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Honzíková T, Agbaga MP, Anderson RE, Brush R, Ahmad M, Musílková L, Šejstalová K, Alishevich K, Beneš R, Šimicová P, Berčíková M, Filip V, Kyselka J. Novel Approaches for Elongation of Fish Oils into Very-Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Enzymatic Interesterification into Glycerolipids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17909-17923. [PMID: 37947776 PMCID: PMC10682991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Elongation of the Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids-4 (ELOVL4) enzyme that is expressed in neuronal tissues, sperm, and testes mediates biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) from dietary long chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs). The VLC-PUFAs are critical for neuronal and reproductive function. Therefore, mutations in ELOVL4 that affect VLC-PUFA biosynthesis contribute to retinal degenerative diseases including Autosomal Dominant Stargardt-like Macular Dystrophy (STGD3). Recent studies have also shown not only a depletion of retinal VLC-PUFAs with normal aging but also a more significant loss of VLC-PUFAs in donor eyes of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, currently, there are no natural sources of VLC-PUFAs to be evaluated as dietary supplements for the attenuation of retinal degeneration in animal models of STGD3. Here, we report the development of a novel chemical approach for elongation of eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids from fish oils by 6 carbon atoms to make a unique group of VLC-PUFAs, namely all-cis-hexacosa-11,14,17,20,23-pentaenoic acids (C26:5 n-3) and all-cis-octacosa-10,13,16,19,22,25-hexaenoic acids (C28:6 n-3). The three-step elongation approach that we report herein resulted in a good overall yield of up to 20.2%. This more sustainable approach also resulted in improved functional group compatibility and minimal impact on the geometrical integrity of the all-cis double bond system of the VLC-PUFAs. In addition, we also successfully used commercial deep-sea fish oil concentrate as an inexpensive material for the C6 elongation of fish oil LC-PUFAs into VLC-PUFAs, which resulted in the making of gram scales of VLC-PUFAs with an even higher isolation yield of 31.0%. The quality of fish oils and the content of oxidized lipids were key since both strongly affected the activity of the PEPPSI-IPr catalyst and ultimately the yield of coupling reactions. Downstream enzymatic interesterification was used for the first time to prepare structured glycerolipids enriched with VLC-PUFAs that could be evaluated in vivo to determine absorption and transport to target tissues relative to those of the free fatty acid forms. It turned out that in the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids with VLC-PUFAs, the polarity of the immobilized lipase carrier and its humidity were essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Honzíková
- Department
of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Departments of Cell Biology & Ophthalmology,
Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of
Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Robert Eugene Anderson
- Departments of Cell Biology & Ophthalmology,
Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of
Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Richard Brush
- Departments of Cell Biology & Ophthalmology,
Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of
Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Departments of Cell Biology & Ophthalmology,
Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of
Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Lenka Musílková
- The
Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and
Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická
5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Karolína Šejstalová
- The
Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and
Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická
5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Katsiaryna Alishevich
- Department
of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Radek Beneš
- Department
of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Šimicová
- Department
of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Markéta Berčíková
- Department
of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Filip
- Department
of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kyselka
- Department
of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
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Hudson CM, Ladd SN, Leal MC, Schubert CJ, Seehausen O, Matthews B. Fit and fatty freshwater fish: contrasting polyunsaturated fatty acid phenotypes between hybridizing stickleback lineages. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M. Hudson
- Dept of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - S. Nemiah Ladd
- Dept of Surface Waters – Research and Management, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Ecosystem Physiology, Univ. of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Miguel C. Leal
- ECOMARE, CESAM – Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - Carsten J. Schubert
- Dept of Surface Waters – Research and Management, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Dept of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Dept of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
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4
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Das Y, Swinkels D, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders and Their Mouse Models Point to Essential Roles of Peroxisomes for Retinal Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084101. [PMID: 33921065 PMCID: PMC8071455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles, well known for their role in cellular lipid homeostasis. Their importance is highlighted by the life-threatening diseases caused by peroxisomal dysfunction. Importantly, most patients suffering from peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, even those with a milder disease course, present with a number of ocular symptoms, including retinopathy. Patients with a selective defect in either peroxisomal α- or β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis also suffer from vision problems. In this review, we thoroughly discuss the ophthalmological pathology in peroxisomal disorder patients and, where possible, the corresponding animal models, with a special emphasis on the retina. In addition, we attempt to link the observed retinal phenotype to the underlying biochemical alterations. It appears that the retinal pathology is highly variable and the lack of histopathological descriptions in patients hampers the translation of the findings in the mouse models. Furthermore, it becomes clear that there are still large gaps in the current knowledge on the contribution of the different metabolic disturbances to the retinopathy, but branched chain fatty acid accumulation and impaired retinal PUFA homeostasis are likely important factors.
