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Ghebrehiwet B, Zaniewski M, Fernandez A, DiGiovanni M, Reyes TN, Ji P, Savitt AG, Williams JL, Seeliger MA, Peerschke EIB. The C1q and gC1qR axis as a novel checkpoint inhibitor in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1351656. [PMID: 38711524 PMCID: PMC11070495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1351656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding at the molecular level of the cell biology of tumors has led to significant treatment advances in the past. Despite such advances however, development of therapy resistance and tumor recurrence are still unresolved major challenges. This therefore underscores the need to identify novel tumor targets and develop corresponding therapies to supplement existing biologic and cytotoxic approaches so that a deeper and more sustained treatment responses could be achieved. The complement system is emerging as a potential novel target for cancer therapy. Data accumulated to date show that complement proteins, and in particular C1q and its receptors cC1qR/CR and gC1qR/p33/HABP1, are overexpressed in most cancer cells and together are involved not only in shaping the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, but also in the regulation of angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation. In addition to the soluble form of C1q that is found in plasma, the C1q molecule is also found anchored on the cell membrane of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and cancer cells, via a 22aa long leader peptide found only in the A-chain. This orientation leaves its 6 globular heads exposed outwardly and thus available for high affinity binding to a wide range of molecular ligands that enhance tumor cell survival, migration, and proliferation. Similarly, the gC1qR molecule is not only overexpressed in most cancer types but is also released into the microenvironment where it has been shown to be associated with cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by activation of the complement and kinin systems. Co-culture of either T cells or cancer cells with purified C1q or anti-gC1qR has been shown to induce an anti-proliferative response. It is therefore postulated that in the tumor microenvironment, the interaction between C1q expressing cancer cells and gC1qR bearing cytotoxic T cells results in T cell suppression in a manner akin to the PD-L1 and PD-1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Michal Zaniewski
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Audrey Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Mathew DiGiovanni
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Tiana N. Reyes
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Anne G. Savitt
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jennie L. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I. B. Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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2
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So EC, Zhou H, Greenwell A, Burch EE, Ji Y, Mérigeon EY, Olsen HS, Bentzen SM, Block DS, Zhang X, Strome SE. Complement component C1q is an immunological rheostat that regulates Fc:Fc[Formula: see text]R interactions. Immunogenetics 2023:10.1007/s00251-023-01311-x. [PMID: 37322230 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Though binding sites for the complement factor C1q and the canonical fragment crystallizable (Fc) gamma receptors (Fc[Formula: see text]Rs) on immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules overlap, how C1q decoration of immune complexes (ICs) influences their ability to engage Fc[Formula: see text]Rs remains unknown. In this report, we use recombinant human Fc multimers as stable IC mimics to show that C1q engagement of ICs directly and transiently inhibits their interactions with Fc[Formula: see text]RIII (CD16) on human natural killer (NK) cells. This inhibition occurs by C1q engagement alone as well as in concert with other serum factors. Furthermore, the inhibition of Fc[Formula: see text]RIII engagement mediated by avid binding of C1q to ICs is directly associated with IC size and dependent on the concentrations of both C1q and Fc multimers present. Functionally, C1q-mediated Fc blockade limits the ability of NK cells to induce the upregulation of the cosignaling molecule, 4-1BB (CD137), and to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Although C1q is traditionally viewed as a soluble effector molecule, we demonstrate that C1q may also take on the role of an "immunologic rheostat," buffering Fc[Formula: see text]R-mediated activation of immune cells by circulating ICs. These data define a novel role for C1q as a regulator of immune homeostasis and add to our growing understanding that complement factors mediate pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C So
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ariana Greenwell
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin E Burch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yaping Ji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Søren M Bentzen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott E Strome
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), 910 Madison Avenue, 10th floor Suite 1002, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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3
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Yang LX, Zhang CT, Yang MY, Zhang XH, Liu HC, Luo CH, Jiang Y, Wang ZM, Yang ZY, Shi ZP, Yang YC, Wei RQ, Zhou L, Mi J, Zhou AW, Yao ZR, Xia L, Yan JS, Lu Y. C1Q labels a highly aggressive macrophage-like leukemia population indicating extramedullary infiltration and relapse. Blood 2023; 141:766-786. [PMID: 36322939 PMCID: PMC10651790 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary infiltration (EMI) is a concomitant manifestation that may indicate poor outcome of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The underlying mechanism remains poorly understood and therapeutic options are limited. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing on bone marrow (BM) and EMI samples from a patient with AML presenting pervasive leukemia cutis. A complement C1Q+ macrophage-like leukemia subset, which was enriched within cutis and existed in BM before EMI manifestations, was identified and further verified in multiple patients with AML. Genomic and transcriptional profiling disclosed mutation and gene expression signatures of patients with EMI that expressed high levels of C1Q. RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomic analysis revealed expression dynamics of C1Q from primary to relapse. Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated adverse prognosis significance of C1Q expression. Mechanistically, C1Q expression, which was modulated by transcription factor MAF BZIP transcription factor B, endowed leukemia cells with tissue infiltration ability, which could establish prominent cutaneous or gastrointestinal EMI nodules in patient-derived xenograft and cell line-derived xenograft models. Fibroblasts attracted migration of the C1Q+ leukemia cells through C1Q-globular C1Q receptor recognition and subsequent stimulation of transforming growth factor β1. This cell-to-cell communication also contributed to survival of C1Q+ leukemia cells under chemotherapy stress. Thus, C1Q served as a marker for AML with adverse prognosis, orchestrating cancer infiltration pathways through communicating with fibroblasts and represents a compelling therapeutic target for EMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Yang
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Tao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng-Ying Yang
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Hong Zhang
- Center of Genome and Personalized Medicine, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Chen Liu
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chen-Hui Luo
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhang-Man Wang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhong-Yin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Peng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Basic Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ci Yang
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruo-Qu Wei
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Basic Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Mi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Basic Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Wu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Basic Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Yao
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Basic Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Song Yan
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Liaoning Medical Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Dalian Key Laboratory of Hematology, Diamond Bay Institute of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Li MF, Zhang HQ, Sun JS. A novel C1qDC (PoC1qDC) with a collagen domain in Paralichthys olivaceus mediates complement activation and against bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108472. [PMID: 36470404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Complement C1q domain containing protein (C1qDC) is a vital recognition molecule and has an important effect on immunity. The C1qDCs exhibit opsonic activity in fish, while the mechanisms of C1qDCs in activation complement still remain unclear. This study explored immunological characteristics of a C1qDC from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (PoC1qDC). PoC1qDC consists of 296 amino acid residues, possessing a collagen domain and a C1q domain. According to our results, PoC1qDC was expressed in 9 diverse tissue samples and showed up-regulation after bacterial challenge. Recombinant PoC1qDC (rPoC1qDC) activated normal serum bactericidal and hemolytic activities by interaction with Japanese flounder IgM, but not enhanced the complement activity of C3-depeleted serum. rPoC1qDC was significantly bound to various bacterial species and agglutination activity against Edwardsiella piscicida and Streptococcus iniae. Furthermore, rPoC1qDC showed direct interaction with peripheral blood leucocytes while enhancing phagocytic and chemotactic activity. When PoC1qDC was overexpressed in Japanese flounder before E. piscicida infection, bacterial replication was significantly inhibited in fish tissues. Consistently, when PoC1qDC expression in Japanese flounder was knocked down, bacterial replication was significantly enhanced. The above findings first suggested the role of PoC1qDC in teleost in mediating complement activation by interaction with IgM, which can positively influence bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Fei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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Antibodies towards TVLLPVIFF Amino Acid Sequence of TNF Receptor Induced by Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092545. [PMID: 35566671 PMCID: PMC9103578 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and the host components resulting in induction of cross-reacting antibodies has been suggested as accessory mechanism in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). A potential target for antibodies induced during Hp infection by the components of these bacteria might be amino acid sequence TVLLPVIFF (P1) of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), which is exposed on vascular endothelium and immunocompetent cells, driving inflammation. Aim: To examine whether anti-P1 IgG are induced during Hp infection in CHD patients. Methods: Sera from CHD patients infected with Hp (54) vs. sera of uninfected healthy donors (22) were tested by the ELISA for anti-H. pylori antibodies, anti-P1 IgG, and for antibodies towards control sequence IAKEGFEKIS (P2). Sera of Caviae porcellus infected experimentally with Hp (30) or uninfected (10) were included into this study. The same serum samples, which were positive for anti-P1 IgG, were adsorbed with Hp and then subjected to the ELISA. The biological activity of anti-P1 IgG was assessed in complement (C1q) binding assay. Results: Sera of 43 CHD patients seropositive for anti-Hp IgG contained anti-P1 IgG binding C1q. Additionally, 10 serum samples of animals seropositive for anti-Hp IgG contained anti-P1 IgG. Anti-P1 IgG in tested sera were neutralized by their adsorption with Hp. Conclusion: In CHD patients infected with Hp, antibodies cross-reacting with TNFR common sequence are produced. Further studies are necessary to define immunogenic Hp determinants and to confirm possible cellular effects of cross-reacting antibodies.
