1
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Schiefer JL, Wergen NM, Grieb G, Bagheri M, Seyhan H, Badra M, Kopp M, Fuchs PC, Windolf J, Suschek CV. Experimental evidence for Parthanatos-like mode of cell death of heat-damaged human skin fibroblasts in a cell culture-based in vitro burn model. Burns 2024; 50:1562-1577. [PMID: 38570249 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms of burn conversion of heat damaged tissue are center of many studies. Even if the molecular mechanisms of heat-induced cell death are controversially discussed in the current literature, it is widely accepted that caspase-mediated apoptosis plays a central role. In the current study we wanted to develop further information on the nature of the mechanism of heat-induced cell death of fibroblasts in vitro. We found that heating of human fibroblast cultures (a 10 s rise from 37 °C to 67 °C followed by a 13 s cool down to 37 °C) resulted in the death of about 50% of the cells. However, the increase in cell death started with a delay, about one hour after exposure to heat, and reached the maximum after about five hours. The lack of clear evidence for an active involvement of effector caspase in the observed cell death mechanism and the lack of observation of the occurrence of hypodiploid nuclei contradict heat-induced cell death by caspase-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, a dominant heat-induced increase in PARP1 protein expression, which correlated with a time-delayed ATP synthesis inhibition, appearance of double-strand breaks and secondary necrosis, indicate a different type of cell death than apoptosis. Indeed, increased translocation of Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) into cell nuclei, which correlates with the mentioned enhanced PARP1 protein expression, indicate PARP1-induced, AIF-mediated and MIF-activated cell death. With regard to the molecular actors involved, the cellular processes and temporal sequences, the mode of cell death observed in our model is very similar to the cell death mechanism via Parthanatos described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lynn Schiefer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Merheim Hospital Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Köln, Germany.
| | - Niklas M Wergen
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mahsa Bagheri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Merheim Hospital Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Köln, Germany
| | - Harun Seyhan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Merheim Hospital Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Köln, Germany
| | - Maria Badra
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Kopp
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul C Fuchs
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Merheim Hospital Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Köln, Germany
| | - Joachim Windolf
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph V Suschek
- Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Zhao B, Deng J, Ma M, Li N, Zhou J, Li X, Luan T. Environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD induced inhibition of multicellular alternative splicing and transcriptional dysregulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170892. [PMID: 38346650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS), found in approximately 95 % of human genes, significantly amplifies protein diversity and is implicated in disease pathogenesis when dysregulated. However, the precise involvement of AS in the toxic mechanisms induced by TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) remains incompletely elucidated. This study conducted a thorough global AS analysis in six human cell lines following TCDD exposure. Our findings revealed that environmentally relevant concentration (0.1 nM) of TCDD significantly suppressed AS events in all cell types, notably inhibiting diverse splicing events and reducing transcript diversity, potentially attributed to modifications in the splicing patterns of the inhibitory factor family, particularly hnRNP. And we identified 151 genes with substantial AS alterations shared among these cell types, particularly enriched in immune and metabolic pathways. Moreover, TCDD induced cell-specific changes in splicing patterns and transcript levels, with increased sensitivity notably in THP-1 monocyte, potentially linked to aberrant expression of pivotal genes within the spliceosome pathway (DDX5, EFTUD2, PUF60, RBM25, SRSF1, and CRNKL1). This study extends our understanding of disrupted alternative splicing and its relation to the multisystem toxicity of TCDD. It sheds light on how environmental toxins affect post-transcriptional regulatory processes, offering a fresh perspective for toxicology and disease etiology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Smart Medical Innovation Technology Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junlin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Smart Medical Innovation Technology Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Smart Medical Innovation Technology Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Huynh D, Wu CW. Identification of pararosaniline as a modifier of RNA splicing in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad241. [PMID: 37852248 PMCID: PMC10700105 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional splicing of premessenger RNA (mRNA) is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic process for producing mature mRNA that is translated into proteins. Accurate splicing is necessary for normal growth and development, and aberrant splicing is increasingly evident in various human pathologies. To study environmental factors that influence RNA splicing, we employed a fluorescent Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo splicing reporter as a biomarker for splicing fidelity to screen against the US EPA ToxCast chemical library. We identified pararosaniline hydrochloride as a strong modifier of RNA splicing. Through gene expression analysis, we found that pararosaniline activates the oxidative stress response and alters the expression of key RNA splicing regulator genes. Physiological assays show that pararosaniline is deleterious to C. elegans development, reproduction, and aging. Through a targeted RNAi screen, we found that inhibiting protein translation can reverse pararosaniline's effect on the splicing reporter and provide significant protection against long-term pararosaniline toxicity. Together, this study reveals a new chemical modifier of RNA splicing and describes translation inhibition as a genetic mechanism to provide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Cheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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4
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Kumar V, Roy S, Behera BK, Das BK. Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) in Cellular Homeostasis: A Promising Tool for Health Management in Crustacean Aquaculture. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1777. [PMID: 36362932 PMCID: PMC9699388 DOI: 10.3390/life12111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of ubiquitously expressed stress proteins and extrinsic chaperones that are required for viability and cell growth in all living organisms. These proteins are highly conserved and produced in all cellular organisms when exposed to stress. Hsps play a significant role in protein synthesis and homeostasis, as well as in the maintenance of overall health in crustaceans against various internal and external environmental stresses. Recent reports have suggested that enhancing in vivo Hsp levels via non-lethal heat shock, exogenous Hsps, or plant-based compounds, could be a promising strategy used to develop protective immunity in crustaceans against both abiotic and biotic stresses. Hence, Hsps as the agent of being an immune booster and increasing disease resistance will present a significant advancement in reducing stressful conditions in the aquaculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
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5
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Javid H, Hashemian P, Yazdani S, Sharbaf Mashhad A, Karimi-Shahri M. The role of heat shock proteins in metastatic colorectal cancer: A review. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1704-1735. [PMID: 36063530 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large molecular chaperone family classified by their molecular weights, including HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110. HSPs are likely to have antiapoptotic properties and participate actively in various processes such as tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastases, and death. In this review, we discuss comprehensively the functions of HSPs associated with the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and metastasis and resistance to cancer therapy. Taken together, HSPs have numerous clinical applications as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis and potential therapeutic targets for CRC and its related metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pedram Hashemian
- Jahad Daneshgahi Research Committee, Jahad Daneshgahi Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Yazdani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Alireza Sharbaf Mashhad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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6
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Chomyshen SC, Tabarraei H, Wu CW. Translational suppression via IFG-1/eIF4G inhibits stress-induced RNA alternative splicing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2022; 221:iyac075. [PMID: 35536193 PMCID: PMC9252287 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing of precursor mRNA is an essential process for dividing cells, and splicing defects have been linked to aging and various chronic diseases. Environmental stress has recently been shown to modify alternative splicing, and molecular mechanisms that influence stress-induced alternative splicing remain unclear. Using an in vivo RNA splicing reporter, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that protein translation suppression via silencing of the conserved eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (IFG-1/eIF4G) inhibits cadmium-induced alternative splicing. Transcriptome analysis of an ifg-1-deficient mutant revealed an overall decrease in intronic and intergenic reads and prevented cadmium-induced alternative splicing compared to the wild type. We found that the ifg-1 mutant up-regulates >80 RNA splicing regulatory genes controlled by the TGF-β transcription factor SMA-2. The extended lifespan of the ifg-1 mutant is partially reduced upon sma-2 depletion and completely nullified when core spliceosome genes including snr-1, snr-2, and uaf-2 are knocked down. Depletion of snr-1 and snr-2 also diminished the enhanced cadmium resistance of the ifg-1 mutant. Together, these data describe a molecular mechanism through which translation suppression inhibits stress-induced alternative splicing and demonstrate an essential role for RNA splicing in promoting longevity and stress resistance in a translation-compromised mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Chomyshen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Hadi Tabarraei
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Cheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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7
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Song J, Austin JD, Yang H. Comparative Transcriptomics of the Northern Quahog Mercenaria mercenaria and Southern Quahog Mercenaria campechiensis in Response to Chronic Heat Stress. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:276-292. [PMID: 35357634 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) supports lucrative aquaculture industries in the USA. In the southeastern USA, aquacultured M. mercenaria faces increasing risks of summer die-offs from prolonged heat waves. We used a comparative transcriptomic approach to investigate the molecular responses of M. mercenaria and its southern congener, Mercenaria campechiensis, to controlled incremental heat stress over a 4-week period. Mercenaria were exposed to temperatures from 24 to 34 °C with 2.5 °C/week, after which, gill transcriptomes were de novo assembled and annotated. During the 4 weeks of chronic heat exposure, both species had the same survival rate (96%); M. mercenaria experienced body weight gain/loss depending on the originated hatcheries while M. campechiensis experienced an average net weight loss. The upregulated genes in both species included those in chaperone-mediated protein folding and regulation of cell death pathways, while the downregulated genes in both species involved in mRNA processing and splicing pathways. Compared to M. mercenaria, M. campechiensis appears to be more sensitive to prolonged heat stress as indicated by upregulating significantly more genes in coping with oxidative stress and in the protein degradation pathways, while downregulating some inhibitors of apoptosis. We discussed this finding within their ecological and evolutionary context. Our findings highlighted the potential vulnerability of the two quahogs, especially the southern quahog, to continued ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Song
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
| | - James D Austin
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 110 Newins Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Huiping Yang
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA.