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Das Y, Swinkels D, Kocherlakota S, Vinckier S, Vaz FM, Wever E, van Kampen AHC, Jun B, Do KV, Moons L, Bazan NG, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Peroxisomal Multifunctional Protein 2 Deficiency Perturbs Lipid Homeostasis in the Retina and Causes Visual Dysfunction in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632930. [PMID: 33604342 PMCID: PMC7884615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients lacking multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2), the central enzyme of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway, develop retinopathy. This pathway is involved in the metabolism of very long chain (VLCFAs) and polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fatty acids, which are enriched in the photoreceptor outer segments (POS). The molecular mechanisms underlying the retinopathy remain, however, elusive. Here, we report that mice with MFP2 inactivation display decreased retinal function already at the age of 3 weeks, which is accompanied by a profound shortening of the photoreceptor outer and inner segments, but with preserved photoreceptor ultrastructure. Furthermore, MFP2 deficient retinas exhibit severe changes in gene expression with downregulation of genes involved in the phototransduction pathway and upregulation of inflammation related genes. Lipid profiling of the mutant retinas revealed a profound reduction of DHA-containing phospholipids. This was likely due to a hampered systemic supply and retinal traffic of this PUFA, although we cannot exclude that the local defect of peroxisomal β-oxidation contributes to this DHA decrease. Moreover, very long chain PUFAs were also reduced, with the exception of those containing ≥ 34 carbons that accumulated. The latter suggests that there is an uncontrollable elongation of retinal PUFAs. In conclusion, our data reveal that intact peroxisomal β-oxidation is indispensable for retinal integrity, most likely by maintaining PUFA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Das
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Wever
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Khanh V Do
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lieve Moons
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Saarinen MT, Kärkkäinen O, Hanhineva K, Tiihonen K, Hibberd A, Mäkelä KA, Raza GS, Herzig KH, Anglenius H. Metabolomics analysis of plasma and adipose tissue samples from mice orally administered with polydextrose and correlations with cecal microbiota. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21577. [PMID: 33299048 PMCID: PMC7726573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydextrose (PDX) is a branched glucose polymer, utilized as a soluble dietary fiber. Recently, PDX was found to have hypolipidemic effects and effects on the gut microbiota. To investigate these findings more closely, a non-targeted metabolomics approach, was exploited to determine metabolic alterations in blood and epididymal adipose tissue samples that were collected from C57BL/6 mice fed with a Western diet, with or without oral administration of PDX. Metabolomic analyses revealed significant differences between PDX- and control mice, which could be due to differences in diet or due to altered microbial metabolism in the gut. Some metabolites were found in both plasma and adipose tissue, such as the bile acid derivative deoxycholic acid and the microbiome-derived tryptophan metabolite indoxyl sulfate, both of which increased by PDX. Additionally, PDX increased the levels of glycine betaine and L-carnitine in plasma samples, which correlated negatively with plasma TG and positively correlated with bacterial genera enriched in PDX mice. The results demonstrated that PDX caused differential metabolite patterns in blood and adipose tissues and that one-carbon metabolism, associated with glycine betaine and L-carnitine, and bile acid and tryptophan metabolism are associated with the hypolipidemic effects observed in mice that were given PDX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsti Tiihonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Ashley Hibberd
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Genomics & Microbiome Science, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kari Antero Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ghulam Shere Raza
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Heli Anglenius
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Kantvik, Finland
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7
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Bláhová Z, Harvey TN, Pšenička M, Mráz J. Assessment of Fatty Acid Desaturase (Fads2) Structure-Function Properties in Fish in the Context of Environmental Adaptations and as a Target for Genetic Engineering. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E206. [PMID: 32023831 PMCID: PMC7072455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2) is the key enzyme of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Endogenous production of these biomolecules in vertebrates, if present, is insufficient to meet demand. Hence, LC-PUFA are considered as conditionally essential. At present, however, LC-PUFA are globally limited nutrients due to anthropogenic factors. Research attention has therefore been paid to finding ways to maximize endogenous LC-PUFA production, especially in production species, whereby deeper knowledge on molecular mechanisms of enzymatic steps involved is being generated. This review first briefly informs about the milestones in the history of LC-PUFA essentiality exploration before it focuses on the main aim-to highlight the fascinating Fads2 potential to play roles fundamental to adaptation to novel environmental conditions. Investigations are summarized to elucidate on the evolutionary history of fish Fads2, providing an explanation for the remarkable plasticity of this enzyme in fish. Furthermore, structural implications of Fads2 substrate specificity are discussed and some relevant studies performed on organisms other than fish are mentioned in cases when such studies have to date not been conducted on fish models. The importance of Fads2 in the context of growing aquaculture demand and dwindling LC-PUFA supply is depicted and a few remedies in the form of genetic engineering to improve endogenous production of these biomolecules are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Bláhová
