1
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Oh S, Stache EE. Recent advances in oxidative degradation of plastics. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38884337 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation is a powerful method to degrade plastics into oligomers and small oxidized products. While thermal energy has been conventionally employed as an external stimulus, recent advances in photochemistry have enabled photocatalytic oxidative degradation of polymers under mild conditions. This tutorial review presents an overview of oxidative degradation, from its earliest examples to emerging strategies. This review briefly discusses the motivation and the development of thermal oxidative degradation of polymers with a focus on underlying mechanisms. Then, we will examine modern studies primarily relevant to catalytic thermal oxidative degradation and photocatalytic oxidative degradation. Lastly, we highlight some unique studies using unconventional approaches for oxidative polymer degradation, such as electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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2
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Chang Y, Blanton SJ, Andraos R, Nguyen VS, Liotta CL, Schork FJ, Sievers C. Kinetic Phenomena in Mechanochemical Depolymerization of Poly(styrene). ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:178-191. [PMID: 38213546 PMCID: PMC10777454 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polyolefinic plastics comprise one of the largest shares of global plastic waste, which is being targeted for chemical recycling by depolymerization to monomers and small molecules. One promising method of chemical recycling is solid-state depolymerization under ambient conditions in a ball-mill reactor. In this paper, we elucidate kinetic phenomena in the mechanochemical depolymerization of poly(styrene). Styrene is produced in this process at a constant rate and selectivity alongside minor products, including oxygenates like benzaldehyde, via mechanisms analogous to those involved in thermal and oxidative pyrolysis. Continuous monomer removal during reactor operation is critical for avoiding repolymerization, and promoting effects are exhibited by iron surfaces and molecular oxygen. Kinetic independence between depolymerization and molecular weight reduction was observed, despite both processes originating from the same driving force of mechanochemical collisions. Phenomena across multiple length scales are shown to be responsible for differences in reactivity due to differences in grinding parameters and reactant composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Chang
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sylvie J. Blanton
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ralph Andraos
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Van Son Nguyen
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Charles L. Liotta
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - F. Joseph Schork
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Mu Q, Hu J. Polymer mechanochemistry: from single molecule to bulk material. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:679-694. [PMID: 38112120 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of polymer mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance over the past decades, primarily propelled by the rapid development of force-sensitive molecular units (i.e., mechanophores) and principles governing the reactivity of polymer networks for mechanochemical transduction or material strengthening. In addition to fundamental guidelines for converting mechanical energy input into chemical output, there has also been increasing focus on engineering applications of polymer mechanochemistry for specific functions, mechanically adaptive material systems, and smart devices. These endeavors are made possible by multidisciplinary approaches involving the development of multifunctional mechanophores for mechanoresponsive polymer systems, mechanochemical catalysis and synthesis, three-dimensional (3D) printed mechanochromic materials, reasonable design of polymer network topology, and computational modeling. The aim of this minireview is to provide a summary of recent advancements in covalent polymer mechanochemistry. We specifically focus on productive mechanophores, mechanical remodeling of polymeric materials, and the development of theoretical concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Mu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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4
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Jicsinszky L, Bucciol F, Chaji S, Cravotto G. Mechanochemical Degradation of Biopolymers. Molecules 2023; 28:8031. [PMID: 38138521 PMCID: PMC10745761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical treatment of various organic molecules is an emerging technology of green processes in biofuel, fine chemicals, or food production. Many biopolymers are involved in isolating, derivating, or modifying molecules of natural origin. Mechanochemistry provides a powerful tool to achieve these goals, but the unintentional modification of biopolymers by mechanochemical manipulation is not always obvious or even detectable. Although modeling molecular changes caused by mechanical stresses in cavitation and grinding processes is feasible in small model compounds, simulation of extrusion processes primarily relies on phenomenological approaches that allow only tool- and material-specific conclusions. The development of analytical and computational techniques allows for the inline and real-time control of parameters in various mechanochemical processes. Using artificial intelligence to analyze process parameters and product characteristics can significantly improve production optimization. We aim to review the processes and consequences of possible chemical, physicochemical, and structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Jicsinszky
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (S.C.)
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (S.C.)
