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p38 MAPK Endogenous Inhibition Improves Neurological Deficits in Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Mice. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3300327. [PMID: 35811833 PMCID: PMC9259354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3300327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex pathophysiological process that can lead to neurological function damage and the formation of cerebral infarction. The p38 MAPK pathway has attracted considerable attention in cerebral I/R injury (IRI), but little research has been carried out on its direct role in vivo. In this study, to observe the effects of p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition on cerebral IRI, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We hypothesized that p38 signaling might be involved in I/R injury and neurological damage reduction and that neurological behavioral deficits improve when p38 MAPK is inhibited. First, we examined the neurological damage and neurological behavioral deficit effects of I/R injury in WT mice. Cerebral I/R injury was induced by the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. The cerebral infarction area and volume were assessed and analyzed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. p38 MAPK and caspase-3 were detected by western blotting. Neuronal apoptosis was measured using TUNEL staining. Neurological deficits were detected by behavioral testing. Furthermore, to assess whether these neuroprotective effects occurred when p38 MAPK was inhibited, p38 heterozygous knockdown (p38KI/+) mice were used. We found that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition rescued hippocampal cell apoptosis, reduced ischemic penumbra, and improved neurological behavioral deficits. These findings showed that p38 MAPK endogenous inhibition had a neuroprotective effect on IRI and that p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral IRI.
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Neuroprotective Effect of Piclamilast-Induced Post-Ischemia Pharmacological Treatment in Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2230-2243. [PMID: 35482135 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have evidenced the neuroprotective role of PDE4 inhibitors. However, whether PDE4 inhibitor, Piclamilast pharmacological post-treatment is protective during cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced injury remains unknown. Therefore, this study design included testing the hypothesis that Piclamilast administered at the beginning of a reperfusion phase (Piclamilast pPost-trt) shows protective effects and explores & probes underlying downstream mechanisms. Swiss albino male mice were subjected to global ischemic and reperfusion injury for 17 min. The animals examined cerebral infarct size, biochemical parameters, inflammatory mediators, and motor coordination. For memory, assessment mice were subjected to morris water maze (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Histological changes were assessed using HE staining. Piclamilast pPost-trt significantly reduced I/R injury-induced deleterious effects on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters, infarct size, and histopathological changes, according to the findings. These neuroprotective effects of pPost-trt are significantly abolished by pre-treatment with selective CREB inhibitor, 666-15. Current study concluded that induced neuroprotective benefits of Piclamilast Post-trt, in all probability, maybe mediated through CREB activation. Hence, its neuroprotective effects can be further explored in clinical settings.
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Mehta K, Bhagwat DP, Devraj, Sehgal P, Mittal G, Suchal K. Vitex negundo protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse via attenuating behavioral deficits and oxidative damage. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:573-587. [PMID: 35072759 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I-R) injury often results in an irreparable brain damage like behavioral impairment and neuronal death. This neurological complication involves diverse intricate pathological mechanisms like oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Recently, the therapeutic value of plant-based polyphenols has gained researcher's attention. The present study focused on the putative neuroprotective role of negundoside on behavioral and oxidative stress status in an experimental model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain injury. Negundoside was isolated from the leaves of Vitex negundo Linn. by chromatography for investigating its possible neurobehavioral and neuropharmacological implications. Healthy Balb/C mice of either sex were subjected to 10 min of global cerebral ischemia (GCI) followed by 24-h reperfusion. Mice were pre-treated intraperitoneally with negundoside at varying doses (1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) 60 min before the induction of GCI. Mice were later subjected to a battery of behavioral tests for evaluating memory-related and motor abilities. Elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to determine the anxiety levels and short-term memory whereas motor abilities were evaluated by inclined beam-walking test, rotarod, and lateral push test. TBARS and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in brains were analyzed spectrophotometrically as oxidative stress markers. Behavioral study revealed enhanced anxiety-related responses and motor deficits in I-R injured mice. Additionally, GSH and TBARS levels were found to be altered following I-R-induced neuronal injury. Contrastingly, negundoside administration was able to alleviate the behavioral and biochemical alterations to the normal levels. Together, our findings provide preliminary evidence of neuroprotective role of negundoside against global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced behavioral dysfunction and oxidative damage in mice brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi Mehta
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | | | - Devraj
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India
| | - Palika Sehgal
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India
| | - Garima Mittal
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India
| | - Kapil Suchal
- Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana, 132102, India.
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Cui WH, Zhang HH, Qu ZM, Wang Z, Zhang DJ, Wang S. Effects of chrysophanol on hippocampal damage and mitochondrial autophagy in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:613-620. [PMID: 33032501 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1830085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model is crucial for the study of cerebral stroke. Chrysophanol (Chry) can protect nerve damage of mice in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effects of chrysophanol through mitochondrial autophagy in mice with ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult mice were stochastically divided into five groups: sham, I/R (solvent), I/R+Chry (dose, 10.0ml/kg), I/R+Chry (dose, 1.0ml/kg), and I/R+Chry (dose, 0.1ml/kg). The cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was made in I/R and I/R+Chry groups. The changes in hippocampal formation were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expressions of LC3B-II and LC3B-I protein in hippocampus were demonstrated by western blot (WB). The fluorescence intensities of NIX, LC3B, and mitochondria were detected by immunohistochemistry fluorescent (IF). RESULTS Comparing with the I/R group, the I/R+Chry groups showed improvements in reducing the damage on the hippocampus, indicated by the reduced ratio of LC3B-II and LC3B-I protein, decreased fluorescence intensity of NIX and LC3B, and increased intensity of mitochondrial fluorescence. CONCLUSION Our study showed that chrysophanol may regulate mitochondrial autophagy through NIX protein and alleviate the damage of hippocampus through decreasing the level of mitochondrial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Cui
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zi-Mei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - De-Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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Temporal changes in physiological and molecular markers in various brain regions following transient global ischemia in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6215-6230. [PMID: 31576510 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several mechanisms are involved in the loss of cellular integrity and tissue destructions in various brain regions during ischemic insult. The affected brain employs various self-repair mechanisms during the poststroke recovery. Therefore, the current study involves time course changes in different brain regions following ischemia in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis for which a bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion model was chosen. The development of oxidative stress was seen with a marked increase in ROS and NO levels with concomitant decrease in GSH levels and also the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes. These alterations were accompanied with decreased levels of neurotransmitters and motor and cognitive deficits at various time points. Increased expressions of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decline in BDNF levels in hippocampal regions on 7th day post ischemia, suggesting their role in its pathogenesis. The restoration of BDNF and neurotransmitter levels along with significant decline in inflammatory cytokine levels 14th day onwards following ischemia in hippocampus suggested poststroke recovery. The extent of neuronal damage was found to be increased significantly on 7th day post ischemia as indicated by TUNEL assay and hematoxylin and eosin staining depicting enhanced number of pyknotic neurons in cortical and hippocampal regions. Cortical regions of the ischemic brains were severely affected while hippocampal regions showed significant poststroke recovery, which might attributed to the normalization of BDNF and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In conclusion, the present study established the central role of BDNF and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the poststroke recovery. Also, the cortical and hippocampal regions were found to be more susceptible for ischemic injury. As our results indicated, full recovery after ischemic injury in different brain regions was not achieved, therefore further studies with long-term recovery time are required to be conducted.
