-70. [PMID: 1551458 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The growth-stimulating effect of serum on the proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid production in arterial smooth muscle cells was investigated, using cells synchronized by serum deprivation. 2. After stimulation, synthesis of [35S]sulfated proteoglycans and [14C]hyaluronic acid increased during G1 and G2 phases (about 2- and 5-fold, respectively, in the culture medium), in comparison with quiescent cells. 3. Neither the size, nor the charge, nor the relative proportions of [35S]glycosaminoglycans of the proteoglycans were modified. 4. However, when the cells were stimulated to divide, increased synthesis of large [14C]hyaluronic acid was observed concomitantly with the production of higher hydrodynamic size [35S]proteoglycans, which aggregated with hyaluronic acid (20%).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deudon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, INSERM-U.181, Faculté de médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Luyten F, Yu Y, Yanagishita M, Vukicevic S, Hammonds R, Reddi A. Natural bovine osteogenin and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2B are equipotent in the maintenance of proteoglycans in bovine articular cartilage explant cultures. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bame K, Reddy R, Esko J. Coupling of N-deacetylation and N-sulfation in a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant defective in heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Salustri A, Ulisse S, Yanagishita M, Hascall VC. Hyaluronic acid synthesis by mural granulosa cells and cumulus cells in vitro is selectively stimulated by a factor produced by oocytes and by transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)45403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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