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Fox ME, Montemarano A, Ostman AE, Basu M, Herb B, Ament SA, Fox LD. Transcriptional signatures of fentanyl use in the mouse ventral tegmental area. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.18.572172. [PMID: 38187661 PMCID: PMC10769205 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic opioids such as fentanyl contribute to the vast majority of opioid-related overdose deaths, but fentanyl use remains broadly understudied. Like other substances with misuse potential, opioids cause lasting molecular adaptations to brain reward circuits, including neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA contains numerous cell types that play diverse roles in opioid use and relapse, however it is unknown how fentanyl experience alters the transcriptional landscape in specific subtypes. Here, we performed single nuclei RNA sequencing to study transcriptional programs in fentanyl experienced mice. Male and female C57/BL6 mice self-administered intravenous fentanyl (1.5 µg/kg/infusion) or saline for 10 days. After 24 hr abstinence, VTA nuclei were isolated and prepared for sequencing on the 10X platform. We identified different patterns of gene expression across cell types. In dopamine neurons, we found enrichment of genes involved in growth hormone signaling. In dopamine-glutamate-GABA combinatorial neurons, and some GABA neurons, we found enrichment of genes involved in Pi3k-Akt signaling. In glutamate neurons, we found enrichment of genes involved in cholinergic signaling. We identified transcriptional regulators for the differentially expressed genes in each neuron cluster, including downregulation of transcriptional repressor Bcl6, and upregulation of Wnt signaling partner Tcf4. We also compared the fentanyl-induced gene expression changes identified in mouse VTA with a published rat dataset in bulk VTA, and found overlap in genes related to GABAergic signaling and extracellular matrix interaction. Together, we provide a comprehensive picture of how fentanyl self-administration alters the transcriptional landscape of the mouse VTA, that serves for the foundation for future mechanistic studies.
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Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, and a significant amount of research has been devoted to understand the factors that contribute to the development, loss of control, and persistence of compulsive addictive behaviors. In this review, we provide an overview of various theories of addiction to drugs of abuse and the neurobiology involved in elements of the addiction cycle. Specific focus is devoted to the role of the mesolimbic pathway in acute drug reinforcement and occasional drug use, the role of the mesocortical pathway and associated areas (e.g., the dorsal striatum) in escalation/dependence, and the contribution of these pathways and associated circuits to conditioned responses, drug craving, and loss of behavioral control that may underlie drug relapse. By enhancing the understanding of the neurobiological factors that mediate drug addiction, continued preclinical and clinical research will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions that can serve as effective long-term treatment strategies for drug-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Feltenstein
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Ronald E See
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
- Department of Psychology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, USA
| | - Rita A Fuchs
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164-7620, USA
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Abstract
AbstractAlthough the use of ECT has declined dramatically from its inception, this decrease has recently shown signs of leveling out because of ECT's powerful therapeutic effect in severely ill depressed individuals who either do not respond to pharmacologic alternatives or are too ill to tolerate a relatively lengthy drug trial. Notwithstanding its therapeutic benefits, ECT has also remained a controversial treatment modality, particularly in the eye of the public. Given the unsavory qualities associated with the word “electroconvulsive,” claims of possible, probable, or even certain brain damage with ECT have easily found listeners. A careful, nonselective assessment of data covering the areas of pathology, radiology, electrophysiology, biochemistry, and neuropsychology leads both to certain conclusions and to certain unanswered questions. ECT is not the devastating purveyor of wholesale brain damage that some of its detractors claim. For the typical individual receiving ECT, no detectable correlates of irreversible brain damage appear to occur. Still, there remains the possibility that either subtle, objectively undetectable persistent deficits, particularly in the area of autobiographic memory function, occur, or that a rarely occurring syndrome of more pervasive persistent deficits related to ECT use may be present. Clearly, more research directed toward answering these questions needs to be carried out so that the role of ECT can be more rigorously defined. While such research is pending, however, we cannot expect that the conditions that predispose to clinical referrals for ECT will disappear. Given the misery, anguish, and risk of death by suicide, starvation, or debilitation associated with severe depressive illness, for example, it still appears that ECT, at least for the present, must continue to be available.