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8
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Vourc’h C, Dufour S, Timcheva K, Seigneurin-Berny D, Verdel A. HSF1-Activated Non-Coding Stress Response: Satellite lncRNAs and Beyond, an Emerging Story with a Complex Scenario. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040597. [PMID: 35456403 PMCID: PMC9032817 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the heat shock response is orchestrated by a transcription factor named Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 is mostly characterized for its role in activating the expression of a repertoire of protein-coding genes, including the heat shock protein (HSP) genes. Remarkably, a growing set of reports indicate that, upon heat shock, HSF1 also targets various non-coding regions of the genome. Focusing primarily on mammals, this review aims at reporting the identity of the non-coding genomic sites directly bound by HSF1, and at describing the molecular function of the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) produced in response to HSF1 binding. The described non-coding genomic targets of HSF1 are pericentric Satellite DNA repeats, (sub)telomeric DNA repeats, Short Interspersed Nuclear Element (SINE) repeats, transcriptionally active enhancers and the NEAT1 gene. This diverse set of non-coding genomic sites, which already appears to be an integral part of the cellular response to stress, may only represent the first of many. Thus, the study of the evolutionary conserved heat stress response has the potential to emerge as a powerful cellular context to study lncRNAs, produced from repeated or unique DNA regions, with a regulatory function that is often well-documented but a mode of action that remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vourc’h
- Université de Grenoble Alpes (UGA), 38700 La Tronche, France
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Solenne Dufour
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Centre de Recherche UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS UMR 5309, Site Santé-Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.D.); (K.T.); (D.S.-B.)
| | - Kalina Timcheva
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Centre de Recherche UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS UMR 5309, Site Santé-Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.D.); (K.T.); (D.S.-B.)
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Centre de Recherche UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS UMR 5309, Site Santé-Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.D.); (K.T.); (D.S.-B.)
| | - André Verdel
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Centre de Recherche UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS UMR 5309, Site Santé-Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France; (S.D.); (K.T.); (D.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (A.V.)
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9
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Balazadeh S. A 'hot' cocktail: The multiple layers of thermomemory in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102147. [PMID: 34861588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) caused by above-optimal temperatures adversely affects plants' growth and development and diminishes crop yields. In natural and agricultural environments, these stresses are often transient but recurrent and may progressively increase in severity over time. In addition to the inherent ability to cope with a single HS event, plants have evolved mechanisms that enhance their capacity to survive and reproduce under such conditions. This involves the establishment of a molecular 'thermomemory' after moderate HS that allows them to withstand a later - and possibly more extreme - HS event. Here, I summarize the current understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying thermomemory across multiple cellular levels and discuss aspects that require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Balazadeh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Leiden University, PO Box 9500, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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10
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Dominguez CE, Cunningham D, Venkataramany AS, Chandler DS. Heat increases full-length SMN splicing: promise for splice-augmenting therapies for SMA. Hum Genet 2022; 141:239-256. [PMID: 35088120 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a debilitating neurodegenerative pediatric disease characterized by low levels of the survival motor protein (SMN). Humans have two SMN genes that produce identical SMN proteins, but they differ at a key nucleotide in exon 7 that induces differential mRNA splicing. SMN1 primarily produces full-length SMN protein, but due to the spliceosome's inability to efficiently recognize exon 7, SMN2 transcripts are often truncated. SMA occurs primarily through mutations or deletions in the SMN1 gene; therefore, current therapies use antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target exon 7 inclusion in SMN2 mRNA and promote full-length SMN protein production. Here, we explore additional methods that can target SMN splicing and therapeutically increase full-length SMN protein. We demonstrate that in vitro heat treatment of cells increases exon 7 inclusion and relative abundance of full-length SMN2 mRNA and protein, a response that is modulated through the upregulation of the positive splicing factor TRA2 beta. We also observe that HSP90, but not HSP40 or HSP70, in the heat shock response is essential for SMN2 exon 7 splicing under hyperthermic conditions. Finally, we show that pulsatile heat treatments for one hour in vitro and in vivo are effective in increasing full-length SMN2 levels. These findings suggest that timed interval treatments could be a therapeutic alternative for SMA patients who do not respond to current ASO-based therapies or require a unique combination regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Dominguez
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - David Cunningham
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Akila S Venkataramany
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dawn S Chandler
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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11
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Ling Y, Mahfouz MM, Zhou S. Pre-mRNA alternative splicing as a modulator for heat stress response in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1153-1170. [PMID: 34334317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular responses of plants to the important abiotic stress, heat stress (HS), have been extensively studied at the transcriptional level. Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional regulatory process in which an intron-containing gene can generate more than one mRNA variant. The impact of HS on the pre-mRNA splicing process has been reported in various eukaryotes but seldom discussed in-depth, especially in plants. Here, we review AS regulation in response to HS in different plant species. We discuss potential molecular mechanisms controlling heat-inducible AS regulation in plants and hypothesize that AS regulation participates in heat-priming establishment and HS memory maintenance. We propose that the pre-mRNA splicing variation is an important regulator of plant HS responses (HSRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ling
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China.