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6
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Heat-Inactivation of Human Serum Destroys C1 Inhibitor, Pro-motes Immune Complex Formation, and Improves Human T Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052646. [PMID: 33808005 PMCID: PMC7961502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-inactivation of sera is used to reduce possible disturbing effects of complement factors in cell-culture experiments, but it is controversially discussed whether this procedure is appropriate or could be neglected. Here, we report a strong impact of heat-inactivation of human sera on the activation and effector functions of human CD4+ T cells. While T cells cultured with native sera were characterized by a higher proliferation rate and higher expression of CD28, heat-inactivated sera shaped T cells towards on-blast formation, higher cytokine secretion (interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-17), stronger CD69 and PD-1 expression, and increased metabolic activity. Heat-inactivated sera contained reduced amounts of complement factors and regulators like C1 inhibitor, but increased concentrations of circulating immune complexes. Substitution of C1 inhibitor reduced the beneficial effect of heat-inactivation in terms of cytokine release, whereas surface-molecule expression was affected by the addition of complex forming anti-C1q antibody. Our data clearly demonstrate a beneficial effect of heat-inactivation of human sera for T cell experiments but indicate that beside complement regulators and immune complexes other components might be relevant. Beyond that, this study further underpins the strong impact of the complement system on T cell function.
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7
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Hester CG, Frank MM. Complement activation by IgG containing immune complexes regulates the interaction of C1q with its ligands. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:117-130. [PMID: 31634815 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Classical pathway activation of the compl ement system is initiated by the binding of the globular head domains of glycoprotein C1q to its corresponding ligand leading to both C1 activation and C3 convertase formation. However, the whereabouts and function of C1q after complement activation have only been marginally investigated. This report presents two mechanisms of action that remove bound C1q from a complement activating IgG immune complex in concentrated serum. The first mechanism details that sequential activation of the classical and alternative pathways releases bound C1q from an immune complex and that the dissociated C1q is subsequently found in complex with complement fragment C3c. The second mechanism is the displacement of C1q from an immune complex by the addition of near physiologic concentrations of purified or serum C1q. This activity can also be demonstrated using serum depleted of C3, normal serum chelated in EDTA, or purified C1. Fresh C1q in C3-depleted serum was found to replace dissociated C1q on the immune complex. C1q dissociated from immune complexes by the mechanism of C1q displacement is able to bind B and T lymphoblastoid cells that express receptors and ligands for both the collagen like region and the globular head domains of C1q. C1q dissociated from immune complexes by the mechanism of C3 activation do not bind these cells. This result suggests that C3 bound to C1q during complement activation and dissociation interferes with the ability of released C1q to access C1q receptors and ligands, particularly receptors for the globular head domains. These underlying mechanisms that regulate the interaction of C1q with its ligands reveal a novel function for complement activation during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garren Hester
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Michael M Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Li X, Eguchi T, Aly RG, Chintala NK, Tan KS, Zauderer MG, Dembitzer FR, Beasley MB, Ghebrehiwet B, Adusumilli PS, Peerschke EIB. Globular C1q Receptor (gC1qR/p32/HABP1) Is Overexpressed in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma and Is Associated With Increased Survival in Surgical Patients Treated With Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1042. [PMID: 31681580 PMCID: PMC6799080 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Globular C1q receptor (gC1qR/p32/HABP1) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, particularly adenocarcinomas. This study investigated gC1qR expression in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and its pathophysiologic correlates in a surgical patient cohort. Methods: Tissue microarrays comprising 6 tumoral and 3 stromal cores from 265 patients with MPM (216 epithelioid, 26 biphasic, and 23 sarcomatoid; 1989–2010) were investigated by immunohistochemistry for gC1qR expression (intensity and distribution by H-score, range 0–300), and immune cell infiltration. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method (high vs. low gC1qR expression delineated by median score) in the whole cohort and by neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) status. Multivariable Cox analysis included stage, chemotherapy, and immune cell infiltration. Results: gC1qR was overexpressed in all histological types of MPMs (263/265, 99.2%) compared to normal pleura. In epithelioid MPM, high gC1qR expression was associated with better OS (median 25 vs. 11 months; p = 0.020) among NAC patients, and among patients without NAC (No-NAC) but who received post-operative chemotherapy (median OS 38 vs. 19 months; p = 0.0007). In multivariable analysis, high gC1qR expression was an independent factor for improved OS in patients treated with NAC. In the No-NAC cohort, high gC1qR expression correlated with lower tumor stage. Moreover, the influence of Ki67 and CD4 T-cell infiltration on OS were more pronounced among patients with high gC1qR expression. Conclusion: This is the first description of gC1qR expression in MPM. The data identify gC1qR as a potential new prognostic factor in patients treated with surgery and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Takashi Eguchi
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Rania G Aly
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Navin K Chintala
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kay See Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marjorie G Zauderer
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francine R Dembitzer
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Beth Beasley
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Prasad S Adusumilli
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I B Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Ghebrehiwet B, Kaplan AP, Joseph K, Peerschke EIB. The complement and contact activation systems: partnership in pathogenesis beyond angioedema. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:281-289. [PMID: 27782339 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The blood plasma contains four biologically important proteolytic cascades, which probably evolved from the same ancestral gene. This in part may explain why each cascade has very similar "initiating trigger" followed by sequential and cascade-like downstream enzymatic activation pattern. The four cascades are: the complement system, the blood clotting cascade, the fibrinolytic system, and the kallikrein-kinin system. Although much has been written about the interplay between all these enzymatic cascades, the cross-talk between the complement and the kinin generating systems has become particularly relevant as this interaction results in the generation of nascent molecules that have significant impact in various inflammatory diseases including angioedema and cancer. In this review, we will focus on the consequences of the interplay between the two systems by highlighting the role of a novel molecular link called gC1qR. Although this protein was first identified as a receptor for C1q, it is now recognized as a multiligand binding cellular protein, which serves not only as C1q receptor, but also as high affinity (KD ≤ 0.8 nM) binding site for both high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and factor XII (FXII). At inflammatory sites, where atherogenic factors such as immune complexes and/or pathogens can activate the endothelial cell into a procoagulant and proinflammatory surface, the two pathways are activated to generate vasoactive peptides that contribute in various ways to the inflammatory processes associated with numerous diseases. More importantly, since recent observations strongly suggest an important role for both pathways in cancer, we will focus on how a growing tumor cluster can employ the byproducts derived from the two activation systems to ensure not only its survival and growth, but also its escape into distal sites of colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Allen P Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kusumam Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ellinor I B Peerschke
