1
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Farrell KC, Wang JT, Stearns T. Spindle assembly checkpoint-dependent mitotic delay is required for cell division in absence of centrosomes. eLife 2024; 12:RP84875. [PMID: 39092485 PMCID: PMC11296703 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) temporally regulates mitosis by preventing progression from metaphase to anaphase until all chromosomes are correctly attached to the mitotic spindle. Centrosomes refine the spatial organization of the mitotic spindle at the spindle poles. However, centrosome loss leads to elongated mitosis, suggesting that centrosomes also inform the temporal organization of mitosis in mammalian cells. Here, we find that the mitotic delay in acentrosomal cells is enforced by the SAC in a MPS1-dependent manner, and that a SAC-dependent mitotic delay is required for bipolar cell division to occur in acentrosomal cells. Although acentrosomal cells become polyploid, polyploidy is not sufficient to cause dependency on a SAC-mediated delay to complete cell division. Rather, the division failure in absence of MPS1 activity results from mitotic exit occurring before acentrosomal spindles can become bipolar. Furthermore, prevention of centrosome separation suffices to make cell division reliant on a SAC-dependent mitotic delay. Thus, centrosomes and their definition of two spindle poles early in mitosis provide a 'timely two-ness' that allows cell division to occur in absence of a SAC-dependent mitotic delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- KC Farrell
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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2
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Becker IC, Wilkie AR, Nikols E, Carminita E, Roweth HG, Tilburg J, Sciaudone AR, Noetzli LJ, Fatima F, Couldwell G, Ray A, Mogilner A, Machlus KR, Italiano JE. Cell cycle-dependent centrosome clustering precedes proplatelet formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6153. [PMID: 38896608 PMCID: PMC11186502 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Platelet-producing megakaryocytes (MKs) primarily reside in the bone marrow, where they duplicate their DNA content with each cell cycle resulting in polyploid cells with an intricate demarcation membrane system. While key elements of the cytoskeletal reorganizations during proplatelet formation have been identified, what initiates the release of platelets into vessel sinusoids remains largely elusive. Using a cell cycle indicator, we observed a unique phenomenon, during which amplified centrosomes in MKs underwent clustering following mitosis, closely followed by proplatelet formation, which exclusively occurred in G1 of interphase. Forced cell cycle arrest in G1 increased proplatelet formation not only in vitro but also in vivo following short-term starvation of mice. We identified that inhibition of the centrosomal protein kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) impaired clustering and subsequent proplatelet formation, while KIFC1-deficient mice exhibited reduced platelet counts. In summary, we identified KIFC1- and cell cycle-mediated centrosome clustering as an important initiator of proplatelet formation from MKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C. Becker
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrian R. Wilkie
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emma Nikols
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Estelle Carminita
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harvey G. Roweth
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia Tilburg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Leila J. Noetzli
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Farheen Fatima
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Anjana Ray
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Kellie R. Machlus
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph E. Italiano
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Brūmele B, Serova E, Lupp A, Suija M, Mutso M, Kurg R. Cross-Reactivity of N6AMT1 Antibodies with Aurora Kinase A: An Example of Antibody-Specific Non-Specificity. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:33. [PMID: 38804301 PMCID: PMC11130794 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary antibodies are one of the main tools used in molecular biology research. However, the often-occurring cross-reactivity of primary antibodies complicates accurate data analysis. Our results show that three commercial polyclonal antibodies raised against N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 1 (N6AMT1) strongly cross-react with endogenous and recombinant mitosis-associated protein Aurora kinase A (AURKA). The cross-reactivity was verified through immunofluorescence, immunoblot, and immunoprecipitation assays combined with mass spectrometry. N6AMT1 and AURKA are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are vital for cellular processes. Both proteins share the motif ENNPEE, which is unique to only these two proteins. We suggest that N6AMT1 antibodies recognise this motif in N6AMT1 and AURKA proteins and exhibit an example of "specific" non-specificity. This serves as an example of the importance of controls and critical data interpretation in molecular biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba Brūmele
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evgeniia Serova
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aleksandra Lupp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Suija
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margit Mutso
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reet Kurg
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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4
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Pena GE, Zhou X, Slevin L, Brownlee C, Heald R. Identification of a motif in TPX2 that regulates spindle architecture in Xenopus egg extracts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.10.579770. [PMID: 38370704 PMCID: PMC10871311 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.10.579770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A bipolar spindle composed of microtubules and many associated proteins functions to segregate chromosomes during cell division in all eukaryotes, yet spindle size and architecture varies dramatically across different species and cell types. Targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) is one candidate factor for modulating spindle microtubule organization through its roles in branching microtubule nucleation, activation of the mitotic kinase Aurora A, and association with the kinesin-5 (Eg5) motor. Here we identify a conserved nuclear localization sequence (NLS) motif, 123 KKLK 126 in X. laevis TPX2, which regulates astral microtubule formation and spindle pole morphology in Xenopus egg extracts. Addition of recombinant TPX2 with this sequence mutated to AALA dramatically increased spontaneous formation of microtubule asters and recruitment of phosphorylated Aurora A, pericentrin, and Eg5 to meiotic spindle poles. We propose that TPX2 is a linchpin spindle assembly factor whose regulation contributes to the recruitment and activation of multiple microtubule polymerizing and organizing proteins, generating distinct spindle architectures.
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5
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Rao L, Gennerich A. Structure and Function of Dynein's Non-Catalytic Subunits. Cells 2024; 13:330. [PMID: 38391943 PMCID: PMC10886578 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynein, an ancient microtubule-based motor protein, performs diverse cellular functions in nearly all eukaryotic cells, with the exception of land plants. It has evolved into three subfamilies-cytoplasmic dynein-1, cytoplasmic dynein-2, and axonemal dyneins-each differentiated by their cellular functions. These megadalton complexes consist of multiple subunits, with the heavy chain being the largest subunit that generates motion and force along microtubules by converting the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work. Beyond this catalytic core, the functionality of dynein is significantly enhanced by numerous non-catalytic subunits. These subunits are integral to the complex, contributing to its stability, regulating its enzymatic activities, targeting it to specific cellular locations, and mediating its interactions with other cofactors. The diversity of non-catalytic subunits expands dynein's cellular roles, enabling it to perform critical tasks despite the conservation of its heavy chains. In this review, we discuss recent findings and insights regarding these non-catalytic subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arne Gennerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Fang J, Tian W, Quintanilla MA, Beach JR, Lerit DA. The PCM scaffold enables RNA localization to centrosomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.13.575509. [PMID: 38469150 PMCID: PMC10926663 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.13.575509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
As microtubule-organizing centers, centrosomes direct assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle required for chromosome segregation and genome stability. Centrosome activity requires the dynamic assembly of pericentriolar material (PCM), the composition and organization of which changes throughout the cell cycle. Recent studies highlight the conserved localization of several mRNAs encoded from centrosome-associated genes enriched at centrosomes, including Pericentrin-like protein (Plp) mRNA. However, relatively little is known about how RNAs localize to centrosomes and influence centrosome function. Here, we examine mechanisms underlying the subcellular localization of Plp mRNA. We find that Plp mRNA localization is puromycin-sensitive, and the Plp coding sequence is both necessary and sufficient for RNA localization, consistent with a co-translational transport mechanism. We identify regions within the Plp coding sequence that regulate Plp mRNA localization. Finally, we show that protein-protein interactions critical for elaboration of the PCM scaffold permit RNA localization to centrosomes. Taken together, these findings inform the mechanistic basis of Plp mRNA localization and lend insight into the oscillatory enrichment of RNA at centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Equal contributions
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Equal contributions
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Melissa A. Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Jordan R. Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Dorothy A. Lerit
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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7
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Khanal S, Jaiswal A, Chowdanayaka R, Puente N, Turner K, Assefa KY, Nawras M, Back ED, Royfman A, Burkett JP, Cheong SH, Fisher HS, Sindhwani P, Gray J, Ramachandra NB, Avidor-Reiss T. The evolution of centriole degradation in mouse sperm. Nat Commun 2024; 15:117. [PMID: 38168044 PMCID: PMC10761967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are subcellular organelles found at the cilia base with an evolutionarily conserved structure and a shock absorber-like function. In sperm, centrioles are found at the flagellum base and are essential for embryo development in basal animals. Yet, sperm centrioles have evolved diverse forms, sometimes acting like a transmission system, as in cattle, and sometimes becoming dispensable, as in house mice. How the essential sperm centriole evolved to become dispensable in some organisms is unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that this transition occurred through a cascade of evolutionary changes to the proteins, structure, and function of sperm centrioles and was possibly driven by sperm competition. We found that the final steps in this cascade are associated with a change in the primary structure of the centriolar inner scaffold protein FAM161A in rodents. This information provides the first insight into the molecular mechanisms and adaptive evolution underlying a major evolutionary transition within the internal structure of the mammalian sperm neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ankit Jaiswal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Chowdanayaka
- Department of Studies in Genetics and Genomics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, India
| | - Nahshon Puente
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Katerina Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Mohamad Nawras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ezekiel David Back
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Royfman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - James P Burkett
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Soon Hon Cheong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heidi S Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Puneet Sindhwani
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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8
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Schatten H. The Impact of Centrosome Pathologies on Ovarian Cancer Development and Progression with a Focus on Centrosomes as Therapeutic Target. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1452:37-64. [PMID: 38805124 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58311-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of centrosome abnormalities on cancer cell proliferation has been recognized as early as 1914 (Boveri, Zur Frage der Entstehung maligner Tumoren. Jena: G. Fisher, 1914), but vigorous research on molecular levels has only recently started when it became fully apparent that centrosomes can be targeted for new cancer therapies. While best known for their microtubule-organizing capabilities as MTOC (microtubule organizing center) in interphase and mitosis, centrosomes are now further well known for a variety of different functions, some of which are related to microtubule organization and consequential activities such as cell division, migration, maintenance of cell shape, and vesicle transport powered by motor proteins, while other functions include essential roles in cell cycle regulation, metabolic activities, signal transduction, proteolytic activity, and several others that are now heavily being investigated for their role in diseases and disorders (reviewed in Schatten and Sun, Histochem Cell Biol 150:303-325, 2018; Schatten, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 235:43-50, 2022a; Schatten, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 235:17-35, 2022b).Cancer cell centrosomes differ from centrosomes in noncancer cells in displaying specific abnormalities that include phosphorylation abnormalities, overexpression of specific centrosomal proteins, abnormalities in centriole and centrosome duplication, formation of multipolar spindles that play a role in aneuploidy and genomic instability, and several others that are highlighted in the present review on ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer cell centrosomes, like those in other cancers, display complex abnormalities that in part are based on the heterogeneity of cells in the cancer tissues resulting from different etiologies of individual cancer cells that will be discussed in more detail in this chapter.Because of the critical role of centrosomes in cancer cell proliferation, several lines of research are being pursued to target centrosomes for therapeutic intervention to inhibit abnormal cancer cell proliferation and control tumor progression. Specific centrosome abnormalities observed in ovarian cancer will be addressed in this chapter with a focus on targeting such aberrations for ovarian cancer-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Schatten
- University of Missouri-Columbia Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Columbia, MO, USA.