| | - Magdy M Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shuangxi Zhou
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hawke's Bay 4130, New Zealand
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12
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Kerschbaum S, Wegrostek C, Riegel E, Czerny T. Senescence in a cell culture model for burn wounds. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 122:104674. [PMID: 34437877 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermal injuries cause severe damage on the cellular and tissue level and are considered especially challenging in the clinical routine. Complex interactions of different cell types and pathways dictate the formation of burn wounds. Thus, complications like burn wound progression, where so far viable tissue becomes necrotic and the size and depth of the wound increases, are difficult to explain, mainly due to the lack of simple model systems. We tested the behavior of human fibroblasts after heat treatment. A prominent response of the cells is to activate the heat shock response (HSR), which is one of the primary emergency mechanisms of the cell to proteotoxic stress factors such as heat. However, after a powerful but not lethal heat shock we observed a delayed activation of the HSR. Extending this model system, we further investigated these static cells and observed the emergence of senescent cells. In particular, the cells became β-galactosidase positive, increased p16 levels and developed a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The secretion of cytokines like IL-6 is reminiscent of burn wounds and generates a bystander effect in so far non-senescent cells. In agreement with burn wounds, a wave of cytokine secretion enhanced by invading immune cells could explain complications like burn wound progression. A simple cell culture model can thus be applied for the analysis of highly complex conditions in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kerschbaum
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Wegrostek
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Riegel
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czerny
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Chen L, Gómez R, Weiss LC. Distinct Gene Expression Patterns of Two Heat Shock Protein 70 Members During Development, Diapause, and Temperature Stress in the Freshwater Crustacean Daphnia magna. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692517. [PMID: 34277636 PMCID: PMC8281232 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormancy is a lifecycle delay that allows organisms to escape suboptimal environmental conditions. As a genetically programmed type of dormancy, diapause is usually accompanied by metabolic depression and enhanced tolerance toward adverse environmental factors. However, the drivers and regulators that steer an organism’s development into a state of suspended animation to survive environmental stress have not been fully uncovered. Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s), which are often produced in response to various types of stress, have been suggested to play a role in diapause. Considering the diversity of the Hsp70 family, different family members may have different functions during diapause. In the present study, we demonstrate the expression of two hsp70 genes (A and B together with protein localization of B) throughout continuous and diapause interrupted development of Daphnia magna. Before and after diapause, the expression of Dmhsp70-A is low. Only shortly before diapause and during diapause, Dmhsp70-A is significantly upregulated and may therefore be involved in diapause preparation and maintenance. In contrast, Dmhsp70-B is expressed only in developing embryos but not in diapausing embryos. During continuous development, the protein of this Hsp70 family member is localized in the cytosol. When we expose both embryo types to heat stress, expression of both hsp70 genes increases only in developing embryos, and the protein of family member B is translocated to the nucleus. In this stress formation, this protein provides effective protection of nucleoplasmic DNA. As we also see this localization in diapausing embryos, it seems that Daphnia embryo types share a common subcellular strategy when facing dormancy or heat shock, i.e., they protect their DNA by HSP70B nuclear translocation. Our study underlines the distinctive roles that different Hsp70 family members play throughout continuous and diapause interrupted development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Chen
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rocío Gómez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda C Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Junprung W, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A. Structure, gene expression, and putative functions of crustacean heat shock proteins in innate immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103875. [PMID: 32987013 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones with critical roles in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis. HSPs, which regulate protein folding and refolding, assembly, translocation, and degradation, are induced in response to physiological and environmental stressors. In recent years, HSPs have been recognized for their potential role in immunity; in particular, these proteins elicit a variety of immune responses to infection and modulate inflammation. This review focuses on delineating the structural and functional roles of crustacean HSPs in the innate immune response. Members of crustacean HSPs include high molecular weight HSPs (HSP90, HSP70, and HSP60) and small molecular weight HSPs (HSP21 and HSP10). The sequences and structures of these HSPs are highly conserved across various crustacean species, indicating strong evolutionary links among this group of organisms. The expression of HSP-encoding genes across different crustacean species is significantly upregulated upon exposure to a wide range of pathogens, emphasizing the important role of HSPs in the immune response. Functional studies of crustacean HSPs, particularly HSP70s, have demonstrated their involvement in the activation of several immune pathways, including those mediating anti-bacterial resistance and combating viral infections, upon heat exposure. The immunomodulatory role of HSPs indicates their potential use as an immunostimulant to enhance shrimp health for control of disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisarut Junprung
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Premruethai Supungul
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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15
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Baddar NWAH, Dwaraka VB, Ponomareva LV, Thorson JS, Voss SR. Chemical genetics of regeneration: Contrasting temporal effects of CoCl
2
on axolotl tail regeneration. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:852-865. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nour W. Al Haj Baddar
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Varun B. Dwaraka
- Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Larissa V. Ponomareva
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - S. Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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16
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Roufayel R, Kadry S. Molecular Chaperone HSP70 and Key Regulators of Apoptosis - A Review. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:315-325. [PMID: 30914024 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190326114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Identified as a molecular chaperone constitutively being synthesized due to enhanced elevated temperature change, this heat shock protein HSP70 has shown to be intimately involved in many protein biogenesis, facilitating the synthesis and folding of proteins and trafficking of nascent peptides during cell growth. HSP70 also plays a vital role in protein assembly, regulation and interaction with a wide variety of proteins. Stress-induced cell death is under the control of the Bcl-2 family of apoptotic regulators and display either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic activities. Subjected to stress conditions such as heat shock, cells have been reported to express elevated expressions of HSP70. Moreover, this molecular chaperon has shown to act at multiple levels to suppress stressed-induced apoptotic signals of some Bcl-2 members by repairing, re-synthesizing damaged proteins, and stabilizing unfolded proteins. Therefore, HSP70 synthesis can act as an essential recovery mode for cellular survival and adaptation during lethal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Roufayel
- Department of Science, College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
| | - Seifedine Kadry
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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17
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Huang HH, Ferguson ID, Thornton AM, Bastola P, Lam C, Lin YHT, Choudhry P, Mariano MC, Marcoulis MD, Teo CF, Malato J, Phojanakong PJ, Martin TG, Wolf JL, Wong SW, Shah N, Hann B, Brooks AN, Wiita AP. Proteasome inhibitor-induced modulation reveals the spliceosome as a specific therapeutic vulnerability in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1931. [PMID: 32321912 PMCID: PMC7176739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors (PI) is a central goal in myeloma therapy. We proposed that signaling-level responses after PI may reveal new mechanisms of action that can be therapeutically exploited. Unbiased phosphoproteomics after treatment with the PI carfilzomib surprisingly demonstrates the most prominent phosphorylation changes on splicing related proteins. Spliceosome modulation is invisible to RNA or protein abundance alone. Transcriptome analysis after PI demonstrates broad-scale intron retention, suggestive of spliceosome interference, as well as specific alternative splicing of protein homeostasis machinery components. These findings lead us to evaluate direct spliceosome inhibition in myeloma, which synergizes with carfilzomib and shows potent anti-tumor activity. Functional genomics and exome sequencing further support the spliceosome as a specific vulnerability in myeloma. Our results propose splicing interference as an unrecognized modality of PI mechanism, reveal additional modes of spliceosome modulation, and suggest spliceosome targeting as a promising therapeutic strategy in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector H Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian D Ferguson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis M Thornton
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Prabhakar Bastola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Lam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiu T Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya Choudhry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margarette C Mariano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Makeba D Marcoulis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chin Fen Teo
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Malato
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Phojanakong
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Martin
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Wolf
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandy W Wong
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nina Shah
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Byron Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela N Brooks
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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18
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Bou Sleiman M, Frochaux MV, Andreani T, Osman D, Guigo R, Deplancke B. Enteric infection induces Lark-mediated intron retention at the 5' end of Drosophila genes. Genome Biol 2020; 21:4. [PMID: 31948480 PMCID: PMC6966827 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA splicing is a key post-transcriptional mechanism that generates protein diversity and contributes to the fine-tuning of gene expression, which may facilitate adaptation to environmental challenges. Here, we employ a systems approach to study alternative splicing changes upon enteric infection in females from classical Drosophila melanogaster strains as well as 38 inbred lines. RESULTS We find that infection leads to extensive differences in isoform ratios, which results in a more diverse transcriptome with longer 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs). We establish a role for genetic variation in mediating inter-individual splicing differences, with local splicing quantitative trait loci (local-sQTLs) being preferentially located at the 5' end of transcripts and directly upstream of splice donor sites. Moreover, local-sQTLs are more numerous in the infected state, indicating that acute stress unmasks a substantial number of silent genetic variants. We observe a general increase in intron retention concentrated at the 5' end of transcripts across multiple strains, whose prevalence scales with the degree of pathogen virulence. The length, GC content, and RNA polymerase II occupancy of these introns with increased retention suggest that they have exon-like characteristics. We further uncover that retained intron sequences are enriched for the Lark/RBM4 RNA binding motif. Interestingly, we find that lark is induced by infection in wild-type flies, its overexpression and knockdown alter survival, and tissue-specific overexpression mimics infection-induced intron retention. CONCLUSION Our collective findings point to pervasive and consistent RNA splicing changes, partly mediated by Lark/RBM4, as being an important aspect of the gut response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Sleiman
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institue of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Vincent Frochaux
- Laboratory of System Biology and Genetics and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Andreani
- Computational Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300 Lebanon
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institue of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 Is Insufficient To Extend Drosophila melanogaster Longevity. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:4197-4207. [PMID: 31624139 PMCID: PMC6893204 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for over 20 years that Drosophila melanogaster flies with twelve additional copies of the hsp70 gene encoding the 70 kD heat shock protein lives longer after a non-lethal heat treatment. Since the heat treatment also induces the expression of additional heat shock proteins, the biological effect can be due either to HSP70 acting alone or in combination. This study used the UAS/GAL4 system to determine whether hsp70 is sufficient to affect the longevity and the resistance to thermal, oxidative or desiccation stresses of the whole organism. We observed that HSP70 expression in the nervous system or muscles has no effect on longevity or stress resistance but ubiquitous expression reduces the life span of males. We also observed that the down-regulation of hsp70 using RNAi did not affect longevity.