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Nelson Harvey
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Martin Pšenička
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mráz
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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8
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Nita R, Kawabata T, Kagawa Y, Nakayama K, Yanagisawa Y, Iwamoto S, Kimura F, Miyazawa T, Tatsuta N, Arima T, Yaegashi N, Nakai K. Associations of erythrocyte fatty acid compositions with FADS1 gene polymorphism in Japanese mothers and infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 152:102031. [PMID: 31923811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are involved in the fetal growth in utero, and are essential for the development of visual and cognitive functions during infancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of erythrocyte fatty acid compositions with FADS1 gene polymorphism in Japanese mothers and infants. The subjects were 383 mothers who participated in an adjunct birth cohort study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). In maternal FADS1 SNP genotypes, the precursor fatty acids composition of the Δ5 desaturase in the maternal blood showed significant differences in levels among the groups, and showed increasing values in the order of TT < TC < CC genotype groups. On the other hand, many product fatty acids levels were significantly reduced in the order of TT > TC > CC genotype groups, and DHA levels were significantly lower in the CC genotype group relative to the other groups. Likewise, the relationship between fetal genotype group and fatty acid composition in cord blood was very similar to the maternal relationship. These results indicate the maternal and fetal blood fatty acid compositions are strongly influenced by the FADS1 genotypes. With respect to the cord blood DHA composition, the levels in the fetal CC genotype group showed a trend toward lower values in the maternal CC genotype group pair (p = 0.066) compared to the maternal TC genotype group pair. However, in the fetal TT and TC genotype groups (p = 0.131, p = 0.729, respectively), the maternal genotype did not have a significant effect. The DHA composition was more influenced by the maternal genotype in the fetal CC genotype group than in the fetal TT and TC genotype groups. It was shown that DHA transport via the placenta from the mother might be promoted in the fetal CC genotype compared to the other fetal genotype groups. In conclusion, differences in the FADS1 SNP genotypes of pregnant women and their children may greatly affect the supply of LC-PUFAs. Further studies on the involvement of the FADS1 polymorphisms and the fetal LC-PUFA levels in the fetal growth and development are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Nita
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kagawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yanagisawa
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Iwamoto
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kimura
- Faculty of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Shokei Gakuin University, 4-10-1 Yurigaoka, Natori, Miyagi 981-1295, Japan; Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan; Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Ogundipe E, Tusor N, Wang Y, Johnson MR, Edwards AD, Crawford MA. Randomized controlled trial of brain specific fatty acid supplementation in pregnant women increases brain volumes on MRI scans of their newborn infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 138:6-13. [PMID: 30392581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA) are essential brain specific fatty acids (BSFA) for mammalian central nervous system development. Human brains have accelerated growth with significant increase in cerebral content of ArA and DHA during the last trimester of pregnancy and first postnatal months. This randomized double blind placebo controlled single centre trial assessed the impact of BSFA supplementation in pregnancy on newborn infants' brain volumes. Eighty six infants born to study mothers had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans soon after birth. Total and regional brain volumes were analyzed and related to maternal supplementation group. Males born to the BSFA supplemented mothers had significantly larger total brain volumes, total gray matter, corpus callosum and cortical volumes when compared to the placebo group. This is the first study to show maternal BSFA supplementation enhances newborn infants' brain size and suggests differential sex sensitivity of fetal brains to pregnancy BSFA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ogundipe
- Neonatal Department, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital London, UK; Lipid laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
| | - N Tusor
- F Med Sci, Perinatal Neuroimaging Unit, King's College London, UK.
| | - Y Wang
- Lipid laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
| | - M R Johnson
- Academic Obstetric Department, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
| | - A D Edwards
- F Med Sci, Perinatal Neuroimaging Unit, King's College London, UK.
| | - M A Crawford
- Academic Obstetric Department, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital campus, London, UK.
