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The Potential Use of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as Biomarkers for Treatment Response and Outcome Prediction in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:283-299. [PMID: 33978935 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders have a major impact on the global burden of disease while therapeutic interventions remain insufficient to adequately treat a large number of patients. Regrettably, the efficacy of several psychopharmacological treatment regimens becomes apparent only after 4-6 weeks, and at this point, a significant number of patients present as non-responsive. As such, many patients go weeks/months without appropriate treatment or symptom management. Adequate biomarkers for treatment success and outcome prediction are thus urgently needed. OBJECTIVE With this systematic review, we provide an overview of the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their signaling pathways in evaluating and/or predicting the effectiveness of different treatment regimens in the course of psychiatric illnesses. We highlight PBMC characteristics that (i) reflect treatment presence, (ii) allow differentiation of responders from non-responders, and (iii) prove predictive at baseline with regard to treatment outcome for a broad range of psychiatric intervention strategies. REVIEW METHODS A PubMed database search was performed to extract papers investigating the relation between any type of PBMC characteristic and treatment presence and/or outcome in patients suffering from severe mental illness. Criteria for eligibility were: written in English; psychiatric diagnosis based on DSM-III-R or newer; PBMC isolation via gradient centrifugation; comparison between treated and untreated patients via PBMC features; sample size ≥ n = 5 per experimental group. Papers not researching in vivo treatment effects between patients and healthy controls, non-clinical trials, and non-hypothesis-/data-driven (e.g., -omics designs) approaches were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty-nine original articles were included and qualitatively summarized. Antidepressant and antipsychotic treatments were mostly reflected by intracellular inflammatory markers while intervention with mood stabilizers was evidenced through cell maturation pathways. Lastly, cell viability parameters mirrored predominantly non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies. As for response prediction, PBMC (subtype) counts and telomerase activity seemed most promising for antidepressant treatment outcome determination; full length brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/truncated BDNF were shown to be most apt to prognosticate antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, although inherent limitations to and heterogeneity in study designs in combination with the scarce number of original studies hamper unambiguous identification, several PBMC characteristics-mostly related to inflammatory pathways and cell viability-indeed show promise towards establishment as clinically relevant treatment biomarkers.
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Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Chuquet J, Guillebaud F, Fan J, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Vaudry D, Lanfray D, Morin F, Prevot V, Papadopoulos V, Troadec JD, Leprince J. Endozepines and their receptors: Structure, functions and pathophysiological significance. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Barichello T, Simões LR, Collodel A, Giridharan VV, Dal-Pizzol F, Macedo D, Quevedo J. The translocator protein (18 kDa) and its role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:183-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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The ligands of translocator protein inhibit human Th1 responses and the rejection of murine skin allografts. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 131:297-308. [PMID: 27923881 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) ligands affected inflammatory and immune responses. However, the exact effects of TSPO ligands on Th1 responses in vitro and in vivo are still unclear. In the present study, we found that TSPO ligands, FGIN1-27 and Ro5-4864, suppressed the cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner by purified human CD4+ T-cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after stimulation. TSPO ligands inhibited the production of interferon γ (IFN-γ) by memory CD4+ T-cells and the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T-cells into Th1 cells via suppressing the activity of the corresponding transcription factors as indicated by reduced expression of T-bet and down-regulation of STAT1, STAT4 and STAT5 phosphorylation. TSPO ligands suppressed cell proliferation and activation of CD4+ T-cells by the inhibition of TCR signal transduction including membrane proteins: Zap, Lck, Src; cytoplasm proteins: Plcγ1, Slp-76, ERK, JNK and the nucleoproteins: c-Jun and c-Fos. In addition, FGIN1-27 inhibited mixed lymphocyte reactions by human or murine cells. After the transplantation of allogeneic murine skin, injection of FGIN1-27 into mice prevented graft rejection by inhibition of cell infiltration and IFN-γ production. Taken together, our data suggest that TSPO ligands inhibit Th1 cell responses and might be novel therapeutic medicine for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and prevention of transplant rejection.
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Clavier T, Tonon MC, Foutel A, Besnier E, Lefevre-Scelles A, Morin F, Gandolfo P, Tuech JJ, Quillard M, Veber B, Dureuil B, Castel H, Compère V. Increased plasma levels of endozepines, endogenous ligands of benzodiazepine receptors, during systemic inflammation: a prospective observational study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:633. [PMID: 25407756 PMCID: PMC4326502 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recent work has shown that benzodiazepines interact with the immune system and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. By using in vitro models, researchers in several studies have shown that the peptidergic endogenous ligands of benzodiazepine receptors, named endozepines, are involved in the immune response. All endozepines identified so far derive from diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI), which generates several biologically active fragments. The aim of the present study was to measure plasma levels of DBI-like immunoreactivity (DBI-LI) in a rat model of sepsis and in patients with systemic inflammation from septic or non-septic origin. Methods Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery was performed in rats. Blood samples were taken from animals, patients hospitalized for digestive surgery with inflammatory diseases, and healthy volunteers. Measurements of plasma DBI-related peptides were carried out by radioimmunoassay in animal and human samples. Results In the rats, CLP provoked an increase of plasma DBI-LI (+37%) 6 hours postsurgery. In humans, DBI-LI levels were significantly higher in the systemic inflammation group than in the healthy volunteer group (48.6 (32.7 to 77.7) pg/ml versus 11.1 (5.9 to 35.3) pg/ml, P < 0.001). We found a positive correlation between endozepine levels and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (rs = 0.33 (0.026 to 0.58), P < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor α levels (rs = 0.43 (0.14 to 0.65), P < 0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for endozepines was 0.842 (95% CI (0.717 to 0.966), P < 0.0001) for discriminating patients with inflammation from healthy volunteers. Conclusions Endozepines might be involved in the inflammatory response in patients with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clavier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Anne Foutel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Emmanuel Besnier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Antoine Lefevre-Scelles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Fabrice Morin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Pierrick Gandolfo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Tuech
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Muriel Quillard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Biology, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Benoit Veber
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Bertrand Dureuil
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Hélène Castel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Vincent Compère
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Place Emile Blondel, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France.