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20
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Schreiner WP, Pagliuso DC, Garrigues JM, Chen JS, Aalto AP, Pasquinelli AE. Remodeling of the Caenorhabditis elegans non-coding RNA transcriptome by heat shock. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:9829-9841. [PMID: 31396626 PMCID: PMC6765114 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated temperatures activate a heat shock response (HSR) to protect cells from the pathological effects of protein mis-folding, cellular mis-organization, organelle dysfunction and altered membrane fluidity. This response includes activation of the conserved transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), which binds heat shock elements (HSEs) in the promoters of genes induced by heat shock (HS). The upregulation of protein-coding genes (PCGs), such as heat shock proteins and cytoskeletal regulators, is critical for cellular survival during elevated temperatures. While the transcriptional response of PCGs to HS has been comprehensively analyzed in a variety of organisms, the effect of this stress on the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has not been systematically examined. Here we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans HS induces up- and downregulation of specific ncRNAs from multiple classes, including miRNA, piRNA, lincRNA, pseudogene and repeat elements. Moreover, some ncRNA genes appear to be direct targets of the HSR, as they contain HSF-1 bound HSEs in their promoters and their expression is regulated by this factor during HS. These results demonstrate that multiple ncRNA genes respond to HS, some as direct HSF-1 targets, providing new candidates that may contribute to organismal survival during this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Schreiner
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Delaney C Pagliuso
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Jacob M Garrigues
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Jerry S Chen
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Antti P Aalto
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Amy E Pasquinelli
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
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21
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Gvozdenov Z, Kolhe J, Freeman BC. The Nuclear and DNA-Associated Molecular Chaperone Network. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034009. [PMID: 30745291 PMCID: PMC6771373 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy and functional proteome in all cellular compartments is critical to cell and organismal homeostasis. Yet, our understanding of the proteostasis process within the nucleus is limited. Here, we discuss the identified roles of the major molecular chaperones Hsp90, Hsp70, and Hsp60 with client proteins working in diverse DNA-associated pathways. The unique challenges facing proteins in the nucleus are considered as well as the conserved features of the molecular chaperone system in facilitating DNA-linked processes. As nuclear protein inclusions are a common feature of protein-aggregation diseases (e.g., neurodegeneration), a better understanding of nuclear proteostasis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Gvozdenov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.,Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Janhavi Kolhe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Brian C Freeman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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22
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Gressel S, Schwalb B, Cramer P. The pause-initiation limit restricts transcription activation in human cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3603. [PMID: 31399571 PMCID: PMC6689055 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene transcription is often controlled at the level of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing in the promoter-proximal region. Pausing Pol II limits the frequency of transcription initiation ('pause-initiation limit'), predicting that the pause duration must be decreased for transcriptional activation. To test this prediction, we conduct a genome-wide kinetic analysis of the heat shock response in human cells. We show that the pause-initiation limit restricts transcriptional activation at most genes. Gene activation generally requires the activity of the P-TEFb kinase CDK9, which decreases the duration of Pol II pausing and thereby enables an increase in the productive initiation frequency. The transcription of enhancer elements is generally not pause limited and can be activated without CDK9 activity. Our results define the kinetics of Pol II transcriptional regulation in human cells at all gene classes during a natural transcription response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Gressel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Schwalb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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23
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Wu CW, Wimberly K, Pietras A, Dodd W, Atlas MB, Choe KP. RNA processing errors triggered by cadmium and integrator complex disruption are signals for environmental stress. BMC Biol 2019; 17:56. [PMID: 31311534 PMCID: PMC6631800 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive responses to stress are essential for cell and organismal survival. In metazoans, little is known about the impact of environmental stress on RNA homeostasis. RESULTS By studying the regulation of a cadmium-induced gene named numr-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans, we discovered that disruption of RNA processing acts as a signal for environmental stress. We find that NUMR-1 contains motifs common to RNA splicing factors and influences RNA splicing in vivo. A genome-wide screen reveals that numr-1 is strongly and specifically induced by silencing of genes that function in basal RNA metabolism including subunits of the metazoan integrator complex. Human integrator processes snRNAs for functioning with splicing factors, and we find that silencing of C. elegans integrator subunits disrupts snRNA processing, causes aberrant pre-mRNA splicing, and induces the heat shock response. Cadmium, which also strongly induces numr-1, has similar effects on RNA and the heat shock response. Lastly, we find that heat shock factor-1 is required for full numr-1 induction by cadmium. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with a model in which disruption of integrator processing of RNA acts as a molecular damage signal initiating an adaptive stress response mediated by heat shock factor-1. When numr-1 is induced via this pathway in C. elegans, its function in RNA metabolism may allow it to mitigate further damage and thereby promote tolerance to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Keon Wimberly
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Adele Pietras
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - William Dodd
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - M Blake Atlas
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Keith P Choe
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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24
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Jean-Baptiste K, McFaline-Figueroa JL, Alexandre CM, Dorrity MW, Saunders L, Bubb KL, Trapnell C, Fields S, Queitsch C, Cuperus JT. Dynamics of Gene Expression in Single Root Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2019. [PMID: 30923229 DOI: 10.1101/448514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Single cell RNA sequencing can yield high-resolution cell-type-specific expression signatures that reveal new cell types and the developmental trajectories of cell lineages. Here, we apply this approach to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cells to capture gene expression in 3,121 root cells. We analyze these data with Monocle 3, which orders single cell transcriptomes in an unsupervised manner and uses machine learning to reconstruct single cell developmental trajectories along pseudotime. We identify hundreds of genes with cell-type-specific expression, with pseudotime analysis of several cell lineages revealing both known and novel genes that are expressed along a developmental trajectory. We identify transcription factor motifs that are enriched in early and late cells, together with the corresponding candidate transcription factors that likely drive the observed expression patterns. We assess and interpret changes in total RNA expression along developmental trajectories and show that trajectory branch points mark developmental decisions. Finally, by applying heat stress to whole seedlings, we address the longstanding question of possible heterogeneity among cell types in the response to an abiotic stress. Although the response of canonical heat-shock genes dominates expression across cell types, subtle but significant differences in other genes can be detected among cell types. Taken together, our results demonstrate that single cell transcriptomics holds promise for studying plant development and plant physiology with unprecedented resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Jean-Baptiste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Cristina M Alexandre
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael W Dorrity
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lauren Saunders
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kerry L Bubb
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Stanley Fields
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Christine Queitsch
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Josh T Cuperus
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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25
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Pai AA, Luca F. Environmental influences on RNA processing: Biochemical, molecular and genetic regulators of cellular response. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2019; 10:e1503. [PMID: 30216698 PMCID: PMC6294667 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA processing has emerged as a key mechanistic step in the regulation of the cellular response to environmental perturbation. Recent work has uncovered extensive remodeling of transcriptome composition upon environmental perturbation and linked the impacts of this molecular plasticity to health and disease outcomes. These isoform changes and their underlying mechanisms are varied-involving alternative sites of transcription initiation, alternative splicing, and alternative cleavage at the 3' end of the mRNA. The mechanisms and consequences of differential RNA processing have been characterized across a range of common environmental insults, including chemical stimuli, immune stimuli, heat stress, and cancer pathogenesis. In each case, there are perturbation-specific contributions of local (cis) regulatory elements or global (trans) factors and downstream consequences. Overall, it is clear that choices in isoform usage involve a balance between the usage of specific genetic elements (i.e., splice sites, polyadenylation sites) and the timing at which certain decisions are made (i.e., transcription elongation rate). Fine-tuned cellular responses to environmental perturbation are often dependent on the genetic makeup of the cell. Genetic analyses of interindividual variation in splicing have identified genetic effects on splicing that contribute to variation in complex traits. Finally, the increase in the number of tissue types and environmental conditions analyzed for RNA processing is paralleled by the need to develop appropriate analytical tools. The combination of large datasets, novel methods and conditions explored promises to provide a much greater understanding of the role of RNA processing response in human phenotypic variation. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athma A Pai
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Luca