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Grewal AK, Singh N, Singh TG. Effects of resveratrol postconditioning on cerebral ischemia in mice: role of the sirtuin-1 pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:1094-1101. [PMID: 31340128 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated that resveratrol preconditioning exhibits neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The current investigation aimed to explore whether pharmacological postconditioning, by administering resveratrol, after a sustained ischemia and prior to prolonged reperfusion abrogates cerebral IR injury. Cerebral IR-induced injury mice model was employed in this study to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of pharmacological postconditioning with resveratrol (30 mg/kg; i.p.) administered 5 min before reperfusion. We administered sirtinol, a SIRT1/2 selective inhibitor (10 mg/kg; i.p.) 10 min before ischemia (17 min) and reperfusion (24 h), to elucidate whether the neuroprotection with resveratrol postconditioning depends on SIRT1 activation. Various biochemical and behavioural parameters and histopathological changes were assessed to examine the effect of pharmacological postconditioning. Infarct size is estimated using TTC staining. It was established that resveratrol postconditioning abrogated the deleterious effects of IR injury expressed with regard to biochemical parameters of oxidative stress (TBARS, SOD, GSH), acetylcholinesterase activity, behavioural parameters (memory, motor coordination), infarct size, and histopathological changes. Sirtinol significantly reversed the effect of resveratrol postconditioning. We conclude that induced neuroprotective benefits of resveratrol postconditioning may be the consequence of SIRT1 activation and resveratrol can be considered, for further studies, as potential agent inducing pharmacological postconditioning in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
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Wang J, Huang L, Cheng C, Li G, Xie J, Shen M, Chen Q, Li W, He W, Qiu P, Wu J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of chalcone analogues with novel dual antioxidant mechanisms as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:335-350. [PMID: 30972281 PMCID: PMC6437665 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) by antioxidants is the important therapy to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in stroke. The antioxidant with novel dual-antioxidant mechanism of directly scavenging ROS and indirectly through antioxidant pathway activation may be a promising CIRI therapeutic strategy. In our study, a series of chalcone analogues were designed and synthesized, and multiple potential chalcone analogues with dual antioxidant mechanisms were screened. Among these compounds, the most active 33 not only conferred cytoprotection of H2O2-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells through scavenging free radicals directly and activating NRF2/ARE antioxidant pathway at the same time, but also played an important role against ischemia/reperfusion-related brain injury in animals. More importantly, in comparison with mono-antioxidant mechanism compounds, 33 exhibited higher cytoprotective and neuroprotective potential in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our findings showed compound 33 could emerge as a promising anti-ischemic stroke drug candidate and provided novel dual-antioxidant mechanism strategies and concepts for oxidative stress-related diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ningbo Medical Centre Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo 315041, China
| | - Chanchan Cheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ge Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jingwen Xie
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mengya Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wulan Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- College of Information Science and Computer Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenfei He
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peihong Qiu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianzhang Wu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Singh V, Krishan P, Shri R. Antioxidant-mediated neuroprotection by Allium schoenoprasum L. leaf extract against ischemia reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:403-410. [PMID: 29933243 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in ischemia reperfusion (IR)-mediated functional and neuronal impairment. Therefore, strategies employing antioxidants to reverse the damage due to IR are being investigated. Allium schoenoprasum L. is a culinary medicine whose antioxidant properties are well documented but whose neuroprotective potential has not been examined. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of A. schoenoprasum leaf extract (ASLE) on functional deficit against IR-induced cerebral injury in mice. Methods Acute toxicity studies of ASLE were performed following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline 423. IR injury was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion. Animals were treated for 7 days with ASLE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) after IR injury. Functional outcomes (memory and sensorimotor functions) were measured using Morris water maze and neurological severity score, respectively. Cerebral infarct size and oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity) were measured in order to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism of ASLE. Results No toxic effects of ASLE were observed in mice. Oral treatment with ASLE for 7 days significantly attenuated IR-mediated memory and sensorimotor function deficit in the animals. The extract also reduced the cerebral infarct size and rise in brain TBARS levels, and restored the GSH levels and SOD activity. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that ASLE is safe and effective in improving functional outcomes. It demonstrates neuroprotective effect by enhancing the antioxidant defence against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Pawan Krishan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Richa Shri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
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Singh V, Krishan P, Shri R. Improvement of memory and neurological deficit with Ocimum basilicum L. extract after ischemia reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1111-1120. [PMID: 29546690 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. Strategies using antioxidants to improve neurological functions after stroke have, thus, gained significant attention. Ocimum basilicum L. is used traditionally to treat CNS disorders. Its antioxidant capacity is well established. Our laboratory has reported protective effects of pre-treatment with O. basilicum in experimental stroke, but its curative (post-treatment) effects in ischemic stroke have not been documented. Hence, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of O. basilicum leaf extract (OBLE) on functional outcomes following cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral injury was induced in the experimental animals by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) followed by reperfusion. OBLE treatment (200 and 400 mg/kg; orally, once daily) was given for 7 days after BCCAO. Cognitive outcomes and sensorimotor disturbances were evaluated with Morris Water Maze, Elevated Plus Maze and neurological severity score, respectively. TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining was used to measure cerebral infarct size. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity in mice brain homogenate were estimated to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism of OBLE. Treatment with OBLE resulted in marked improvement in memory and motor coordination. OBLE also decreased cerebral infarct size and oxidative stress in mice. The extract was standardised with respect to total phenol content; an HPLC-PDA analysis showed the presence of eight phenolic acids in OBLE. It is concluded that treatment with OBLE improves functional outcomes after ischemic stroke and this may be developed as a neuroprotective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Pawan Krishan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Richa Shri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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Singh V, Krishan P, Singh N, Kumar A, Shri R. Amelioration of ischemia-reperfusion induced functional and biochemical deficit in mice by Ocimum kilimandscharicum leaf extract. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:556-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Chen YY, Yu YN, Zhang YY, Li B, Liu J, Li DF, Wu P, Wang J, Wang Z, Wang YY. Quantitative Determination of Flexible Pharmacological Mechanisms Based On Topological Variation in Mice Anti-Ischemic Modular Networks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158379. [PMID: 27383195 PMCID: PMC4934924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting modules or signalings may open a new path to understanding the complex pharmacological mechanisms of reversing disease processes. However, determining how to quantify the structural alteration of these signalings or modules in pharmacological networks poses a great challenge towards realizing rational drug use in clinical medicine. Here, we explore a novel approach for dynamic comparative and quantitative analysis of the topological structural variation of modules in molecular networks, proposing the concept of allosteric modules (AMs). Based on the ischemic brain of mice, we optimize module distribution in different compound-dependent modular networks by using the minimum entropy criterion and then calculate the variation in similarity values of AMs under various conditions using a novel method of SimiNEF. The diverse pharmacological dynamic stereo-scrolls of AMs with functional gradient alteration, which consist of five types of AMs, may robustly deconstruct modular networks under the same ischemic conditions. The concept of AMs can not only integrate the responsive mechanisms of different compounds based on topological cascading variation but also obtain valuable structural information about disease and pharmacological networks beyond pathway analysis. We thereby provide a new systemic quantitative strategy for rationally determining pharmacological mechanisms of altered modular networks based on topological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-ying Chen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-ying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-feng Li
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZW); (YYW)
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZW); (YYW)
| | - Yong-yan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZW); (YYW)
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Active Compounds of Rhubarb Root and Rhizome in Animal Model Experiments of Focal Cerebral Ischemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:210546. [PMID: 26495006 PMCID: PMC4606211 DOI: 10.1155/2015/210546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhubarb root and rhizome (RRR) has been clinically used for stroke at least 2000 years and is still used in modern times in both China and elsewhere worldwide. The objective of present study was to evaluate the efficacy of active compounds of RRR (ACRRR) for experimental ischemic stroke. Studies of ACRRR in animal models of ischemic stroke were identified from 5 databases until April 2014. Study quality for each included article was evaluated according to the CAMARADES 10-item checklist. Outcome measures were neurological deficit score and infarct size. All the data were analyzed using RevMan 5.1 software. As a result, 20 studies were identified describing procedures involving 577 animals. The quality score of studies ranges from 2 to 6, and the median was 3.4. Six studies showed significant effects of ACRRR for improving infarct size compared with model group (P < 0.01). Six studies indicated significant effects of ACRRR for improving the neurological deficit scores according to Zea longa criterion or eight-point criterion (P < 0.01). In conclusion, these findings demonstrated a possible efficacy of ACRRR that have potential neuroprotective effect for experimental ischemic stroke. However, these apparently positive findings should be interpreted with caution because of the methodological flaws.
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Mahi N, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N, Dhawan R. Possible role of pannexin 1/P2x7 purinoceptor in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. J Surg Res 2015; 196:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gulati P, Muthuraman A, Kaur P. Investigation of the role of non-selective calcium channel blocker (flunarizine) on cerebral ischemic-reperfusion associated cognitive dysfunction in aged mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 131:26-32. [PMID: 25636603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the role of flunarizine (a non-selective calcium channel blocker) on cerebral ischemic-reperfusion associated cognitive dysfunction in aged mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 12min followed by reperfusion for 24h was given to induce cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. The assessment of learning & memory was performed by Morris water maze test; motor in-coordination was evaluated by rota rod, lateral push and inclined beam walking tests; cerebral infarct size was quantified by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In addition, reduced glutathione (GSH), total calcium and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also estimated in aged brain tissue. Donepezil treated group served as a positive control in this study. Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury produced significant increase in cerebral infarct size. A significant loss of memory along with impairment of motor performance was also noted. Further, I/R injury also produced significant increase in levels of total calcium, AChE activity and decrease in GSH levels. Pretreatment of flunarizine significantly attenuated I/R induced infarct size, behavioral and biochemical changes. Hence, it may be concluded that, a non-selective calcium channel blocker can be useful in I/R associated cognitive dysfunction due to its anti-oxidant, anti-infarct and modulatory actions of neurotransmitters & calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Division, Akal Pharmacology & Toxicology Research Centre, Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education (ACPTE), Masuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, Punjab, India.
| | - Parneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Division, Akal Pharmacology & Toxicology Research Centre, Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education (ACPTE), Masuana Sahib, Sangrur 148001, Punjab, India
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Gulati P, Singh N. Pharmacological evidence for connection of nitric oxide-mediated pathways in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:233-40. [PMID: 25400405 PMCID: PMC4231382 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.142951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postconditioning (PoCo) is an adaptive phenomenon whereby brief repetitive cycles of ischemia with intermittent reperfusion instituted immediately after prolonged ischemia at the onset of prolonged reperfusion elicit tissue protection. PoCo is noted to exert a protective effect in various organs like heart, liver, kidney and brain. Various triggers, mediators and end effectors are suggested to contribute to the protective effect of PoCo. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of PoCo is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The present study has been designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide pathway in the neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo) employing a mouse model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) of 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral injury was assessed in the terms of cerebral infarct, memory impairment and motor in-coordination. Brain nitrite/nitrate; acetylcholinesterase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and glutathione level were also estimated. RESULTS BCAO followed by reperfusion produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size, memory impairment and motor incoordination. Further a rise in acetylcholinesterase activity and TBARS level along with fall in brain nitrite/nitrate and glutathione levels was also noted. iPoCo consisting of three episodes of 10 s carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion (instituted immediately after BCAO) significantly attenuated infarct size, memory impairment, motor incoordination as well as altered biochemicals. iPoCo-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly abolished by pretreatment of L-NAME, a nonselective NOS inhibitor. CONCLUSION It may be concluded that the nitric oxide pathway probably plays a vital role in the neuroprotective mechanism of iPoCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Yan C, Zhang J, Wang S, Xue G, Hou Y. Neuroprotective effects of rutaecarpine on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2030-8. [PMID: 25206511 PMCID: PMC4146067 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rutaecarpine, an active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Tetradium ruticarpum, has been shown to improve myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Because both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are forms of ischemic vascular disease, they are closely related. We hypothesized that rutaecarpine also has neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. A cerebral ischemia reperfusion model was established after 84, 252 and 504 μg/kg carpine were given to mice via intraperitoneal injection, daily for 7 days. Results of the step through test, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride dyeing and oxidative stress indicators showed that rutaecarpine could improve learning and memory ability, neurological symptoms and reduce infarction volume and cerebral water content in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Rutaecarpine could significantly decrease the malondialdehyde content and increase the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in mouse brain. Therefore, rutaecarpine could improve neurological function following injury induced by cerebral ischemia reperfusion, and the mechanism of this improvement may be associated with oxidative stress. These results verify that rutaecarpine has neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia reperfusion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guiping Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
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Gulati P, Singh N. Evolving possible link between PI3K and NO pathways in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 397:255-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice: a possible relationship between protein kinase C and nitric oxide pathways. J Surg Res 2014; 189:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gulati P, Singh N. Tadalafil enhances the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning in mice, probably in a nitric oxide associated manner. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:418-26. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the modulatory effect of tadalafil, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE-5) inhibitor, on the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo) in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury. Cerebral infarct size was measured using TTC staining. Memory was assessed using the Morris water maze test. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walking, rota-rod, and lateral push tests. Brain nitrite/nitrate, acetylcholinesterase activity, TBARS, and glutathione levels were also estimated. BCAO followed by reperfusion produced a significant increase in cerebral infarct size, brain nitrite/nitrate and TBARS levels, and acetylcholinesterase activity along with a reduction in glutathione. Marked impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. iPoCo consisting of 3 episodes of 10 s carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion instituted immediately after BCAO significantly decreased infarct size, memory impairment, motor incoordination, and altered biochemistry. Pretreatment with tadalafil mimicked the neuroprotective effects of iPoCo. The tadalafil-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly attenuated by l-NAME, a nonselective NOS inhibitor. We concluded that tadalafil mimics the neuroprotective effects of iPoCo, probably through a nitric oxide dependent pathway, and PDE-5 could be a target of interest with respect to the neuroprotective mechanism of iPoCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Pharmacologic evidence for role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. J Surg Res 2014; 188:349-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Singh DP, Chopra K. Flavocoxid, dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase, exhibits neuroprotection in rat model of ischaemic stroke. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacological investigations on possible role of Src kinases in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:777-86. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.879869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Role of P2X7 purinoceptors in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 390:161-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Grewal AK, Jaggi AS, Rana AC, Singh N. Effect of neurosteroid modulation on global ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:485-91. [PMID: 24381496 PMCID: PMC3874434 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.6.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the putative effect of neurosteroid modulation on global ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion, produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size along with impairment of grip strength and motor coordination in Swiss albino mice. Administration of carbamazepine (16 mg/kg, i.p.) before global cerebral ischaemia significantly attenuated cerebral infarct size and improved the motor performance. However, administration of indomethacin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the neuroprotective effect of carbamazepine. Mexiletine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) did not produce significant neuroprotective effect. It may be concluded that the neuroprotective effect of carbamazepine may be due to increase in synthesis of neurosteroids perhaps by activating enzyme (3α HSD) as indomethacin attenuated the neuroprotective effect of carbamazepine. The sodium channel blocking effect of carbamazepine may not be involved in neuroprotection as mexiletine, a sodium channel blocker, did not produce significant neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjot Kaur Grewal
- Rayat and Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Sahauran, Mohali-140104, Punjab, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India
| | - Avtar Chand Rana
- Rayat and Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Sahauran, Mohali-140104, Punjab, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India