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA.,The Department of Pathology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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10
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C1q as an autocrine and paracrine regulator of cellular functions. Mol Immunol 2016; 84:26-33. [PMID: 27914690 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most of the complement proteins in circulation are, by and large, synthesized in the liver. However data accumulated over the past several decades provide incontrovertible evidence that some if not most of the individual complement proteins are also synthesized extrahepatically by activated as well as non-activated cells. The question that is finally being addressed by various investigators is: are the locally synthesized proteins solely responsible for the myriad of biological functions in situ without the contribution of systemic complement? The answer is probably "yes". Among the proteins that are synthesized locally, C1q takes center stage for several reasons. First, it is synthesized predominantly by potent antigen presenting cells such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), which by itself is a clue that it plays an important role in antigen presentation and/or DC maturation. Second, it is transiently anchored on the cell surface via a transmembrane domain located in its A chain before it is cleaved off and released into the pericellular milieu. The membrane-associated C1q in turn, is able to sense danger patterns via its versatile antigen-capturing globular head domains. More importantly, locally synthesized C1q has been shown to induce a plethora of biological functions through the induction of immunomodulatory molecules by an autocrine- or paracrine- mediated signaling in a manner that mimics those of TNFα. These include recognition of pathogen- and danger- associated molecular patterns, phagocytosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and induction of cytokines or chemokines that are important in modulating the inflammatory response. The functional convergence between C1q and TNFα in turn is attributed to their shared genetic ancestry. In this paper, we will infer to the aforementioned "local-synthesis-for-local function" paradigm using as an example, the role played by locally synthesized C1q in autoimmunity in general and in systemic lupus erythematosus in particular.
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11
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Hawksworth OA, Coulthard LG, Woodruff TM. Complement in the fundamental processes of the cell. Mol Immunol 2016; 84:17-25. [PMID: 27894513 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Once regarded solely as an activator of innate immunity, it is now clear that the complement system acts in an assortment of cells and tissues, with immunity only one facet of a diverse array of functions under the influence of the complement proteins. Throughout development, complement activity has now been demonstrated from early sperm-egg interactions in fertilisation, to regulation of epiboly and organogenesis, and later in refinement of cerebral synapses. Complement has also been shown to regulate homeostasis of adult tissues, controlling cell processes such as migration, survival, repair, and regeneration. Given the continuing emergence of such novel actions of complement, the existing research likely represents only a fraction of the myriad of functions of this complex family of proteins. This review is focussed on outlining the current knowledge of complement family members in the regulation of cell processes in non-immune systems. It is hoped this will spur research directed towards revealing more about the role of complement in these fundamental cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Hawksworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia; Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Liam G Coulthard
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
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12
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Agostinis C, Tedesco F, Bulla R. Alternative functions of the complement protein C1q at embryo implantation site. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 119:74-80. [PMID: 27687635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement component C1q is one of the recognition molecules of the complement system which can serve several functions unrelated to complement activation. This molecule is produced at foeto-maternal interface by macrophages as wells as by decidual endothelial cells and invading trophoblast. Foetal trophoblast cells migrating through the decidua in the early stages of pregnancy synthesize and express C1q on their surface, which is actively involved in promoting trophoblast endovascular and interstitial invasion of the decidua. These functions are mediated by two cell surface receptors, gC1qR and α4β1 integrin, which promote trophoblast adhesion and migration through the activation of ERK1/2 MAPKs. C1q-/- mice manifest increased frequency of foetal resorption, reduced foetal weight, and smaller litter size when compared to their wild-type counterparts, suggesting that defective local production of C1q may be involved in pregnancy disorders, such as pre-eclampsia. C1q acts also as a strong angiogenic factor and promotes neovascularization. These studies suggest novel and unexpected roles of this complement component in physiological and pathological pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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13
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Miyamae Y, Mochizuki S, Shimoda M, Ohara K, Abe H, Yamashita S, Kazuno S, Ohtsuka T, Ochiai H, Kitagawa Y, Okada Y. ADAM28 is expressed by epithelial cells in human normal tissues and protects from C1q-induced cell death. FEBS J 2016; 283:1574-94. [PMID: 26918856 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ADAM28 (disintegrin and metalloproteinase 28), which was originally reported to be lymphocyte-specific, is over-expressed by carcinoma cells and plays a key role in cell proliferation and progression in human lung and breast carcinomas. We studied ADAM28 expression in human normal tissues and examined its biological function. By using antibodies specific to ADAM28, ADAM28 was immunolocalized mainly to epithelial cells in several tissues, including epididymis, bronchus and stomach, whereas lymphocytes in lymph nodes and spleen were negligibly immunostained. RT-PCR, immunoblotting and ELISA analyses confirmed the expression in these tissues, and low or negligible expression by lymphocytes was found in the lymph node and spleen. C1q was identified as a candidate ADAM28-binding protein from a human lung cDNA library by yeast two-hybrid system, and specific binding was demonstrated by binding assays, immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance. C1q treatment of normal bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B and NHBE cells, both of which showed low-level expression of ADAM28, caused apoptosis through activation of p38 and caspase-3, and cell death with autophagy through accumulation of LC3-II and autophagosomes, respectively. C1q-induced cell death was attenuated by treatment of the cells with antibodies against the C1q receptor gC1qR/p33 or cC1qR/calreticulin. Treatment of C1q with recombinant ADAM28 prior to addition to culture media reduced C1q-induced cell death, and knockdown of ADAM28 using siRNAs increased cell death. These data demonstrate that ADAM28 is expressed by epithelial cells of several normal organs, and suggest that ADAM28 plays a role in cell survival by suppression of C1q-induced cytotoxicity in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Miyamae
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satsuki Mochizuki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Department of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ochiai