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9
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Salas J, Garcia A, Zora V, Dornbush S, Mousa-Ibrahim F, Fogg H, Gromley Z, Gromley A. Centriolin interacts with HectD1 in a cell cycle dependent manner. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:375. [PMID: 38115153 PMCID: PMC10731774 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The centrosome is universally recognized as the microtubule organizing center of animal cells, but emerging evidence suggests that it has other important functions including primary cilia formation, DNA damage checkpoints, and cell cycle progression. Despite this, the role of individual components of the centrosome remains unclear. Previous studies suggest that one component, centriolin, has an important function in cytokinesis and cell cycle progression, although its exact role in these processes is not known. To determine how centriolin influences the progression through the cell cycle, we sought to identify interacting partners that may be involved in regulating its function. RESULTS This study provides evidence that the ubiquitin E3 ligase HectD1 binds to centriolin and that this association likely accounts for our observation that HectD1 co-localizes with centriolin at the centrosome during mitosis. In addition to its centrosomal localization, we also show that the expression of HectD1 fluctuates throughout the cell cycle, with the highest levels during mitosis, coinciding with a marked reduction in centriolin expression. We propose that the interaction between HectD1 and centriolin may be necessary for normal cell cycle progression and we speculate that this function may involve HectD1-mediated degradation of centriolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Salas
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Alexander Garcia
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Vancy Zora
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Sean Dornbush
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Fady Mousa-Ibrahim
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Hanna Fogg
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Zeynep Gromley
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Adam Gromley
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA.
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10
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Majumder S, Chattopadhyay A, Wright JM, Guan P, Buja LM, Kwartler CS, Milewicz DM. Pericentrin deficiency in smooth muscle cells augments atherosclerosis through HSF1-driven cholesterol biosynthesis and PERK activation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173247. [PMID: 37937642 PMCID: PMC10721278 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII) is caused by biallelic loss-of-function variants in pericentrin (PCNT), and premature coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complication of the syndrome. Histopathology of coronary arteries from patients with MOPDII who died of CAD in their 20s showed extensive atherosclerosis. Hyperlipidemic mice with smooth muscle cell-specific (SMC-specific) Pcnt deficiency (PcntSMC-/-) exhibited significantly greater atherosclerotic plaque burden compared with similarly treated littermate controls despite similar serum lipid levels. Loss of PCNT in SMCs induced activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and consequently upregulated the expression and activity of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. The increased cholesterol biosynthesis in PcntSMC-/- SMCs augmented PERK signaling and phenotypic modulation compared with control SMCs. Treatment with the HMGCR inhibitor, pravastatin, blocked the augmented SMC modulation and reduced plaque burden in hyperlipidemic PcntSMC-/- mice to that of control mice. These data support the notion that Pcnt deficiency activates cellular stress to increase SMC modulation and plaque burden, and targeting this pathway with statins in patients with MOPDII has the potential to reduce CAD in these individuals. The molecular mechanism uncovered further emphasizes SMC cytosolic stress and HSF1 activation as a pathway driving atherosclerotic plaque formation independently of cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suravi Majumder
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, and
| | - Abhijnan Chattopadhyay
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, and
| | - Jamie M. Wright
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, and
| | - Pujun Guan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, and
| | - L. Maximilian Buja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Callie S. Kwartler
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, and
| | - Dianna M. Milewicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, and
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11
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Bodin A, Greibill L, Gouju J, Letournel F, Pozzi S, Julien JP, Renaud L, Bohl D, Millecamps S, Verny C, Cassereau J, Lenaers G, Chevrollier A, Tassin AM, Codron P. Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 is enriched at the centrosome in human cells. Brain 2023; 146:3624-3633. [PMID: 37410912 PMCID: PMC10473568 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, as the main microtubule organizing centre, plays key roles in cell polarity, genome stability and ciliogenesis. The recent identification of ribosomes, RNA-binding proteins and transcripts at the centrosome suggests local protein synthesis. In this context, we hypothesized that TDP-43, a highly conserved RNA binding protein involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, could be enriched at this organelle. Using dedicated high magnification sub-diffraction microscopy on human cells, we discovered a novel localization of TDP-43 at the centrosome during all phases of the cell cycle. These results were confirmed on purified centrosomes by western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, the co-localization of TDP-43 and pericentrin suggested a pericentriolar enrichment of the protein, leading us to hypothesize that TDP-43 might interact with local mRNAs and proteins. Supporting this hypothesis, we found four conserved centrosomal mRNAs and 16 centrosomal proteins identified as direct TDP-43 interactors. More strikingly, all the 16 proteins are implicated in the pathophysiology of TDP-43 proteinopathies, suggesting that TDP-43 dysfunction in this organelle contributes to neurodegeneration. This first description of TDP-43 centrosomal enrichment paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of TDP-43 physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Bodin
- Univ Angers, Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, Inserm U1083, CNRS 6015, SFR ICAT, 49100 Angers, France
- Neurobiology and neuropathology, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Logan Greibill
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Gouju
- Neurobiology and neuropathology, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Franck Letournel
- Neurobiology and neuropathology, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Silvia Pozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Laval, Québec City, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Qc G1E 1T2, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Laval, Québec City, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Qc G1E 1T2, Canada
| | - Laurence Renaud
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc H3C 3J7, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Millecamps
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Verny
- Univ Angers, Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, Inserm U1083, CNRS 6015, SFR ICAT, 49100 Angers, France
- Department of Neurology, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Center, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Julien Cassereau
- Univ Angers, Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, Inserm U1083, CNRS 6015, SFR ICAT, 49100 Angers, France
- Department of Neurology, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Center, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Univ Angers, Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, Inserm U1083, CNRS 6015, SFR ICAT, 49100 Angers, France
- Department of Neurology, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Center, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Arnaud Chevrollier
- Univ Angers, Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, Inserm U1083, CNRS 6015, SFR ICAT, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Anne-Marie Tassin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Codron
- Univ Angers, Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, Inserm U1083, CNRS 6015, SFR ICAT, 49100 Angers, France
- Neurobiology and neuropathology, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
- Department of Neurology, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Center, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
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12
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Marzano F, Chiara M, Consiglio A, D’Amato G, Gentile M, Mirabelli V, Piane M, Savio C, Fabiani M, D’Elia D, Sbisà E, Scarano G, Lonardo F, Tullo A, Pesole G, Faienza MF. Whole-Exome and Transcriptome Sequencing Expands the Genotype of Majewski Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism Type II. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12291. [PMID: 37569667 PMCID: PMC10418986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism type II (MOPDII) represents the most common form of primordial dwarfism. MOPD clinical features include severe prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, postnatal severe microcephaly, hypotonia, and an increased risk for cerebrovascular disease and insulin resistance. Autosomal recessive biallelic loss-of-function genomic variants in the centrosomal pericentrin (PCNT) gene on chromosome 21q22 cause MOPDII. Over the past decade, exome sequencing (ES) and massive RNA sequencing have been effectively employed for both the discovery of novel disease genes and to expand the genotypes of well-known diseases. In this paper we report the results both the RNA sequencing and ES of three patients affected by MOPDII with the aim of exploring whether differentially expressed genes and previously uncharacterized gene variants, in addition to PCNT pathogenic variants, could be associated with the complex phenotype of this disease. We discovered a downregulation of key factors involved in growth, such as IGF1R, IGF2R, and RAF1, in all three investigated patients. Moreover, ES identified a shortlist of genes associated with deleterious, rare variants in MOPDII patients. Our results suggest that Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies can be successfully applied for the molecular characterization of the complex genotypic background of MOPDII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM–CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Arianna Consiglio
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, ITB-CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.M.); (D.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Gabriele D’Amato
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Di Venere Hospital, 70012 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Mirabelli
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, ITB-CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.M.); (D.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Marco Fabiani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Domenica D’Elia
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, ITB-CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.M.); (D.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Sbisà
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, ITB-CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (V.M.); (D.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Gioacchino Scarano
- Medical Genetics Unit, AORN “San Pio”, Hosp. “G. Rummo”, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Fortunato Lonardo
- Medical Genetics Unit, AORN “San Pio”, Hosp. “G. Rummo”, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM–CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM–CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (A.T.)