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Gulati P, Singh N. Neuroprotective effect of tadalafil, a PDE-5 inhibitor, and its modulation by L-NAME in mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2013; 186:475-83. [PMID: 24011921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigates the neuroprotective effect of tadalafil, a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, in a mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam walk test, rota-rod test, and lateral push test. Brain nitrite/nitrate, brain acetylcholinesterase activity, brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species, and glutathione levels were also estimated. RESULTS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion, produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size, brain nitrite/nitrate levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, and thiobarbituric acid reactive species level along with a fall in glutathione. A significant impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. Pretreatment of tadalafil significantly attenuated the above effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tadalafil-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly attenuated by administration of L-NAME, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that tadalafil exerts neuroprotective effects, probably through nitric oxide-dependent pathways. Therefore, phosphodiesterase-5 can be explored as an important target to contain ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Gulati P, Muthuraman A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Neuroprotective effect of gadolinium: a stretch-activated calcium channel blocker in mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:255-64. [PMID: 23229582 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the potential of gadolinium, a stretch-activated calcium channel blocker in ischemic reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was given to induce cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was assessed using Morris water maze test and motor incoordination was evaluated using rota-rod, lateral push, and inclined beam walking tests. In addition, total calcium, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also estimated in brain tissue. I/R injury produced a significant increase in cerebral infarct size. A significant loss of memory along with impairment of motor performance was also noted. Furthermore, I/R injury also produced a significant increase in levels of TBARS, total calcium, AChE activity, and a decrease in GSH levels. Pretreatment of gadolinium significantly attenuated I/R-induced infarct size, behavioral and biochemical changes. On the basis of the present findings, we can suggest that opening of stretch-activated calcium channel may play a critical role in ischemic reperfusion-induced brain injury and that gadolinium has neuroprotective potential in I/R-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
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Rehni AK, Singh TG. Involvement of CCR-2 chemokine receptor activation in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning of brain in mice. Cytokine 2012; 60:83-9. [PMID: 22704692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the potential role of CCR-2 chemokine receptor in ischemic preconditioning as well as postconditioning induced reversal of ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse brain. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24h was employed in present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze test and Morris water maze test. Rota rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1 min and reperfusion of 1 min were employed to elicit ischemic preconditioning of brain, while three episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10s and reperfusion of 10s immediately after the completion of were employed to elicit ischemic postconditioning of brain. Both prior ischemic preconditioning as well as ischemic postconditioning immediately after global cerebral ischemia prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury as measured in terms of infarct size, loss of memory and motor coordination. RS 102895, a selective CCR-2 chemokine receptor antagonist, attenuated the neuroprotective effect of both the ischemic preconditioning as well as postconditioning. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effect of both ischemic preconditioning as well as ischemic postconditioning may involve the activation of CCR-2 chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura, 140 401 Patiala, Punjab, India
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Variations in target gene expression and pathway profiles in the mouse hippocampus following treatment with different effective compounds for ischemia-reperfusion injury. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:797-806. [PMID: 22622953 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the overlapping and diverse pharmacological protective mechanisms of different Chinese medicinal compounds, we investigated the alteration of gene expression and activation of signaling pathways in the mouse hippocampus after treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury with various compounds. A microarray including 16,463 genes was used to identify differentially expressed genes among six treatment groups: baicalin (BA), jasminoidin (JA), cholic acid (CA), concha margaritiferausta (CM), sham, and vehicle. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ArrayTrack system and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database were used to screen significantly altered genes and pathways (P < 0.05, fold change >1.5). Vehicle treatment alone resulted in alteration of 726 genes (283 upregulated, 443 downregulated) compared to the sham treatment group. BA, JA, and CA treatments, but not CM treatment, were effective in reducing infarct volume compared with vehicle treatment (P < 0.05). Compared with the CM group, a total of 167 (73 upregulated, 94 downregulated), 379 (211 upregulated, 168 downregulated), and 181 (76 upregulated, 105 downregulated) altered genes were found in the BA, JA, and CA groups, respectively. The numbers of overlapping genes between the BA and JA, BA and CA, and JA and CA groups were 28 (16 upregulated, 12 downregulated), 14 (4 upregulated, 10 downregulated), and 31 (8 upregulated, 23 downregulated), respectively. Three overlapping genes were identified among the BA, JA, and CA treatment groups: Il1rap, Gnb5, and Wdr38. Based on KEGG pathway analysis, two, seven, and four pathways were significantly activated in the BA, JA, and CA groups, respectively, when compared to the CM group. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters general pathway was activated by BA and JA treatment, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was activated by JA and CA treatment. Alteration of IL-1 and Hspa1a expression was found by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, confirming the results of the microarray analysis. Our data demonstrated that polytypic profiles of 167-379 altered genes exist in the mouse hippocampus treated with different compounds known to be therapeutically effective in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and we were able to identify overlapping genes and pathways among these groups. Therefore, these different compounds may function through both overlapping and distinct pharmacological mechanisms to exert their therapeutic action.
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Bora KS, Sharma A. Evaluation of antioxidant and free-radical scavenging potential of Artemisia absinthium. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:1216-1223. [PMID: 21999109 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.578142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Currently there has been an increased global interest to identify antioxidant compounds for use in preventive medicine and the food-industry that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no side effects. As plants produce significant amount of antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress, they represent a potential source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to evaluate the methanol extract of Artemisia absinthium Linn. (Asteraceae; MAB) for its in vitro free-radical scavenging effects using different classical assays, and in vivo antioxidant activity using global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced oxidative stress in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro scavenging activity was studied on the superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl, nitric oxide radical, and reducing power. Further, in the in vivo studies, the animal model of global cerebral I/R was established by occluding the bilateral carotid artery for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content were determined by colorimetric assays. RESULTS In the in vitro assays, methanol extract of A. absinthium showed significant (p<0.05) superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities, and significant reducing power. Furthermore, in the in vivo studies, oral administration of MAB (100 or 200 mg/kg) inhibited cerebral I/R-induced oxidative stress by decreasing TBARS, and restoring levels of SOD and GSH. CONCLUSION The results indicated that A. absinthium possess potent antioxidant properties, and may be used as a protective agent against disorders associated with oxidative stress.
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Bora KS, Arora S, Shri R. Role of Ocimum basilicum L. in prevention of ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral damage, and motor dysfunctions in mice brain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:1360-1365. [PMID: 21843615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Ocimum (Lamiaceae) has a long history of use as culinary and medicinal herbs. Many species are used for their antioxidant and neuroprotective activity in various parts of the world. Ocimum basilicum Linn. has been used traditionally for the treatment of anxiety, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, headaches, nerve pain, as anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory, and used in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is designed to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral damage, and motor dysfunctions in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 24h. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was determined by colorimetric assay. Short-term memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze. Inclined beam walking was employed to assess motor coordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced significant increase in cerebral infarct size and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), and reduced GSH content, and impaired short-term memory and motor coordination. RESULTS Pre-treatment with standardized ethyl acetate extract of Ocimum basilicum (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and lipid peroxidation, restored GSH content, and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. CONCLUSION The results of the study suggest that Ocimum basilicum could be useful clinically in the prevention of stroke.