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Pednekar L, Pathan AA, Paudyal B, Tsolaki AG, Kaur A, Abozaid SM, Kouser L, Khan HA, Peerschke EI, Shamji MH, Stenbeck G, Ghebrehiwet B, Kishore U. Analysis of the Interaction between Globular Head Modules of Human C1q and Its Candidate Receptor gC1qR. Front Immunol 2016; 7:567. [PMID: 28018340 PMCID: PMC5153404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric globular head (gC1q) domain of human C1q is made up of the C-terminal ends of the three individual chains, ghA, ghB, and ghC. A candidate receptor for the gC1q domain is a multi-functional pattern recognition protein, gC1qR. Since understanding of gC1qR and gC1q interaction could provide an insight into the pleiotropic functions of gC1qR, this study was undertaken to identify the gC1qR-binding site on the gC1q domain, using the recombinant ghA, ghB, and ghC modules and their substitution mutants. Our results show that ghA, ghB, and ghC modules can interact with gC1qR independently, thus reinforcing the notion of modularity within the gC1q domain of human C1q. Mutational analysis revealed that while Arg162 in the ghA module is central to interaction between gC1qR and C1q, a single amino acid substitution (arginine to glutamate) in residue 114 of the ghB module resulted in enhanced binding. Expression of gC1qR and C1q in adherent monocytes with or without pro-inflammatory stimuli was also analyzed by qPCR; it showed an autocrine/paracrine basis of C1q and gC1qR interaction. Microscopic studies revealed that C1q and gC1qR are colocalized on PBMCs. Cell proliferation assays indicated that ghA, ghB, and ghC modules were able to attenuate phytohemagglutinin-stimulated proliferation of PBMCs. Addition of gC1qR had an additive effect on the anti-proliferative effect of globular head modules. In summary, our results identify residues involved in C1q-gC1qR interaction and explain, to a certain level, their involvement on the immune cell surface, which is relevant for C1q-induced functions including inflammation, infection, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Pednekar
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Ansar A. Pathan
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Anthony G. Tsolaki
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Anuvinder Kaur
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Suhair M. Abozaid
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Lubna Kouser
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ellinor I. Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering, Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed H. Shamji
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gudrun Stenbeck
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Berhane Ghebrehiwet, ; Uday Kishore, ,
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- *Correspondence: Berhane Ghebrehiwet, ; Uday Kishore, ,
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15
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Kouser L, Madhukaran SP, Shastri A, Saraon A, Ferluga J, Al-Mozaini M, Kishore U. Emerging and Novel Functions of Complement Protein C1q. Front Immunol 2015; 6:317. [PMID: 26175731 PMCID: PMC4484229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement protein C1q, the recognition molecule of the classical pathway, performs a diverse range of complement and non-complement functions. It can bind various ligands derived from self, non-self, and altered self and modulate the functions of immune and non-immune cells including dendritic cells and microglia. C1q involvement in the clearance of apoptotic cells and subsequent B cell tolerance is more established now. Recent evidence appears to suggest that C1q plays an important role in pregnancy where its deficiency and dysregulation can have adverse effects, leading to preeclampsia, missed abortion, miscarriage or spontaneous loss, and various infections. C1q is also produced locally in the central nervous system, and has a protective role against pathogens and possible inflammatory functions while interacting with aggregated proteins leading to neurodegenerative diseases. C1q role in synaptic pruning, and thus CNS development, its anti-cancer effects as an immune surveillance molecule, and possibly in aging are currently areas of extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kouser
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Shanmuga Priyaa Madhukaran
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK ; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences , Secunderabad , India
| | - Abhishek Shastri
- St. Ann's Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole , UK
| | - Anuvinder Saraon
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Janez Ferluga
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
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Peterson SL, Anderson AJ. Complement and spinal cord injury: traditional and non-traditional aspects of complement cascade function in the injured spinal cord microenvironment. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:35-47. [PMID: 25017886 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathology associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused not only by primary mechanical trauma, but also by secondary responses of the injured CNS. The inflammatory response to SCI is robust and plays an important but complex role in the progression of many secondary injury-associated pathways. Although recent studies have begun to dissect the beneficial and detrimental roles for inflammatory cells and proteins after SCI, many of these neuroimmune interactions are debated, not well understood, or completely unexplored. In this regard, the complement cascade is a key component of the inflammatory response to SCI, but is largely underappreciated, and our understanding of its diverse interactions and effects in this pathological environment is limited. In this review, we discuss complement in the context of SCI, first in relation to traditional functions for complement cascade activation, and then in relation to novel roles for complement proteins in a variety of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Peterson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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17
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cC1qR/CR and gC1qR/p33: observations in cancer. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:100-9. [PMID: 25044096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The survival and growth of a primary tumor depends, by and large, on three major events: immune evasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Tumor cells are "modified self", and as such express a plethora of modified surface antigens capable of inducing antibody production. Anti-tumor cell antibodies should, in theory, activate complement resulting in cell destruction. But this is not the case. Akin to many pathogenic microorganisms whose survival depends on evading the immune system, cancer cells have also evolved diverse mechanisms to prevent host mediated cell destruction by either retaining critical regulatory molecules or by hijacking host proteins to ensure their survival. Although immune evasion, angiogenesis and metastasis are complex biological processes involving a myriad of tumor associated proteins, enzymes, and cytokines, C1qRs can, nonetheless play an important role in all or part of these processes. Although both cC1qR/CR and gC1qR are expressed by all somatic cells, with the exception of red blood cells, both are highly upregulated on almost all types of tumors. It is not surprising therefore that blockade of C1qR on tumor cells inhibits their proliferation suggesting the significance of C1qRs in tumor growth and progression. Interestingly, the two C1q receptors: cC1qR/CR and gC1qR play a differential role in carcinogenesis. While gC1qR promotes tumor cell survival by enhancing angiogenesis and metastasis and also by contributing to the hypercoagulable and prothrombotic microenvironment, cC1qR/CR expression represents a pro-phagocytic "eat-me" signal through which cC1qR/CR expressing tumor cells are tagged for destruction by macrophages. The data accumulated to date therefore identify gC1qR and cC1qR/CR as potential targets for the design of either protein-based, antibody-based or chemical based therapeutic intervention that could be used to enhance conventional anti-cancer therapy. The inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by monoclonal antibody recognizing the C1q site on gC1qR, as well as the identification of agents such as anthracyclin that enhance cC1qR/CR expression on tumor cells, are indeed steps in the right direction.
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Ghebrehiwet B, Peerschke EIB. Purification of C1q receptors and functional analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1100:319-27. [PMID: 24218271 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-724-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recognition subunit of C1, C1q, has emerged as an important player in various pathophysiologic conditions largely in part due to its ability to interact with pathogen-associated or cell surface expressed ligands and receptors. Identification and purification of these molecules is therefore of paramount importance if we are to procure valuable information with regards to the structure, function, and cell surface distribution. Since the interaction of C1q is better served when the receptors are purified from homologous species, we discuss here a simple guideline for the purification and characterization of the two C1q receptors, cC1qR (calreticulin) and gC1qR, from human cell lines.