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Men D, McCarty R, Gold PE. Enhanced release of norepinephrine in rat hippocampus during spontaneous alternation tests. Neurobiol Learn Mem 1999; 71:289-300. [PMID: 10196107 DOI: 10.1006/nlme.1998.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus is associated with performance on a spontaneous alternation task and with enhancement of that performance by systemic and central injections of glucose. The present study extended these findings by examining norepinephrine (NE) release in the hippocampus using in vivo microdialysis while rats were tested for spontaneous alternation performance with and without prior injections (ip) of glucose. Microdialysis samples were collected every 12 min and assayed for NE content by HPLC-ECD. Like ACh, NE release in hippocampus increased during spontaneous alternation testing. As in past experiments, administration of glucose (250 mg/kg) significantly enhanced alternation scores. However, glucose did not influence NE release either during behavioral testing or at rest. These findings contrast with prior evidence showing that glucose augments testing-related increases in ACh release. The findings suggest that norepinephrine is released within the hippocampus while rats are engaged in alternation performance. However, increased release of norepinephrine apparently does not contribute to the enhancement of alternation scores produced by glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Men
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 102 Gilmer Hall, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903, USA
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Nalini K, Karanth KS, Rao A, Aroor AR. Effects of Celastrus paniculatus on passive avoidance performance and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 47:101-108. [PMID: 7500635 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(95)01264-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of an indigenous drug, Celastrus oil, extracted from the seeds of Celastrus paniculatus on learning and memory in a two compartment passive avoidance task was studied in albino rats. The effects on the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the brain and on the levels of their metabolites both in the brain and urine were also assessed. Significant improvement was observed in the retention ability of the drug treated rats compared with the saline administered controls. The contents of NE, DA and 5-HT and their metabolites in the brain were significantly decreased in the drug treated group. The urinary metabolite levels were also significantly decreased except for total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol. These data indicate that Celastrus oil causes an overall decrease in the turnover of all the three central monoamines and implicate the involvement of these aminergic systems in the learning and memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nalini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Kasturba Medical College, Karnataka, India
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Nalini K, Karanth KS, Rao A, Aroor AR. Effects of piracetam on retention and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 42:859-64. [PMID: 1513869 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90041-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The chronic effects of orally administered 2-pyrrolidone acetamide (piracetam) on one-trial, passive avoidance task were studied in albino rats. The effects on the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) in the brain and on the levels of their metabolites both in the brain and urine were also assessed. Significant improvement was observed in the retention ability compared with saline-administered controls. The contents of NE, DA, and 5-HT and their metabolites in the brain were significantly decreased after piracetam administration. The urinary metabolite levels were also significantly decreased except total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG). These data indicate that piracetam causes an overall decrease in the turnover of central monoamines. Thus, the results of this study implicate the involvement of NE, DA, and 5-HT systems in learning and memory processes. Piracetam did not exert any GABAergic effect as shown by the absence of change in the brain GABA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nalini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Kasturba Medical College, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Day-old chicks trained on a single-trial discriminated passive avoidance task using a concentrated taste aversant, methyl anthranilate, have been shown to exhibit three stages of memory processing; short-, intermediate-, and long-term memory. If the aversant is diluted to 20% v/v methyl anthranilate in absolute ethanol, only the short-term and some of the intermediate stage are observed. In this study we investigated the whole forebrain levels of noradrenaline in response to differing intensities of the training experience. The results show a profound difference in the level of whole forebrain NA at all training-sacrifice intervals for the trained as compared to the untrained controls, except at 15- and 20-minute posttraining, when a substantial reduction in the level of NA was achieved under all training conditions. Furthermore, subjects which received treatments which resulted in the emergence of behavioural evidence of long-term memory tended to have higher levels of whole-forebrain NA at 30 minutes after initial training. This is the time when we have postulated that triggering of protein synthesis associated with long-term memory formation takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Crowe