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Rehni AK, Singh TG, Behl N, Arora S. Possible involvement of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases in acute and delayed aspects of ischemic preconditioning of brain in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1953-7. [PMID: 21139232 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the potential role of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases in acute as well as delayed aspects of ischemic preconditioning induced reversal of ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse brain. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed in present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using elevated plus-maze test. Rota rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1 min and reperfusion of 1 min (ischemic preconditioning) both immediately before (for acute preconditioning) and 24 h before (for delayed preconditioning) global cerebral ischemia prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury as measured in terms of infarct size, loss of memory and motor coordination. Z-Leu-Leu-Phe-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), an inhibitor of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases attenuated the neuroprotective effect of both the acute as well as delayed ischemic preconditioning. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effect of both the acute as well as delayed phases of ischemic preconditioning may be due to the activation of ubiquitin proteasome system and other proteases.
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Involvement of src-kinase activation in ischemic preconditioning induced protection of mouse brain. Life Sci 2011; 88:825-9. [PMID: 21396377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of src-kinase in ischemic preconditioning induced reversal of ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. MAIN METHODS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17min followed by reperfusion for 24h was employed to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining using both by volume and by weight methods differently. Memory was evaluated using elevated plus maze test. Rota rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. KEY FINDINGS Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1min and reperfusion of 1min (ischemic preconditioning) prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury measured in terms of infarct size (38.5±1.3% and 38.5±2.9% mean infarct of control animals was reduced to 24.3±1.2% and 23.5±1.8% of the preconditioning groups respectively), loss of memory (72.2±3.6 mean transfer latency time of control animals was reduced to 25.6±5.2 of the preconditioning group respectively) and motor coordination (78.3±17.6s mean falling down latency time of control animals was increased to a mean value of 180.9±6.5s of the preconditioning groups respectively). SU6656 (2mg/kg, ip) and PP1 (0.1mg/kg, ip), highly selective src-kinase inhibitors, attenuated this neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning may be due to src-kinase linked mechanism.
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Bora KS, Sharma A. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:792167. [PMID: 21785631 PMCID: PMC3137587 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Medicago sativa (MS) has a long tradition of use as ayurvedic and homoeopathic medicine in central nervous system disorders. The plant has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of MS on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion, resulted in significant elevation in infarct size, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, superoxide anion (O•−2) production and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and significant depletion in endogenous antioxidant [reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total tissue sulfhydryl (T-SH) groups] systems in mice brain. Further, BCAO led to impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Pre-treatment with MS (100 or 200 mg kg−1, p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size, XO, O•−2 and TBARS levels, significantly restored GSH, SOD and T-SH levels and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. In addition, MS directly scavenged free radicals generated against a stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and O•−2 generated in phenazine methosulphate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide systems, and also inhibited XD/XO conversion and resultant O•−2 production. The data from this study suggest that treatment with MS enhances the antioxidant defense against BCAO-induced global cerebral ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective activity.
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Malik ZA, Singh M, Sharma PL. Neuroprotective effect of Momordica charantia in global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion induced neuronal damage in diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:729-734. [PMID: 21056650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) fruits have been used traditionally for centuries, especially for treating diabetes and associated complications. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate neuroprotective effect of lyophilized M. charantia fruit juice against global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion induced neuronal injury in diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Global cerebral ischemia induced by occluding both common carotid arteries for 10 min followed by 24 h reperfusion was used to induce neuronal injury. Ischemia-reperfusion induced neuronal injury was evaluated in terms of cerebral infarct size, generation of free radicals measured as thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances (TBARS), and neurological functions measured as short term memory and motor activity. RESULTS The cerebral oxidative stress and damage, and neurological deficits were dose dependently attenuated by pre-treatment with the lyophilized M. charantia juice (200-800 mg/kg, p.o., o.d.). Moreover, M. charantia also exhibited dose dependent antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that M. charantia has potent neuroprotective activity against global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced neuronal injury and consequent neurological deficits in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Gal Kalan, Ferozpur Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
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Liva Cengiz Ş, Fatih Erdi M, Tosun M, Atalik E, Cihat Avunduk M, Cavide Sönmez F, Mehmetoglu İ, Baysefer A. Beneficial effects of levosimendan on cerebral vasospasm induced by subarachnoid haemorrhage: An experimental study. Brain Inj 2010; 24:877-85. [DOI: 10.3109/02699051003789260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aggarwal R, Medhi B, Pathak A, Dhawan V, Chakrabarti A. Neuroprotective effect of progesterone on acute phase changes induced by partial global cerebral ischaemia in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:731-7. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The possible neuroprotective effect of progesterone, a steroid hormone, on acute phase changes in a mouse model of cerebral ischaemia induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) was studied. A total of 72 male mice were included in the study. The BCAO model was used to induce partial global cerebral ischaemia. Morphological assessment included measurement of infarct size and brain oedema. Post-ischaemic seizure susceptibility was assessed using a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (30 mgkg−1 i.p.). Biochemical estimations included tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels and enzyme parameters such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and protein estimation. BCAO induced a significant infarct size and oedema in the saline-treated control group, along with an increase in oxidative stress, indicated by increased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Progesterone (15 mgkg−1 i.p.) administration showed a neuroprotective effect by significantly reducing the cerebral infarct size as compared with the control group. Post-ischaemic seizure susceptibility was also reduced as the number of positive responders decreased. Brain oedema subsided, but not significantly. Progesterone significantly reduced TNF-α levels compared with the ischaemia group. Progesterone improved levels of all the anti-oxidants, indicating activity against oxidative stress induced by BCAO. The results demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of progesterone against ischaemic insult, suggesting a role for the steroid as a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashis Pathak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Dhawan