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5
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Schwarz R, Diesendruck CE. Semi-Telechelic Polymers from Mechanochemical C─C Bond Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304571. [PMID: 37870199 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Unstrained C─C bond activation is attained in homopolymers through mechanochemical bond scission followed by functionalization to yield mostly semi-telechelic polymer chains. Ball milling poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the presence of 1-(bromoacetyl)pyrene (BAPy) yields the pyrene terminated PEO. Similarly, milling with 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone followed by Suzuki coupling allows the introduction of various aryl end groups. PEOs with a molecular weight below 20 kDa show no functionalization, supporting a mechanochemical mechanism. The protocol is also tested with doxorubicin, yielding the drug-polymer conjugate. PEO halogenation is also demonstrated by milling PEO with iodine, N-bromosuccinimide, or N-iodosuccinimide, which can then be reacted with an amine substituted anthracene. Grinding additional carbon polymers with BAPy indicates that this functionalization method is general for different polymer chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Schwarz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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6
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Nguyen AH, Kania S, Oztekin A, Webb EB. Predicting reaction behavior of tethered polymers in shear flow. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174907. [PMID: 37929865 DOI: 10.1063/5.0168440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetics of force-mediated chemical reactions of end-tethered polymers with varying chain length N in varying shear rate flow γ̇ are explored via coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations. At fixed γ̇, force F along a polymer increases linearly with N as previously predicted; however, contrary to existing theory, the F(N) slope increases for N above a transition length that exhibits minimal dependence on γ̇. Force profiles are used in a stochastic model of a force-mediated reaction to compute the time for x percent of a polymer population to experience a reaction, tx. Observations are insensitive to the selected value of x in that tx data for varying N and γ̇ can be consistently collapsed onto a single curve via appropriate scaling, with one master curve for systems below the transition N (small N) and another for those above (large N). Different force scaling for small and large N results in orders of magnitude difference in force-mediated reaction kinetics as represented by the population response time. Data presented illustrate the possibility of designing mechano-reactive polymer populations with highly controlled response to flow across a range in γ̇.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Hung Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Sagar Kania
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Alparslan Oztekin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Edmund B Webb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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7
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Siebenmorgen C, Poortinga A, van Rijn P. Sono-processes: Emerging systems and their applicability within the (bio-)medical field. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106630. [PMID: 37826890 PMCID: PMC10582584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sonochemistry, although established in various fields, is still an emerging field finding new effects of ultrasound on chemical systems and are of particular interest for the biomedical field. This interdisciplinary area of research explores the use of acoustic waves with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 1 MHz to induce physical and chemical changes. By subjecting liquids to ultrasonic waves, sonochemistry has demonstrated the ability to accelerate reaction rates, alter chemical reaction pathways, and change physical properties of the system while operating under mild reaction conditions. It has found its way into diverse industries including food processing, pharmaceuticals, material science, and environmental remediation. This review provides an overview of the principles, advancements, and applications of sonochemistry with a particular focus on the domain of (bio-)medicine. Despite the numerous benefits sonochemistry has to offer, most of the research in the (bio-)medical field remains in the laboratory stage. Translation of these systems into clinical practice is complex as parameters used for medical ultrasound are limited and toxic side effects must be minimized in order to meet regulatory approval. However, directing attention towards the applicability of the system in clinical practice from the early stages of research holds significant potential to further amplify the role of sonochemistry in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Siebenmorgen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert Poortinga
- Technical University Eindhoven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gemini Zuid, de Zaale, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
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8
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Gu X, Wang T, Yan K. Solvent-Free Mechanoradical-Mediated Minisci-Type C-H Alkylation of N-Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7287-7292. [PMID: 37787464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly new C-H alkylation method of N-heteroarenes facilitated by mechanochemistry is described. Under solvent-free ball-milling, mechanoradicals (SO4•-) were generated from persulfate via in situ homolysis in the solid state, at as low as -50 °C. These highly oxidizing radicals readily transform alkyl trifluoroborate salts to their corresponding carbon-based radicals for subsequent C-C bond formation with N-heterocycles. Mechanistic studies unambiguously confirmed the involvement of both oxygen- and alkyl-radical-based intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Taoyong Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
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9
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McFadden ME, Barber RW, Overholts AC, Robb MJ. Naphthopyran molecular switches and their emergent mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10041-10067. [PMID: 37772118 PMCID: PMC10530568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthopyran molecular switches undergo a ring-opening reaction upon external stimulation to generate intensely colored merocyanine dyes. Their unique modularity and synthetic accessibility afford exceptional control over their properties and stimuli-responsive behavior. Commercial applications of naphthopyrans as photoswitches in photochromic ophthalmic lenses have spurred an extensive body of work exploring naphthopyran-merocyanine structure-property relationships. The recently discovered mechanochromic behavior of naphthopyrans has led to their emergent application in the field of polymer mechanochemistry, enabling advances in the design of force-responsive materials as well as fundamental insights into mechanochemical reactivity. The structure-property relationships established in the photochemical literature serve as a convenient blueprint for the design of naphthopyran molecular force probes with precisely tuned properties. On the other hand, the mechanochemical reactivity of naphthopyran diverges in many cases from the conventional photochemical pathways, resulting in unexpected properties and opportunities for deeper understanding and innovation in polymer mechanochemistry. Here, we highlight the features of the naphthopyran scaffold that render it a powerful platform for the design of mechanochromic materials and review recent advances in naphthopyran mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Ross W Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Anna C Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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10