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Ghebrehiwet B, Jesty J, Vinayagasundaram R, Vinayagasundaram U, Ji Y, Valentino A, Tumma N, Hosszu KH, Peerschke EIB. Targeting gC1qR Domains for Therapy Against Infection and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:97-110. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Qiu Y, Marquez-Curtis LA, Janowska-Wieczorek A. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from umbilical cord blood migrate in response to complement C1q. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:285-95. [PMID: 22264191 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.651532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have great potential for tissue regeneration and cellular therapy. They migrate preferentially to sites of inflammation and tissue injury, but the molecular signals that guide them to their target tissue remain to be elucidated. We have shown that complement component 1 subcomponent q (C1q) enhances the homing-related response of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. METHODS In this study, we investigated whether C1q elicits directional signals that could influence the migration of MSC to injured tissues/organs. RESULTS We found that C1q chemoattracted human umbilical cord blood-derived MSC in a dose-dependent manner and that the receptor for the global domains of Clq (gC1qR) is present on the surface of MSC. Specific gC1qR antibody blocked the chemotactic response of MSC to C1q, indicating that the C1q/gC1qR interaction may be responsible for the C1q-mediated migration of MSC. Further, we found that C1q enhanced/primed the migration of MSC across reconstituted basement membrane Matrigel towards a low gradient of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), which is also present at sites of injury, partly as a result of an increase in surface expression of the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4. Moreover, C1q increased the secretion by MSC of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that C1q mediates the migration of MSC in two ways: first, by acting as a chemoattractant, and second, by priming chemotactic responses to SDF-1. Our findings suggest new molecular mechanisms of MSC migration that may contribute to their clinical application in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qiu
- Canadian Blood Services, Research and Development, Edmonton, Canada
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21
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Ghebrehiwet B, Hosszu KK, Valentino A, Peerschke EIB. The C1q family of proteins: insights into the emerging non-traditional functions. Front Immunol 2012; 3. [PMID: 22536204 PMCID: PMC3334295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research conducted over the past 20 years have helped us unravel not only the hidden structural and functional subtleties of human C1q, but also has catapulted the molecule from a mere recognition unit of the classical pathway to a well-recognized molecular sensor of damage-modified self or non-self antigens. Thus, C1q is involved in a rapidly expanding list of pathological disorders – including autoimmunity, trophoblast migration, preeclampsia, and cancer. The results of two recent reports are provided to underscore the critical role C1q plays in health and disease. First is the observation by Singh et al. (2011) showing that pregnant C1q−/− mice recapitulate the key features of human preeclampsia that correlate with increased fetal death. Treatment of the C1q−/− mice with pravastatin restored trophoblast invasiveness, placental blood flow, and angiogenic balance and, thus, prevented the onset of preeclampsia. Second is the report by Hong et al. (2009) which showed that C1q can induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by activating the tumor suppressor molecule WW-domain containing oxydoreductase (WWOX or WOX1) and destabilizing cell adhesion. Downregulation of C1q on the other hand, enhanced prostate hyperplasia and cancer formation due to failure of WOX1 activation. C1q belongs to a family of structurally and functionally related TNF-α-like family of proteins that may have arisen from a common ancestral gene. Therefore C1q not only shares the diverse functions with the tumor necrosis factor family of proteins, but also explains why C1q has retained some of its ancestral “cytokine-like” activities. This review is intended to highlight some of the structural and functional aspects of C1q by underscoring the growing list of its non-traditional functions.
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22
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Csencsits K, Burrell BE, Lu G, Eichwald EJ, Stahl GL, Bishop DK. The classical complement pathway in transplantation: unanticipated protective effects of C1q and role in inductive antibody therapy. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1622-30. [PMID: 18557731 PMCID: PMC2587427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Though complement (C) deposition within the transplant is associated with allograft rejection, the pathways employed have not been established. In addition, evidence suggests that C-mediated cytolysis may be necessary for the tolerance-inducing activities of mAb therapies. Hence, we assessed the role of the classical C pathway in acute allograft rejection and its requirement for experimental mAb therapies. C1q-deficient (C1q-/-) recipients rejected allografts at a faster rate than wild-type (WT) recipients. This rejection was associated with exacerbated graft pathology but not with enhanced T-cell responses in C1q-/- recipients. However, the humoral response to donor alloantigens was accelerated in C1q-/- mice, as an early IgG response and IgG deposition within the graft were observed. Furthermore, deposition of C3d, but not C4d was observed in grafts isolated from C1q-/- recipients. To assess the role of the classical C pathway in inductive mAb therapies, C1q-/- recipients were treated with anti-CD4 or anti-CD40L mAb. The protective effects of anti-CD4 mAb were reduced in C1q-/- recipients, however, this effect did not correlate with ineffective depletion of CD4+ cells. In contrast, the protective effects of anti-CD40L mAb were less compromised in C1q-/- recipients. Hence, this study reveals unanticipated roles for C1q in the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Csencsits
- Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,*Corresponding Author: Keri Csencsits, Ph.D., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2.250 MSB, 6431 Fannin, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, Phone: 713-500-7235//Fax: 713-500-0574,
| | - B. E. Burrell
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - G. Lu
- Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - E. J. Eichwald
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - G. L. Stahl
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - D. K. Bishop
- Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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23
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Yao ZQ, Waggoner SN, Cruise MW, Hall C, Xie X, Oldach DW, Hahn YS. SOCS1 and SOCS3 are targeted by hepatitis C virus core/gC1qR ligation to inhibit T-cell function. J Virol 2006; 79:15417-29. [PMID: 16306613 PMCID: PMC1315996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15417-15429.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in the control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We have previously demonstrated that the HCV core inhibits T-cell responses through interaction with gC1qR. We show here that core proteins from chronic and resolved HCV patients differ in sequence, gC1qR-binding ability, and T-cell inhibition. Specifically, chronic core isolates bind to gC1qR more efficiently and inhibit T-cell proliferation as well as gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production more profoundly than resolved core isolates. This inhibition is mediated by the disruption of STAT phosphorylation through the induction of SOCS molecules. Silencing either SOCS1 or SOCS3 by small interfering RNA dramatically augments the production of IFN-gamma in T cells, thereby abrogating the inhibitory effect of core. Additionally, the ability of core proteins from patients with chronic infections to induce SOCS proteins and suppress STAT activation greatly exceeds that of core proteins from patients with resolved infections. These results suggest that the HCV core/gC1qR-induced T-cell dysfunction involves the induction of SOCS, a powerful inhibitor of cytokine signaling, which represents a novel mechanism by which a virus usurps the host machinery for persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qiang Yao
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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24
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Vegh Z, Kew RR, Gruber BL, Ghebrehiwet B. Chemotaxis of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells to complement component C1q is mediated by the receptors gC1qR and cC1qR. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1402-7. [PMID: 16140380 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are recruited to inflammatory sites where they phagocytose and process antigens for subsequent presentation to the T lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissue. Several leukocyte chemoattractants and their specific receptors have been shown to induce the migration of DC. The complement protein C1q has multiple immune functions including acting as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if soluble C1q can induce chemotaxis of DC. Culturing cells in GM-CSF and IL-4 for 5 to 7 days generated human monocyte-derived DCs. In addition, LPS was added from day 5 to 7 to induce DC maturation. Cells were classified as either immature or mature DC by assessing the cell surface markers by flow cytometry, phagocytosis of dextran-FITC and T cell proliferation in an allogenic MLR. Immature DCs express the C1q receptors (C1qR), gC1qR and cC1qR/CR and, accordingly, display a vigorous migratory response to soluble C1q with maximal cell movement observed at 10-50nM. In contrast, mature DCs neither express C1qR nor do move to a gradient of soluble C1q. Varying the concentration gradient of C1q (checkerboard assay) showed that the protein largely induces a chemotactic response. Finally, blocking gC1qR and cC1qR/CR by using specific antibodies abolished the chemotactic response to C1q but had no effect on a different chemoattractant C5a. These results clearly demonstrate that C1q functions as a chemotactic factor for immature DC, and migration is mediated through ligation of both gC1qR and cC1qR/CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Vegh