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Pravosudova NA, Bykova IO. [Comparison of basic carboxypeptidases activity in male rats tissues at a single injection of haloperidol]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2014; 60:548-552. [PMID: 25386883 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146005548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of a single injection of haloperidol on basic carboxypeptidases (biologically active peptide processing enzymes) activity in rat tissues was studied. Acute exposure to haloperidol increased the activity of carboxypeptidases H (CP H) in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system and cerebellum and reduced such activity in testes. Multidirectional changes of PMSF-inhibited carboxypeptidases activity (PMSF-CP) were observed after a single haloperidol injection in all studied tissues except testes. It is suggested that changes of CP H and PMSF-CP activity might affect levels of regulatory peptides in the brain and blood and thus may be involved in general and side effects of haloperidol on the organism.
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Schlumpf M, Bütikofer EE, Schreiber AA, Parmar R, Ramseier HR, Lichtensteiger W. Delayed developmental immunotoxicity of prenatal benzodiazepines. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 8:1061-5. [PMID: 20693072 DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of pregnant rats with low doses of classical benzodiazepines (BDZ, e.g. 1.25 mg diazepam/kg body weight) or a peripheral type BDZ receptor (PBR) agonist between gestational days 14 and 20 has been shown to result in a long-lasting depression of cellular and humoral immune responses in the offspring. Considerable alterations in mitogen-stimulated cytokine production in rats exposed to diazepam prenatally have now been observed: TNF-alpha liberation by splenocytes of diazepam-exposed rats was reduced at 2 wk of age and increased above control values at 8 wk, and interleukin (IL)-6 was depressed in the offspring at 2 and 8 wk of age. IL-1 was diminished during post-weaning and adult periods in male offspring but only in adult life in female offspring. In contrast, T-cell derived IL-2 was decreased during the postnatal period and normalized in adulthood. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), which is known to down-regulate tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was increased and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), which stimulates TNF-alpha release, was depressed in 2-wk-old offspring that had been treated prenatally. Release of PGE(2) and IFN-gamma was still altered in young adulthood. While the initial action on the foetal immune system remains unknown, an interaction of the drugs with the PBR is suggested by the effectiveness of the PBR agonist and by altered characteristics of PBR (i.e. a decreased B(max) of [(3)H]PK 11195 binding to macrophage membranes of 8-wk-old offspring and an increased Kd of spleen cell membranes of 2-wk-old offspring).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlumpf
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Differentiation of septic and aseptic loosening by PET with both 11C-PK11195 and 18F-FDG in rat models. Nucl Med Commun 2012; 33:747-56. [PMID: 22513886 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e328353bbd3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine the value of PET with C-isoquinoline carboxamide (C-PK11195) and F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) in assisting the differentiation of aseptic loosening (AL) from septic loosening (SL) in rat models. PROCEDURES Initially, the histological profiles of SL and AL (cellular infiltration and the number of CD68 macrophage and PBR cells) were compared. Subsequently, we investigated whether C-PK11195 alone and also in combination with F-FDG increases the sensitivity and specificity of PET imaging for distinguishing SL from AL. RESULTS There were distinguishable features between the histological profiles of the SL and AL rat groups. The number of CD68/PBR cells in AL rats was significantly higher than that seen in SL rats (P<0.05). The uptake of C-PK1195 was higher in AL and lower in SL rats. The uptake of F-FDG was higher in SL and lower in AL rats. CONCLUSION PET with a C-PK11195 and F-FDG imaging protocol is helpful in the clinical differential diagnosis of AL from SL.
