1
|
Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Varagic J, Cheng CP, Groban L, Wang H, Collawn JF, Dell Italia LJ. Intracrine angiotensin II functions originate from noncanonical pathways in the human heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H404-14. [PMID: 27233763 PMCID: PMC5008653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00219.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well-known that excess renin angiotensin system (RAS) activity contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiac and vascular disease, tissue-based expression of RAS genes has given rise to the possibility that intracellularly produced angiotensin II (Ang II) may be a critical contributor to disease processes. An extended form of angiotensin I (Ang I), the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)], that generates Ang II directly from chymase, particularly in the human heart, reinforces the possibility that an alternative noncanonical renin independent pathway for Ang II formation may be important in explaining the mechanisms by which the hormone contributes to adverse cardiac and vascular remodeling. This review summarizes the work that has been done in evaluating the functional significance of Ang-(1-12) and how this substrate generated from angiotensinogen by a yet to be identified enzyme enhances knowledge about Ang II pathological actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James F Collawn
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Louis J Dell Italia
- Departments of Cell Biology, Microbiology, Physiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama; and Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Volume transmission of beta-endorphin via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review. Fluids Barriers CNS 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22883598 PMCID: PMC3439317 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that non-synaptic communication by volume transmission in the flowing CSF plays an important role in neural mechanisms, especially for extending the duration of behavioral effects. In the present review, we explore the mechanisms involved in the behavioral and physiological effects of β-endorphin (β-END), especially those involving the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a message transport system to reach distant brain areas. The major source of β-END are the pro-opio-melano-cortin (POMC) neurons, located in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (ARH), bordering the 3rd ventricle. In addition, numerous varicose β-END-immunoreactive fibers are situated close to the ventricular surfaces. In the present paper we surveyed the evidence that volume transmission via the CSF can be considered as an option for messages to reach remote brain areas. Some of the points discussed in the present review are: release mechanisms of β-END, independence of peripheral versus central levels, central β-END migration over considerable distances, behavioral effects of β-END depend on location of ventricular administration, and abundance of mu and delta opioid receptors in the periventricular regions of the brain.
Collapse
|
3
|
Höistad M, Samskog J, Jacobsen KX, Olsson A, Hansson HA, Brodin E, Fuxe K. Detection of beta-endorphin in the cerebrospinal fluid after intrastriatal microinjection into the rat brain. Brain Res 2005; 1041:167-80. [PMID: 15829226 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 01/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated to what extent microinjected beta-endorphin could migrate from the rat brain parenchyma into the CSF compartment. Exogenous rat beta-endorphin (0.1 nmol) was microinjected into the left striatum 1 mm from the lateral ventricle in anesthetized male rats. CSF samples were collected at different time points up to 2 h post-injection from a catheter affixed to the atlanto-occipital membrane of the cisterna magna. Radioimmunoassay and mass spectrometry were performed on the CSF samples, and brain sections were immunostained for beta-endorphin and mu-opioid receptors. The beta-endorphin injected rats showed a marked increase in beta-endorphin immunoreactive (IR) material in the CSF, with a peak at 30-45 min post-injection, and this beta-endorphin-IR material existed mainly as the intact beta-endorphin peptide. The immunohistochemistry results revealed the appearance of distinct beta-endorphin-IR cell bodies in the globus pallidus and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis supracapsular part, regions distant from the injection site, at 2 h post-injection of exogenous beta-endorphin. The beta-endorphin-IR in several of the globus pallidus cell bodies colocalized with the mu-opioid receptor-IR at the cell surface. These findings show that upon delivery of synthetic beta-endorphin, there is a significant intracerebral spread of the injected peptide, reaching regions far from the site of injection via diffusion in the extracellular space and flow in the cerebrospinal fluid. This may be of relevance when interpreting studies based on intracerebral injections of peptides, and advances our knowledge regarding the migration of compounds within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Höistad
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retziusv. 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Endogenous peptides with a high affinity for opiate receptors located in the central nervous system have been postulated to play a role in the etiology of alcoholism or in other addictive diseases. Effects of different doses of ethanol (EtOH) at different time points post-EtOH administration on hypothalamic and hindbrain beta-endorphin-like peptide (beta-EPLP) content in male rats were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A single EtOH exposure resulted in an increase in hypothalamic and a decrease in the hindbrain beta-EPLP levels. In another set of experiments, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) synthesis in the hypothalamus was measured by assaying both POMC primary transcript and mature mRNA. No changes in primary transcript or mature POMC hypothalamic mRNA were detected. Based on the results from this experiment we conclude that an acute EtOH exposure affects the rat hypothalamic POMC opiopeptide system by increasing levels of beta-EPLP and this increase in levels is not related to an increase in synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Popp