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biofarmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Pediatric Section, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University “A. Moro” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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13
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Zheng H, Wen W. Protein phase separation: new insights into cell division. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1042-1051. [PMID: 37249333 PMCID: PMC10415187 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As the foundation for the development of multicellular organisms and the self-renewal of single cells, cell division is a highly organized event which segregates cellular components into two daughter cells equally or unequally, thus producing daughters with identical or distinct fates. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), an emerging biophysical concept, provides a new perspective for us to understand the mechanisms of a wide range of cellular events, including the organization of membrane-less organelles. Recent studies have shown that several key organelles in the cell division process are assembled into membrane-free structures via LLPS of specific proteins. Here, we summarize the regulatory functions of protein phase separation in centrosome maturation, spindle assembly and polarity establishment during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdan Zheng
- />Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospitalthe Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological DisordersInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesSchool of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Wenyu Wen
- />Department of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospitalthe Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological DisordersInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesSchool of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
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14
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Rios MU, Ryder BD, Familiari N, Joachimiak ŁA, Woodruff JB. A central helical hairpin in SPD-5 enables centrosome strength and assembly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.16.540868. [PMID: 37292920 PMCID: PMC10245767 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.540868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes organize microtubules for mitotic spindle assembly and positioning. Forces mediated by these microtubules create tensile stresses on pericentriolar material (PCM), the outermost layer of centrosomes. How PCM resists these stresses is unclear at the molecular level. Here, we use cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to map interactions underlying multimerization of SPD-5, an essential PCM scaffold component in C. elegans . We identified an interaction hotspot in an alpha helical hairpin motif in SPD-5 (a.a. 541-677). XL-MS data, ab initio structural predictions, and mass photometry suggest that this region dimerizes to form a tetrameric coiled-coil. Mutating a helical section (a.a. 610-640) or a single residue (R592) inhibited PCM assembly in embryos. This phenotype was rescued by eliminating microtubule pulling forces, revealing that PCM assembly and material strength are interrelated. We propose that interactions mediated by the helical hairpin strongly bond SPD-5 molecules to each other, thus enabling PCM to assemble fully and withstand stresses generated by microtubules.
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15
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Wu J, Larreategui-Aparicio A, Lambers MLA, Bodor DL, Klaasen SJ, Tollenaar E, de Ruijter-Villani M, Kops GJPL. Microtubule nucleation from the fibrous corona by LIC1-pericentrin promotes chromosome congression. Curr Biol 2023; 33:912-925.e6. [PMID: 36720222 PMCID: PMC10017265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis relies on the assembly of a microtubule-based spindle that interacts with kinetochores to guide chromosomes to the cell equator before segregation in anaphase. Microtubules sprout from nucleation sites such as centrosomes, but kinetochores can also promote microtubule formation. It is unclear, however, how kinetochore-derived microtubules are generated and what their role is in chromosome segregation. Here, we show that the transient outer-kinetochore meshwork known as the fibrous corona serves as an autonomous microtubule nucleation platform. The fibrous corona is essential for the nucleation of kinetochore-derived microtubules, and when dissociated from the core kinetochore, it retains microtubule nucleation capacity. Nucleation relies on a fibrous-corona-bound pool of the LIC1 subunit of the dynein motor complex, which interacts with the γ-tubulin-tethering protein pericentrin (PCNT). PCNT is essential for microtubule nucleation from fibrous coronas, and in centrosome-depleted cells, where nearly all mitotic nucleation occurs at fibrous coronas, chromosome congression is fully dependent on PCNT. We further show that chromosomes in bovine oocytes, which naturally lack centrosomes, have highly expanded fibrous coronas that drive chromosome-derived microtubule nucleation. Preventing fibrous corona expansion in these cells impairs chromosome congression and causes spindle assembly defects. Our results show that fibrous coronas are autonomous microtubule-organizing centers that are important for spindle assembly, which may be especially relevant in acentrosomal cells such as oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wu
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Larreategui-Aparicio
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike L A Lambers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dani L Bodor
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J Klaasen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Woman and Baby, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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16
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Das L. Epigenetic alterations impede epithelial-mesenchymal transition by modulating centrosome amplification and Myc/RAS axis in triple negative breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2458. [PMID: 36774386 PMCID: PMC9922331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in centrosome proteins may result in centrosome abnormalities such as disorganized spindles and centrosome amplification, leading to aneuploidy and genomic instability. Centrosomes exhibit unique epigenetic properties in which structural or positional information is propagated through somatic lineage by non-genetic pathways. Excessive centrosome amplification in breast cancer is accompanied by efficient clustering and loss of E-cadherin, indicating an important adaptive mechanism of cancer. This study sought to elucidate the effect of epigenetic alterations on centrosome amplification, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis in triple negative human breast adenocarcinoma derived MDA-MB-231 cell line. The results obtained here show that siRNA mediated silencing of DNMT1 and specific inhibition of HDAC1 & HDAC2 by Tricostatin A (TSA) synergistically inhibit cell proliferation through modulation of centrosome proteins γ-tubulin, TUBGCP2 and pericentrin. In addition, induction of apoptosis was observed by downregulation of Bcl2, upregulation of Bax and activation of PARP cleavage. Inhibition of EMT was confirmed through upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin. Similarly, downregulation of Myc, RAS and CDK2, which plays important roles in proliferation and survival, was observed. Nuclear protein analysis revealed downregulation in the nuclear translocation of E2F1, which regulates centrosome amplification and metastasis in breast cancer. In conclusion, this study confirmed the role of epigenetic regulators in centrosome amplification and suggests that inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation-mediated chromatin remodelling synergistically disrupt EMT through modulation of centrosome amplification and Myc/RAS axis to potentiate apoptosis and attenuate cell proliferation in triple negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmidhar Das
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), The University for Innovation, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India.