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Effects of different doses and schedules of diazepam treatment on lymphocyte parameters in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1335-43. [PMID: 20846531 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZD) are widely used for the treatment of anxiety. They enhance GABA-ergic neurotransmission through the binding on specific BDZ recognition sites, within the GABA(A) receptor-ion channel complex. However, recent studies showed that BZD also act on peripheral benzodiazepine receptor sites (PBR) or translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Evidence for a direct immunomodulatory action for BZD emerged from studies that demonstrated the presence of TSPO on immune/inflammatory cells. The present study was designed to analyze the effects of diazepam on rat lymphocyte parameters, specifically on phenotype, cell proliferation and cell death. The effects of both acute and long-term (21 days) diazepam (1 and 10 mg/kg/day) administrations were evaluated. Results showed that diazepam (1 mg/kg) treatment did not change the immune parameters analyzed. However, both diazepam (10 mg/kg) acute and long-term treatments decreased the number of apoptotic cells; they also increased the percentage of T cytotoxic cells; decreased the percentage of B cells and increased the corticosterone serum levels. The induction of functional tolerance was suggested for the highest dose of diazepam (10 mg/kg), but not for the smaller dose (1 mg/kg) used, at least for diazepam effects on corticosterone serum levels. Diazepam effects were discussed as being related to the number of TSPO sites present on immune cells and/or to the increased levels of serum corticosterone observed after the treatments used.
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Wei M, Li L, Meng R, Fan Y, Liu Y, Tao L, Liu X, Wu C. Suppressive effect of diazepam on IFN-γ production by human T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Veenman L, Gavish M. The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and the cardiovascular system. Implications for drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:503-24. [PMID: 16337685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are abundant in the cardiovascular system. In the cardiovascular lumen, PBRs are present in platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and mononuclear cells. In the walls of the cardiovascular system, PBR can be found in the endothelium, the striated cardiac muscle, the vascular smooth muscles, and the mast cells. The subcellular location of PBR is primarily in mitochondria. The PBR complex includes the isoquinoline binding protein (IBP), voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT). Putative endogenous ligands for PBR include protoporphyrin IX, diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), triakontatetraneuropeptide (TTN), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Classical synthetic ligands for PBR are the isoquinoline 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-propyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11195) and the benzodiazepine 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Ro5 4864). Novel PBR ligands include N,N-di-n-hexyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide (FGIN-1-27) and 7-chloro-N,N,5-trimethyl-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-4H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole-1-acetamide (SSR180575), both possessing steroidogenic properties, but while FGIN-1-27 is pro-apoptotic, SSR180575 is anti-apoptotic. Putative PBR functions include regulation of steroidogenesis, apoptosis, cell proliferation, the mitochondrial membrane potential, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, voltage-dependent calcium channels, responses to stress, and microglial activation. PBRs in blood vessel walls appear to take part in responses to trauma such as ischemia. The irreversible PBR antagonist, SSR180575, was found to reduce damage correlated with ischemia. Stress, anxiety disorders, and neurological disorders, as well as their treatment, can affect PBR levels in blood cells. PBRs in blood cells appear to play roles in several aspects of the immune response, such as phagocytosis and the secretion of interleukin-2, interleukin-3, and immunoglobulin A (IgA). Thus, alterations in PBR density in blood cells may have immunological consequences in the affected person. In conclusion, PBR in the cardiovascular system may represent a new target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Veenman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Pharmacology, Ephron Street, P.O. Box 9649, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Hong SH, Choi HB, Kim SU, McLarnon JG. Mitochondrial ligand inhibits store-operated calcium influx and COX-2 production in human microglia. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:1293-8. [PMID: 16547968 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used calcium sensitive fluorescence microscopy to investigate the actions of PK11195, a ligand for the mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), to modulate Ca2+ influx through store-operated channels (SOC) in human microglia. PK11195 effectively blocked SOC-mediated Ca2+ influx induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 of 9 microM). A prolonged SOC-mediated Ca2+ entry was also induced using the sarcoplasmic endoreticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) to deplete intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores; a single concentration of PK11195 (at 20 microM) reduced SOC-mediated Ca2+ influx by 78%. RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analysis results showed PK11195 also inhibited the expression and production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) triggered by PAF stimulation. These results suggest that activation of the PBR in mitochondria is linked to reduced entry of Ca2+ through plasmalemmal SOC and subsequent modulation of cellular functions in human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok H Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Marino F, Cosentino M, Ferrari M, Cattaneo S, Frigo G, Fietta AM, Lecchini S, Frigo GM. Intracellular calcium changes induced by the endozepine triakontatetraneuropeptide in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: role of protein kinase C and effect of calcium channel blockers. Cell Commun Signal 2004; 2:6. [PMID: 15228623 PMCID: PMC449738 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The endozepine triakontatetraneuropeptide (TTN) induces intracellular calcium ([Ca++]i) changes followed by activation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of protein kinase (PK) C in the modulation of the response to TTN by human PMNs, and to examine the pharmacology of TTN-induced Ca++ entry through the plasma membrane of these cells. Results The PKC activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (PMA) concentration-dependently inhibited TTN-induced [Ca++]i rise, and this effect was reverted by the PKC inhibitors rottlerin (partially) and Ro 32-0432 (completely). PMA also inhibited TTN-induced IL-8 mRNA expression. In the absence of PMA, however, rottlerin (but not Ro 32-0432) per se partially inhibited TTN-induced [Ca++]i rise. The response of [Ca++]i to TTN was also sensitive to mibefradil and flunarizine (T-type Ca++-channel blockers), but not to nifedipine, verapamil (L-type) or ω-conotoxin GVIA (N-type). In agreement with this observation, PCR analysis showed the expression in human PMNs of the mRNA for all the α1 subunits of T-type Ca++ channels (namely, α1G, α1H, and α1I). Conclusions In human PMNs TTN activates PKC-modulated pathways leading to Ca++ entry possibly through T-type Ca++ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Cattaneo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Frigo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Anna M Fietta