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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26
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Mezquita-Pla J. Gordon H. Dixon's trace in my personal career and the quantic jump experienced in regulatory information. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2018; 64:448-468. [PMID: 30136864 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1503752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Even before Rosalin Franklin had discovered the DNA double helix, in her impressive X-ray diffraction image pattern, Erwin Schröedinger, described, in his excellent book, What is Life, how the finding of aperiodic crystals in biological systems surprised him (an aperiodic crystal, which, in my opinion is the material carrier of life). In the 21st century and still far from being able to define life, we are attending to a quick acceleration of knowledge on regulatory information. With the discovery of new codes and punctuation marks, we will greatly increase our understanding in front of an impressive avalanche of genomic sequences. Trifonov et al. defined a genetic code as a widespread DNA sequence pattern that carries a message with an impact on biology. These patterns are largely captured in transcribed messages that give meaning and identity to the particular cells. In this review, I will go through my personal career in and after my years of work in the laboratory of Gordon H. Dixon, extending toward the impressive acquisition of new knowledge on regulatory information and genetic codes provided by remarkable scientists in the field. Abbreviations: CA II: carbonic anhydridase II (chicken); Car2: carbonic anhydridase 2 (mouse); CpG islands: short (>0.5 kb) stretches of DNA with a G+C content ≥55%; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferases 1; DNMT3b: DNA methyltransferases 3B; DSB: double-strand DNA breaks; ERT: endogenous retrotransposon; ERV: endogenous retroviruses; ES cells: embryonic stem cells; GAPDH: glyceraldehide phosphate dehydrogenase; H1: histone H1; HATs: histone acetyltransferases; HDACs: histone deacetylases; H3K4me3: histone 3 trimethylated at lys 4; H3K79me2: histone 3 dimethylated at lys 79; HMG: high mobility group proteins; HMT: histone methyltransferase; HP1: heterochromatin protein 1; HR: homologous recombination; HSE: heat-shock element; ICRs: imprinted control regions; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; LDH-A/-B: lactate dehydrogenase A/B; LTR: long terminal repeats; MeCP2: methyl CpG binding protein 2; OCT4: octamer-binding transcription factor 4; PAF1: RNA Polymerase II associated factor 1; piRNA: PIWI-interacting RNA; poly(A) tails: poly-adenine tails; PRC2: polycomb repressive complex 2; PTMs: post-translational modifications; SIRT 1: sirtuin 1, silent information regulator; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription; tRNAs: transfer RNA; tRFs: tRNA-derived fragments; TSS: transcription start site; TE: transposable elements; UB I: polyubiquitin I; UB II: polyubiquitin II; UBE 2N: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2N; 5'-UTR: 5'-untranslated sequences; 3'-UTR: 3'-untranslated sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovita Mezquita-Pla
- a Molecular Genetics and Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine , University of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
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27
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Zander G, Krebber H. Quick or quality? How mRNA escapes nuclear quality control during stress. RNA Biol 2017; 14:1642-1648. [PMID: 28708448 PMCID: PMC5731798 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1345835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms for mRNA production under normal conditions and in response to cytotoxic stresses has been subject of numerous studies for several decades. The shutdown of canonical mRNA transcription, export and translation is required to have enough free resources for the immediate production of heat shock proteins that act as chaperones to sustain cellular processes. In recent work we uncovered a simple mechanism, in which the export block of regular mRNAs and a fast export of heat shock mRNAs is achieved by deactivation of the nuclear mRNA quality control mediated by the guard proteins. In this point of view we combine long known data with recently gathered information that support this novel model, in which cells omit quality control of stress responsive transcripts to ensure survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Zander
- Abteilung für Molekulare Genetik, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Krebber
- Abteilung für Molekulare Genetik, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Mauger O, Lemoine F, Scheiffele P. Targeted Intron Retention and Excision for Rapid Gene Regulation in Response to Neuronal Activity. Neuron 2017; 92:1266-1278. [PMID: 28009274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent transcription has emerged as a major source of gene products that regulate neuronal excitability, connectivity, and synaptic properties. However, the elongation rate of RNA polymerases imposes a significant temporal constraint for transcript synthesis, in particular for long genes where new synthesis requires hours. Here we reveal a novel, transcription-independent mechanism that releases transcripts within minutes of neuronal stimulation. We found that, in the mouse neocortex, polyadenylated transcripts retain select introns and are stably accumulated in the cell nucleus. A subset of these intron retention transcripts undergoes activity-dependent splicing, cytoplasmic export, and ribosome loading, thus acutely releasing mRNAs in response to stimulation. This process requires NMDA receptor- and calmodulin-dependent kinase pathways, and it is particularly prevalent for long transcripts. We conclude that regulated intron retention in fully transcribed RNAs represents a mechanism to rapidly mobilize a pool of mRNAs in response to neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Mauger
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Lemoine
- GenoSplice Technology, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Peter Scheiffele
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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29
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Beyond proteome diversity: alternative splicing as a regulator of neuronal transcript dynamics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 45:162-168. [PMID: 28609697 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain development and function are governed by tightly controlled gene expression programs. Transcriptional repertoires in neurons are highly specific to developmental stage, neuronal cell type and can undergo rapid changes upon neuronal stimulation. Dedicated molecular mechanisms are required to achieve such fine-tuned regulation. In addition to transcriptional programs, post-transcriptional processes and notably alternative splicing substantially contribute to the elaboration of neuronal gene expression. While alternative splicing has been viewed primarily as a means for expanding proteome diversity, it emerges to also be a major regulator of transcript levels and dynamics. In this review we will describe some of the principal alternative splicing-linked mechanisms that control neuronal transcriptomes and discuss their implications for the central nervous system.
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30
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Cloutier P, Poitras C, Durand M, Hekmat O, Fiola-Masson É, Bouchard A, Faubert D, Chabot B, Coulombe B. R2TP/Prefoldin-like component RUVBL1/RUVBL2 directly interacts with ZNHIT2 to regulate assembly of U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15615. [PMID: 28561026 PMCID: PMC5460035 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The R2TP/Prefoldin-like (R2TP/PFDL) complex has emerged as a cochaperone complex involved in the assembly of a number of critical protein complexes including snoRNPs, nuclear RNA polymerases and PIKK-containing complexes. Here we report on the use of multiple target affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry to identify two additional complexes that interact with R2TP/PFDL: the TSC1–TSC2 complex and the U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP). The interaction between R2TP/PFDL and the U5 snRNP is mostly mediated by the previously uncharacterized factor ZNHIT2. A more general function for the zinc-finger HIT domain in binding RUVBL2 is exposed. Disruption of ZNHIT2 and RUVBL2 expression impacts the protein composition of the U5 snRNP suggesting a function for these proteins in promoting the assembly of the ribonucleoprotein. A possible implication of R2TP/PFDL as a major effector of stress-, energy- and nutrient-sensing pathways that regulate anabolic processes through the regulation of its chaperoning activity is discussed. The R2TP/Prefoldin-like cochaperone complex is involved in the assembly of a number of protein complexes. Here the authors provide evidence that RUVBL1/RUVBL2, subunits of that cochaperone complex, directly interact with ZNHIT2 to regulate assembly of U5 small ribonucleoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Cloutier
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Christian Poitras
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Mathieu Durand
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1E 4K8
| | - Omid Hekmat
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Émilie Fiola-Masson
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Annie Bouchard
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Denis Faubert
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1E 4K8.,Département de Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1E 4K8
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7.,Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
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31
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Roufayel R, Kadry S. Expression of miR-23a by apoptotic regulators in human cancer: A review. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:269-276. [PMID: 28453394 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1310342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play fundamental roles in mammalian development, differentiation and cellular homeostasis by regulating essential processes such as proliferation, migration, metabolism, migration and cell death. These small non-coding RNAs are also responsible in RNA silencing, and in many developmental and pathological processes. Not surprisingly, miR-23a misexpression contributes to numerous diseases including cancer where certain miRNA genes have been classified as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Since a single microRNA is capable of targeting a large number of mRNA sequences, de-regulated miRNA expression has the ability to alter various transcripts and activate a wide range of cancer-related pathways. This review article documents reduced levels of mature miR-23a in various tumors, primarily due to epigenetic silencing or alterations in biogenesis pathways. Moreover, inhibition of miR-23a in stressed cells represent a general mechanism for inducing apoptosis and these microRNAs are showed to be regulated by molecular chaperon HSP70. Microarray expression analysis of miRNA overexpression or depletion is now used in the characterization of cancer development pathways and as a biomarker for early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Roufayel
- a Department of Science , American University of the Middle East , Kuwait
| | - Seifedine Kadry
- a Department of Science , American University of the Middle East , Kuwait
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32