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8161, USA
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25
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Kishore U, Ghai R, Greenhough TJ, Shrive AK, Bonifati DM, Gadjeva MG, Waters P, Kojouharova MS, Chakraborty T, Agrawal A. Structural and functional anatomy of the globular domain of complement protein C1q. Immunol Lett 2005; 95:113-28. [PMID: 15388251 PMCID: PMC3818097 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C1q is the first subcomponent of the classical pathway of the complement system and a major connecting link between innate and acquired immunity. As a versatile charge pattern recognition molecule, C1q is capable of engaging a broad range of ligands via its heterotrimeric globular domain (gC1q) which is composed of the C-terminal regions of its A (ghA), B (ghB) and C (ghC) chains. Recent studies using recombinant forms of ghA, ghB and ghC have suggested that the gC1q domain has a modular organization and each chain can have differential ligand specificity. The crystal structure of the gC1q, molecular modeling and protein engineering studies have combined to illustrate how modular organization, charge distribution and the spatial orientation of the heterotrimeric assembly offer versatility of ligand recognition to C1q. Although the biochemical and structural studies have provided novel insights into the structure-function relationships within the gC1q domain, they have also raised many unexpected issues for debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kishore
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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26
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Jiang K, Chen Y, Jarvis JN. Cord blood and adult T cells show different responses to C1q-bearing immune complexes. Cell Immunol 2004; 229:62-7. [PMID: 15331329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously shown that T cells can be activated through cell-surface C1q receptors, resulting in secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), further demonstrating the intimate linkage between innate and adaptive immunity. In this current report, we sought to determine whether: (1) T cell responses to C1q-bearing immune complexes are dependent on the maturational status of the T cells and (2) whether signaling through the C1q receptor on T cells modulates conventional activation mediated through the conventional T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 signaling complex. We first examined the capacity of neonatal T cells to respond to C1q-bearing immune complexes using IFNgamma, IL-2, and MIF secretion as measures of activation (MIF was chosen because of its crucial role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity). Neonatal T cells produced significantly less IFNgamma but not IL-2, when stimulated by C1q immune complexes compared with adult T cells. MIF levels did not exceed background levels in these experiments. Next, we examined the capacity of C1q-bearing immune complexes to regulate signaling through the conventional TCR/CD3 signaling complex. Pre-incubating adult T cells with C1q-bearing immune complexes significantly reduced IFNgamma secretion when those same cells were subsequently stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies. Pre-incubation of neonatal T-cells with C1q-bearing immune complexes had no effect on IFNgamma secretion, although IFNgamma secretion was lower than that found in adult T cells for each experimental condition. We speculate that reduced IFNgamma secretion after pre-incubation with C1q immune complexes may be due to IL-10 secretion, which was observed in C1q-stimulated adult (but not neonatal) T cells. CONCLUSIONS C1q-bearing immune complexes exert complex effects on mature T cells that include both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Immunologic maturation is required for these effects, as cord blood T cells are relatively hyporesponsive to C1q-bearing immune complexes compared with adult T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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27
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Trendelenburg M, Manderson AP, Fossati-Jimack L, Walport MJ, Botto M. Monocytosis and accelerated activation of lymphocytes in C1q-deficient autoimmune-prone mice. Immunology 2004; 113:80-8. [PMID: 15312138 PMCID: PMC1782548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q deficiency has been shown to accelerate spontaneous autoimmunity in mice. We studied the time course of activation of monocytes and lymphocytes in autoimmune and non-autoimmune mice in the presence or absence of C1q as a disease accelerator. Autoimmune MRL\Mp.C1qa-\- and non-autoimmune C57BL\6.C1qa-\- mice were analysed at various time points between 6 and 33 weeks of age and compared to strain- and age-matched C1q-sufficient controls. Splenic and peritoneal leucocytes were analysed by flow cytometry and plasma levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), total IgG, IgG subclasses and IgM autoantibodies were measured. Both C1q-deficient strains had significantly more splenic monocytes than their controls at all time points analysed. In addition, MRL\Mp.C1qa-\- but not C57BL/6.C1qa-\- mice developed splenic hypercellularity starting at about 12-17 weeks old, had signs of accelerated CD4+ T-cell activation and showed a marked increase in splenic plasma cells and total serum IgM levels from about 22 weeks of age. The accelerated CD4+ T-cell activation was not due to a direct inhibitory effect of C1q on T cells. These data show that C1q deficiency causes splenic monocytosis together with accelerated T-cell activation in an autoimmune-prone mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Trendelenburg
- Rheumatology Section, Eric Bywaters Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
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28
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Manderson AP, Botto M, Walport MJ. The role of complement in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22:431-56. [PMID: 15032584 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Complement has both beneficial and deleterious roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). On the one hand, patients with SLE present with decreased complement levels and with complement deposition in inflamed tissues, suggestive of a harmful role of complement in the effector phase of disease. On the other hand, homozygous deficiency of any of the classical pathway proteins is strongly associated with the development of SLE. There are two main hypotheses to explain these observations. The first invokes an important role for complement in the physiological waste-disposal mechanisms of dying cells and immune complexes. The second hypothesis is based around the role of complement in determining the activation thresholds of B and T lymphocytes, with the proposal that complement deficiency causes incomplete maintenance of peripheral tolerance. These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. In addition, there is evidence for a contribution from other genetic factors in determining the phenotype of disease in the absence of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Manderson
- Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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29
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Eisen-Vandervelde AL, Waggoner SN, Yao ZQ, Cale EM, Hahn CS, Hahn YS. Hepatitis C virus core selectively suppresses interleukin-12 synthesis in human macrophages by interfering with AP-1 activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:43479-86. [PMID: 15292184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407640200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkably efficient at establishing persistent infection, suggesting that it has evolved one or more strategies aimed at evading the host immune response. T cell responses, including interferon-gamma production, are severely suppressed in chronic HCV patients. The HCV core protein has been previously shown to circulate in the bloodstream of HCV-infected patients and inhibit host immunity through an interaction with gC1qR. To determine the role of the HCV core-gC1qR interaction in modulation of inflammatory cytokine production, we examined interleukin (IL)-12 production, which is critical for the induction of interferon-gamma synthesis, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocyte/macrophages. We found that core protein binds the gC1qR displayed on the cell surface of monocyte/macrophages and inhibits the production of IL-12p70 upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. This inhibition was found to be selective in that HCV core failed to affect the production of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In addition, suppression of IL-12 production by core protein occurred at the transcriptional level by inhibition of IL-12p40 mRNA synthesis. Importantly, core-induced inhibition of IL-12p40 mRNA synthesis resulted from impaired activation of AP-1 rather than enhanced IL-10 production. These results suggest that the HCV core-gC1qR interaction may play a pivotal role in establishing persistent infection by dampening TH1 responses.