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Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions are an integral part of nutrition therapy in the intestinal failure patient. In addition to being a concentrated source of non-protein calories, they provide the essential fatty acids necessary for growth and development. Depending upon the oil source used in these products, complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) can occur. This review will discuss the risks and benefits associated with these products, especially as they relate to the pediatric intestinal failure patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gura
- Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacist GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - McGreggor Crowley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Bhattacharjee U, Jarashow D, Casey TA, Petrich JW, Rasmussen MA. Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy To Identify Milk from Grass-Fed Dairy Cows and To Monitor Its Photodegradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2168-2173. [PMID: 29356527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its high ω-3 fatty acid content, milk from grass-fed dairy cows is becoming increasingly more attractive to consumers. Consequently, it is important to identify the origins of such products and to measure their content, at least relative to some standard. To date, chromatography has been the most extensively used technique. Sample preparation and cost, however, often reduce its widespread applicability. Here, we report the effectiveness of fluorescence spectroscopy for such quantification by measuring the amount of chlorophyll metabolites in the sample. Their content is significantly higher for milk from grass-fed cows compared to milk from grain/silage-fed cows. It is 0.11-0.13 μM in milk samples from grass-fed cows, whereas in milk from cows fed grain/silage rations, the concentration was 0.01-0.04 μM. In various organic milk samples, the chlorophyll metabolite concentration was in the range of 0.07-0.09 μM. In addition, we explored the mechanisms of photodegradation of milk. Riboflavin and chlorophyll metabolites act as photosensitizers in milk for type-I and type-II reactions, respectively. It was also observed that the presence of high levels of chlorophyll metabolites can synergistically degrade riboflavin, contributing to the degradation of milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Bhattacharjee
- Ames Laboratory , United States Department of Energy , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | | | | | - Jacob W Petrich
- Ames Laboratory , United States Department of Energy , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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12
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Jouvène C, Fourmaux B, Géloën A, Balas L, Durand T, Lagarde M, Létisse M, Guichardant M. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Free and Esterified Oxygenated Derivatives from Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rat Brain. Lipids 2018; 53:103-116. [PMID: 29469960 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prominent long-chain fatty acid of the omega-3 family, is present at high amount in brain tissues, especially in membrane phospholipids. This polyunsaturated fatty acid is the precursor of various oxygenated lipid mediators involved in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. Characterization of DHA-oxygenated metabolites is therefore crucial for better understanding the biological roles of DHA. In this study, we identified and measured, by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, a number of oxygenated products derived from DHA in exsanguinated and nonexsanguinated brains. These metabolites were found both in free form and esterified in phospholipids. Interestingly, both (R)- and (S)-monohydroxylated fatty acid stereoisomers were observed free and esterified in phospholipids. Monohydroxylated metabolites were the main derivatives; however, measurable amounts of dihydroxylated products such as protectin DX were detected. Moreover, exsanguination allowed discriminating brain oxygenated metabolites from those generated in blood. These results obtained in healthy rats allowed an overview on the brain oxygenated metabolism of DHA, which deserves further research in pathophysiological conditions, especially in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Jouvène
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, (Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Av A. Einstein, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Baptiste Fourmaux
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, (Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Av A. Einstein, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Géloën
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, (Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Av A. Einstein, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Balas
- Univ-Montpellier, IBMM, ENSCM, UMR CNRS 5247, Fac Pharm, 15 Av Ch Flahault, F-34093, Montpellier, 05, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Univ-Montpellier, IBMM, ENSCM, UMR CNRS 5247, Fac Pharm, 15 Av Ch Flahault, F-34093, Montpellier, 05, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, (Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Av A. Einstein, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Létisse