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Kim Guisbert KS, Guisbert E. SF3B1 is a stress-sensitive splicing factor that regulates both HSF1 concentration and activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176382. [PMID: 28445500 PMCID: PMC5406028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is a well-conserved, cytoprotective stress response that activates the HSF1 transcription factor. During severe stress, cells inhibit mRNA splicing which also serves a cytoprotective function via inhibition of gene expression. Despite their functional interconnectedness, there have not been any previous reports of crosstalk between these two pathways. In a genetic screen, we identified SF3B1, a core component of the U2 snRNP subunit of the spliceosome, as a regulator of the heat shock response in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we show that this regulatory connection is conserved in cultured human cells and that there are at least two distinct pathways by which SF3B1 can regulate the HSR. First, inhibition of SF3B1 with moderate levels of Pladienolide B, a previously established small molecule inhibitor of SF3B1, affects the transcriptional activation of HSF1, the transcription factor that mediates the HSR. However, both higher levels of Pladienolide B and SF3B1 siRNA knockdown also change the concentration of HSF1, a form of HSR regulation that has not been previously documented during normal physiology but is observed in some forms of cancer. Intriguingly, mutations in SF3B1 have also been associated with several distinct types of cancer. Finally, we show that regulation of alternative splicing by SF3B1 is sensitive to temperature, providing a new mechanism by which temperature stress can remodel the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Kim Guisbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States of America
| | - Eric Guisbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Deane CAS, Brown IR. Components of a mammalian protein disaggregation/refolding machine are targeted to nuclear speckles following thermal stress in differentiated human neuronal cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:191-200. [PMID: 27966060 PMCID: PMC5352593 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a set of highly conserved proteins involved in cellular repair and protective mechanisms. They counter protein misfolding and aggregation that are characteristic features of neurodegenerative diseases. Hsps act co-operatively in disaggregation/refolding machines that assemble at sites of protein misfolding and aggregation. Members of the DNAJ (Hsp40) family act as "holdases" that detect and bind misfolded proteins, while members of the HSPA (Hsp70) family act as "foldases" that refold proteins to biologically active states. HSPH1 (Hsp105α) is an important additional member of the mammalian disaggregation/refolding machine that acts as a disaggregase to promote the dissociation of aggregated proteins. Components of a disaggregation/refolding machine were targeted to nuclear speckles after thermal stress in differentiated human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, namely: HSPA1A (Hsp70-1), DNAJB1 (Hsp40-1), DNAJA1 (Hsp40-4), and HSPH1 (Hsp105α). Nuclear speckles are rich in RNA splicing factors, and heat shock disrupts RNA splicing which recovers after stressful stimuli. Interestingly, constitutively expressed HSPA8 (Hsc70) was also targeted to nuclear speckles after heat shock with elements of a disaggregation/refolding machine. Hence, neurons have the potential to rapidly assemble a disaggregation/refolding machine after cellular stress using constitutively expressed Hsc70 without the time lag needed for synthesis of stress-inducible Hsp70. Constitutive Hsc70 is abundant in neurons in the mammalian brain and has been proposed to play a role in pre-protecting neurons from cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A S Deane
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ian R Brown
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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34
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Żwirowski S, Kłosowska A, Obuchowski I, Nillegoda NB, Piróg A, Ziętkiewicz S, Bukau B, Mogk A, Liberek K. Hsp70 displaces small heat shock proteins from aggregates to initiate protein refolding. EMBO J 2017; 36:783-796. [PMID: 28219929 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are an evolutionary conserved class of ATP-independent chaperones that protect cells against proteotoxic stress. sHsps form assemblies with aggregation-prone misfolded proteins, which facilitates subsequent substrate solubilization and refolding by ATP-dependent Hsp70 and Hsp100 chaperones. Substrate solubilization requires disruption of sHsp association with trapped misfolded proteins. Here, we unravel a specific interplay between Hsp70 and sHsps at the initial step of the solubilization process. We show that Hsp70 displaces surface-bound sHsps from sHsp-substrate assemblies. This Hsp70 activity is unique among chaperones and highly sensitive to alterations in Hsp70 concentrations. The Hsp70 activity is reflected in the organization of sHsp-substrate assemblies, including an outer dynamic sHsp shell that is removed by Hsp70 and a stable core comprised mainly of aggregated substrates. Binding of Hsp70 to the sHsp/substrate core protects the core from aggregation and directs sequestered substrates towards refolding pathway. The sHsp/Hsp70 interplay has major impact on protein homeostasis as it sensitizes substrate release towards cellular Hsp70 availability ensuring efficient refolding of damaged proteins under favourable folding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Żwirowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kłosowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Igor Obuchowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nadinath B Nillegoda
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Artur Piróg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Ziętkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Mogk
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Liberek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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35
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Heikkila JJ. The expression and function of hsp30-like small heat shock protein genes in amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:179-192. [PMID: 27649598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are a superfamily of molecular chaperones with important roles in protein homeostasis and other cellular functions. Amphibians, reptiles, fish and birds have a shsp gene called hsp30, which was also referred to as hspb11 or hsp25 in some fish and bird species. Hsp30 genes, which are not found in mammals, are transcribed in response to heat shock or other stresses by means of the heat shock factor that is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded protein. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that representative HSP30s from different classes of non-mammalian vertebrates were distinct from other sHSPs including HSPB1/HSP27. Studies with amphibian and fish recombinant HSP30 determined that they were molecular chaperones since they inhibited heat- or chemically-induced aggregation of unfolded protein. During non-mammalian vertebrate development, hsp30 genes were differentially expressed in selected tissues. Also, heat shock-induced stage-specific expression of hsp30 genes in frog embryos was regulated at the level of chromatin structure. In adults and/or tissue culture cells, hsp30 gene expression was induced by heat shock, arsenite, cadmium or proteasomal inhibitors, all of which enhanced the production of unfolded/damaged protein. Finally, immunocytochemical analysis of frog and chicken tissue culture cells revealed that proteotoxic stress-induced HSP30 accumulation co-localized with aggresome-like inclusion bodies. The congregation of damaged protein in aggresomes minimizes the toxic effect of aggregated protein dispersed throughout the cell. The current availability of probes to detect the presence of hsp30 mRNA or encoded protein has resulted in the increased use of hsp30 gene expression as a marker of proteotoxic stress in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Heikkila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada.
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36
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Yamamoto K, Furukawa MT, Fukumura K, Kawamura A, Yamada T, Suzuki H, Hirose T, Sakamoto H, Inoue K. Control of the heat stress-induced alternative splicing of a subset of genes by hnRNP K. Genes Cells 2016; 21:1006-14. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamamoto
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd; 100-1 Hagiwara-machi Takasaki Gunma 370-0013 Japan
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Mari T. Furukawa
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukumura
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS); Fujita Health University; Toyoake Aichi 470-1192 Japan
| | - Arisa Kawamura
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamada
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0815 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kunio Inoue
- Department of Biology; Graduate School of Science; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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37
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Duarte FM, Fuda NJ, Mahat DB, Core LJ, Guertin MJ, Lis JT. Transcription factors GAF and HSF act at distinct regulatory steps to modulate stress-induced gene activation. Genes Dev 2016; 30:1731-46. [PMID: 27492368 PMCID: PMC5002978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.284430.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level is fundamental to development and homeostasis. Inducible systems are invaluable when studying transcription because the regulatory process can be triggered instantaneously, allowing the tracking of ordered mechanistic events. Here, we use precision run-on sequencing (PRO-seq) to examine the genome-wide heat shock (HS) response in Drosophila and the function of two key transcription factors on the immediate transcription activation or repression of all genes regulated by HS. We identify the primary HS response genes and the rate-limiting steps in the transcription cycle that GAGA-associated factor (GAF) and HS factor (HSF) regulate. We demonstrate that GAF acts upstream of promoter-proximally paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) formation (likely at the step of chromatin opening) and that GAF-facilitated Pol II pausing is critical for HS activation. In contrast, HSF is dispensable for establishing or maintaining Pol II pausing but is critical for the release of paused Pol II into the gene body at a subset of highly activated genes. Additionally, HSF has no detectable role in the rapid HS repression of thousands of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana M Duarte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Nicholas J Fuda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Dig B Mahat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Leighton J Core
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
| | - Michael J Guertin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14835, USA
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Saraswat D, Kumar R, Pande T, Edgerton M, Cullen PJ. Signalling mucin Msb2 Regulates adaptation to thermal stress in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:425-41. [PMID: 26749104 PMCID: PMC4955288 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a potent inducer of fungal dimorphism. Multiple signalling pathways control the response to growth at high temperature, but the sensors that regulate these pathways are poorly defined. We show here that the signalling mucin Msb2 is a global regulator of temperature stress in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Msb2 was required for survival and hyphae formation at 42°C. The cytoplasmic signalling domain of Msb2 regulated temperature-dependent activation of the CEK mitogen activated proteins kinase (MAPK) pathway. The extracellular glycosylated domain of Msb2 (100-900 amino acid residues) had a new and unexpected role in regulating the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Msb2 also regulated temperature-dependent induction of genes encoding regulators and targets of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a protein quality control (QC) pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum that controls protein folding/degradation in response to high temperature and other stresses. The heat shock protein and cell wall component Ssa1 was also required for hyphae formation and survival at 42°C and regulated the CEK and PKC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan Saraswat