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17
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Sreeja JS, Jyothy A, Nellikka RK, Ghorai S, Riya PA, James J, Sengupta S. The centrosomal recruitment of γ-tubulin and its microtubule nucleation activity is α-fodrin guided. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:361-378. [PMID: 36082994 PMCID: PMC9851242 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2119516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation and recruitment of γ-TuRCs, the prime nucleator of microtubules, to the centrosome are still thrust areas of research. The interaction of fodrin, a sub-plasmalemmal cytoskeletal protein, with γ-tubulin is a new area of interest. To understand the cellular significance of this interaction, we show that depletion of α-fodrin brings in a significant reduction of γ-tubulin in neural cell centrosomes making it functionally under-efficient. This causes a loss of nucleation ability that cannot efficiently form microtubules in interphase cells and astral microtubules in mitosis. Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) experiment implies that α-fodrin is important in the recruitment of γ-tubulin to the centrosome resulting in the aforementioned effects. Further, our experiments indicate that the interaction of α-fodrin with certain pericentriolar matrix proteins such as Pericentrin and CDK5RAP2 are crucial for the recruitment of γ-tubulin to the centrosome. Earlier we reported that α-fodrin limits the nucleation potential of γ-TuRC. In that context, this study suggests that α-fodrin is a γ-tubulin recruiting protein to the centrosome thus preventing cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation and thereby compartmentalizing the process to the centrosome for maximum efficiency. Summary statementα-fodrin is a γ-tubulin interacting protein that controls the process of γ-tubulin recruitment to the centrosome and thereby regulates the microtubule nucleation capacity spatially and temporally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamuna S. Sreeja
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Athira Jyothy
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rohith Kumar Nellikka
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sayan Ghorai
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Paul Ann Riya
- Regenerative Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jackson James
- Regenerative Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Suparna Sengupta
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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18
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Jewett CE, McCurdy BL, O'Toole ET, Stemm-Wolf AJ, Given KS, Lin CH, Olsen V, Martin W, Reinholdt L, Espinosa JM, Sullivan KD, Macklin WB, Prekeris R, Pearson CG. Trisomy 21 induces pericentrosomal crowding delaying primary ciliogenesis and mouse cerebellar development. eLife 2023; 12:e78202. [PMID: 36656118 PMCID: PMC9851619 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the genetic cause of Down syndrome, disrupts primary cilia formation and function, in part through elevated Pericentrin, a centrosome protein encoded on chromosome 21. Yet how trisomy 21 and elevated Pericentrin disrupt cilia-related molecules and pathways, and the in vivo phenotypic relevance remain unclear. Utilizing ciliogenesis time course experiments combined with light microscopy and electron tomography, we reveal that chromosome 21 polyploidy elevates Pericentrin and microtubules away from the centrosome that corral MyosinVA and EHD1, delaying ciliary membrane delivery and mother centriole uncapping essential for ciliogenesis. If given enough time, trisomy 21 cells eventually ciliate, but these ciliated cells demonstrate persistent trafficking defects that reduce transition zone protein localization and decrease sonic hedgehog signaling in direct anticorrelation with Pericentrin levels. Consistent with cultured trisomy 21 cells, a mouse model of Down syndrome with elevated Pericentrin has fewer primary cilia in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors and thinner external granular layers at P4. Our work reveals that elevated Pericentrin from trisomy 21 disrupts multiple early steps of ciliogenesis and creates persistent trafficking defects in ciliated cells. This pericentrosomal crowding mechanism results in signaling deficiencies consistent with the neurological phenotypes found in individuals with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla E Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Bailey L McCurdy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Alexander J Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Katherine S Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Carrie H Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Valerie Olsen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | | | | | - Joaquín M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
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19
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Tomaz LB, Liu BA, Meroshini M, Ong SLM, Tan EK, Tolwinski NS, Williams CS, Gingras AC, Leushacke M, Dunn NR. MCC is a centrosomal protein that relocalizes to non-centrosomal apical sites during intestinal cell differentiation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259272. [PMID: 36217793 PMCID: PMC10658790 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene mutated in colorectal cancer (MCC) encodes a coiled-coil protein implicated, as its name suggests, in the pathogenesis of hereditary human colon cancer. To date, however, the contributions of MCC to intestinal homeostasis and disease remain unclear. Here, we examine the subcellular localization of MCC, both at the mRNA and protein levels, in the adult intestinal epithelium. Our findings reveal that Mcc transcripts are restricted to proliferating crypt cells, including Lgr5+ stem cells, where the Mcc protein is distinctly associated with the centrosome. Upon intestinal cellular differentiation, Mcc is redeployed to the apical domain of polarized villus cells where non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centers (ncMTOCs) are positioned. Using intestinal organoids, we show that the shuttling of the Mcc protein depends on phosphorylation by casein kinases 1δ and ε, which are critical modulators of WNT signaling. Together, our findings support a role for MCC in establishing and maintaining the cellular architecture of the intestinal epithelium as a component of both the centrosome and ncMTOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian B. Tomaz
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Bernard A. Liu
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Meroshini M
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Sheena L. M. Ong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Ee Kim Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | | | | | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marc Leushacke
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 308232, Singapore
| | - N. Ray Dunn
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 308232, Singapore
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20
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Hibbard JVK, Vázquez N, Wallingford JB. Cilia proteins getting to work - how do they commute from the cytoplasm to the base of cilia? J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259444. [PMID: 36073764 PMCID: PMC9482345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are multifunctional organelles that originated with the last eukaryotic common ancestor and play central roles in the life cycles of diverse organisms. The motile flagella that move single cells like sperm or unicellular organisms, the motile cilia on animal multiciliated cells that generate fluid flow in organs, and the immotile primary cilia that decorate nearly all cells in animals share many protein components in common, yet each also requires specialized proteins to perform their specialized functions. Despite a now-advanced understanding of how such proteins are transported within cilia, we still know very little about how they are transported from their sites of synthesis through the cytoplasm to the ciliary base. Here, we review the literature concerning this underappreciated topic in ciliary cell biology. We discuss both general mechanisms, as well as specific examples of motor-driven active transport and passive transport via diffusion-and-capture. We then provide deeper discussion of specific, illustrative examples, such as the diverse array of protein subunits that together comprise the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system and the multi-protein axonemal dynein motors that drive beating of motile cilia. We hope this Review will spur further work, shedding light not only on ciliogenesis and ciliary signaling, but also on intracellular transport in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78751, USA
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21
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Reed M, Takemaru KI, Ying G, Frederick JM, Baehr W. Deletion of CEP164 in mouse photoreceptors post-ciliogenesis interrupts ciliary intraflagellar transport (IFT). PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010154. [PMID: 36074756 PMCID: PMC9488791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomal protein of 164 kDa (CEP164) is located at distal appendages of primary cilia and is necessary for basal body (BB) docking to the apical membrane. To investigate the function of photoreceptor CEP164 before and after BB docking, we deleted CEP164 during retina embryonic development (Six3Cre), in postnatal rod photoreceptors (iCre75) and in mature retina using tamoxifen induction (Prom1-ETCre). BBs dock to the cell cortex during postnatal day 6 (P6) to extend a connecting cilium (CC) and an axoneme. P6 retina-specific knockouts (retCep164-/-) are unable to dock BBs, thereby preventing formation of CC or outer segments (OSs). In rod-specific knockouts (rodCep164-/-), Cre expression starts after P7 and CC/OS form. P16 rodCep164-/- rods have nearly normal OS lengths, and maintain OS attachment through P21 despite loss of CEP164. Intraflagellar transport components (IFT88, IFT57 and IFT140) were reduced at P16 rodCep164-/- BBs and CC tips and nearly absent at P21, indicating impaired intraflagellar transport. Nascent OS discs, labeled with a fluorescent dye on P14 and P18 and harvested on P19, showed continued rodCep164-/- disc morphogenesis but absence of P14 discs mid-distally, indicating OS instability. Tamoxifen induction with PROM1ETCre;Cep164F/F (tamCep164-/-) adult mice affected maintenance of both rod and cone OSs. The results suggest that CEP164 is key towards recruitment and stabilization of IFT-B particles at the BB/CC. IFT impairment may be the main driver of ciliary malfunction observed with hypomorphic CEP164 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Stony Brook University, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Guoxin Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M. Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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22
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Kim JM. Molecular Link between DNA Damage Response and Microtubule Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136986. [PMID: 35805981 PMCID: PMC9266319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are major components of the cytoskeleton that play important roles in cellular processes such as intracellular transport and cell division. In recent years, it has become evident that microtubule networks play a role in genome maintenance during interphase. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding the role of microtubule dynamics in DNA damage response and repair. We first describe how DNA damage checkpoints regulate microtubule organization and stability. We then highlight how microtubule networks are involved in the nuclear remodeling following DNA damage, which leads to changes in chromosome organization. Lastly, we discuss how microtubule dynamics participate in the mobility of damaged DNA and promote consequent DNA repair. Together, the literature indicates the importance of microtubule dynamics in genome organization and stability during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea
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23
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Nadkarni AV, Heald R. Reconstitution of muscle cell microtubule organization in vitro. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 78:492-502. [PMID: 35666041 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation occurs as muscle precursor cells (myoblasts) elongate and fuse to form multinucleated syncytial myotubes in which the highly-organized actomyosin sarcomeres of muscle fibers assemble. Although less well characterized, the microtubule cytoskeleton also undergoes dramatic rearrangement during myogenesis. The centrosome-nucleated microtubule array found in myoblasts is lost as the nuclear membrane acquires microtubule nucleating activity and microtubules emerge from multiple sites in the cell, eventually rearranging into a grid-like pattern in myotubes. In order to characterize perinuclear microtubule organization using a biochemically tractable system, we isolated nuclei from mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells during the course of differentiation and incubated them in cytoplasmic extracts prepared from eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. Whereas centrosomes associated with myoblast nuclei gave rise to radial microtubule arrays in extracts, myotube nuclei produced a sun-like pattern with microtubules transiently nucleating from the entire nuclear envelope. Perinuclear microtubule growth was suppressed by inhibition of Aurora A kinase or by degradation of RNA, treatments that also inhibited microtubule growth from sperm centrosomes. Myotube nuclei displayed microtubule motor-based movements leading to their separation, as occurs in myotubes. This in vitro assay therefore recapitulates key features of microtubule organization and nuclear movement observed during muscle cell differentiation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika V Nadkarni