- Department of Hematological, Pneumological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Lecchini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gian Mario Frigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Fukuoka N, Aibiki M, Tsukamoto T, Seki K, Morita S. Biphasic concentration change during continuous midazolam administration in brain-injured patients undergoing therapeutic moderate hypothermia. Resuscitation 2004; 60:225-30. [PMID: 15036742 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2003.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the pharmacokinetics of midazolam, a probe for monitoring cytochrome (CYP) 3A 4 activity, during moderate hypothermic therapy. DESIGN A prospective randomized study. SETTING The intensive care unit of a medical university hospital. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS In 15 consecutive brain-injured patients, midazolam concentrations were measured serially using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under continuous administration of the agent, eight patients underwent moderate hypothermia of 32-34 degrees C (hypothermia group) and seven received normothermic therapy (normothermia group). A one-compartment model was selected for pharmacokinetic analyses for the continuous administration. Data represent +/-S.D. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Scheffe's F-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test ( P<0.05 ). MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Serum midazolam concentrations in the hypothermia group increased linearly until the body temperature (BT) reached 35 degrees C without plateauing, even during continuous administration, after which the levels decreased remarkably when BT rose to 36 degrees C. However, the concentrations in the normothermia group remained on a plateau, which lasted until the end of the study. In the hypothermia group, elimination rate constant (k(e)) and clearance (CL) in the phase below 35 degrees C BT were much lesser than those above 35 degrees C BT, whereas distribution volume (V(d)) during the hypothermic phase was greater than that during the period above 35 degrees C BT. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated for the first time that midazolum concentration changes biphasically even during continuous infusion in hypothermic therapy. The mechanisms for the change are unclear. Thus, further studies including confirmation of cytochrome 3A 4 activity are required, while monitoring for the development of undesirable effects from over-dosing is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Fukuoka
- Hospital Pharmacy Division and Intensive Care Unit, Kagawa Medical University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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15
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Massoco C, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of midazolam on equine innate immune response: a flow cytometric study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 95:11-9. [PMID: 12969632 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BDZ) are among the most frequently used class of psychotropic drugs employed in veterinary medicine in Brazil and worldwide due to their anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant effects [J. Clin. Pharmacol. 33 (1993) 124]. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) sites were described in peripheral organs, endocrine steroidogenic tissues and immune organs and cells. Midazolam is a mixed-type agonist of PBRs. The present study is focused on the effects of midazolam on equine peripheral blood neutrophils, peritoneal macrophages and cortisol levels in plasma. Adult horses were treated with a single dose of midazolam (0.06 or 0.1 mg/kg) or with 0.9% NaCl. Immune cells were collected 24 h after treatment for flow cytometry analysis of Staphylococcus aureus-induced phagocytosis and oxidative burst. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured 30, 90, 180 and 360 min after midazolam treatment. Midazolam induced a dose-dependent reduction on: (1) peripheral blood neutrophil and peritoneal macrophage oxidative burst; (2) the capacity of both peripheral blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages to phagocyte S. aureus. Increments on plasma cortisol concentration were not found after 0.06 and 0.1 mg/kg of midazolam. The effects on oxidative burst of neutrophils and macrophages from horses treated with midazolam were interpreted as a consequence of an impairment of S. aureus-induced phagocytosis. The present data suggest that midazolam, most probably acting on PBRs present on equine macrophage and neutrophil membranes, might have changed some mechanisms related to both phagocytosis and oxidative burst. These results support the use of flow cytometry to identify functional properties and dysfunction of equine immune cells. They also confirm the notion that changes in the functional capacity of the immune system may represent an important hazard of exposure to drugs or chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Massoco
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Rocc P, De Leo C, Eva C, Marchiaro L, Milani AM, Musso R, Ravizza L, Zanalda E, Bogetto F. Decrease of the D4 dopamine receptor messenger RNA expression in lymphocytes from patients with major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:1155-60. [PMID: 12452539 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(02)00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The evaluation of the possible role of dopamine in psychiatric disorders has been limited by the relative inadequacy of tools. A tempting approach to examine alterations of dopaminergic system in major depression is to examine the expression of dopamine receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS D4 dopamine receptor (D4DR) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in PBMC from 12 patients with major depressive disorder was examined before and after an 8-week treatment with paroxetine at 20-50 mg/day. Ten healthy subjects were analyzed in parallel. The relative content of D4DR mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). using beta-actin as internal standard. RESULTS D4DR mRNA levels were significantly decreased in untreated depressed patients as compared to controls. D4DR mRNA expression returned to control levels after paroxetine treatment, when patients achieved a significant improvement of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results of our study suggest the role of PBMC D4DR mRNA expression as a peripheral marker of the central dopaminergic function in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rocc