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, (Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Av A. Einstein, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, (Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Av A. Einstein, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Zhao X, Qiu X. Analysis of the biosynthetic process of fatty acids in Thraustochytrium. Biochimie 2017; 144:108-114. [PMID: 29097280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrium is a marine protist producing a specific profile of nutritionally important fatty acids, including very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), even chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs) palmitic acid (16:0), and odd chain SFAs pentadecanoic acid (15:0). To study how these fatty acids are synthesized, a series of radiolabeled precursors were used to trace the biosynthetic process in vivo and in vitro. When Thraustochytrium was fed with long chain fatty acid intermediates such as [1-14C]-oleic acid, [1-14C]-linoleic acid and [1-14C]-α-linolenic acid, no VLCPUFAs were produced, indicating that the aerobic pathway for the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs was not functional in Thraustochytrium. When fed with [1-14C]-acetic acid, both SFAs and VLCPUFAs were labeled, and when fed with [1-14C]-propionic acid, mainly SFAs were labeled. However, when fed with [1-14C]-acetic acid in the presence of cerulenin, a type I FAS inhibitor, only VLCPUFAs were labeled, and when fed with [1-14C]-propionic acid in the presence of cerulenin, neither SFAs nor VLCPUFAs were labeled. This result clearly indicates that the type I fatty acid synthase (FAS) in Thraustochytrium could use acetic acid and propionic acid as the primers to synthesize even chain and odd chain SFAs, respectively, and VLCPUFAs were synthesized by the PUFA synthase using acetic acid as the primer. In addition, radioactive acetic acid could label both phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG), and VLCPUFAs appeared first and were largely accumulated in PL, whereas TAG accumulated much more SFAs than VLCPUFAs. The in vitro assay with [1-14C]-malonyl-CoA in presence of cerulenin showed that the crude protein of Thraustochytrium produced only VLCPUFAs, not SFAs, further confirming the role of the PUFA synthase in the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs. Collectively, these results have elucidated the biochemical mechanisms for the biosynthesis of all fatty acids in Thraustochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhao
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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14
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Barroso FG, Sánchez-Muros MJ, Segura M, Morote E, Torres A, Ramos R, Guil JL. Insects as food: Enrichment of larvae of Hermetia illucens with omega 3 fatty acids by means of dietary modifications. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Alfaia CM, Alves SP, Pestana JM, Madeira MS, Moreira O, Santos-Silva J, Bessa RJB, Toldrá F, Prates JAM. Distinct fatty acid composition of some edible by-products from bovines fed high or low silage diets. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016; 23:209-221. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013216674137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, it was hypothesized that the incorporation of fatty acids is distinct among ruminant tissues and that it could be modulated by diet composition. To test this hypothesis, fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid isomers, of the most relevant beef by-products (brain, heart, kidney, liver, pancreas and tongue) from young bulls those fed distinct silage levels was assessed. Data indicated a large variation in fatty acid profile and conjugated linoleic acid composition among edible by-products. The most abundant fatty acids were C16:0 (kidney), C18:0 (heart and liver) and C18:1 c9 (brain, pancreas and tongue) followed by C20:4 n-6, except in brain (C22:6 n-3 predominates). Brain, as shown by principal component analysis, presents a distinct fatty acid composition compared to the other beef by-products analysed. In addition, high silage diet relative to low silage diet promoted an increase of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, t11, t13 and t11, c13 conjugated linoleic acid in heart, kidney, liver and pancreas. Overall, the data suggested that beef by-products had, in general, high contents of cholesterol, saturated fatty acid and trans fatty acid, as well as high levels of conjugated linoleic acid. Therefore, from a nutritional point of view they are recommended only in small amounts as part of a balanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alfaia
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana P Alves
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M Pestana
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- UNIVATES, Centro Universitário Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brasil
| | - Marta S Madeira
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olga Moreira
- UIPA, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - José Santos-Silva
- UIPA, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - Rui JB Bessa
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - José AM Prates