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Rohitashw Kumar
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Tanaya Pande
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
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39
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Tatosyan KA, Kramerov DA. Heat shock increases lifetime of a small RNA and induces its accumulation in cells. Gene 2016; 587:33-41. [PMID: 27085482 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
4.5SH and 4.5SI RNA are two abundant small non-coding RNAs specific for several related rodent families including Muridae. These RNAs have a number of common characteristics such as the short length (about 100nt), transcription by RNA polymerase III, and origin from Short Interspersed Elements (SINEs). However, their stabilities in cells substantially differ: the half-life of 4.5SH RNA is about 20min, while that of 4.5SI RNA is 22h. Here we studied the influence of cell stress such as heat shock or viral infection on these two RNAs. We found that the level of 4.5SI RNA did not change in stressed cells; whereas heat shock increased the abundance of 4.5SH RNA 3.2-10.5 times in different cell lines; and viral infection, 5 times. Due to the significant difference in the turnover rates of these two RNAs, a similar activation of their transcription by heat shock increases the level of the short-lived 4.5SH RNA and has minor effect on the level of the long-lived 4.5SI RNA. In addition, the accumulation of 4.5SH RNA results not only from the induction of its transcription but also from a substantial retardation of its decay. To our knowledge, it is the first example of a short-lived non-coding RNA whose elongated lifetime contributes significantly to its accumulation in stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Tatosyan
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri A Kramerov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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40
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Wong JJL, Au AYM, Gao D, Pinello N, Kwok CT, Thoeng A, Lau KA, Gordon JEA, Schmitz U, Feng Y, Nguyen TV, Middleton R, Bailey CG, Holst J, Rasko JEJ, Ritchie W. RBM3 regulates temperature sensitive miR-142-5p and miR-143 (thermomiRs), which target immune genes and control fever. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2888-97. [PMID: 26825461 PMCID: PMC4824108 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is commonly used to diagnose disease and is consistently associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. However, the molecular controls of elevated body temperature are poorly understood. We discovered that the expression of RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3), known to respond to cold stress and to modulate microRNA (miRNA) expression, was reduced in 30 patients with fever, and in THP-1-derived macrophages maintained at a fever-like temperature (40°C). Notably, RBM3 expression is reduced during fever whether or not infection is demonstrable. Reduced RBM3 expression resulted in increased expression of RBM3-targeted temperature-sensitive miRNAs, we termed thermomiRs. ThermomiRs such as miR-142–5p and miR-143 in turn target endogenous pyrogens including IL-6, IL6ST, TLR2, PGE2 and TNF to complete a negative feedback mechanism, which may be crucial to prevent pathological hyperthermia. Using normal PBMCs that were exogenously exposed to fever-like temperature (40°C), we further demonstrate the trend by which decreased levels of RBM3 were associated with increased levels of miR-142–5p and miR-143 and vice versa over a 24 h time course. Collectively, our results indicate the existence of a negative feedback loop that regulates fever via reduced RBM3 levels and increased expression of miR-142–5p and miR-143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J-L Wong
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amy Y M Au
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dadi Gao
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chau-To Kwok
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Annora Thoeng
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katherine A Lau
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jane E A Gordon
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yue Feng
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Trung V Nguyen
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Middleton
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia CNRS, UMR 5203, Montpellier 34094, France
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41
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Abstract
All living organisms sense and respond to harmful changes in their intracellular and extracellular environment through complex signaling pathways that lead to changes in gene expression and cellular function in order to maintain homeostasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a large and heterogeneous group of functional RNAs, play important roles in cellular response to stressful conditions. lncRNAs constitute a significant fraction of the genes differentially expressed in response to diverse stressful stimuli and, once induced, contribute to the regulation of downstream cellular processes, including feedback regulation of key stress response proteins. While many lncRNAs seem to be induced in response to a specific stress, there is significant overlap between lncRNAs induced in response to different stressful stimuli. In addition to stress-induced RNAs, several constitutively expressed lncRNAs also exert a strong regulatory impact on the stress response. Although our understanding of the contribution of lncRNAs to the cellular stress response is still highly rudimentary, the existing data point to the presence of a complex network of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins in regulation of the cellular response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Valadkhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Alberto Valencia-Hipólito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Chung-Davidson YW, Yeh CY, Bussy U, Li K, Davidson PJ, Nanlohy KG, Brown CT, Whyard S, Li W. Hsp90 and hepatobiliary transformation during sea lamprey metamorphosis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:47. [PMID: 26627605 PMCID: PMC4667476 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary atresia (BA) is a human infant disease with inflammatory fibrous obstructions in the bile ducts and is the most common cause for pediatric liver transplantation. In contrast, the sea lamprey undergoes developmental BA with transient cholestasis and fibrosis during metamorphosis, but emerges as a fecund adult. Therefore, sea lamprey liver metamorphosis may serve as an etiological model for human BA and provide pivotal information for hepatobiliary transformation and possible therapeutics. RESULTS We hypothesized that liver metamorphosis in sea lamprey is due to transcriptional reprogramming that dictates cellular remodeling during metamorphosis. We determined global gene expressions in liver at several metamorphic landmark stages by integrating mRNA-Seq and gene ontology analyses, and validated the results with real-time quantitative PCR, histological and immunohistochemical staining. These analyses revealed that gene expressions of protein folding chaperones, membrane transporters and extracellular matrices were altered and shifted during liver metamorphosis. HSP90, important in protein folding and invertebrate metamorphosis, was identified as a candidate key factor during liver metamorphosis in sea lamprey. Blocking HSP90 with geldanamycin facilitated liver metamorphosis and decreased the gene expressions of the rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, HMGCoA reductase (hmgcr), and bile acid biosynthesis, cyp7a1. Injection of hsp90 siRNA for 4 days altered gene expressions of met, hmgcr, cyp27a1, and slc10a1. Bile acid concentrations were increased while bile duct and gall bladder degeneration was facilitated and synchronized after hsp90 siRNA injection. CONCLUSIONS HSP90 appears to play crucial roles in hepatobiliary transformation during sea lamprey metamorphosis. Sea lamprey is a useful animal model to study postembryonic development and mechanisms for hsp90-induced hepatobiliary transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Chu-Yin Yeh
- Physiology & College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ugo Bussy
- Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ke Li
- Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Peter J Davidson
- Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kaben G Nanlohy
- Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - C Titus Brown
- Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Steven Whyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Weiming Li
- Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Physiology & College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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43
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Audas TE, Lee S. Stressing out over long noncoding RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:184-91. [PMID: 26142536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genomic studies have revealed that humans possess far fewer protein-encoding genes than originally predicted. These over-estimates were drawn from the inherent developmental and stimuli-responsive complexity found in humans and other mammals, when compared to lower eukaryotic organisms. This left a conceptual void in many cellular networks, as a new class of functional molecules was necessary for "fine-tuning" the basic proteomic machinery. Transcriptomics analyses have determined that the vast majority of the genetic material is transcribed as noncoding RNA, suggesting that these molecules could provide the functional diversity initially sought from proteins. Indeed, as discussed in this review, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), the largest family of noncoding transcripts, have emerged as common regulators of many cellular stressors; including heat shock, metabolic deprivation and DNA damage. These stimuli, while divergent in nature, share some common stress-responsive pathways, notably inhibition of cell proliferation. This role intrinsically makes stress-responsive lncRNA regulators potential tumor suppressor or proto-oncogenic genes. As the list of functional RNA molecules continues to rapidly expand it is becoming increasingly clear that the significance and functionality of this family may someday rival that of proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Clues to long noncoding RNA taxonomy1, edited by Dr. Tetsuro Hirose and Dr. Shinichi Nakagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Audas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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44