- Psychiatric Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 11, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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17
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Domingues-Junior M, Pinheiro SR, Guerra JL, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of treatment with amphetamine and diazepam on Mycobacterium bovis-induced infection in hamsters. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2000; 22:555-74. [PMID: 10946832 DOI: 10.3109/08923970009026012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an example of an infection with an intracellular bacterium in which sensitivity is determined mainly by the host response. Macrophages are the architectural and functional units of the granulomas described in tuberculosis. Treatment with amphetamine (AMPH) and diazepam has been reported to decrease macrophage activity. The present experiment was undertaken to investigate the effects of AMPH and/or diazepam given alone or in combination on hamster resistance to Mycobacterium bovis. The effects of these treatments on serum cortisol levels were also studied. Adult hamsters were treated i.p. with AMPH (group E1 = 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg/day), with AMPH (group E2 = 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg/day) plus diazepam (2.0 mg/kg/day), with diazepam (group E3 = 2.0 mg/kg/day), or with control vehicles (1.0 ml/kg/day) for 40 days. Six days after the beginning of the treatments, the animals received identical inoculum concentrations of M. bovis. Hamsters treated with AMPH plus diazepam exhibited: 1) increased weight loss; 2) increased mortality; 3) increased scores of M. bovis colony forming units (CFU) isolated from liver, lung and spleen; 4) increased granuloma areas measured in the liver, lung and spleen. These effects were not induced by AMPH (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg/day) given alone and were produced by diazepam (2.0 mg/kg/day) treatment per se. Furthermore, AMPH (2.0 mg/kg/day) and diazepam (2.0 mg/kg/day) given alone or in combination for 20 days increased the serum levels of cortisol in relation to control hamsters, with the effect being higher in the animals treated with both drugs. The present data, which demonstrate an impaired defense against M. bovis in hamsters treated with AMPH plus diazepam or with diazepam alone, were tentatively explained on the basis of a direct and/or indirect action of the drugs on macrophage/lymphocyte activity. In the former case, the effects may be related to stimulation of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor sites (PBR) present on macrophages/lymphocytes and/or to a direct effect of ACTH on immune cells, while in the latter they may be mediated by cortisol via PBR and ACTH stimulation of the adrenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Domingues-Junior
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brasil
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18
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Klegeris A, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Inhibitory action of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxam ide (PK 11195) on some mononuclear phagocyte functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1305-14. [PMID: 10736431 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are widely distributed throughout the body, but their functions are unknown. They are found on mononuclear phagocytes, and they are up-regulated in a number of neurological and other disease states. We explored the functional consequences of PBR ligand binding to mononuclear-derived cells using the high-affinity ligands 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxam ide (PK 11195) and 4'-chlorodiazepam (7-chloro-5-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one; Ro 5-4864). The functions were the following: respiratory burst; secretion of glutamate, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); toxicity of culture supernatants towards SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells; and expression of the inflammatory surface markers HLA-DR and Fcgamma RII (CDw32). PK 11195 inhibited the respiratory burst response, reduced release of glutamate and IL-1beta, and suppressed secretion of products cytotoxic to neuronal cells. Selectivity was suggested by the failure of PK 11195 to influence TNF-alpha secretion or expression of HLA-DR and CDw32. Powerful ligands of PBRs, such as PK 11195, may be useful inhibitors of selective macrophage functions, retarding both local and systemic inflammation. Since PK 11195 readily enters the brain, it may be beneficial in treating central as well as peripheral inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klegeris
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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19
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Waterfield JD, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand PK 11195 inhibits arthritis in the MRL-lpr mouse model. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38:1068-73. [PMID: 10556257 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.11.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice of the MRL-lpr strain develop a severe autoimmune arthritic condition when primed with complete Freund's adjuvant. The pathology is similar to that seen in human rheumatoid arthritis. We investigated whether PK 11195, a powerful ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, would have preventative or therapeutic effects in this model. METHODS MRL-lpr mice were primed with complete Freund's adjuvant at 13-14 weeks of age. Daily PK 11195 injections were started on the same day as priming to test for preventative effects. Daily PK 11195 injections were started 10 days after priming to test therapeutic effects. RESULTS PK 11195 showed both preventative and therapeutic effects. At 1 mg/kg/day, it inhibited disease onset. At 3 mg/kg/day, it inhibited established disease progression. CONCLUSION The evidence suggests that PK 11195 may be the prototype of a new class of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Waterfield
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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20