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Li L, Vozniuk O, Cao Z, Losch P, Felderhoff M, Schüth F. Hydrogenation of different carbon substrates into light hydrocarbons by ball milling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5257. [PMID: 37644018 PMCID: PMC10465506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of carbon-based solids, like non-recyclable plastics, biomass, and coal, into small molecules appears attractive from different points of view. However, the strong carbon-carbon bonds in these substances pose a severe obstacle, and thus-if such reactions are possible at all-high temperatures are required1-5. The Bergius process for coal conversion to hydrocarbons requires temperatures above 450 °C6, pyrolysis of different polymers to pyrolysis oil is also typically carried out at similar temperatures7,8. We have now discovered that efficient hydrogenation of different solid substrates with the carbon-based backbone to light hydrocarbons can be achieved at room temperature by ball milling. This mechanocatalytic method is surprisingly effective for a broad range of different carbon substrates, including even diamond. The reaction is found to proceed via a radical mechanism, as demonstrated by reactions in the presence of radical scavengers. This finding also adds to the currently limited knowledge in understanding mechanisms of reactions induced by ball milling. The results, guided by the insight into the mechanism, could induce more extended exploration to broaden the application scope and help to address the problem of plastic waste by a mechanocatalytic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Li
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Olena Vozniuk
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Zhengwen Cao
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, No.189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Pit Losch
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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11
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Cataldo F. Thermochemistry of Sulfur-Based Vulcanization and of Devulcanized and Recycled Natural Rubber Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032623. [PMID: 36768945 PMCID: PMC9916552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The vulcanization of rubber compounds is an exothermal process. A carbon black-filled and natural rubber-based (NR) formulation was mixed with different levels of sulfur (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 phr) and studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the determination of the vulcanization enthalpy. It was found that the vulcanization enthalpy is dependent on the amount of sulfur present in the compound and the vulcanization heat released was -18.4 kJ/mol S if referred to the entire rubber compound formulation or -46.0 kJ/mol S if the heat released is referred only to the NR present in the compound. The activation energy for the vulcanization of the rubber compounds was also determined by a DSC study at 49 kJ/mol and found to be quite independent from the sulfur content of the compounds under study. A simplified thermochemical model is proposed to explain the main reactions occurring during the vulcanization. The model correctly predicts that the vulcanization is an exothermal process although it gives an overestimation of the vulcanization enthalpy (which is larger for the EV vulcanization package and smaller for the conventional vulcanization system). If the devulcanization is conducted mechanochemically in order to break selectively the sulfur-based crosslinks, then the natural rubber compounds recovered from used tires can be re-vulcanized again and the exothermicity of such process can be measured satisfactorily with DSC analysis. This paper not only proposes a simplified mechanism of vulcanization and devulcanization but also proposes an analytical method to check the devulcanization status of the recycled rubber compound in order to distinguish truly devulcanized rubber from reclaimed rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cataldo
- Actinium Chemical Research, Via Casilina 1626A, 00133 Rome, Italy
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12
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Gobindlal K, Zujovic Z, Jaine J, Weber CC, Sperry J. Solvent-Free, Ambient Temperature and Pressure Destruction of Perfluorosulfonic Acids under Mechanochemical Conditions: Degradation Intermediates and Fluorine Fate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:277-285. [PMID: 36577148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) are a recalcitrant subclass of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) linked to numerous negative health effects in humans. Scalable technologies that effectively destroy PFSAs will greatly reduce the future health and ecological impact of these "forever chemicals". Herein, we show that several PFSAs undergo facile mechanochemical destruction (MCD) in the presence of quartz sand (SiO2). This process operates in the absence of solvent, at ambient temperature and pressure, generating a benign solid byproduct. Quantitative analysis of milled samples revealed high destruction efficiencies of 99.95% to 100% for five different PFSAs subjected to MCD conditions in the presence of SiO2 only. Extensive nontargeted analysis showed that, during degradation, other PFASs form and are ultimately destroyed upon extended mechanochemical treatment. Direct polarization (DP) and cross-polarization (CP) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy showed abundant silicon-fluorine (Si-F) bond formation post-MCD, indicating that fluorine was secured in a stable reservoir. Collectively, these results identified the degradation profile for an environmentally sound and effective PFSA degradation process that is amenable to scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapish Gobindlal
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zoran Zujovic
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Jaine
- Analytica Laboratories Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Cameron C Weber
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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13
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Jung E, Yim D, Kim H, Peterson GI, Choi T. Depolymerization of poly(α‐methyl styrene) with ball‐mill grinding. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunsong Jung
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Yim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institutes of Basic Sciences Incheon National University Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institutes of Basic Sciences Incheon National University Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institutes of Basic Sciences Incheon National University Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