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Protein localization is intrinsic to cellular function and specialized activities, such as migration or proliferation. Many localized proteins enrich at defined organelles, forming subdomains of functional activity further specified by interacting protein assemblies. One well-studied organelle showing dynamic, functional changes in protein composition is the centrosome. Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers with diverse cellular functions largely defined by the composition of the pericentriolar material, an ordered matrix of proteins organized around a central pair of centrioles. Also localizing to the pericentriolar material are mRNAs. Although RNA was identified at centrosomes decades ago, the characterization of specific RNA transcripts and their functional contributions to centrosome biology remained largely unstudied. While the identification of RNA localized to centrosomes accelerated with the development of high-throughput screening methods, this discovery still outpaces functional characterization. Recent work indicates RNA localized to centrosomes is biologically significant and further implicates centrosomes as sites for local protein synthesis. Distinct RNA localization and translational activities likely contribute to the diversity of centrosome functions within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Lerit
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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25
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McCurdy BL, Jewett CE, Stemm-Wolf AJ, Duc HN, Joshi M, Espinosa JM, Prekeris R, Pearson CG. Trisomy 21 increases microtubules and disrupts centriolar satellite localization. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33. [PMID: 35476505 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0517-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the source of Down syndrome, causes a 0.5-fold protein increase of the chromosome 21-resident gene Pericentrin (PCNT) and reduces primary cilia formation and signaling. We investigate how PCNT imbalances disrupt cilia. Using isogenic RPE-1 cells with increased chromosome 21 dosage, we find PCNT accumulates around the centrosome as a cluster of enlarged cytoplasmic puncta that localize along microtubules (MTs) and at MT ends. Cytoplasmic PCNT puncta impact the density, stability and localization of the MT trafficking network required for primary cilia. The PCNT puncta appear to sequester cargo peripheral to centrosomes in what we call pericentrosomal crowding. The centriolar satellite proteins, PCM1, CEP131 and CEP290, important for ciliogenesis, accumulate at enlarged PCNT puncta in trisomy 21 cells. Reducing PCNT when chromosome 21 ploidy is elevated is sufficient to decrease PCNT puncta and pericentrosomal crowding, reestablish a normal density of MTs around the centrosome, and restore ciliogenesis to wild type levels. A transient reduction in MTs also decreases pericentrosomal crowding and partially rescues ciliogenesis in trisomy 21 cells, indicating that increased PCNT leads to defects in the MT network deleterious to normal centriolar satellite distribution. We propose that chromosome 21 aneuploidy disrupts MT-dependent intracellular trafficking required for primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey L McCurdy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 2801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045-2537, USA
| | - Cayla E Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 2801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045-2537, USA.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander J Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 2801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045-2537, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen Duc
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 2801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045-2537, USA
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 2801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045-2537, USA.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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26
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Hibino E, Ichiyama Y, Tsukamura A, Senju Y, Morimune T, Ohji M, Maruo Y, Nishimura M, Mori M. Bex1 is essential for ciliogenesis and harbours biomolecular condensate-forming capacity. BMC Biol 2022; 20:42. [PMID: 35144600 PMCID: PMC8830175 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia are sensory organelles crucial for organ development. The pivotal structure of the primary cilia is a microtubule that is generated via tubulin polymerization reaction that occurs in the basal body. It remains to be elucidated how molecules with distinct physicochemical properties contribute to the formation of the primary cilia. RESULTS Here we show that brain expressed X-linked 1 (Bex1) plays an essential role in tubulin polymerization and primary cilia formation. The Bex1 protein shows the physicochemical property of being an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). Bex1 shows cell density-dependent accumulation as a condensate either in nucleoli at a low cell density or at the apical cell surface at a high cell density. The apical Bex1 localizes to the basal body. Bex1 knockout mice present ciliopathy phenotypes and exhibit ciliary defects in the retina and striatum. Bex1 recombinant protein shows binding capacity to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and forms the condensate that facilitates tubulin polymerization in the reconstituted system. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveals that Bex1 plays an essential role for the primary cilia formation through providing the reaction field for the tubulin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Hibino
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre (MNRC), Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ichiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tsukamura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre (MNRC), Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.,Department of Paediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.,Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yosuke Senju
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takao Morimune
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre (MNRC), Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.,Department of Paediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.,Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Masahito Ohji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maruo
- Department of Paediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre (MNRC), Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre (MNRC), Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan. .,Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
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27
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Mascanzoni F, Iannitti R, Colanzi A. Functional Coordination among the Golgi Complex, the Centrosome and the Microtubule Cytoskeleton during the Cell Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030354. [PMID: 35159164 PMCID: PMC8834581 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex of mammalian cells is organized in a ribbon-like structure often closely associated with the centrosome during interphase. Conversely, the Golgi complex assumes a fragmented and dispersed configuration away from the centrosome during mitosis. The structure of the Golgi complex and the relative position to the centrosome are dynamically regulated by microtubules. Many pieces of evidence reveal that this microtubule-mediated dynamic association between the Golgi complex and centrosome is of functional significance in cell polarization and division. Here, we summarize findings indicating how the Golgi complex and the centrosome cooperate in organizing the microtubule network for the directional protein transport and centrosome positioning required for cell polarization and regulating fundamental cell division processes.
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28
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Cell and Molecular Biology of Centrosome Structure and Function. THE CENTROSOME AND ITS FUNCTIONS AND DYSFUNCTIONS 2022; 235:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-20848-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Adhikari UK, Sakiz E, Habiba U, Mikhael M, Senesi M, David MA, Guillemin GJ, Ooi L, Karl T, Collins S, Tayebi M. Treatment of microglia with Anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies induces neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08644. [PMID: 35005289 PMCID: PMC8715334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports highlighted the neurotoxic effects caused by some motif-specific anti-PrPC antibodies in vivo and in vitro. In the current study, we investigated the detailed alterations of the proteome with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry following direct application of anti-PrPC antibodies on mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a) and mouse primary neuronal (MPN) cells or by cross-linking microglial PrPC with anti-PrPC antibodies prior to co-culture with the N2a/MPN cells. Here, we identified 4 (3 upregulated and 1 downregulated) and 17 (11 upregulated and 6 downregulated) neuronal apoptosis-related proteins following treatment of the N2a and N11 cell lines respectively when compared with untreated cells. In contrast, we identified 1 (upregulated) and 4 (2 upregulated and 2 downregulated) neuronal apoptosis-related proteins following treatment of MPN cells and N11 when compared with untreated cells. Furthermore, we also identified 3 (2 upregulated and 1 downregulated) and 2 (1 upregulated and 1 downregulated) neuronal apoptosis-related related proteins following treatment of MPN cells and N11 when compared to treatment with an anti-PrP antibody that lacks binding specificity for mouse PrP. The apoptotic effect of the anti-PrP antibodies was confirmed with flow cytometry following labelling of Annexin V-FITC. The toxic effects of the anti-PrP antibodies was more intense when antibody-treated N11 were co-cultured with the N2a and the identified apoptosis proteome was shown to be part of the PrPC-interactome. Our observations provide a new insight into the prominent role played by microglia in causing neurotoxic effects following treatment with anti-PrPC antibodies and might be relevant to explain the antibody mediated toxicity observed in other related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer. Antibody cross-linking neuronal PrPC induces apoptosis. Antibody cross-linking microglial PrPC induces neuronal apoptosis. Different apoptotic pathways were triggered by specific anti-PrP antibody treatments.
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30
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Tools used to assay genomic instability in cancers and cancer meiomitosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:159-177. [PMID: 34841477 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a defining characteristic of cancer and the analysis of DNA damage at the chromosome level is a crucial part of the study of carcinogenesis and genotoxicity. Chromosomal instability (CIN), the most common level of genomic instability in cancers, is defined as the rate of loss or gain of chromosomes through successive divisions. As such, DNA in cancer cells is highly unstable. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. There is a debate as to whether instability succeeds transformation, or if it is a by-product of cancer, and therefore, studying potential molecular and cellular contributors of genomic instability is of high importance. Recent work has suggested an important role for ectopic expression of meiosis genes in driving genomic instability via a process called meiomitosis. Improving understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to the development of targeted therapies that exploit DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss a workflow of novel and established techniques used to assess chromosomal instability as well as the nature of genomic instability such as double strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromatin bridges. For each technique, we discuss their advantages and limitations in a lab setting. Lastly, we provide detailed protocols for the discussed techniques.
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31
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Gräf R, Grafe M, Meyer I, Mitic K, Pitzen V. The Dictyostelium Centrosome. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102657. [PMID: 34685637 PMCID: PMC8534566 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome of Dictyostelium amoebae contains no centrioles and consists of a cylindrical layered core structure surrounded by a corona harboring microtubule-nucleating γ-tubulin complexes. It is the major centrosomal model beyond animals and yeasts. Proteomics, protein interaction studies by BioID and superresolution microscopy methods led to considerable progress in our understanding of the composition, structure and function of this centrosome type. We discuss all currently known components of the Dictyostelium centrosome in comparison to other centrosomes of animals and yeasts.