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Righi DA, Pinheiro SR, Guerra JL, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of diazepam on Mycobacterium bovis-induced infection in hamsters. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32:1145-53. [PMID: 10464392 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in utero exposure of hamsters to low doses of diazepam results in impaired host defense against Mycobacterium bovis during adulthood. Delayed developmental immunotoxicity, however, represents a specific situation that might not be general. The present experiment was undertaken to investigate the effects of diazepam on hamster resistance to M. bovis using adult animals. The effects of diazepam treatment on serum cortisol levels were also studied. Adult hamsters (N = 10 for each group) were treated with diazepam (E1 = 1. 0, E2 = 2.0 or E3 = 3.0 mg kg-1 day-1 subcutaneously) or with control solution (C) for 30 days. Seven days after the beginning of the treatment, the animals received identical inoculum concentrations of M. bovis. Hamsters treated with the higher (2.0 and 3.0 mg kg-1 day-1) doses of diazepam exhibited: 1) increased granuloma areas in the liver (C = 1.81 +/- 1.39, E2 = 10.29 +/- 4.64 and E3 = 15.80 +/- 4.82) and lung (C = 0.54 +/- 0.55, E2 = 6.28 +/- 3.85 and E3 = 6.31 +/- 3.56) and 2) increased scores of M. bovis colony-forming units isolated from liver (C = 2.0, E2 = 3.0 and E3 = 3.5), lung (C = 1.0, E2 = 3.0 and E3 = 3.5) and spleen (C = 1.0, E2 = 2.5 and E3 = 4.0). These effects were dose dependent, and were not detected or were less severe in animals treated with the lowest (1.0 mg/kg) dose of diazepam as well as in those of the control group. Furthermore, diazepam treatment (3.0 mg kg-1 day-1 for 30 days) increased (E3 = 71.32 +/- 2.99; N = 10) the serum levels of cortisol compared to control hamsters (C = 22.61 +/- 2.75; N = 10). The present data, that demonstrate an impaired defense against M. bovis in adult hamsters treated with diazepam, were tentatively explained on the basis of a direct and/or indirect action of diazepam on the cytokine network. The effects may be related to stimulation of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor binding sites (PBR) by macrophages and/or lymphocytes, or they may be mediated by PBR stimulation of the adrenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Righi
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada e Toxicologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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21
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Silva FR, Palermo-Neto J. Developmental, neuro and immunotoxic effects of perinatal diazepam treatment in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1999; 21:247-65. [PMID: 10319279 DOI: 10.3109/08923979909052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In utero exposure of rats to low dosages of diazepam (1.0-2.0 mg/kg) has been found to result in depression of the cellular and humoral immune responses during adulthood. Behavioral dysfunctions were also reported in infants from mothers with high benzodiazepine (BDZ) intake during pregnancy. The present experiment was undertaken to reconsider the potential action of diazepam during ontogeny in order to obtain further information about developmental processes using a refined methodology. Time-pregnant rats were treated subcutaneously with diazepam (2.0 mg/kg/day,: group E1) or with diazepam vehicle (group C1) from gestational day 14 to 20. Other dams (group E2) received the same BDZ dose from the 1st to the 21st day of lactation (weaning) or were not treated, remaining undisturbed in their home cages (group C2). The following results were obtained for animals perinatally treated with diazepam compared to groups C1 and C2: 1--increased time for testis descent and decreased time for vaginal opening (group E2); 2--no changes in the dates for ear end eye opening, or incisor tooth eruption (groups E1 and E2); 3--increased locomotor activity in the open-field (group E2) and/or in the plus maze (groups E1 and E2); 4--decreased levels of anxiety measured in the plus maze (groups E1 and E2); 5--decreased macrophage spreading and phagocytosis (groups E1 and E2). These results, which occurred in the absence of overt signs of maternal or fetal toxicity, demonstrate developmental, neuro- and immunotoxic effects of perinatal diazepam treatment in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brasil
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22
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Ugaz EM, Pinheiro SR, Guerra JL, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of prenatal diazepam treatment on Mycobacterium bovis-induced infection in hamsters. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 41:209-17. [PMID: 10428649 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In utero exposure of rats to low dosages of diazepam has been found to result in depression of cellular and humoral immune responses during adulthood, with marked changes in macrophage spreading and phagocytosis. The present experiment was undertaken to investigate the resistance of adult hamsters to Mycobacterium bovis after prenatal exposure to diazepam. Time-pregnant hamsters were exposed to diazepam (1.0 or 1.5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) subcutaneously) or vehicle from gestational day 9 to 15. A total of 36 different litters (12 of them control and 12 for each experimental group) born after a 16/17-day gestation were used. One male from each litter was infected twice with identical inoculum concentrations of M. bovis at 75 and 107 days of age. This infection model involves the participation of macrophages and T and B cell populations. The animals prenatally exposed to the higher (1.5 mg/kg) dose of diazepam exhibited: (1) increased weight loss, (2) increased mortality, (3) increased granuloma areas measured in the liver, lung and spleen, (4) increased spleen weight, and (5) increased scores of M. bovis colony forming units (CFU) isolated from liver, lung and spleen. These effects were dose-dependent, and were not detected or were less severe in animals treated with the lower (1.0 mg/kg) dose of diazepam as well as in those of the control group. The present data demonstrate an impaired defence against M. bovis in adult hamsters after in utero exposure to a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg of diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Ugaz
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Sacerdote P, Panerai AE, Frattola L, Ferrarese C. Benzodiazepine-induced chemotaxis is impaired in monocytes from patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24:243-9. [PMID: 10101731 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) modulate chemotaxis and cytokine production of monocytes and lymphocytes. Since PBR are decreased in animal models of stress and in patients with anxiety disorders, in the present study we analyze the ability of monocytes obtained from patients suffering from generalized anxiety to migrate towards chemoattracting benzodiazepines. In these patients, the benzodiazepine-induced chemotaxis is completely abolished, while the response to the control chemoattractant formyl-leu-met-phe is still maintained. The chemotaxis responses are not restored after pharmacological treatment of the pathology. The decreased chemotactic response could be linked to a decreased number of PBR receptors present on monocytes of generalized anxiety disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sacerdote
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milano, Italy.