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30
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Yao ZQ, Eisen-Vandervelde A, Waggoner SN, Cale EM, Hahn YS. Direct binding of hepatitis C virus core to gC1qR on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells leads to impaired activation of Lck and Akt. J Virol 2004; 78:6409-19. [PMID: 15163734 PMCID: PMC416530 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.12.6409-6419.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement plays a pivotal role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. It has been shown that the binding of C1q, a natural ligand of gC1qR, on T cells inhibits their proliferation. Here, we demonstrate that direct binding of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core to gC1qR on T cells leads to impaired Lck/Akt activation and T-cell function. The HCV core associates with the surface of T cells specifically via gC1qR, as this binding is inhibited by the addition of either anti-gC1qR antibody or soluble gC1qR. The binding affinity constant of core protein for gC1qR, as determined by BIAcore analysis, is 3.8 x 10(-7) M. The specificity of the HCV core-gC1qR interaction is confirmed by reduced core binding on Molt-4 T cells treated with gC1qR-silencing small interfering RNA and enhanced core binding on GPC-16 guinea pig cells transfected with human gC1qR. Interestingly, gC1qR is expressed at higher levels on CD8(+) than on CD4(+) T cells, resulting in more severe core-induced suppression of the CD8(+)-T-cell population. Importantly, T-cell receptor-mediated activation of the Src kinases Lck and ZAP-70 but not Fyn and the phosphorylation of Akt are impaired by the HCV core, suggesting that it inhibits the very early events of T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qiang Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Beirne Carter Center, University of Virginia, HSC Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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31
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Jiang K, Chen Y, Xu CS, Jarvis JN. T cell activation by soluble C1q-bearing immune complexes: implications for the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:61-7. [PMID: 12519387 PMCID: PMC1808608 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immune systems are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis in adults and children. The experiments reported here were undertaken to examine how immune complexes, potent stimulators of inflammation, may regulate cells of the adaptive immune system. Human T cells were prepared from peripheral blood by negative selection and incubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-anti-BSA immune complexes that were formed in the presence or absence of human C1q. C1q-bearing immune complexes, but not unopsonized complexes, elicited both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion from human T cells. Secretion of both cytokines was time- and dose-dependent. Cross-linking C1q on the cell surface of T cells produced the same results. Cytokine secretion was not inhibited by blocking the C3b receptor (CR1, CD35) on T cells prior to incubation with immune complexes. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of immune complex-stimulated cells revealed accumulation of both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA within 2 h post-stimulation. IL-2 was not detected in cell culture supernatants, but IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) was detected in low density on a small proportion of T cells activated by C1q-bearing immune complexes. Secretion of both cytokines was inhibited partially, but not completely, by IL-10. These experiments show that immune complexes, potent inflammatory mediators, may activate T cells through a novel mechanism. These findings have implications for chronic inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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32
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Yao ZQ, Nguyen DT, Hiotellis AI, Hahn YS. Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits human T lymphocyte responses by a complement-dependent regulatory pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5264-72. [PMID: 11673541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Complement proteins are involved in early innate immune responses against pathogens and play a role in clearing circulating viral Ags from the blood of infected hosts. We have previously demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) core, the first protein to be expressed and circulating in the blood of infected individuals, inhibited human T cell proliferative response through interaction with the complement receptor, globular domain of C1q receptor (gC1qR). To investigate the mechanisms of HCV core/gC1qR-induced inhibition of T cell proliferation, we examined the effect of core protein on the early events in T cell activation. We found that HCV core inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK). HCV core-induced impairment of ERK/MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase resulted in the inhibition of IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha gene transcription, which led to the inhibition of IL-2 production and high-affinity IL-2R expression. Importantly, the ability of anti-gC1qR Ab treatment to reverse HCV core-induced inhibition of ERK/MEK phosphorylation reveals that the interaction between HCV core and gC1qR is linked to the interference of ERK/MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These results imply that HCV core-induced blockage of intracellular events in T cell activation by a complement-dependent regulatory pathway may play a critical role in the establishment of HCV persistence during the acute phase of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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33
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Ogden CA, deCathelineau A, Hoffmann PR, Bratton D, Ghebrehiwet B, Fadok VA, Henson PM. C1q and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2001. [PMID: 11560994 DOI: 10.1084/jem194.6.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Removal of apoptotic cells is essential for maintenance of tissue homeostasis, organogenesis, remodeling, development, and maintenance of the immune system, protection against neoplasia, and resolution of inflammation. The mechanisms of this removal involve recognition of the apoptotic cell surface and initiation of phagocytic uptake into a variety of cell types. Here we provide evidence that C1q and mannose binding lectin (MBL), a member of the collectin family of proteins, bind to apoptotic cells and stimulate ingestion of these by ligation on the phagocyte surface of the multifunctional protein, calreticulin (also known as the cC1qR), which in turn is bound to the endocytic receptor protein CD91, also known as the alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor. Use of these proteins provides another example of apoptotic cell clearance mediated by pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system. Ingestion of the apoptotic cells through calreticulin/CD91 stimulation is further shown to involve the process of macropinocytosis, implicated as a primitive and relatively nonselective uptake mechanism for C1q- and MBL-enhanced engulfment of whole, intact apoptotic cells, as well as cell debris and foreign organisms to which these molecules may bind.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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34
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Ogden CA, deCathelineau A, Hoffmann PR, Bratton D, Ghebrehiwet B, Fadok VA, Henson PM. C1q and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194:781-95. [PMID: 11560994 PMCID: PMC2195958 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.6.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 845] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of apoptotic cells is essential for maintenance of tissue homeostasis, organogenesis, remodeling, development, and maintenance of the immune system, protection against neoplasia, and resolution of inflammation. The mechanisms of this removal involve recognition of the apoptotic cell surface and initiation of phagocytic uptake into a variety of cell types. Here we provide evidence that C1q and mannose binding lectin (MBL), a member of the collectin family of proteins, bind to apoptotic cells and stimulate ingestion of these by ligation on the phagocyte surface of the multifunctional protein, calreticulin (also known as the cC1qR), which in turn is bound to the endocytic receptor protein CD91, also known as the alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor. Use of these proteins provides another example of apoptotic cell clearance mediated by pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system. Ingestion of the apoptotic cells through calreticulin/CD91 stimulation is further shown to involve the process of macropinocytosis, implicated as a primitive and relatively nonselective uptake mechanism for C1q- and MBL-enhanced engulfment of whole, intact apoptotic cells, as well as cell debris and foreign organisms to which these molecules may bind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Anne Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Aimee deCathelineau
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Peter R. Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Donna Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Valerie A. Fadok
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Peter M. Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
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35
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Bordin S, Tan X. C1q arrests the cell cycle progression of fibroblasts in G(1) phase: role of the cAMP/PKA-I pathway. Cell Signal 2001; 13:119-23. [PMID: 11257456 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(00)00139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