- Division of Pharmacology/Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comparative analysis of effects from prolonged peripheral and intracerebral exposure to β-endorphin. Bull Exp Biol Med 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02445469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Stephens RL, LePard KJ, Mohammed JR, Ward PE. Intracisternal neutral endopeptidase-24.11 inhibitors produce inhibition in gastric acid output: independence from opiate, bombesin, or neurotensin-mediated mechanisms. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1993; 46:549-55. [PMID: 8210514 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(93)90256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Intracisternal (ic) injection of the neutral endopeptidase-24.11 inhibitor phosphoramidon (1-100 nmol) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric acid secretion in 2-h pylorus-ligated rats. The response resulted from a reduction in acid concentration and volume. Likewise, ic injection of another neutral endopeptidase-24.11 inhibitor Zincov (200 nmol) produced a 63% inhibition in gastric acid output. In contrast, neither intravenous injection of phosphoramidon (100 nmol) nor ic injection of the aminopeptidase inhibitor amastatin (100 nmol) produced any change in gastric acid secretion. The inhibitory effect of ic phosphoramidon (10 nmol) was not reversed by a dose of naloxone sufficient to antagonize the acid inhibitory effects of ic [D-Ala2-D-met5]enkephalinamide (8.5 nmol). Moreover, phosphoramidon-induced inhibition of acid was not reduced by the centrally effective bombesin antagonist N-acetyl-GRP(20-26)-O-CH3 or by reserpine pretreatment at a dose effective to antagonize ic neurotensin-induced inhibition in acid secretion. These results suggest that an endogenous neutral endopeptidase-24.11 sensitive substrate may act in the brain to inhibit gastric acid output by mechanisms independent of CNS opiate, bombesin or neurotensin activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Stephens
- Ohio State University, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Columbus 43210
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Konings PN, Culling-Berglund A, Davis TP. Chronic haloperidol and chlorpromazine treatment alters in vitro beta-endorphin metabolism in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 191:115-28. [PMID: 2086234 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)94139-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine if chronic haloperidol (3.0 mg/kg per day) or chlorpromazine (4.2 mg/kg per day) treatment alters central beta-endorphin metabolism, haloperidol and chlorpromazine were perfused via Alzet minipumps into male Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 days. Crude twice-washed membranes, purified synaptic plasma membranes and Golgi-enriched membranes, respectively, were isolated from rat brains and time course incubated with beta-endorphin. All samples were analyzed by high resolution, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The half-lives of beta-endorphin for animals treated with haloperidol or chlorpromazine were not statistically different from control animals at the crude washed membranes. At the purified synaptic plasma membranes, however, the half-lives of beta-endorphin from haloperidol (t 1/2 = 45.1 min)- and chlorpromazine (t1/2 = 47.0 min)-treated animals were significantly decreased as compared to the control animals (t1/2 = 78.0 min). The half-life of beta-endorphin at the Golgi-enriched membranes was increased for haloperidol (t1/2 = 112.3 min) and chlorpromazine (t1/2 = 103.0 min)-treated animals when compared to control animals (t1/2 = 80.2 min). The findings indicate a differential effect of the dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol and chlorpromazine on the extracellular fate at the synaptic plasma membranes of beta-endorphin and the intracellular processing at the Golgi-enriched membranes in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P N Konings
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson 85724
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Benore-Parsons M, Seidah NG, Wennogle LP. Substrate phosphorylation can inhibit proteolysis by trypsin-like enzymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 272:274-80. [PMID: 2751304 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of substrate phosphorylation on the susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage by trypsin-like enzymes was investigated using the model heptapeptide Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly, a peptide representing the endogenous phosphorylation site of pyruvate kinase. Phosphorylation of Ser 5 altered the kinetics of proteolysis by two proteases, trypsin and rat plasma kallikrein, both of which cleaved between Arg 3 and Ala 4. In the case of trypsin, phosphorylation decreased the rate of cleavage 47-fold. In the case of rat plasma kallikrein, phosphorylation decreased proteolysis 13-fold. Phosphorylation resulted in an apparent redirection of the preferential site from Arg 3 to Arg 2. Because sequences analogous to this model peptide are commonly found in exposed domains of globular proteins, and since these regions are susceptible to both phosphorylation and protease attack, the results indicate that substrate phosphorylation may selectively influence protein processing and turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Benore-Parsons
- Research Department, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, New Jersey 07901
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Voellmy DR, Külling P, Gramsch C, Häni M, Mehraein P, Messiha FS, Pasi A. A novel two-site immunoradiometric assay for beta-endorphin using nitrocellulose as solid phase. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1988; 12:199-204. [PMID: 2976136 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(88)80042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A two-site immunoradiometric assay for the highly specific direct quantitation of nonacetylated beta h-EP in crude brain tissue samples has been developed with a detection limit of 10 fmol per well. The assay used two different antibodies with distinct specificities: a polyclonal rabbit anti-beta h-EP antibody binding between the middle portion and the C-terminal end of beta h-EP was bound to nitrocellulose membrane discs, a solid phase with a high protein binding capacity. In the following two incubation steps, the beta h-EP containing crude tissue extract--or the beta h-EP-standard--and, subsequently, the 125I-labeled monoclonal 3-E7 mouse antibody directed against the N-terminus of beta h-EP were added. Binding of beta h-EP to the solid phase antibody in the first incubation step was not affected by the addition of cross reacting opioid peptides derived from beta h-LPH up to 10 pmol per disc. Nonspecific binding of the labeled antibody to the solid phase could be lowered to 3% of total counts by the use of PBS containing nonfat dry milk as blocking solution and incubation buffer, a procedure that did not reduce maximum specific binding. Dilution studies performed with extracts sampled from the anterior hypothalamus excluded the interference of tissue factors in the assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Voellmy