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14
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Pu Z, Jiang J, Li Y, Li L, Yang S, Wang Q. Upcycling of waste artificial turf for
high‐performance
wood‐plastic composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuangqiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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15
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Krusenbaum A, Grätz S, Tigineh GT, Borchardt L, Kim JG. The mechanochemical synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2873-2905. [PMID: 35302564 PMCID: PMC8978534 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry - the utilization of mechanical forces to induce chemical reactions - is a rarely considered tool for polymer synthesis. It offers numerous advantages such as reduced solvent consumption, accessibility of novel structures, and the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer solubility and fast precipitation. Consequently, the development of new high-performance materials based on mechanochemically synthesised polymers has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. This review covers the constructive mechanochemical synthesis of polymers, starting from early examples and progressing to the current state of the art while emphasising linear and porous polymers as well as post-polymerisation modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krusenbaum
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, Peda Street 07, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Kim M, You J, Park JH, Bang J, Lee SS. Novel wet-free interfacial affinity modulation of non-polar polymers for imparting efficient heat transfer capability to incompatible polypropylene/graphite nanoplatelet composite. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Tan M, Hu Z, Dai Y, Peng Y, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. A Simple Mechanochromic Mechanophore Based on Aminothiomaleimide. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1423-1428. [PMID: 35549011 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores have promising applications in stress sensing and damage detection. Here we report a simple mechanofluorochromic mechanophore based on aminothiomaleimide (ATM). Poly(methyl acrylate) containing this mechanophore (ATM-PMA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using an ATM-derived difunctional initiator. To investigate its mechanofluorochromism, the solution of ATM-PMA was subjected to ultrasonication, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to monitor the changes in molecular weight and fluorescence emission. The results showed that the molecular weight of ATM-PMA decreased upon ultrasonication, accompanied by a shift of fluorescence emission from bright yellow to light blue. This mechanophore of a simple functional group of ATM has great potential to be used in mechanochromic polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Gunckel R, Koo B, Xu Y, Lin WJ, Hall A, Chattopadhyay A, Dai LL. Stress-Responsive Reinforced Polymer Composites via Functionalization of Glass Fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gunckel
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bonsung Koo
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yifei Xu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Wendy J. Lin
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Asha Hall
- The U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Aditi Chattopadhyay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Lenore L. Dai
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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19
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi T. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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20
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18651-18659. [PMID: 34101320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the mechanochemical degradation of bottlebrush and dendronized polymers in solution (with ultrasonication, US) and solid states (with ball-mill grinding, BMG). Over 50 polymers were prepared with varying backbone length and arm architecture, composition, and size. With US, we found that bottlebrush and dendronized polymers exhibited consistent backbone scission behavior, which was related to their elongated conformations in solution. Considerably different behavior was observed with BMG, as arm architecture and composition had a significant impact on backbone scission rates. Arm scission was also observed for bottlebrush polymers in both solution and solid states, but only in the solid state for dendronized polymers. Motivated by these results, multi-mechanophore polymers with bottlebrush and dendronized polymer architectures were prepared and their reactivity was compared. Although dendronized polymers showed slower arm-scission, the selectivity for mechanophore activation was much higher. Overall, these results have important implications to the development of new mechanoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ayarza J, Wang Z, Wang J, Esser-Kahn AP. Mechanically Promoted Synthesis of Polymer Organogels via Disulfide Bond Cross-Linking. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:799-804. [PMID: 35549197 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically adaptive polymers could significantly improve the life-cycle of current materials. Piezo-polymerization is a novel approach that harnesses vibrational mechanical energy through piezoelectric nanoparticles to generate chemical promoters for linear polymerization and cross-linking reactions. However, the available piezo-polymerization systems rely on reactions forming irreversible covalent bonds. Dynamic covalent linkages could impart further adaptability to these polymeric systems. Here we show the first example of the piezoelectrochemical synthesis of disulfide bonds to form organogels from polymers with thiol side groups. We demonstrate that the reaction proceeds via piezo-oxidation of the thiol to disulfide in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles and iodide anions under mechanical agitation. We use mechanical energy in the form of ultrasound (40 kHz) and low frequency vibrations (2 kHz) to synthesize a variety of organogels from common synthetic polymers. Additionally, we show that the polymers in these gels can be chemically recycled with a reducing agent. Finally, we study the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites obtained after drying the gels. We believe this new system adds to the piezo-polymerization repertoire and serves as the basis to fabricate mechanically adaptive polymeric materials via dynamic covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ayarza
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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22