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Preventive Effects of Intraperitoneal Selenium on Cerebral Vasospasm In Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2010; 22:53-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0b013e3181b26a63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rehni AK, Singh TG, Bhateja P, Singh N, Arora S. Involvement of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose receptor activation in ischemic preconditioning induced protection in mouse brain. Brain Res 2009; 1309:75-82. [PMID: 19896931 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to expound the significance of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose receptor activation in ischemic preconditioning induced reversal of ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed in present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using Morris water-maze test. Rota-rod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired memory and motor co-ordination. Three preceding episodes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 1 min and reperfusion of 1 min (ischemic preconditioning) prevented markedly ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury measured in terms of infarct size, loss of memory and motor coordination. 8-Bromo-cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (2 mg/kg, ip), an antagonist of cyclic ADP-ribose receptor, attenuated the neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. It is concluded that neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning may be due to the adenosine diphosphoribose receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Otsuka N, Tsuritani K, Sakurai T, Kato K, Matoba R, Itoh J, Okuyama S, Yamada K, Yoneda Y. Transcriptional induction and translational inhibition of Arc and Cugbp2 in mice hippocampus after transient global ischemia under normothermic condition. Brain Res 2009; 1287:136-45. [PMID: 19559013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mild hypothermia protects against neuronal damage after transient global ischemia in experimental animals. The exact mechanism of this protective effect remains to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms relevant to different neurologic responses to hypothermia and normothermia. Transient global ischemia was induced in C57BL/6 mice by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 10 min. Hypothermia provided robust neuroprotection in the hippocampus region and dramatically reduced the mortality rate. Using adaptor-tagged competitive polymerase chain reaction, we obtained the relative transcription levels of 1210 genes in the hippocampal region and compared the expression patterns of these genes. Two genes, Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) and CUG-binding protein-2 (Cugbp2), showed remarkable and persistent increases in their expression levels in normothermic mice, compared with in both sham and hypothermic mice. Despite the increased transcription of Arc and Cugbp2, an immunohistochemistry analysis did not show comparable increases in the translations of both genes. Only a transient increase in Arc protein was observed in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus at 6 h after reperfusion. A remarkable decrease in Cugbp2 protein was observed in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1-CA3, in accordance with the progress of neuronal degeneration. A decrease in Cugbp2 protein was not observed in hypothermic mice. These results suggest that transient global ischemia induces the translational inhibition of genes with increased expression not in hypothermic, but in normothermic mice. Thus, translational inhibition might play an important role in the progress of neuronal injury after transient global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Otsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Rehni AK, Bhateja P, Singh N. Diethyl dithiocarbamic acid, a possible nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor, attenuates ischemic postconditioning-induced attenuation of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:63-8. [PMID: 19142217 DOI: 10.1139/y08-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to pharmacologically investigate the possible role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) in the reversal of global cerebral injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion after ischemic postconditioning. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 17 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured by using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. The rotarod test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced a marked increase in cerebral infarct size, impairment of memory, and motor coordination. A set of 5 episodes of carotid artery occlusion for a period of 10 s and reperfusion of 10 s (ischemic postconditioning) significantly prevented ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral infarct size and behavioral deficits measured in terms of loss of memory and motor coordination. Diethyl dithiocarbamic acid sodium salt trihydrate (DDA) (100 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, given 30 min before ischemia attenuated the beneficial effects of ischemic postconditioning. It may be concluded that the beneficial effects of ischemic postconditioning on global cerebral ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury and behavioral deficits may involve activation of the NF-kappaB-linked pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Patiala-Chandigarh Highway, Rajpura, Patiala-140041 Punjab, India.
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Papadimitriou D, Xanthos T, Dontas I, Lelovas P, Perrea D. The use of mice and rats as animal models for cardiopulmonary resuscitation research. Lab Anim 2008; 42:265-76. [PMID: 18625581 DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.006035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after the induction of cardiac arrest (CA) has been studied in mice and rats. The anatomical and physiological parameters of the cardiopulmonary system of these two species have been defined during experimental studies and are comparable with those of humans. Moreover, these animal models are more ethical to establish and are easier to manipulate, when compared with larger experimental animals. Accordingly, the effects of successful CPR on the function of vital organs, such as the brain, have been investigated because damage to these vital organs is of concern in CA survivors. Furthermore, the efficacy of several drugs, such as adrenaline (epinephrine), vasopressin and nitroglycerin, has been evaluated for use in CA in these small animal models. The purpose of these studies is not only to increase the rate of survival of CA victims, but also to improve their quality of life by reducing damage to their vital organs after CA and during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Papadimitriou
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, University of Athens Medical School, 15B Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Rehni AK, Bhateja P, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Implication of mast cell degranulation in ischemic preconditioning-induced prevention of cerebral injury. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008; 22:179-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pateliya BB, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Possible Role of Opioids and KATP Channels in Neuroprotective Effect of Postconditioning in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1755-60. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
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Rehni AK, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Possible involvement of insulin, endogenous opioids and calcitonin gene-related peptide in remote ischaemic preconditioning of the brain. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1013-20. [PMID: 17541253 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the role of insulin, endogenous opioids and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) on remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning induced reversal of global cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 10 min followed by reperfusion for 24 hour was employed in present study to produce ischaemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Short-term memory was evaluated using elevated plus maze. Inclined beam walking and resistance to lateral push response, tests were employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced cerebral infarction and impaired short-term memory, motor co-ordination and lateral push response. A preceding episode of mesenteric artery occlusion for 15 min and reperfusion of 15 min (remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning) prevented markedly, ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury measured in terms of infarct size, loss of short-term memory, motor coordination and lateral push response. Anti-insulin serum, naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) and alpha-CGRP (8-37) (a selective CGRP receptor blocker) attenuated the neuroprotective effect of remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning. It may be concluded that neuroprotective effect of remote mesenteric ischaemic preconditioning probably is mediated through insulin, endogenous opioids and CGRP released as a consequence of mesenteric ischaemia and reperfusion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, India