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Immunomodulatory Components Present in IMREG-1, an Experimental Immunosupportive Biologic. Nat Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt0788-810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Roth KA, Unanue RA, Leykam J, Tyler AN. Isolation and characterization of beta-endorphin-(1-9) from human and rat pituitaries. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1987; 19:335-44. [PMID: 3438491 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(87)90175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a radioimmunoassay specific for the carboxyl terminus of beta-endorphin-(1-9) large amounts of beta-endorphin-(1-9)-immunoreactive material was detected in the human pituitary. The major peak of immunoreactivity was purified and characterized by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry and Edman degradation sequencing as authentic beta-endorphin-(1-9). In the rat pituitary the highest concentration of beta-endorphin-(1-9) immunoreactivity was in the posterior neurointermediate lobe. This material was identified as N-acetyl beta-endorphin-(1-9) by multiple radioimmunoassays, gel chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Control experiments determined that beta-endorphin-(1-9) was not formed postmortem or during the extraction procedure. These studies suggest that single lysine residues, similar to single arginine residues, are potential sites of posttranslational processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Roth
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chapter 6 Neuropeptides and Their Processing: Targets for Drug Design. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
13
|
Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography separation of β-endorphin-(6–17) from fourteen fragments. Chromatographia 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02341271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
14
|
Bovenberg RA, Burbach JP, Wiegant VM, Veeneman GH, van Boom JH, Baas PD, Jansz HS, de Wied D. gamma-Endorphin and schizophrenia: amino acid composition of gamma-endorphin and nucleotide sequence of gamma-endorphin cDNA from pituitary glands of schizophrenic patients. Brain Res 1986; 376:29-37. [PMID: 2424570 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The possibility has been mentioned that a change in the structure is responsible for the deviant behavioral activity of gamma-endorphin in extracts of postmortem brain and pituitary gland samples of schizophrenic patients. This paper describes the investigation of this possibility by means of: amino acid composition analysis of alpha- and gamma-endorphin isolated from a pituitary gland of a schizophrenic patient; and nucleotide sequence analysis of the gamma-endorphin coding region of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA from two other pituitary glands, using the primer extension method. Both methods require no more than a single pituitary to obtain reliable results. alpha- and gamma-endorphin were isolated from an acid extract by gel filtration and two subsequent HPLC steps. In addition, the gamma-endorphin region of beta-endorphin was analyzed by enzymatic cleavage of beta-endorphin and isolation of the resulting fragment. Single-stranded gamma-endorphin cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcriptase using total cellular pituitary RNA and a 5' 32P-labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotide primer (20-mer) hybridizing close to the gamma-endorphin coding region of POMC mRNA. Single-stranded cDNA was digested with restriction enzyme HaeIII which generated a 148 nucleotides long radioactive cDNA fragment containing the gamma-endorphin cDNA sequence. The sequence of the 148 nucleotides fragment was determined. Neither the amino acid composition analysis nor the amino acid sequence derived from the cDNA nucleotide sequence revealed differences between schizophrenics and controls. Thus, no evidence was found for changes in the amino acid sequence of pituitary gamma-endorphin in these analyses, which include 3 cases of schizophrenia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
15
|
Chapter 6. Formation and Degradation of Neuropeptides. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
16
|
Terenius L, Nyberg F. Opioid peptides in the cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1986; 65:207-19. [PMID: 3786792 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Azaryan A, Barkhudaryan N, Galoyan A, Lajtha A. Action of brain cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and high-molecular-weight aspartic proteinase on angiotensins I and II. Neurochem Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02430602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Human beta-endorphin was digested by neutral metalloendopeptidase from rabbit kidney and the products were isolated and identified. Based on the structure and yield of the fragments, the major cleavage sites were identified with the Leu17-Phe18, Gly3-Phe4, Pro13-Leu14 and Ile22-Ile23 peptide bonds of the beta-endorphin structure. The cleavage of the Leu17-Phe18 bond appears to be the rate-limiting step of the enzymic conversion similarly to the previously proposed pathways of beta-endorphin degradation by brain homogenates and synaptic membranes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chapter 3. Analgesics, Opioids and Opioid Receptors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
21
|
Simonyi A, Fekete MI, Kenessey A, Páldi-Haris P, Gráf L. Prolonged ACTH treatment increases trypsin-like and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity in the adrenals. Eur J Pharmacol 1984; 106:465-6. [PMID: 6099283 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|