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Wainwright P, Bulman-Fleming M, Lévesque S, Mutsaers L, McCutcheon D. A Saturated-Fat Diet during Development Alters Dendritic Growth in Mouse Brain. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 1:49-58. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1998.11747212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Bayır H. Therapies targeting lipid peroxidation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:57-76. [PMID: 26872597 PMCID: PMC4870119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation can be broadly defined as the process of inserting a hydroperoxy group into a lipid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the phospholipids are often the targets for peroxidation. Phospholipids are indispensable for normal structure of membranes. The other important function of phospholipids stems from their role as a source of lipid mediators - oxygenated free fatty acids that are derived from lipid peroxidation. In the CNS, excessive accumulation of either oxidized phospholipids or oxygenated free fatty acids may be associated with damage occurring during acute brain injury and subsequent inflammatory responses. There is a growing body of evidence that lipid peroxidation occurs after severe traumatic brain injury in humans and correlates with the injury severity and mortality. Identification of the products and sources of lipid peroxidation and its enzymatic or non-enzymatic nature is essential for the design of mechanism-based therapies. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based lipidomics/oxidative lipidomics offers remarkable opportunities for quantitative characterization of lipid peroxidation products, providing guidance for targeted development of specific therapeutic modalities. In this review, we critically evaluate previous attempts to use non-specific antioxidants as neuroprotectors and emphasize new approaches based on recent breakthroughs in understanding of enzymatic mechanisms of lipid peroxidation associated with specific death pathways, particularly apoptosis. We also emphasize the role of different phospholipases (calcium-dependent and -independent) in hydrolysis of peroxidized phospholipids and generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Selvan Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Elizabeth Megan Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Childrens׳s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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18
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Long-term feeding of Atlantic salmon in seawater with low dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids affects tissue status of the brain, retina and erythrocytes. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1919-29. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn two long-term feeding trials in seawater, Atlantic salmon were fed EPA+DHA in graded levels, from 1·3 to 7·4 % of fatty acids (FA, 4–24 g/kg feed) combined with approximately 10 % 18 : 3n-3, at 6 and 12°C. Dietary EPA appeared to be sufficient in all diet groups, as no differences were seen in polar lipid tissue concentrations of either the brain, retina or erythrocytes. For DHA, a reduction in tissue levels was observed with low dietary supply. Effects on brain DHA at ≤1·4 % EPA+DHA of dietary FA and retina DHA at ≤2·7 % EPA+DHA of dietary FA were only observed in fish reared at 6°C, suggesting an effect of temperature, whereas tissue levels of n-6 FA increased as a response to increased dietary n-6 FA in both the brain and the retina at both temperatures. DHA levels in erythrocytes were affected by ≤2·7 % EPA+DHA at both temperatures. Therefore, DHA appears to be the limiting n-3 FA in diets where EPA and DHA are present in the ratios found in fishmeal and fish oil. To assess the physiological significance of FA differences in erythrocytes, the osmotic resistance was tested, but it did not vary between dietary groups. In conclusion, ≤2·7 % EPA+DHA of FA (≤9 g/kg feed) is not sufficient to maintain tissue DHA status in important tissues of Atlantic salmon throughout the seawater production cycle despite the presence of dietary 18 : 3n-3, and effects may be more severe at low water temperatures.
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19
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Simón MV, Agnolazza DL, German OL, Garelli A, Politi LE, Agbaga MP, Anderson RE, Rotstein NP. Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid from eicosapentaenoic acid in retina neurons protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress. J Neurochem 2016; 136:931-46. [PMID: 26662863 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in activating photoreceptor death in several retinal degenerations. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina, protects cultured retina photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and promotes photoreceptor differentiation. Here, we investigated whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a metabolic precursor to DHA, had similar effects and whether retinal neurons could metabolize EPA to DHA. Adding EPA to rat retina neuronal cultures increased opsin expression and protected photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by the oxidants paraquat and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids had no protective effect, showing the specificity for DHA. We found that EPA supplementation significantly increased DHA percentage in retinal neurons, but not EPA percentage. Photoreceptors and glial cells expressed Δ6 desaturase (FADS2), which introduces the last double bond in DHA biosynthetic pathway. Pre-treatment of neuronal cultures with CP-24879 hydrochloride, a Δ5/Δ6 desaturase inhibitor, prevented EPA-induced increase in DHA percentage and completely blocked EPA protection and its effect on photoreceptor differentiation. These results suggest that EPA promoted photoreceptor differentiation and rescued photoreceptors from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through its elongation and desaturation to DHA. Our data show, for the first time, that isolated retinal neurons can synthesize DHA in culture. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in retina photoreceptors, and its precursor, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have multiple beneficial effects. Here, we show that retina neurons in vitro express the desaturase FADS2 and can synthesize DHA from EPA. Moreover, addition of EPA to these cultures protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress and promotes their differentiation through its metabolization to DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Simón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela L Agnolazza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Lorena German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Garelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Cell Biology, Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Ophthalmology/Cell Biology, Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Piermartiri T, Pan H, Figueiredo TH, Marini AM. α-Linolenic Acid, A Nutraceutical with Pleiotropic Properties That Targets Endogenous Neuroprotective Pathways to Protect against Organophosphate Nerve Agent-Induced Neuropathology. Molecules 2015; 20:20355-80. [PMID: 26569216 PMCID: PMC6332275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is a nutraceutical found in vegetable products such as flax and walnuts. The pleiotropic properties of ALA target endogenous neuroprotective and neurorestorative pathways in brain and involve the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a major neuroprotective protein in brain, and downstream signaling pathways likely mediated via activation of TrkB, the cognate receptor of BDNF. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms of ALA efficacy against the highly toxic OP nerve agent soman. Organophosphate (OP) nerve agents are highly toxic chemical warfare agents and a threat to military and civilian populations. Once considered only for battlefield use, these agents are now used by terrorists to inflict mass casualties. OP nerve agents inhibit the critical enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that rapidly leads to a cholinergic crisis involving multiple organs. Status epilepticus results from the excessive accumulation of synaptic acetylcholine which in turn leads to the overactivation of muscarinic receptors; prolonged seizures cause the neuropathology and long-term consequences in survivors. Current countermeasures mitigate symptoms and signs as well as reduce brain damage, but must be given within minutes after exposure to OP nerve agents supporting interest in newer and more effective therapies. The pleiotropic properties of ALA result in a coordinated molecular and cellular program to restore neuronal networks and improve cognitive function in soman-exposed animals. Collectively, ALA should be brought to the clinic to treat the long-term consequences of nerve agents in survivors. ALA may be an effective therapy for other acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsade Piermartiri
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate School Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Hongna Pan
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Ann M Marini
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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21
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Andersson MN, Wang HL, Nord A, Salmón P, Isaksson C. Composition of physiologically important fatty acids in great tits differs between urban and rural populations on a seasonal basis. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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22
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German OL, Agnolazza DL, Politi LE, Rotstein NP. Light, lipids and photoreceptor survival: live or let die? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26204250 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to its constant exposure to light and its high oxygen consumption the retina is highly sensitive to oxidative damage, which is a common factor in inducing the death of photoreceptors after light damage or in inherited retinal degenerations. The high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina, has been suggested to contribute to this sensitivity. DHA is crucial for developing and preserving normal visual function. However, further roles of DHA in the retina are still controversial. Current data support that it can tilt the scale either towards degeneration or survival of retinal cells. DHA peroxidation products can be deleterious to the retina and might lead to retinal degeneration. However, DHA has also been shown to act as, or to be the source of, a survival molecule that protects photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells from oxidative damage. We have established that DHA protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and promotes their differentiation in vitro. DHA activates the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the ERK/MAPK pathway, thus regulating the expression of anti and pro-apoptotic proteins. It also orchestrates a diversity of signaling pathways, modulating enzymatic pathways that control the sphingolipid metabolism and activate antioxidant defense mechanisms to promote photoreceptor survival and development. A deeper comprehension of DHA signaling pathways and context-dependent behavior is required to understand its dual functions in retinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lorena German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Abstract
The use of supplements has become commonplace in an effort to complement traditional therapy and as part of long-term preventive health plans. This article discusses historical and present uses of antioxidants, vitamins, and herbs. By complementing traditional medicine with holistic and alternative nutrition and supplements, the overall health and wellness of exotic pets can be enhanced and balanced. Further research is needed for understanding the strengths and uses of supplements in exotic species. Going back to the animals' origin and roots bring clinicians closer to nature and its healing powers.