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32
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Tapia Contreras C, Hoyer-Fender S. The Transformation of the Centrosome into the Basal Body: Similarities and Dissimilarities between Somatic and Male Germ Cells and Their Relevance for Male Fertility. Cells 2021; 10:2266. [PMID: 34571916 PMCID: PMC8471410 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sperm flagellum is essential for the transport of the genetic material toward the oocyte and thus the transmission of the genetic information to the next generation. During the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, i.e., spermiogenesis, a morphological and molecular restructuring of the male germ cell, the round spermatid, takes place that includes the silencing and compaction of the nucleus, the formation of the acrosomal vesicle from the Golgi apparatus, the formation of the sperm tail, and, finally, the shedding of excessive cytoplasm. Sperm tail formation starts in the round spermatid stage when the pair of centrioles moves toward the posterior pole of the nucleus. The sperm tail, eventually, becomes located opposed to the acrosomal vesicle, which develops at the anterior pole of the nucleus. The centriole pair tightly attaches to the nucleus, forming a nuclear membrane indentation. An articular structure is formed around the centriole pair known as the connecting piece, situated in the neck region and linking the sperm head to the tail, also named the head-to-tail coupling apparatus or, in short, HTCA. Finally, the sperm tail grows out from the distal centriole that is now transformed into the basal body of the flagellum. However, a centriole pair is found in nearly all cells of the body. In somatic cells, it accumulates a large mass of proteins, the pericentriolar material (PCM), that together constitute the centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing center of the cell, essential not only for the structuring of the cytoskeleton and the overall cellular organization but also for mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation. However, in post-mitotic (G1 or G0) cells, the centrosome is transformed into the basal body. In this case, one of the centrioles, which is always the oldest or mother centriole, grows the axoneme of a cilium. Most cells of the body carry a single cilium known as the primary cilium that serves as an antenna sensing the cell's environment. Besides, specialized cells develop multiple motile cilia differing in substructure from the immotile primary cilia that are essential in moving fluids or cargos over the cellular surface. Impairment of cilia formation causes numerous severe syndromes that are collectively subsumed as ciliopathies. This comparative overview serves to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of basal body formation, their similarities, and dissimilarities, in somatic versus male germ cells, by discussing the involved proteins/genes and their expression, localization, and function. The review, thus, aimed to provide a deeper knowledge of the molecular players that is essential for the expansion of clinical diagnostics and treatment of male fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology-Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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33
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Steinfeldt J, Becker R, Vergarajauregui S, Engel FB. Alternative Splicing of Pericentrin Contributes to Cell Cycle Control in Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8080087. [PMID: 34436229 PMCID: PMC8397033 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8080087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation is a promising option to regenerate the heart. Thus, it is important to elucidate mechanisms that contribute to the cell cycle arrest of mammalian cardiomyocytes. Here, we assessed the contribution of the pericentrin (Pcnt) S isoform to cell cycle arrest in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence staining of Pcnt isoforms combined with SiRNA-mediated depletion indicates that Pcnt S preferentially localizes to the nuclear envelope, while the Pcnt B isoform is enriched at centrosomes. This is further supported by the localization of ectopically expressed FLAG-tagged Pcnt S and Pcnt B in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Analysis of centriole configuration upon Pcnt depletion revealed that Pcnt B but not Pcnt S is required for centriole cohesion. Importantly, ectopic expression of Pcnt S induced centriole splitting in a heterologous system, ARPE-19 cells, and was sufficient to impair DNA synthesis in C2C12 myoblasts. Moreover, Pcnt S depletion enhanced serum-induced cell cycle re-entry in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Analysis of mitosis, binucleation rate, and cell number suggests that Pcnt S depletion enhances serum-induced progression of postnatal cardiomyocytes through the cell cycle resulting in cell division. Collectively, our data indicate that alternative splicing of Pcnt contributes to the establishment of cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest shortly after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Steinfeldt
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Robert Becker
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Silvia Vergarajauregui
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
- Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)9131-85-25699
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34
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Jung GI, Rhee K. Triple deletion of TP53, PCNT, and CEP215 promotes centriole amplification in the M phase. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1500-1517. [PMID: 34233584 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1950386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary centrioles are frequently observed in diverse types of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the generation of supernumerary centrioles during the M phase. We generated the TP53;PCNT;CEP215 triple knockout (KO) cells and determined the configurations of the centriole during the cell cycle. The triple KO cells exhibited a precocious separation of centrioles and unscheduled centriole assembly in the M phase. Supernumerary centrioles in the triple KO cells were present throughout the cell cycle; however, among all the centrioles, only two maintained an intact composition, including CEP135, CEP192, CEP295 and CEP152. Intact centrioles were formed during the S phase and the rest of the centrioles may be generated during the M phase. M-phase-assembled centrioles lacked the ability to organize microtubules in the interphase; however, a fraction of them may acquire pericentriolar material to organize microtubules during the M phase. Taken together, our work reveals the heterogeneity of the supernumerary centrioles in the triple KO cells. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee In Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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35
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The Polygenic Nature and Complex Genetic Architecture of Specific Learning Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050631. [PMID: 34068951 PMCID: PMC8156942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder which may involve persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia), written expression and/or mathematics. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with speed and accuracy of word reading, deficient decoding abilities, and poor spelling. Several studies from different, but complementary, scientific disciplines have investigated possible causal/risk factors for SLD. Biological, neurological, hereditary, cognitive, linguistic-phonological, developmental and environmental factors have been incriminated. Despite worldwide agreement that SLD is highly heritable, its exact biological basis remains elusive. We herein present: (a) an update of studies that have shaped our current knowledge on the disorder’s genetic architecture; (b) a discussion on whether this genetic architecture is ‘unique’ to SLD or, alternatively, whether there is an underlying common genetic background with other neurodevelopmental disorders; and, (c) a brief discussion on whether we are at a position of generating meaningful correlations between genetic findings and anatomical data from neuroimaging studies or specific molecular/cellular pathways. We conclude with open research questions that could drive future research directions.
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Kinase-anchoring proteins in ciliary signal transduction. Biochem J 2021; 478:1617-1629. [PMID: 33909027 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the diffusion of chemical signals through the cell was thought to occur within a cytoplasmic soup bounded by the plasma membrane. This theory was predicated on the notion that all regulatory enzymes are soluble and moved with a Brownian motion. Although enzyme compartmentalization was initially rebuffed by biochemists as a 'last refuge of a scoundrel', signal relay through macromolecular complexes is now accepted as a fundamental tenet of the burgeoning field of spatial biology. A-Kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are prototypic enzyme-organizing elements that position clusters of regulatory proteins at defined subcellular locations. In parallel, the primary cilium has gained recognition as a subcellular mechanosensory organelle that amplifies second messenger signals pertaining to metazoan development. This article highlights advances in our understanding of AKAP signaling within the primary cilium and how defective ciliary function contributes to an increasing number of diseases known as ciliopathies.
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Porter AP, Reed H, White GRM, Ogg EL, Whalley HJ, Malliri A. The RAC1 activator Tiam1 regulates centriole duplication through controlling PLK4 levels. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs252502. [PMID: 33758078 PMCID: PMC8075378 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centriole duplication is tightly controlled to maintain correct centriole number through the cell cycle. Key to this is the regulated degradation of PLK4, the master regulator of centriole duplication. Here, we show that the Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Tiam1 localises to centrosomes during S-phase, where it is required for the maintenance of normal centriole number. Depletion of Tiam1 leads to an increase in centrosomal PLK4 and centriole overduplication, whereas overexpression of Tiam1 can restrict centriole overduplication. Ultimately, Tiam1 depletion leads to lagging chromosomes at anaphase and aneuploidy, which are potential drivers of malignant progression. The effects of Tiam1 depletion on centrosomal PLK4 levels and centriole overduplication can be rescued by re-expression of both wild-type Tiam1 and catalytically inactive (GEF*) Tiam1, but not by Tiam1 mutants unable to bind to the F-box protein βTRCP (also known as F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A) implying that Tiam1 regulates PLK4 levels through promoting βTRCP-mediated degradation independently of Rac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Porter
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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Mittal K, Kaur J, Jaczko M, Wei G, Toss MS, Rakha EA, Janssen EAM, Søiland H, Kucuk O, Reid MD, Gupta MV, Aneja R. Centrosome amplification: a quantifiable cancer cell trait with prognostic value in solid malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:319-339. [PMID: 33106971 PMCID: PMC7897259 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerical and/or structural centrosome amplification (CA) is a hallmark of cancers that is often associated with the aberrant tumor karyotypes and poor clinical outcomes. Mechanistically, CA compromises mitotic fidelity and leads to chromosome instability (CIN), which underlies tumor initiation and progression. Recent technological advances in microscopy and image analysis platforms have enabled better-than-ever detection and quantification of centrosomal aberrancies in cancer. Numerous studies have thenceforth correlated the presence and the degree of CA with indicators of poor prognosis such as higher tumor grade and ability to recur and metastasize. We have pioneered a novel semi-automated pipeline that integrates immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with digital image analysis to yield a quantitative centrosome amplification score (CAS), which is a summation of the severity and frequency of structural and numerical centrosome aberrations in tumor samples. Recent studies in breast cancer show that CA increases across the disease progression continuum, while normal breast tissue exhibited the lowest CA, followed by cancer-adjacent apparently normal, ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive tumors, which showed the highest CA. This finding strengthens the notion that CA could be evolutionarily favored and can promote tumor progression and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, extent, and severity of CA in various solid cancer types, the utility of quantifying amplified centrosomes as an independent prognostic marker. We also highlight the clinical feasibility of a CA-based risk score for predicting recurrence, metastasis, and overall prognosis in patients with solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Mittal
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Meghan Jaczko
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Guanhao Wei
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Michael S Toss
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Håvard Søiland
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Abstract
The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal coding. This realization has changed our understanding of cAMP signaling from a model in which cAMP connects a receptor at the plasma membrane to an intracellular effector in a linear pathway to a model in which cAMP signals propagate within a complex network of alternative branches and the specific functional outcome strictly depends on local regulation of cAMP levels and on selective activation of a limited number of branches within the network. In this review, we cover some of the early studies and summarize more recent evidence supporting the model of compartmentalized cAMP signaling, and we discuss how this knowledge is starting to provide original mechanistic insight into cell physiology and a novel framework for the identification of disease mechanisms that potentially opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: cAMP mediates the intracellular response to multiple hormones and neurotransmitters. Signal fidelity and accurate coordination of a plethora of different cellular functions is achieved via organization of multiprotein signalosomes and cAMP compartmentalization in subcellular nanodomains. Defining the organization and regulation of subcellular cAMP nanocompartments is necessary if we want to understand the complex functional ramifications of pharmacological treatments that target G protein-coupled receptors and for generating a blueprint that can be used to develop precision medicine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zerio