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Yamamoto T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Polystyrene Functionalized with Diarylacetonitrile for the Visualization of Mechanoradicals and Improved Thermal Stability. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:744-748. [PMID: 35549102 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The direct scission of polymer main chains leads to a decrease in the performance of the polymeric materials. Polystyrene-functionalized with diarylacetonitrile (DAAN) was prepared through a postpolymerization modification with 4-methoxymandelonitrile to generate mechanofluorescent polymers that enable the visualization of the scission of the polymer main chain. The polymeric mechanoradicals obtained from the homolytic cleavage of the polymer main chain in response to mechanical stress were observed using fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, a thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of the polymers was greatly improved relative to the parent polystyrene, that is, the introduction of the DAAN moiety via postpolymerization modification endowed the original polymers with multiple functions in one step; specifically, the ability to visualize polymer main-chain scission and improved thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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23
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Michalchuk AAL, Boldyreva EV, Belenguer AM, Emmerling F, Boldyrev VV. Tribochemistry, Mechanical Alloying, Mechanochemistry: What is in a Name? Front Chem 2021; 9:685789. [PMID: 34164379 PMCID: PMC8216082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.685789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, the application of mechanical force to influence chemical reactions has been called by various names: mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying, to name but a few. The evolution of these terms has largely mirrored the understanding of the field. But what is meant by these terms, why have they evolved, and does it really matter how a process is called? Which parameters should be defined to describe unambiguously the experimental conditions such that others can reproduce the results, or to allow a meaningful comparison between processes explored under different conditions? Can the information on the process be encoded in a clear, concise, and self-explanatory way? We address these questions in this Opinion contribution, which we hope will spark timely and constructive discussion across the international mechanochemical community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusef Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vladimir V. Boldyrev
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Voevodski Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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24
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Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation in Mechanochromic Dendrimers by Functionalization of Their Surface. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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25
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Kim WG, Kim DW, Tcho IW, Kim JK, Kim MS, Choi YK. Triboelectric Nanogenerator: Structure, Mechanism, and Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:258-287. [PMID: 33427457 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors utilized for the IoT is expected to exceed 200 billion by 2025. Thus, sustainable energy supplies without the recharging and replacement of the charge storage device have become increasingly important. Among various energy harvesters, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted considerable attention due to its high instantaneous output power, broad selection of available materials, eco-friendly and inexpensive fabrication process, and various working modes customized for target applications. The TENG harvests electrical energy from wasted mechanical energy in the ambient environment. Three types of operational modes based on contact-separation, sliding, and freestanding are reviewed for two different configurations with a double-electrode and a single-electrode structure in the TENGs. Various charge transfer mechanisms to explain the operational principles of TENGs during triboelectrification are also reviewed for electron, ion, and material transfers. Thereafter, diverse methodologies to enhance the output power considering the energy harvesting efficiency and energy transferring efficiency are surveyed. Moreover, approaches involving not only energy harvesting by a TENG but also energy storage by a charge storage device are also reviewed. Finally, a variety of applications with TENGs are introduced. This review can help to advance TENGs for use in self-powered sensors, energy harvesters, and other systems. It can also contribute to assisting with more comprehensive and rational designs of TENGs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon-Guk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Wan Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Woong Tcho
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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26
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Bolan N, Sarkar B, Yan Y, Li Q, Wijesekara H, Kannan K, Tsang DCW, Schauerte M, Bosch J, Noll H, Ok YS, Scheckel K, Kumpiene J, Gobindlal K, Kah M, Sperry J, Kirkham MB, Wang H, Tsang YF, Hou D, Rinklebe J. Remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils - To mobilize or to immobilize or to degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123892. [PMID: 33113753 PMCID: PMC8025151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals, which are introduced to the environment through anthropogenic activities. Aqueous film forming foam used in firefighting, wastewater effluent, landfill leachate, and biosolids are major sources of PFAS input to soil and groundwater. Remediation of PFAS contaminated solid and aqueous media is challenging, which is attributed to the chemical and thermal stability of PFAS and the complexity of PFAS mixtures. In this review, remediation of PFAS contaminated soils through manipulation of their bioavailability and destruction is presented. While the mobilizing amendments (e.g., surfactants) enhance the mobility and bioavailability of PFAS, the immobilizing amendments (e.g., activated carbon) decrease their bioavailability and mobility. Mobilizing amendments can be applied to facilitate the removal of PFAS though soil washing, phytoremediation, and complete destruction through thermal and chemical redox reactions. Immobilizing amendments are likely to reduce the transfer of PFAS to food chain through plant and biota (e.g., earthworm) uptake, and leaching to potable water sources. Future studies should focus on quantifying the potential leaching of the mobilized PFAS in the absence of removal by plant and biota uptake or soil washing, and regular monitoring of the long-term stability of the immobilized PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- The Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Schauerte
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Julian Bosch
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Noll
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kapish Gobindlal
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
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27
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Balema VP, Hlova IZ, Carnahan SL, Seyedi M, Dolotko O, Rossini AJ, Luzinov I. Depolymerization of polystyrene under ambient conditions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05984f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ball milling of polystyrene under ambient conditions in metal containing vials causes scission of macromolecules, resulting in partial dismantling to styrene. Reactions proceeds via intermediate carbon-based free radicals that are detectable by EPR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ihor Z. Hlova