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Comparative analysis of sequence feature and expression of two heat shock cognate 70 genes in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. Gene 2015; 560:226-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Ortner V, Ludwig A, Riegel E, Dunzinger S, Czerny T. An artificial HSE promoter for efficient and selective detection of heat shock pathway activity. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:277-88. [PMID: 25168173 PMCID: PMC4326385 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of cellular stress is of major importance for the survival of cells. During evolution, a network of stress pathways developed, with the heat shock (HS) response playing a major role. The key transcription factor mediating HS signalling activity in mammalian cells is the HS factor HSF1. When activated it binds to the heat shock elements (HSE) in the promoters of target genes like heat shock protein (HSP) genes. They are induced by HSF1 but in addition they integrate multiple signals from different stress pathways. Here, we developed an artificial promoter consisting only of HSEs and therefore selectively reacting to HSF-mediated pathway activation. The promoter is highly inducible but has an extreme low basal level. Direct comparison with the HSPA1A promoter activity indicates that heat-dependent expression can be fully recapitulated by isolated HSEs in human cells. Using this sensitive reporter, we measured the HS response for different temperatures and exposure times. In particular, long heat induction times of 1 or 2 h were compared with short heat durations down to 1 min, conditions typical for burn injuries. We found similar responses to both long and short heat durations but at completely different temperatures. Exposure times of 2 h result in pathway activation at 41 to 44 °C, whereas heat pulses of 1 min lead to a maximum HS response between 47 and 50 °C. The results suggest that the HS response is initiated by a combination of temperature and exposure time but not by a certain threshold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Ortner
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Department of Agrarian Production, Genetics and Microbiology Research Group Public, University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre Spain
| | - Elisabeth Riegel
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Dunzinger
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czerny
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien, Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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46
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Boutz PL, Bhutkar A, Sharp PA. Detained introns are a novel, widespread class of post-transcriptionally spliced introns. Genes Dev 2015; 29:63-80. [PMID: 25561496 PMCID: PMC4281565 DOI: 10.1101/gad.247361.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Deep sequencing of embryonic stem cell RNA revealed many specific internal introns that are significantly more abundant than the other introns within polyadenylated transcripts. Boutz et al. identified thousands of these “detained” introns (DIs) in human and mouse cell lines as well as the adult mouse liver. Drug inhibition of Clk, a stress-responsive kinase, triggered rapid splicing changes for a specific subset of DIs, altering transcript pools of >300 genes. Srsf4 regulates the splicing of some DIs, particularly in genes encoding RNA processing and splicing factors. Deep sequencing of embryonic stem cell RNA revealed many specific internal introns that are significantly more abundant than the other introns within polyadenylated transcripts; we classified these as “detained” introns (DIs). We identified thousands of DIs, many of which are evolutionarily conserved, in human and mouse cell lines as well as the adult mouse liver. DIs can have half-lives of over an hour yet remain in the nucleus and are not subject to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Drug inhibition of Clk, a stress-responsive kinase, triggered rapid splicing changes for a specific subset of DIs; half showed increased splicing, and half showed increased intron detention, altering transcript pools of >300 genes. Srsf4, which undergoes a dramatic phosphorylation shift in response to Clk kinase inhibition, regulates the splicing of some DIs, particularly in genes encoding RNA processing and splicing factors. The splicing of some DIs—including those in Mdm4, a negative regulator of p53—was also altered following DNA damage. After 4 h of Clk inhibition, the expression of >400 genes changed significantly, and almost one-third of these are p53 transcriptional targets. These data suggest a widespread mechanism by which the rate of splicing of DIs contributes to the level of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Boutz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Phillip A Sharp
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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47
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Tiedje C, Lubas M, Tehrani M, Menon MB, Ronkina N, Rousseau S, Cohen P, Kotlyarov A, Gaestel M. p38MAPK/MK2-mediated phosphorylation of RBM7 regulates the human nuclear exosome targeting complex. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 21:262-278. [PMID: 25525152 PMCID: PMC4338353 DOI: 10.1261/rna.048090.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear exosome targeting complex (NEXT) directs a major 3'-5' exonuclease, the RNA exosome, for degradation of nuclear noncoding (nc) RNAs. We identified the RNA-binding component of the NEXT complex, RBM7, as a substrate of p38(MAPK)/MK2-mediated phosphorylation at residue S136. As a result of this phosphorylation, RBM7 displays a strongly decreased RNA-binding capacity, while inhibition of p38(MAPK) or mutation of S136A in RBM7 increases its RNA association. Interestingly, promoter-upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), such as proRBM39, proEXT1, proDNAJB4, accumulated upon stress stimulation in a p38(MAPK)/MK2-dependent manner, a process inhibited by overexpression of RBM7(S136A). While there are no stress-dependent changes in RNA-polymerase II (RNAPII) occupation of PROMPT regions representing unchanged transcription, stability of PROMPTs is increased. Hence, we propose that phosphorylation of RBM7 by the p38(MAPK)/MK2 axis increases nuclear ncRNA stability by blocking their RBM7-binding and subsequent RNA exosome targeting to allow stress-dependent modulations of the noncoding transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tiedje
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michal Lubas
- Centre for mRNP Biogenesis and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Tehrani
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manoj B Menon
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia Ronkina
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Rousseau
- MRC Phosphorylation und Ubiquitylation Unit (MRC-PPU), Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Cohen
- MRC Phosphorylation und Ubiquitylation Unit (MRC-PPU), Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey Kotlyarov
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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48
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Telonis-Scott M, Clemson AS, Johnson TK, Sgrò CM. Spatial analysis of gene regulation reveals new insights into the molecular basis of upper thermal limits. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:6135-51. [PMID: 25401770 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular stress response has long been the primary model for studying the molecular basis of thermal adaptation, yet the link between gene expression, RNA metabolism and physiological responses to thermal stress remains largely unexplored. We address this by comparing the transcriptional and physiological responses of three geographically distinct populations of Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia in response to, and recovery from, a severe heat stress with and without a prestress hardening treatment. We focus on starvin (stv), recently identified as an important thermally responsive gene. Intriguingly, stv encodes seven transcripts from alternative transcription sites and alternative splicing, yet appears to be rapidly heat inducible. First, we show genetic differences in upper thermal limits of the populations tested. We then demonstrate that the stv locus does not ubiquitously respond to thermal stress but is expressed as three distinct thermal and temporal RNA phenotypes (isoforms). The shorter transcript isoforms are rapidly upregulated under stress in all populations and show similar molecular signatures to heat-shock proteins. Multiple stress exposures seem to generate a reserve of pre-mRNAs, effectively 'priming' the cells for subsequent stress. Remarkably, we demonstrate a bypass in the splicing blockade in these isoforms, suggesting an essential role for these transcripts under heat stress. Temporal profiles for the weakly heat responsive stv isoform subset show opposing patterns in the two most divergent populations. Innate and induced transcriptome responses to hyperthermia are complex, and warrant moving beyond gene-level analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Telonis-Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3800, Australia
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49
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Khalouei S, Chow AM, Brown IR. Localization of heat shock protein HSPA6 (HSP70B') to sites of transcription in cultured differentiated human neuronal cells following thermal stress. J Neurochem 2014; 131:743-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Khalouei
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ari M. Chow
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ian R. Brown
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario Canada
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50
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Roufayel R, Johnston DS, Mosser DD. The elimination of miR-23a in heat-stressed cells promotes NOXA-induced cell death and is prevented by HSP70. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1546. [PMID: 25429623 PMCID: PMC4260742 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-damaging stress stimulates cell destruction through apoptosis; however, non-lethal proteotoxic stress induces an adaptive response leading to the increased synthesis of heat shock proteins, which inhibit apoptosis. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanism responsible for the accumulation of the BH3-only protein NOXA in heat-stressed cells and its prevention by the heat shock protein HSP70. Analysis of transcript levels by RT-qPCR revealed that miR-23a levels decreased in heat-stressed cells and that this was correlated with an increased abundance of NOXA mRNA, which contains a miR-23a binding site in its 3′ untranslated region. Cells overexpressing HSP70 had higher levels of miR-23a, maintained these levels after heat shock and accumulated lower levels of NOXA mRNA and protein. The enhanced abundance of mir-23a in these HSP70-expressing cells is primarily due to its increased stability although higher levels of pri/pre-miR-23a expression, nuclear export and maturation were also contributing factors. Stable overexpression of miR-23a in the acute lymphoblastic T-cell line PEER resulted in reduced basal and heat-induced levels of NOXA mRNA and significantly inhibited heat-induced apoptosis. Additionally, stable overexpression of an shRNA targeting miR-23a in U937 lymphoma cells produced stable knockdown of miR-23a and resulted in increased NOXA mRNA and an increased sensitivity to heat-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate the novel finding that hyperthermia affects the abundance of a microRNA that targets the expression of a pro-apoptotic protein and that HSP70 protects cells from heat-induced apoptosis by regulating the abundance of this microRNA. We speculate that the inhibition of miRNA transcription in heat-stressed cells could represent a general mechanism for apoptosis induction that is regulated by the molecular chaperone protein HSP70. Furthermore, we propose that HSP70 could be beneficial to tumor cells by helping to maintain the expression of oncogenic miRNAs under conditions of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roufayel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D S Johnston
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D D Mosser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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