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Kornet M, Goosen C, Ribbens LG, Van Ree JM. The effect of desglycinamide-(Arg8)-vasopressin (DGAVP) on the acquisition of free-choice alcohol drinking in rhesus monkeys. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15:72-9. [PMID: 2024735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The vasopressin analog desglycinamide-(Arg8)-vasopressin (DGAVP) has been reported to reduce the acquisition of heroin and cocaine self-injection behavior in rats. This led to the hypothesis that DGAVP can reduce the self-administration of psycho-active drugs (including ethanol) by attenuating central reinforcement processes. Under forced ingestion conditions, DGAVP has been reported, however, to enhance alcohol drinking in rats. We studied the effect of DGAVP on the acquisition of voluntary, free-choice alcohol drinking in naive rhesus monkeys, that had concurrent access to either 1% and 2% (n = 12) or to 4% and 8% (n = 8) ethanol/water solutions in addition to drinking water. Half of the monkeys were injected twice per day with 50 micrograms.kg-1 of DGAVP for 14 successive days, the other half received placebo. Subsequently, all subjects had access to the same solutions for another 14 days without treatment. DGAVP did not significantly affect concentration preference behavior. With regard to net ethanol ingestion in animals drinking 1% and 2% solutions, DGAVP decreased net ethanol intakes, having a time-dependent and long lasting effect; placebo-treated animals gradually increased net ethanol intakes over time. The placebo-treated animals in the 4% and 8% group, showed a different acquisition pattern; DGAVP reduced net ethanol intake in two animals in a similar way as above. Two animals behaved differently. It is concluded that in a free-choice condition DGAVP did not enhance the acquisition of alcohol drinking in monkeys, but rather inhibited ethanol self-administration in the majority of the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kornet
- TNO Primate Center, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Gold PE, Welsh KA. Regional brain catecholamines and memory: effects of footshock, amygdala implantation, and stimulation. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1987; 47:116-29. [PMID: 3579832 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(87)90215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous findings have revealed a correlation between post-training release of whole brain norepinephrine (NE) and later retention performance. The present experiment examined changes after a training footshock in NE levels, as well as the levels of the major central NE metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), dopamine (DA), and epinephrine (EPI) in eight brain regions. Brain levels of these amines and the metabolite were assessed 10 min after training in a one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance task. The results indicate that NE levels decreased significantly in neocortex, neostriatum, hypothalamus, frontal pole, septum, and brainstem, but not in hippocampus or thalamus. The decreases in NE levels were generally accompanied by increases in MHPG; the MHPG/NE ratio increased significantly in all areas in which decreases in NE were observed. DA levels decreased in neostriatum and increased in neocortex and brainstem. Epinephrine levels decreased only in the brainstem sample. Thus, the effects of training on NE are widespread, probably reflecting the release of the amine in most brain regions. Such findings are consistent with the view that posttraining release of brain NE may modulate the storage of new information in many brain regions. One especially potent treatment for modulating memory storage is electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Therefore, we also examined the effects of amygdala implantation and stimulation on brain catecholamine levels to determine whether such changes might be correlated with the effects of amygdala stimulation on memory. The results indicate that electrode implantation into the amygdala results in pervasive changes in NE levels in most brain regions tested. Against this modified baseline, the results of training and electrical stimulation were region specific and very difficult to interpret. The major conclusion which can be derived from this portion of the experiment is that the amygdala damage produced by electrode implantation produces a brain which is substantially different from that of intact animals.
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Haroutunian V, Kanof PD, Tsuboyama GK, Campbell GA, Davis KL. Animal models of Alzheimer's disease: behavior, pharmacology, transplants. Can J Neurol Sci 1986; 13:385-93. [PMID: 2878711 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100036957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physostigmine, oxotremorine, RS-86, and a combination of piracetam and lecithin, have all been studied in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Intravenous physostigmine produced a significant improvement in patients' ability to recognize words and particularly to distinguish words they had never seen before from words previously presented. A subgroup of Alzheimer's patients had a clinically meaningful improvement to treatment with oral physostigmine, with the degree of improvement correlating with the ability of oral physostigmine to increase the nocturnal secretion of cortisol. No statistically significant differences of piracetam or piracetam and lecithin, compared to placebo were noted, however, the ratio of red cell to plasma choline might be associated with treatment responsivity. The potential therapeutic efficacy of oxotremorine proved all but impossible to assess due to concomitant adverse effects, particularly dysphoria. Results with another cholinergic agonist, RS-86, will be reported. This drug appeared to be better tolerated than oxotremorine. Animals with a kianic acid induced cortical depletion of choline acetyltransferase were found to have a significant impairment in retention of a passive avoidance task, an abnormality that was readily reversible by physostigmine, oxotremorine and 4-amino-pyridine. Cysteamine, a depletor of somatostatin, also produced a comparable deficit.
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Gold PE, Roberson NL, Delanoy RL. Post-training brain catecholamine levels: lack of response to water-motivated training. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1985; 44:425-33. [PMID: 4084187 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(85)90808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rats were trained in a one-trial appetitive task using water motivation. Brain catecholamine and metabolite levels were assessed in samples collected 10 min after training. There was no evidence that brain NE levels were modified by training, although catecholamine levels increased when the animals were placed in a novel environment. These results differ from those obtained after avoidance training where the extent of a post-training decrease in brain norepinephrine predicts later retention performance.