- Ames Laboratory US DOE
- 311 Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Scott L. Carnahan
- Ames Laboratory US DOE
- 311 Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Mastooreh Seyedi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Clemson University
- 161 Sirrine Hall
- 515 Calhoun Drive
- Clemson
| | | | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Ames Laboratory US DOE
- 311 Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Clemson University
- 161 Sirrine Hall
- 515 Calhoun Drive
- Clemson
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28
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Wang M, Schwindt A, Wu K, Qin Y, Kwan A, Tongay S, Green MD. Damage detection through Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in mechanoresponsive polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Wu Q, Yuan Y, Chen F, Sun C, Xu H, Chen Y. Diselenide-Linked Polymers under Sonication. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1547-1551. [PMID: 35617081 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of Se-Se-linked polystyrenes have been synthesized and subjected to pulse sonication. Comprehensive investigations based on GPC measurements, derivatization experiments, and EPR spectroscopy verify the sonication-induced bond scission and metathesis of these polymeric diselenides. The metathesis kinetics and energy conversion efficiency by different stimuli including heating, light, and sonication are compared, which demonstrate that sonication can offer an alternative way to break the Se-Se bond and realize selective metathesis reactions between diselenide-linked polymers and small molecules. This fundamental study on sonochemistry of diselenide-centered polymers expands our knowledge of diselenide chemistry and mechanochemistry of dynamic covalent mechanophores, which may greatly advance the applications of diselenide-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Feiyi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
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30
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Trofimchuk ES, Moskvina MA, Nikonorova NI, Efimov AV, Garina ES, Grokhovskaya TE, Ivanova OA, Bakirov AV, Sedush NG, Chvalun SN. Hydrolytic degradation of polylactide films deformed by the environmental crazing mechanism. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Nakajima T, Kurokawa T, Furukawa H, Gong JP. Effect of the constituent networks of double-network gels on their mechanical properties and energy dissipation process. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8618-8627. [PMID: 32844868 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Double-network (DN) gels, consisting of brittle first and ductile second networks, possess extraordinary strength, extensibility, and fracture toughness while maintaining a high solvent content. Herein, we prepare DN gels consisting of various concentrations of the first and second networks to investigate the effect of each network structure on the tensile and fracture properties of DN gels. The results showed that the tensile properties of DN gels before yielding are mainly dominated by the first network, serving as a skeleton, whereas the properties after necking are determined by both networks. Moreover, we found that the DN gels with significant energy dissipation capacities exhibit high fracture resistance. Thus, this study not only confirms the factors determining the mechanical characteristics of DN gels but also explains how the two networks concertedly improve the toughness of DN gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nakajima
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. and WPI-ICReDD, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan and Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. and Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. and WPI-ICReDD, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan and Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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33
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Ayarza J, Wang Z, Wang J, Huang CW, Esser-Kahn AP. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Piezoelectrically Mediated Mechanochemical Reactions for Adaptive Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1237-1248. [PMID: 35638625 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymeric materials with adaptive capabilities triggered by mechanical stimuli could significantly extend their life cycle and boost performance. To achieve this, robust mechanically responsive chemistries must be developed. Piezoelectrically mediated chemistry is an emergent area of interest for this purpose since environmental mechanical energy can be harvested and directly converted to chemical energy. This Viewpoint summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge about mechanochemical reactions mediated by the piezoelectrochemical effect, provides mechanistic insight on reactivity, and describes its application for conducting polymerization and cross-linking reactions. In addition, it highlights current challenges with regard to expanding the chemical repertoire and the transition of such methods to solid matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ayarza
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chao-Wei Huang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Peterson GI, Ko W, Hwang YJ, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Amorphous Polymers with Ball-Mill Grinding: Influence of the Glass Transition Temperature. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Roelands MCP, White RJ, van Harmelen T, de Wild P, van der Laan GP, Meirer F, Keurentjes JTF, Weckhuysen BM. Beyond Mechanical Recycling: Giving New Life to Plastic Waste. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15402-15423. [PMID: 32160372 PMCID: PMC7497176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the stream of recycled plastic necessitates an approach beyond the traditional recycling via melting and re-extrusion. Various chemical recycling processes have great potential to enhance recycling rates. In this Review, a summary of the various chemical recycling routes and assessment via life-cycle analysis is complemented by an extensive list of processes developed by companies active in chemical recycling. We show that each of the currently available processes is applicable for specific plastic waste streams. Thus, only a combination of different technologies can address the plastic waste problem. Research should focus on more realistic, more contaminated and mixed waste streams, while collection and sorting infrastructure will need to be improved, that is, by stricter regulation. This Review aims to inspire both science and innovation for the production of higher value and quality products from plastic recycling suitable for reuse or valorization to create the necessary economic and environmental push for a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mark C. P. Roelands
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)DelftThe Netherlands
| | - Robin J. White