C1q may participate in the loss of connective tissue occurring in chronic inflammatory lesions. The hypothesis of a detrimental role of C1q on cell proliferation was tested on primary cultures of human fibroblasts (HFs). C1q suppressed the DNA synthesis of HF in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) with an IC(50) of 20 microg/ml, and blocked 78% of the cycling cells in G(1) phase. The C1q block did not involve production of inhibitory prostaglandin by the cells. Given that C1q elicits signals of the adenylyl cyclase pathway in HF, we examined cAMP-dependent mechanisms to understand how C1q inhibited the PDGF response. Whereas the C1q block was enhanced by agonist dibutyryl-adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic mono-phosphate (db-cAMP), antagonist adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphorotioate triethylammonium salt (Rp-cAMP) minimized it. C1q increased the level of cAMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKA-I) 4.5-fold, without altering the activation of the extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway. These results demonstrate that the interactions of C1q with HF cause growth arrest at the G(1) phase through mechanisms associated with a PKA-I dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bordin
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, PO Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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36
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Kittlesen DJ, Chianese-Bullock KA, Yao ZQ, Braciale TJ, Hahn YS. Interaction between complement receptor gC1qR and hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:1239-49. [PMID: 11086025 PMCID: PMC381434 DOI: 10.1172/jci10323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that is remarkably efficient at establishing persistent infection. The HCV core protein is the first protein expressed during the early phase of HCV infection. Our previous work demonstrated that the HCV core protein suppresses host immune responses, including anti-viral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in a murine model. To investigate the mechanism of HCV core-mediated immunosuppression, we searched for host proteins capable of associating with the core protein using a yeast two-hybrid system. Using the core protein as bait, we screened a human T cell-enriched expression library and identified a gene encoding the gC1q receptor (gC1qR). C1q is a ligand of gC1qR and is involved in the early host defense against infection. Like C1q, HCV core can inhibit T-cell proliferative responses in vitro. This core-induced anti-T-cell proliferation is reversed by addition of anti-gC1qR Ab in a T-cell proliferation assay. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of the interaction between core and gC1qR indicates that HCV core binds the region spanning amino acids 188 to 259 of gC1qR, a site distinct from the binding region of C1q. The inhibition of T-cell responsiveness by HCV core may have important implications for HCV persistence in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kittlesen
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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37
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Ghebrehiwet B, Peerschke EI. Structure and function of gC1q-R: a multiligand binding cellular protein. Immunobiology 1998; 199:225-38. [PMID: 9777408 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(98)80029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
gC1q-R is a 33 kDa, single chain, highly acidic protein, which was first isolated from membrane preparation of Raji cells and now appears to be ubiquitously distributed. Although, gC1q-R was originally identified as a protein which binds to the globular "heads" of C1q, recent evidence suggests that the molecule is in fact a multiligand binding, multifunctional protein with affinity for diverse ligands which at best are functionally related. These molecules include: thrombin, vitronectin, and high molecular weight kininogen. The gC1q-R molecule, which is identical to the transcription factors SF2 and the Tat-associated protein, or TAP, is the product of a single gene localized on chromosome 17p13.3 in human, and chromosome 11 in mouse, and is encoded by an approximately 1.5-1.6 kb mRNA. The full length cDNA encodes a primary translation protein of 282 residues and the 'mature' or membrane form of the protein isolated from Raji cells corresponds to residues 74-282 and is presumed to be generated by a site-specific cleavage and removal of the highly basic, 73-residues long, N-terminal segment during post-translational processing. The translated amino acid sequence does not predict for the presence of a conventional sequence motif compatible with a transmembrane segment and does not have a consensus site for a GPI anchor. However, there is strong evidence which indicates that gC1q-R is expressed both inside the cell and on the membrane. First, certain mAbs raised against gC1q-R react moderately with intact Raji cells in suspension and this binding increases when the cells are first bound to poly-L-lysine coated surfaces and then fixed with glutaraldehyde. Second, surface labeling of cells using the membrane impermeable sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin shows that gC1q-R on the surface incorporates biotin whereas intracellular gC1q-R does not. In addition, the membrane expression of gC1q-R can be upregulated with inflammatory cytokines such as INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, or LPS. These results suggest, that gC1q-R, is localized both as an intracellular and as a cell surface protein and may have important biological functions in both compartments of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA.
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Veerhuis R, van der Valk P, Janssen I, Zhan SS, Van Nostrand WE, Eikelenboom P. Complement activation in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease brains does not proceed further than C3. Virchows Arch 1995; 426:603-10. [PMID: 7655742 DOI: 10.1007/bf00192116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, the complement components Clq, C4 and C3 can be detected in different types of beta/A4 plaques, one of the hallmarks of AD. Contradictory findings on the presence of late complement components in AD brains have been reported. Nevertheless, it was suggested in recent studies that in AD brain complement activation results in complement membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and that complement activation may act as an intermediate between beta/A4 deposits and the neurotoxicity observed in AD. In the present study the presence of a number of complement components and regulatory proteins in AD temporal cortex and, for comparison, in glomerulonephritis (GN) was analysed. In GN kidneys, besides Clq, Clr, Cls and C3, the late components and the C5b-9 complex are also associated with capillary basement membrane and mesangial immune complex deposits. In AD temporal cortex Clq, C4 and C3 are co-localized with beta/A4 deposits. However, in contrast to the GN kidney, the late complement components C5, C7 and C9, as well as the C5b-9 membrane attack complex cannot be detected in beta/A4 positive plaques. The absence of the cytolytic C5b-9 complex in AD brain suggests that in AD, the complement MAC does not function as the proposed inflammatory mediator between beta/A4 deposits and the neurofibrillary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Veerhuis
- Department of Neuropathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B. Platelet interactions with C1q in whole blood and in the presence of immune complexes or aggregated IgG. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1992; 63:45-50. [PMID: 1591882 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(92)90092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies identified specific receptors for C1q on human blood platelets in purified systems using monomeric C1q. To assess the physiologic potential of platelet C1q receptors, C1q binding was evaluated in whole blood and in the presence of immune complexes or aggregated IgG. Blood was obtained from healthy volunteers and collected directly into EDTA (1 vol 100mM EDTA:9 vol whole blood) and purified, 125I-labeled C1q or 125I-C1q associated with albumin-anti-albumin immune complexes. Samples were incubated at 22 or 37 degrees C for 60 min, and total cell bound C1q and platelet associated C1q were quantified. Platelet-bound, monomeric C1q or immune complex-associated C1q represented 40-50% of total peripheral blood cell-associated C1q. C1q binding was unaffected by the incubation temperature, but the preincubation of 125I-C1q with immune complexes enhanced binding two- to threefold. This binding was partially inhibited by preincubating platelets with either the collagen-like amino-terminal fragments of C1q (c-C1q) or a monoclonal antibody Fab fragment recognizing platelet Fc receptors. A more complete inhibition was achieved if platelets were preincubated with both agents. Similar observations were made using washed platelets and 125I-C1q associated with aggregated IgG. The role of C1q and platelet C1q receptors in enhancing aggregated-IgG binding to platelets was further supported by experiments demonstrating increased 125I-aggregated IgG binding to platelets not only after preincubation of 125I-aggregated IgG with C1q but also following platelet preincubation with C1q. These data suggest that C1q receptors may participate in the localization and presentation of C1q-associated immune complexes on the platelet surface and demonstrate that platelets contribute significantly to the C1q binding activity of peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Peerschke
- Department of Pathology, SUNY, Stony Brook 11794-7300
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Guan E, Burgess W, Robinson S, Goodman E, McTigue K, Tenner A. Phagocytic cell molecules that bind the collagen-like region of C1q. Involvement in the C1q-mediated enhancement of phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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