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mittasch M, Tran VM, Rios MU, Fritsch AW, Enos SJ, Ferreira Gomes B, Bond A, Kreysing M, Woodruff JB. Regulated changes in material properties underlie centrosome disassembly during mitotic exit. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133724. [PMID: 32050025 PMCID: PMC7147112 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes must resist microtubule-mediated forces for mitotic chromosome segregation. During mitotic exit, however, centrosomes are deformed and fractured by those same forces, which is a key step in centrosome disassembly. How the functional material properties of centrosomes change throughout the cell cycle, and how they are molecularly tuned, remain unknown. Here, we used optically induced flow perturbations to determine the molecular basis of centrosome strength and ductility in C. elegans embryos. We found that both properties declined sharply at anaphase onset, long before natural disassembly. This mechanical transition required PP2A phosphatase and correlated with inactivation of PLK-1 (Polo kinase) and SPD-2 (Cep192). In vitro, PLK-1 and SPD-2 directly protected centrosome scaffolds from force-induced disassembly. Our results suggest that, before anaphase, PLK-1 and SPD-2 respectively confer strength and ductility to the centrosome scaffold so that it can resist microtubule-pulling forces. In anaphase, centrosomes lose PLK-1 and SPD-2 and transition to a weak, brittle state that enables force-mediated centrosome disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Mittasch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vanna M Tran
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Manolo U Rios
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anatol W Fritsch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephen J Enos
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alec Bond
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Moritz Kreysing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B Woodruff
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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41
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Jean F, Stuart A, Tarailo-Graovac M. Dissecting the Genetic and Etiological Causes of Primary Microcephaly. Front Neurol 2020; 11:570830. [PMID: 33178111 PMCID: PMC7593518 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.570830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH; “small head syndrome”) is a rare, heterogeneous disease arising from the decreased production of neurons during brain development. As of August 2020, the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database lists 25 genes (involved in molecular processes such as centriole biogenesis, microtubule dynamics, spindle positioning, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, Wnt signaling, and cell cycle checkpoints) that are implicated in causing MCPH. Many of these 25 genes were only discovered in the last 10 years following advances in exome and genome sequencing that have improved our ability to identify disease-causing variants. Despite these advances, many patients still lack a genetic diagnosis. This demonstrates a need to understand in greater detail the molecular mechanisms and genetics underlying MCPH. Here, we briefly review the molecular functions of each MCPH gene and how their loss disrupts the neurogenesis program, ultimately demonstrating that microcephaly arises from cell cycle dysregulation. We also explore the current issues in the genetic basis and clinical presentation of MCPH as additional avenues of improving gene/variant prioritization. Ultimately, we illustrate that the detailed exploration of the etiology and inheritance of MCPH improves the predictive power in identifying previously unknown MCPH candidates and diagnosing microcephalic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Jean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda Stuart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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42
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Takeda Y, Yamazaki K, Hashimoto K, Watanabe K, Chinen T, Kitagawa D. The centriole protein CEP76 negatively regulates PLK1 activity in the cytoplasm for proper mitotic progression. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs241281. [PMID: 32878946 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) dynamically changes its localization and plays important roles in proper mitotic progression. In particular, strict control of cytoplasmic PLK1 is needed to prevent mitotic defects. However, the regulation of cytoplasmic PLK1 is not fully understood. In this study, we show that CEP76, a centriolar protein, physically interacts with PLK1 and tightly controls the activation of cytoplasmic PLK1 during mitosis in human cells. We found that removal of centrosomes induced ectopic aggregation of PLK1, which is highly phosphorylated, in the cytoplasm during mitosis. Importantly, a targeted RNAi screen revealed that depletion of CEP76 resulted in a similar phenotype. In addition, depletion of CEP76 caused defective spindle orientation and mitotic delay. Moreover, the formation of ectopic PLK1 aggregates and defective spindle orientation were significantly suppressed by the inhibition of PLK1 kinase activity. Overall, these results demonstrate that CEP76 suppresses the aberrant activation of cytoplasmic PLK1 for proper mitotic progression.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takeda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaho Yamazaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaho Hashimoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koki Watanabe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takumi Chinen
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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43
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Principal Postulates of Centrosomal Biology. Version 2020. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102156. [PMID: 32987651 PMCID: PMC7598677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, which consists of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material, is a unique structure that has retained its main features in organisms of various taxonomic groups from unicellular algae to mammals over one billion years of evolution. In addition to the most noticeable function of organizing the microtubule system in mitosis and interphase, the centrosome performs many other cell functions. In particular, centrioles are the basis for the formation of sensitive primary cilia and motile cilia and flagella. Another principal function of centrosomes is the concentration in one place of regulatory proteins responsible for the cell's progression along the cell cycle. Despite the existing exceptions, the functioning of the centrosome is subject to general principles, which are discussed in this review.
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44
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Liu J, Huang ZP, Nie M, Wang G, Silva WJ, Yang Q, Freire PP, Hu X, Chen H, Deng Z, Pu WT, Wang DZ. Regulation of myonuclear positioning and muscle function by the skeletal muscle-specific CIP protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19254-19265. [PMID: 32719146 PMCID: PMC7430979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922911117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The appropriate arrangement of myonuclei within skeletal muscle myofibers is of critical importance for normal muscle function, and improper myonuclear localization has been linked to a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, such as centronuclear myopathy and muscular dystrophies. However, the molecules that govern myonuclear positioning remain elusive. Here, we report that skeletal muscle-specific CIP (sk-CIP) is a regulator of nuclear positioning. Genetic deletion of sk-CIP in mice results in misalignment of myonuclei along the myofibers and at specialized structures such as neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and myotendinous junctions (MTJs) in vivo, impairing myonuclear positioning after muscle regeneration, leading to severe muscle dystrophy in mdx mice, a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. sk-CIP is localized to the centrosome in myoblasts and relocates to the outer nuclear envelope in myotubes upon differentiation. Mechanistically, we found that sk-CIP interacts with the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex and the centriole Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC) proteins to coordinately modulate myonuclear positioning and alignment. These findings indicate that sk-CIP may function as a muscle-specific anchoring protein to regulate nuclear position in multinucleated muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Co-Repressor Proteins
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/genetics
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/metabolism
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/physiopathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Center for Translational Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Mao Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William J Silva
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular do Músculo Estriado, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-000 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Qiumei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Paula P Freire
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Huaqun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 225300, China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Sharma A, Dagar S, Mylavarapu SVS. Transgelin-2 and phosphoregulation of the LIC2 subunit of dynein govern mitotic spindle orientation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239673. [PMID: 32467330 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular motor dynein is essential for mitotic spindle orientation, which defines the axis of cell division. The light intermediate chain subunits, LIC1 and LIC2, define biochemically and functionally distinct vertebrate dynein complexes, with LIC2-dynein playing a crucial role in ensuring spindle orientation. We reveal a novel, mitosis-specific interaction of LIC2-dynein with the cortical actin-bundling protein transgelin-2. Transgelin-2 is required for maintaining proper spindle length, equatorial metaphase chromosome alignment, spindle orientation and timely anaphase onset. We show that transgelin-2 stabilizes the cortical recruitment of LGN-NuMA, which together with dynein is required for spindle orientation. The opposing actions of transgelin-2 and LIC2-dynein maintain optimal cortical levels of LGN-NuMA. In addition, we show that the highly conserved serine 194 phosphorylation of LIC2 is required for proper spindle orientation, by maintaining mitotic centrosome integrity to ensure optimal astral microtubule nucleation. The work reveals two specific mechanisms through which LIC2-dynein regulates mitotic spindle orientation; namely, through a new interactor transgelin-2, which is required for engagement of LGN-NuMA with the actin cortex, and through mitotic phosphoregulation of LIC2 to control microtubule nucleation from the poles.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
- Affiliated to the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sunayana Dagar
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Sivaram V S Mylavarapu
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
- Affiliated to the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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Yahfoufi ZA, Bai D, Khan SN, Chatzicharalampous C, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Morris RT, Abu-Soud HM. Glyphosate Induces Metaphase II Oocyte Deterioration and Embryo Damage by Zinc Depletion and Overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species. Toxicology 2020; 439:152466. [PMID: 32315717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most popular herbicide used in modern agriculture, and its use has been increasing substantially since its introduction. Accordingly, glyphosate exposure from food and water, the environment, and accidental and occupational venues has also increased. Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between glyphosate exposure and a number of disorders such as cancer, immune and metabolic disorders, endocrine disruption, imbalance of intestinal flora, cardiovascular disease, and infertility; these results have given glyphosate a considerable amount of media and scientific attention. Notably, glyphosate is a powerful metal chelator, which could help explain some of its effects. Recently, our findings on 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid, another metal chelator, showed deterioration of oocyte quality. Here, to generalize, we investigated the effects of glyphosate (0 - 300 μM) on metaphase II mouse oocyte quality and embryo damage to obtain insight on its mechanisms of cellular action and the tolerance of oocytes and embryos towards this chemical. Our work shows for the first time that glyphosate exposure impairs metaphase II mouse oocyte quality via two mechanisms: 1) disruption of the microtubule organizing center and chromosomes such as anomalous pericentrin formation, spindle fiber destruction and disappearance, and defective chromosomal alignment and 2) substantial depletion of intracellular zinc bioavailability and enhancement of reactive oxygen species accumulation. Similar effects were found in embryos. These results may help clarify the effects of glyphosate exposure on female fertility and provide counseling and preventative steps for excessive glyphosate intake and resulting oxidative stress and reduced zinc bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina A Yahfoufi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI,48201, United States
| | - David Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Sana N Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Charalampos Chatzicharalampous
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- Michigan State University, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan 45903, United States
| | - Robert T Morris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States; Karmaros Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Husam M Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI,48201, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States.