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)Materials Solutions DepartmentEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Toon van Harmelen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)Climate, Air & Sustainability DepartmentUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Paul de Wild
- Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland (ECN)- part of TNO, Biomass & Energy EfficiencyPettenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard P. van der Laan
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)Climate, Air & Sustainability DepartmentUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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36
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Cho HY, Bielawski CW. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Solid-State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13929-13935. [PMID: 32419353 PMCID: PMC7496184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) was synthesized in the solid-state by ball milling a mixture of the corresponding monomer, a Cu-based catalyst, and an activated haloalkane as the polymerization initiator. Various reaction conditions, including milling time, milling frequency and added reductant to accelerate the polymerization were optimized. Monomer conversion and the evolution of polymer molecular weight were monitored over time using 1 H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography, respectively, and linear correlations were observed. While the polymer molecular weight was effectively tuned by changing the initial monomer-to-initiator ratio, the experimentally measured values were found to be lower than their theoretical values. The difference was attributed to premature mechanical decomposition and modeled to accurately account for the decrement. Random copolymers of two monomers with orthogonal solubilities, sodium styrene sulfonate and 2-vinylnaphthalene, were also synthesized in the solid-state. Inspection of the data revealed that the solid-state polymerization reaction was controlled, followed a mechanism similar to that described for solution-state atom transfer radical polymerizations, and may be used to prepare polymers that are inaccessible via solution-state methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Y. Cho
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
- Department of ChemistryUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
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37
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Roelands MCP, White RJ, Harmelen T, Wild P, Laan GP, Meirer F, Keurentjes JTF, Weckhuysen BM. Die nächste Generation des Recyclings – neues Leben für Kunststoffmüll. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Mark C. P. Roelands
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Delft Niederlande
| | - Robin J. White
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Materials Solutions Department Eindhoven Niederlande
| | - Toon Harmelen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Climate, Air & Sustainability Department Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Paul Wild
- Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland (ECN) –, part of TNO, Biomass & Energy Efficiency Petten Niederlande
| | - Gerard P. Laan
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Climate, Air & Sustainability Department Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | | | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
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38
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Cho HY, Bielawski CW. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Solid‐State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Y. Cho
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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39
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Maleimide–thiol adducts stabilized through stretching. Nat Chem 2019; 11:310-319. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Matsuda T, Kawakami R, Namba R, Nakajima T, Gong JP. Mechanoresponsive self-growing hydrogels inspired by muscle training. Science 2019; 363:504-508. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau9533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Living tissues, such as muscle, autonomously grow and remodel themselves to adapt to their surrounding mechanical environment through metabolic processes. By contrast, typical synthetic materials cannot grow and reconstruct their structures once formed. We propose a strategy for developing “self-growing” polymeric materials that respond to repetitive mechanical stress through an effective mechanochemical transduction. Robust double-network hydrogels provided with a sustained monomer supply undergo self-growth, and the materials are substantially strengthened under repetitive loading through a structural destruction-reconstruction process. This strategy also endows the hydrogels with tailored functions at desired positions by mechanical stamping. This work may pave the way for the development of self-growing gel materials for applications such as soft robots and intelligent devices.
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41
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lü JT, Brandbyge M, Berndt R. Mechanochemistry Induced Using Force Exerted by a Functionalized Microscope Tip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices; Department of Electronics; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices; Department of Electronics; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Lü
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Mads Brandbyge
- DTU-Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik; Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel; 24098 Kiel Germany
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42
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Mechanochemistry Induced Using Force Exerted by a Functionalized Microscope Tip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11769-11773. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Adams H, Miller BP, Furlong OJ, Fantauzzi M, Navarra G, Rossi A, Xu Y, Kotvis PV, Tysoe WT. Modeling Mechanochemical Reaction Mechanisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26531-26538. [PMID: 28742322 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanochemical reaction between copper and dimethyl disulfide is studied under well-controlled conditions in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Reaction is initiated by fast S-S bond scission to form adsorbed methyl thiolate species, and the reaction kinetics are reproduced by two subsequent elementary mechanochemical reaction steps, namely a mechanochemical decomposition of methyl thiolate to deposit sulfur on the surface and evolve small, gas-phase hydrocarbons, and sliding-induced oxidation of the copper by sulfur that regenerates vacant reaction sites. The steady-state reaction kinetics are monitored in situ from the variation in the friction force as the reaction proceeds and modeled using the elementary-step reaction rate constants found for monolayer adsorbates. The analysis yields excellent agreement between the experiment and the kinetic model, as well as correctly predicting the total amount of subsurface sulfur in the film measured using Auger spectroscopy and the sulfur depth distribution measured by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Brendan P Miller