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24
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Caldiroli E, Marino F, Cosentino M, De Ponti F, Fietta AM, Mazzone A, Zibetti A, Lecchini S, Frigo GM. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor expression on leukocytes and neutrophil function during anticonvulsant monotherapy. Pharmacology 1998; 57:215-21. [PMID: 9730779 DOI: 10.1159/000028244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic patients on long-term therapy with a single anticonvulsant showed enhanced expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (pBZrs) on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. N-Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced chemotaxis was significantly impaired in neutrophils from patients on carbamazepine (p < 0.01 vs. controls). Neutrophils from patients on phenytoin had enhanced phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated O-2 production (p < 0. 01 vs. controls) and neutrophils from patients on valproic acid had impaired phagocytosis frequency and Staphylococcus aureus lethality index (p < 0.01 vs. controls). Overexpression of pBZrs on leukocytes may reflect the clinical response to anticonvulsants and may play a role in the immunological effects of some of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Caldiroli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia and Varese, Italy
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25
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Rocca P, Beoni AM, Eva C, Ferrero P, Zanalda E, Ravizza L. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor messenger RNA is decreased in lymphocytes of generalized anxiety disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43:767-73. [PMID: 9606532 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess whether the decrease of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (pBR) number in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), previously observed in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, is paralleled by changes in the relative content of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding pBR. METHODS Eight patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder were examined before, during, and after 2'-chloro-N-desmethyl-diazepam treatment. Eight healthy subjects were analyzed in parallel. The relative content of pBR mRNA was determined by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, using beta-actin as internal standard. Kinetic binding properties of pBR were measured using 3H-PK11195 as a ligand. RESULTS pBR and pBR mRNA were significantly decreased in untreated generalized anxiety disorder patients as compared to controls (by 45% and 70%, respectively). Both pBR density and mRNA levels returned to control values during treatment or after withdrawal, which also coincided with recovery from anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the turnover rate of pBR is reduced in PBMC of generalized anxiety disorder patients, and that this change occurs at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rocca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Clinic, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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26
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Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies suggest that the central and peripheral benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors together with their ligands form the molecular basis of a novel regulatory network that contributes to the effects of anxiety on immune status. The peripheral-type receptors located on phagocytes and glial cells appear to play a key role in mediating the effects of endogenous and exogenous BDZs both on the defence mechanisms that protect the host against pathogens and on inflammatory reactions that take place within the periphery and the brain in response to injury. In addition, the central-type receptor, which forms part of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor complex, may contribute to the regulation of T-cell function by modulating the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis or the sympathoadrenal system or both, which, in turn, exert a significant effect on immune function. Thus, anxiogenic BDZs in general suppress the immune response, whereas anxiolytic BDZs may protect the individual from stress-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zavala
- INSERM U25, Hospital Necker, Paris, France
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27
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Caldiroli E, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Marino F, Fietta AM, Taddei M, Tartara A, Zibetti A, Mazzone A, Lecchini S, Frigo GM. Carbamazepine affects neutrophil function through an action on peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1997; 19:367-82. [PMID: 9248864 DOI: 10.3109/08923979709046982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the possible role of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (pBZrs)1 in mediating the in vitro effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) on some neutrophil functions in healthy volunteers and to investigate neutrophil function and pBZr expression in patients with epilepsia on CBZ monotherapy for at least 1 year. In vitro CBZ (42-168 microM) concentration-dependently inhibited chemotaxis induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human serum. CBZ did not affect random migration, phagocytosis index, phagocytosis frequency, NBT reduction frequency, C. albicans lethality index and resting superoxide production. The pBZr antagonist PK 11195 (1 microM, per se ineffective) reversed the inhibitory effect of CBZ on chemotaxis induced by endotoxin-activated serum or FMLP. The pBZr agonist Ro 5-4864 (10-100 microM) mimicked the effect of CBZ on chemotaxis induced by endotoxin-activated serum or FMLP and had no effect on the other parameters. Neutrophils from epileptic patients on chronic CBZ monotherapy had impaired FMLP- and serum-induced chemotaxis and enhanced expression of pBZrs on neutrophils. These data strongly suggest an involvement of pBZrs in mediating the in vitro effects of CBZ on chemotaxis; furthermore, impairment of the same neutrophil function parameters and overexpression of pBZrs in patients are consistent with the hypothesis of an in vivo interaction of CBZ with pBZrs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Caldiroli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy
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28