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Bina M. Discovering candidate imprinted genes and imprinting control regions in the human genome. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:378. [PMID: 32475352 PMCID: PMC7262774 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic imprinting is a process thereby a subset of genes is expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. This evolutionary novelty is restricted to mammals and controlled by genomic DNA segments known as Imprinting Control Regions (ICRs) and germline Differentially Methylated Regions (gDMRs). Previously, I showed that in the mouse genome, the fully characterized ICRs/gDMRs often includes clusters of 2 or more of a set of composite-DNA-elements known as ZFBS-morph overlaps. RESULTS Because of the importance of the ICRs to regulating parent-of-origin specific gene expression, I developed a genome-wide strategy for predicting their positions in the human genome. My strategy consists of creating plots to display the density of ZFBS-morph overlaps along the entire chromosomal DNA sequences. In initial evaluations, I found that peaks in these plots pinpointed several of the known ICRs/gDMRs along the DNA in chromosomal bands. I deduced that in density-plots, robust peaks corresponded to actual or candidate ICRs in the DNA. By locating the genes in the vicinity of candidate ICRs, I could discover potential imprinting genes. Additionally, my assessments revealed a connection between several of the potential imprinted genes and human developmental anomalies. Examples include Leber congenital amaurosis 11, Coffin-Siris syndrome, progressive myoclonic epilepsy-10, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II, and microphthalmia, cleft lip and palate, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. CONCLUSION With plots displaying the density of ZFBS-morph overlaps, researchers could locate candidate ICRs and imprinted genes. Since the datafiles are available for download and display at the UCSC genome browser, it is possible to examine the plots in the context of Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to design experiments to discover novel ICRs and imprinted genes in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minou Bina
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Alonso A, Fabritius A, Ozzello C, Andreas M, Klenchin D, Rayment I, Winey M. Yeast pericentrin/Spc110 contains multiple domains required for tethering the γ-tubulin complex to the centrosome. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1437-1452. [PMID: 32374651 PMCID: PMC7359572 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-02-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle pole body (SPB) serves as the sole microtubule-organizing center of the cell, nucleating both cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules. Yeast pericentrin, Spc110, binds to and activates the γ-tubulin complex via its N terminus, allowing nuclear microtubule polymerization to occur. The Spc110 C terminus links the γ-tubulin complex to the central plaque of the SPB by binding to Spc42, Spc29, and calmodulin (Cmd1). Here, we show that overexpression of the C terminus of Spc110 is toxic to cells and correlates with its localization to the SPB. Spc110 domains that are required for SPB localization and toxicity include its Spc42-, Spc29-, and Cmd1-binding sites. Overexpression of the Spc110 C terminus induces SPB defects and disrupts microtubule organization in both cycling and G2/M arrested cells. Notably, the two mitotic SPBs are affected in an asymmetric manner such that one SPB appears to be pulled away from the nucleus toward the cortex but remains attached via a thread of nuclear envelope. This SPB also contains relatively fewer microtubules and less endogenous Spc110. Our data suggest that overexpression of the Spc110 C terminus acts as a dominant-negative mutant that titrates endogenous Spc110 from the SPB causing spindle defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Alonso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amy Fabritius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Courtney Ozzello
- The Boulder Laboratory for 3D Electron Microscopy of Cells, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Mike Andreas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dima Klenchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mark Winey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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SAHABANDU N, KONG D, MAGIDSON V, NANJUNDAPPA R, SULLENBERGER C, MAHJOUB M, LONCAREK J. Expansion microscopy for the analysis of centrioles and cilia. J Microsc 2019; 276:145-159. [PMID: 31691972 PMCID: PMC6972531 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are vital cellular structures that organise centrosomes and cilia. Due to their subresolutional size, centriole ultrastructural features have been traditionally analysed by electron microscopy. Here we present an adaptation of magnified analysis of the proteome expansion microscopy method, to be used for a robust analysis of centriole number, duplication status, length, structural abnormalities and ciliation by conventional optical microscopes. The method allows the analysis of centriole's structural features from large populations of adherent and nonadherent cells and multiciliated cultures. We validate the method using EM and superresolution microscopy and show that it can be used as an affordable and reliable alternative to electron microscopy in the analysis of centrioles and cilia in various cell cultures. LAY DESCRIPTION: Centrioles are microtubule-based structures organised as ninefold symmetrical cylinders which are, in human cells, ∼500 nm long and ∼230 nm wide. Centrioles assemble dozens of proteins around them forming centrosomes, which nucleate microtubules and organise spindle poles in mitosis. Centrioles, in addition, assemble cilia and flagella, two critically important organelles for signalling and motility. Due to centriole small size, electron microscopy has been a major imaging technique for the analysis of their ultrastructural features. However, being technically demanding, electron microscopy it is not easily available to the researchers and it is rarely used to collect large datasets. Expansion microscopy is an emerging approach in which biological specimens are embedded in a swellable polymer and isotopically expanded several fold. Physical separation of cellular structures allows the analysis of, otherwise unresolvable, structures by conventional optical microscopes. We present an adaptation of expansion microscopy approach, specifically developed for a robust analysis of centrioles and cilia. Our protocol can be used for the analysis of centriole number, duplication status, length, localisation of various centrosomal components and ciliation from large populations of cultured adherent and nonadherent cells and multiciliated cultures. We validate the method against electron microscopy and superresolution microscopy and demonstrate that it can be used as an accessible and reliable alternative to electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. SAHABANDU
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and SignalingNIH/NCI/CCRFrederickMarylandU.S.A.
| | - D. KONG
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and SignalingNIH/NCI/CCRFrederickMarylandU.S.A.
| | - V. MAGIDSON
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis LaboratoryFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMarylandU.S.A.
| | - R. NANJUNDAPPA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisMissouriU.S.A.
| | - C. SULLENBERGER
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and SignalingNIH/NCI/CCRFrederickMarylandU.S.A.
| | - M.R. MAHJOUB
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisMissouriU.S.A.
| | - J. LONCAREK
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and SignalingNIH/NCI/CCRFrederickMarylandU.S.A.
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Fang J, Lerit DA. Drosophila pericentrin-like protein promotes the formation of primordial germ cells. Genesis 2019; 58:e23347. [PMID: 31774613 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors to the adult germline stem cells that are set aside early during embryogenesis and specified through the inheritance of the germ plasm, which contains the mRNAs and proteins that function as the germline fate determinants. In Drosophila melanogaster, formation of the PGCs requires the microtubule and actin cytoskeletal networks to actively segregate the germ plasm from the soma and physically construct the pole buds (PBs) that protrude from the posterior cortex. Of emerging importance is the central role of centrosomes in the coordination of microtubule dynamics and actin organization to promote PGC development. We previously identified a requirement for the centrosome protein Centrosomin (Cnn) in PGC formation. Cnn interacts directly with Pericentrin-like protein (PLP) to form a centrosome scaffold structure required for pericentriolar material recruitment and organization. In this study, we identify a role for PLP at several discrete steps during PGC development. We find PLP functions in segregating the germ plasm from the soma by regulating microtubule organization and centrosome separation. These activities further contribute to promoting PB protrusion and facilitating the distribution of germ plasm in proliferating PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dorothy A Lerit
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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