- Chevron Oronite Company, LLC. , 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Octavio J Furlong
- INFAP/CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis , Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marzia Fantauzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari , Campus di Monserrato S.S. 554, Cagliari 09124, Italy
- INSTM, UdR , Cagliari 09100 Italy
| | - Gabriele Navarra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari , Campus di Monserrato S.S. 554, Cagliari 09124, Italy
- INSTM, UdR , Cagliari 09100 Italy
| | - Antonella Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari , Campus di Monserrato S.S. 554, Cagliari 09124, Italy
- INSTM, UdR , Cagliari 09100 Italy
| | - Yufu Xu
- Institute of Tribology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009, China
| | - Peter V Kotvis
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Wilfred T Tysoe
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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44
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Boulatov R. The Challenges and Opportunities of Contemporary Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1419-1421. [PMID: 28323365 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Boulatov
- Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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45
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Huang W, Zhu Z, Wen J, Wang X, Qin M, Cao Y, Ma H, Wang W. Single Molecule Study of Force-Induced Rotation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds in Polymers. ACS NANO 2017; 11:194-203. [PMID: 28114764 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon double bonds (C═C) are ubiquitous in natural and synthetic polymers. In bulk studies, due to limited ways to control applied force, they are thought to be mechanically inert and not to contribute to the extensibility of polymers. Here, we report a single molecule force spectroscopy study on a polymer containing C═C bonds using atomic force microscope. Surprisingly, we found that it is possible to directly observe the cis-to-trans isomerization of C═C bonds at the time scale of ∼1 ms at room temperature by applying a tensile force ∼1.7 nN. The reaction proceeds through a diradical intermediate state, as confirmed by both a free radical quenching experiment and quantum chemical modeling. The force-free activation length to convert the cis C═C bonds to the transition state is ∼0.5 Å, indicating that the reaction rate is accelerated by ∼109 times at the transition force. On the basis of the density functional theory optimized structure, we propose that because the pulling direction is not parallel to C═C double bonds in the polymer, stretching the polymer not only provides tension to lower the transition barrier but also provides torsion to facilitate the rotation of cis C═C bonds. This explains the apparently low transition force for such thermally "forbidden" reactions and offers an additional explanation of the "lever-arm effect" of polymer backbones on the activation force for many mechanophores. This work demonstrates the importance of precisely controlling the force direction at the nanoscale to the force-activated reactions and may have many implications on the design of stress-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmao Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zhenshu Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Meng Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure and Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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46
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Wang D, Jin Y, Zhu X, Yan D. Synthesis and applications of stimuli-responsive hyperbranched polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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47
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Gordon MB, Wang S, Knappe GA, Wagner NJ, Epps TH, Kloxin CJ. Force-induced cleavage of a labile bond for enhanced mechanochemical crosslinking. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a promising approach towards designing force-responsive polymers. A thiocarbonylthio group exhibits amplified mechanochemical activity, triggering healing via crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B. Gordon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Lafayette College
- Easton
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Grant A. Knappe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Norman J. Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Christopher J. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
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48
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Force-induced tautomerization in a single molecule. Nat Chem 2016; 8:935-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Higuchi Y, Ishikawa T, Ozawa N, Chazeau L, Cavaillé JY, Kubo M. Different dynamic behaviors of the dissociation and recombination reactions in a model calculation of polyethylene by first-principles steered molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Abstract
When one brings "polymeric materials" and "mechanical action" into the same conversation, the topic of this discussion might naturally focus on everyday circumstances such as failure of fibers, fatigue of composites, abrasion of coatings, etc. This intuitive viewpoint reflects the historic consensus in both academia and industry that mechanically induced chemical changes are destructive, leading to polymer degradation that limits materials lifetime on both macroscopic and molecular levels. In the 1930s, Staudinger observed mechanical degradation of polymers, and Melville later discovered that polymer chain scission caused the degradation. Inspired by these historical observations, we sought to redirect the destructive mechanical energy to a productive form that enables mechanoresponsive functions. In this Account, we provide a personal perspective on the origin, barriers, developments, and key advancements of polymer mechanochemistry. We revisit the seminal events that offered molecular-level insights into the mechanochemical behavior of polymers and influenced our thinking. We also highlight the milestones achieved by our group along with the contributions from key comrades at the frontier of this field. We present a workflow for the design, evaluation, and development of new "mechanophores", a term that has come to mean a molecular unit that chemically responds in a selective manner to a mechanical perturbation. We discuss the significance of computation in identifying pairs of points on the mechanophore that promote stretch-induced activation. Attaching polymer chains to the mechanophore at the most sensitive pair and locating the mechanophore near the center of a linear polymer are thought to maximize the efficiency of mechanical-to-chemical energy transduction. We also emphasize the importance of control experiments to validate mechanochemical transformations, both in solution and in the solid state, to differentiate "mechanical" from "thermal" activation. This Account offers our first-hand perspective of the change-in-thinking in polymer mechanochemistry from "destructive" to "productive" and looks at future advances that will stimulate this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chikkannagari Nagamani
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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