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Welsh KA, Gold PE. Brain catecholamines and memory modulation: effects of footshock, amygdala implantation, and stimulation. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1985; 43:119-31. [PMID: 4004685 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(85)91317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The results of previous studies indicate that the extent of a transient decline in brain norepinephrine (NE) levels shortly after training and administration of any of several memory modulating treatments is correlated with later retention performance. The present experiment assessed such changes after one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance training and, in addition, measured concentration changes in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the major metabolite of brain NE, as well as dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (EPI) levels. The results indicate that the decreases in brain NE after footshock are accompanied by an increase in MHPG, thus providing additional evidence that brain NE is released after training. DA levels were unchanged after training; brainstem EPI levels increased after the training footshock, but forebrain EPI levels were unchanged. A second experiment examined brain catecholamine levels in animals which received post-training electrical stimulation of the amygdala. The findings of this experiment indicate that the amygdala damage which accompanies electrode implantation apparently results in a chronic change in whole brain NE levels and metabolism. After amygdala, NE concentrations in both brainstem and forebrain samples were reduced by 20% and MHPG was increased by 22-34%. Furthermore, NE levels were not responsive to training in implanted animals. Thus, brain NE levels after training were not predictive of retention performance in amygdala-implanted or -stimulated animals. However, the significance of such findings for understanding the possible role of central NE in memory storage is complicated by the severe modification of the dynamics of brain aminergic systems in animals bearing amygdala electrodes.
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ECT: The controversy continues. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00026066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Problems in research on electroconvulsive therapy. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00025966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brain damage from spontaneous but not from induced seizures in animals. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00025930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Some perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00025899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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ECT damage: Are there more pressing problems? Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0002608x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Electroconvulsive therapy, pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00026017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The justification for electroconvulsive therapy. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00026054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
The responses of forebrain and brainstem catecholamine levels to a single footshock were studied in 70-day, one-year, and two-year-old Fischer-344 rats. Brain catecholamine concentrations were assessed 10 minutes after a single 2 second footshock (0, 0.3, or 2.0 mA). In samples taken from non-footshocked rats, only forebrain dopamine concentrations showed a significant age-related decline. However, because the net weights of both the forebrain and the brainstem samples increased significantly with age, the content of forebrain dopamine did not exhibit a significant decline. Both norepinephrine and dopamine levels showed age-related changes in responsiveness to footshock. Norepinephrine concentrations were reduced in both the forebrain and brainstem samples obtained 10 minutes after the high footshock in both the 70-day and one-year-old animals. In two-year-old rats, however, neither forebrain nor brainstem norepinephrine concentrations were altered in response to footshock. Seventy-day-old rats demonstrated significant footshock-induced increases in brainstem dopamine levels, one-year olds showed no appreciable change, and two-year olds demonstrated a non-significant footshock-induced decrease. Thus, both noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems demonstrated age-related changes in their responsiveness to a single brief footshock. These alterations may contribute to the declining ability of the senescent animals to adapt to stressful situations.
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An overdue comprehensive look at a maligned treatment: Electroconvulsive therapy. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00025954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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ECT: A clinician's viewpoint. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00026042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Current issues in ECT practice and research. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00026029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Loss of familiarity as an explanation of autobiographical memory loss. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00026108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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ECT: facts, affects, and ambiguities. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0002611x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Possible brain damage by electroconvulsive therapy: Memory impairment and cultural resistance. Behav Brain Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00025929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sternberg DB, Gold PE, McGaugh JL. Memory facilitation and impairment with supraseizure electrical brain stimulation: attenuation with pretrial propranolol injections. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1983; 38:261-8. [PMID: 6639558 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(83)90268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Post-training supraseizure stimulation of frontal cortex enhances retention of active avoidance in rats trained using a low footshock but impairs retention when high footshock is used in training. Pretreatment with the adrenergic antagonist propranolol results in attenuation of both memory facilitation and amnesia. These results are consistent with previous evidence indicating that adrenergic antagonists attenuate amnesia and facilitation produced by a variety of agents and suggest that memory modulatory treatments may enhance or impair memory by actions which include effects on adrenergic systems.
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Gold PE, Zornetzer SF. The mnemon and its juices: neuromodulation of memory processes. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1983; 38:151-89. [PMID: 6139106 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(83)90170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sara SJ, Deweer B. Memory retrieval enhanced by amphetamine after a long retention interval. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1982; 36:146-60. [PMID: 7183311 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(82)90145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gold PE, Murphy JM, Cooley S. Neuroendocrine modulation of memory during development. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1982; 35:277-93. [PMID: 6295358 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(82)90713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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