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Kofler J, Hattori K, Sawada M, DeVries AC, Martin LJ, Hurn PD, Traystman RJ. Histopathological and behavioral characterization of a novel model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 136:33-44. [PMID: 15126043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest is associated with high mortality and poor neurological outcome. We characterized functional and histological outcome in a novel mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in order to study neuroprotective mechanisms. Cardiac arrest was induced in male C57Bl/6 and 129SVEV mice by i.v. injection of KCl. After 10 min cardiac standstill, CPR was initiated by administration of epinephrine, ventilation with 100% oxygen and chest compressions. Twenty-four hours before and 3 or 7 days after CPR, mice were subjected to behavioral testing using a passive avoidance task, locomotor activity in an open field, and spontaneous alternation in a T-maze. Hippocampal and caudoputamen injury was quantified 3 or 7 days after CPR. At both time points, caudoputamen injury was worse in 129SVEV mice. Post-ischemic mice of both strains showed a reduced number of correct choices in the T-maze up to 7 days after CPR, and were temporarily impaired in learning the passive avoidance task with a retention deficit on day 3 but not on day 7. Locomotor activity showed strain differences with C57Bl/6 mice being more active, but little ischemia-related effects. A dissociation between functional and histological outcome was found emphasizing the importance of combining both outcome measures for evaluation of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kofler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Gupta R, Singh M, Sharma A. Neuroprotective effect of antioxidants on ischaemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Pharmacol Res 2003; 48:209-15. [PMID: 12798674 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the effect of dietary flavanoid rutin, micronutrient selenium and garlic oil on ischaemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Global cerebral ischaemia was induced by occluding right and left common carotid arteries for 10min followed by reperfusion for 24h. Cerebral infarct size was estimated using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Elevated plus maze was employed to estimate short-term memory. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walking test and lateral push test. Mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay was employed as an index of oxidative stress. Global cerebral ischaemia followed by reperfusion produced a significant impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination and produced a notable increase in mitochondrial TBARS. Administration of rutin and garlic oil before global cerebral ischaemia markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Administration of sodium selenite either before or after global cerebral ischaemia markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. The protective effect of rutin, sodium selenite and garlic oil was accompanied by a marked decrease in mitochondrial TBARS. On the basis of these results, it may be suggested that rutin and garlic oil administrated before cerebral ischaemia may scavenge reactive oxygen species and consequently attenuate global cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Sodium selenite administrated before and after cerebral ischaemia may be neuroprotective due to its antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Punjab, Patiala, India
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Abstract
Extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids increase substantially within cerebral tissue beds exposed to ischaemic conditions. This leads to excessive stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a major cerebral excitatory neurotransmitter receptor that likely plays a critical role in the propagation of ischaemic injury in neurons. Pharmacological blockade of these receptors has proven to be an effective neuroprotective therapy by a number of animal models of central nervous system ischaemia. Clinical trials of these drugs were begun with high expectations for successful therapy of human stroke. These putative neuroprotective drugs included competitive or non-competitive inhibitors of the NMDA receptor itself, as well as inhibitors of a co-modulatory glycine site. Thus far, all clinical trials of NMDA antagonists have been unsuccessful in establishing benefit for human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Madden
- Department of Neurosciences, Marshfield Clinic, Wisconsin, USA
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Rejdak K, Rejdak R, Sieklucka-Dziuba M, Stelmasiak Z, Grieb P. The effects of citicoline and/or MK-801 on survival, neurological and behavioral outcome of mice exposed to transient hyperglycemia and oligemic hypoxia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11:333-41. [PMID: 11597819 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effects of citicoline and/or low dose of MK-801 (sufficient to prevent the development of seizures) on survival, neurological and behavioral recovery following transient hyperglycemic-oligemic-hypoxic insult have been evaluated in mice. Neurological recovery was assessed semi-quantitatively on the third and the 10th day after the insult, and behavioral tests evaluating spontaneous locomotor activity, motor coordination and spontaneous alternation performance were performed on day 10. Neither drug given alone did influence survival rate, but the combination of MK-801 and higher citicoline dose decreased mortality on day 10. Behavioral performance was markedly compromised by the insult. Citicoline, but not MK-801, slightly but significantly improved behavioral outcome in all three tests. CONCLUSION when brain ischemic insult is complicated with acute hyperglycemia, post-treatment with citicoline combined with MK-801 in low anti-convulsive dose improves survival and neurological recovery, and citicoline but not MK-801 enhances behavioral recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rejdak
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Rodriguez R, Rodriguez-Boscan I, Lugo-Sira D, Vidrio H, Hong E, Medina M, Herrera I. Bilateral sequential common carotid artery sectioning in mice as a new model for testing neuroprotective drugs. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1052-3057(00)33693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Du GH, Qiu Y, Zhang JT. Salvianolic acid B protects the memory functions against transient cerebral ischemia in mice. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2000; 2:145-152. [PMID: 11252679 DOI: 10.1080/10286020008039903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the protective effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on the dysfunctions of learning and memory induced by transient cerebral ischemia in mice. The mechanisms of its actions also were researched both in vivo and in vitro. The model of dysfunction of learning and memory induced by transient cerebral ischemia in mice was used. One trail passive avoidance tests were used to evaluate the learning and memory functions and experiments in vitro were employed to observe the antioxidative effects of Sal B. Cerebral transient ischemia would impair the function of memory in mice. In step down test. the error number and latency were 2.63 and 120.5 in control group and were 1.35 and 234.4 respectively in sham operated group (p < 0.05). In Sal B treated groups, the error number was less and latency was longer significantly than those of control group. Meanwhile. 3 and 10 mgkg(-1) of Sal B iv. reduced the malondialdehyde contents in cortex, hippocampus and striatum of cerebral transient ischemia rat ion vivo. Sal B 10--100 nmol L(-1) also inhibited lipid-peroxidation and scavenged free hydroxyl radicals in vitro. As conclusion. Sal B ameliorated learning and memory dysfunctions induced by cerebral transient ischemia. Its actions might be related to its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing.
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