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Bongioanni P, Boccardi B, Borgna M, Castagna M, Bonfiglio L, Mondino C. T lymphocyte benzodiazepine binding is reduced in demented patients. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 73:101-6. [PMID: 9058765 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood cells, especially platelets and lymphocytes, are used in neuropsychiatric research as tools for investigating systemic derangements in neuropsychiatric disorders, and as peripheral models for studying central nervous system biochemistry. In the present work, we determined T lymphocyte peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding: a significant reduction of Bmax values was observed in demented patients as compared with healthy controls, whereas Kd values were similar in the two subjects' groups. A significant negative correlation was found between Bmax values and illness severity. These data, which seem to be related to an impairment of immune response and cell energy metabolism in demented patients, may represent a state-dependent marker in monitoring disease course and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bongioanni
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
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29
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Sidransky H, Verney E, Latham P, Schwartz A. Effects of tryptophan related compounds on nuclear regulatory control. Possible role in the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 398:343-50. [PMID: 8906287 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0381-7_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Sidransky
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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30
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Schlumpf M, Parmar R, Bütikofer EE, Inderbitzin S, Salili AR, Schreiber AA, Ramseier HR, van Loveren H, Lichtensteiger W. Delayed developmental neuro- and immunotoxicity of benzodiazepines. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1995; 17:261-87. [PMID: 7786163 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79451-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schlumpf
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Schlumpf M, Lichtensteiger W, van Loveren H. Impaired host resistance to Trichinella spiralis as a consequence of prenatal treatment of rats with diazepam. Toxicology 1994; 94:223-30. [PMID: 7801325 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(94)90040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In utero exposure of Long Evans rats to low dosages of diazepam has previously been found to result in depression of cellular and humoral immune responses until adulthood, with marked changes in cytokine release by splenocytes and splenic macrophages. In order to assess the significance of these alterations in immune cells with regard to host resistance, we investigated the resistance of adult offspring towards Trichinella spiralis. Time-pregnant rats were treated with diazepam (1.25 mg/kg/day) or vehicle from gestational day 14 to 20. Male offspring were infected with T. spiralis at 2 months of age. This infection model tests the participation of T- and B-cell populations and of macrophages. Prenatally diazepam-exposed animals exhibited an impaired defence towards T. spiralis. The number of muscle larvae was increased as determined in digested carcasses and by morphometric analysis of the tongue. Moreover, antibody titers were altered, i.e., IgG was decreased and IgA was elevated in the prenatally diazepam-exposed group. These results demonstrate an impaired defense towards T. spiralis in adult rats after prenatal exposure to diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlumpf
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Ferrero P, Rocca P, Montalenti E, Benna P, Milani A, Ravizza L, Bergamasco B. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors on human blood mononuclear cells are not regulated by ovarian steroids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994; 19:65-78. [PMID: 9210213 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (pBZr) have been shown to be sensitive to hormonal perturbations, including changes in ovarian steroids. This study examines whether estradiol and progesterone modulate pBZr binding in membranes of human blood mononuclear cells, as measured by binding of both 3H-PK 11195 and 3H-Ro 5-4864. Our findings were negative. There was no steroidal modulation of pBZr binding to these membrane preparations in vivo in normal women studied at different sex-steroid phases of the menstrual cycle, or during 8-30 weeks of pregnancy. There was also no effect of hormones on the binding sites in cultures of mononuclear cells treated with estradiol or progesterone (up to 10(-5) M) over a period between 2 and 72 h. Further, we performed in vitro competition experiments, which showed that both steroids are not active at the pBZr. Our data suggest that pBZr located in human blood mononuclear cells are insensitive to the physiological variations of circulating female hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ferrero
- Department of Neurology, University of Turin, Italy
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Schlumpf M, Lichtensteiger W, Ramseier H. Diazepam treatment of pregnant rats differentially affects interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 secretion in their offspring during different phases of postnatal development. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1993; 73:335-40. [PMID: 8153057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of pregnant Long Evans rats with benzodiazepines was found to cause alterations in cellular immune responses in their offspring. We now report on changes in interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 secretion which were analyzed in rats from birth until 12 weeks. Time-pregnant rats were treated with diazepam (1.25 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) from gestational day 14 to 20. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated release of macrophage-derived IL-1 by spleen cells, determined on D10.G4.1 cells, remained in the control range during the preweaning period (postnatal day 6-28), then decreased in prenatally diazepam-exposed offspring, significantly in males during the postweaning period (postnatal day 34-61) and in both sexes in adults (postnatal day 62-83). Concanavalin A-stimulated release of T lymphocyte-derived IL-2 from spleen cells, determined on CTLL-2 cells, was reduced in male and female offspring during preweaning (postnatal day 3-28) and postweaning (postnatal day 33-55) periods and normalized in adulthood (postnatal day 60-84). The percentage of IL-2 receptor expressing (CD25+) cells was unaffected. From these and our earlier data it is evident that prenatal exposure to low doses of benzodiazepines can result in long-lasting alterations of the cytokine network, as indicated by reduced release of TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-2 and interferon-gamma. The concomitant reduction of peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors on macrophages is discussed as a possible link between prenatal treatment and disturbed function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlumpf
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Switzerland
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