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24
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Sanders TAB. Plant compared with marine n-3 fatty acid effects on cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes: what is the verdict? Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100 Suppl 1:453S-8S. [PMID: 24898234 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants provide α-linolenic acid [ALA; 18:3n-3 (18:3ω-3)], which can be converted via eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), which is required for normal visual and cognitive function. Dietary ALA is provided mainly by vegetable oils, especially soybean and rapeseed oils, but is destroyed by partial hydrogenation; it is also present in high amounts in walnuts and flaxseed. Dietary EPA and DHA are provided mainly by fish and so are absent from vegan diets and only present in trace amounts in vegetarian diets. Vegetarians and vegans have lower proportions of DHA in blood and tissue lipids compared with omnivores. High intakes of EPA and DHA (typically in the range of 3-5 g/d) but not ALA have favorable effects on several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and have been postulated to delay arterial aging and cardiovascular mortality, but these intakes are beyond the range of normal dietary intake. Arterial stiffness, which is a measure of arterial aging, appears to be lower in vegans than in omnivores; and risk of CVD in vegetarians and vegans is approximately one-third that in omnivores. Prospective cohort studies showed higher intakes of EPA+DHA, and less consistently ALA, to be associated with a lower risk of CVD, especially fatal coronary heart disease, but meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of supplementation of EPA+DHA or ALA in secondary prevention of CVD showed no clear benefit. Current evidence is insufficient to warrant advising vegans and vegetarians to supplement their diets with EPA or DHA for CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A B Sanders
- From the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Fujii K, Matsunobu S, Takahashi Y. Characterization of the new microalgal strains, Oogamochlamys spp., and their potential for biofuel production. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Rabinovich AL, Lyubartsev AP. Bond orientation properties in lipid molecules of membranes: molecular dynamics simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/510/1/012022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Zhu G, Jiang X, Ou Q, Zhang T, Wang M, Sun G, Wang Z, Sun J, Ge T. Enhanced production of docosahexaenoic acid in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96503. [PMID: 24788769 PMCID: PMC4008533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical effects, may be obtained through diet or synthesized in vivo from dietary a-linolenic acid (ALA). However, the accumulation of DHA in human body or other mammals relies on the intake of high dose of DHA for a certain period of time, and the bioconversion of dietary ALA to DHA is very limited. Therefore the mammalian cells are not rich in DHA. Here, we report a new technology for increased production of DHA in mammalian cells. By using transient transfection method, Siganus canaliculatus Δ4 desaturase was heterologously expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and simultaneously, mouse Δ6-desaturase and Δ5-desaturase were overexpressed. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of Δ6/Δ5-desaturases significantly enhanced the ability of transfected cells to convert the added ALA to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) which in turn get converted into DHA directly and efficiently by the heterologously expressed Δ4 desaturase. This technology provides the basis for potential utility of these gene constructs in the creation of transgenic livestock for increased production of DHA/related products to meet the growing demand of this important PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Zhu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xudong Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qin Ou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guozhi Sun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tangdong Ge
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
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Nakamoto K, Nishinaka T, Sato N, Mankura M, Koyama Y, Tokuyama S. [Antinociceptive effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) through long fatty acid receptor G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40)]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:397-403. [PMID: 24584021 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids, one class of essential nutrients for humans, are an important source of energy and an essential component of cell membranes. They also function as signal transduction molecules in a variety of biological phenomena. The important functional role of fatty acids in both onset and suppression of pain has become increasingly apparent in recent years. Recently, we have also demonstrated that the release of an endogenous opioid peptide, β-endorphin, plays an important role in the induction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced antinociception. It is well known that fatty acids affect intracellular and intercellular signaling as well as the membrane fluidity of neurons. In addition to intracellular actions, unbound free fatty acids (FFAs) can also carry out extracellular signaling by stimulating the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Among these receptors, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) has been reported to be activated by long-chain fatty acids such as DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid. In the peripheral area, GPR40 is preferentially expressed in pancreatic β-cells and is known to relate to the secretion of hormone and peptides. On the other hand, even though this receptor is widely distributed in the central nervous system, reports studying the role and functions of GPR40 in the brain have not been found. In this review, we summarize the findings of our recent study about the long-chain fatty acid receptor GPR40 as a novel pain regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Chen YS, Luo WI, Lee TL, Yu SSF, Chang CY. Identification of the proteins required for fatty acid desaturation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:671-6. [PMID: 24103751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish Δ-5/Δ-6 fatty acid desaturase (Z-FADS) catalyzes the cascade synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), thereby playing a pivotal role in several biological processes. In the current study, we report that the Z-FADS protein exists in close proximity to certain cytochrome b5 reductases (CYB5R2 and 3) and elongases (ELOVL2, 4, 5 and 7) on the endoplasmic reticulum, as determined using fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. HeLa cells co-transfected with zebrafish fads and elovl2, 4, and 5 produced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as detected by gas chromatography. In addition, immunofluorescence cytochemistry and Western blot data revealed that Z-FADS is present in the mitochondria of HeLa cells. Collectively, our results implicate that Z-FADS, the sole fatty acid desaturase ever been identified in zebrafish, can serve as a universal fatty acid desaturase during lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Bioconversion of α-linolenic acid into n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in hepatocytes and ad hoc cell culture optimisation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73719. [PMID: 24040040 PMCID: PMC3770698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish optimal conditions for a cell culture system that would allow the measurement of 18∶3n-3 (ALA) bioconversion into n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA), and to determine the overall pathway kinetics. Using rat hepatocytes (FaO) as model cells, it was established that a maximum 20∶5n-3 (EPA) production from 50 µM ALA initial concentration was achieved after 3 days of incubation. Next, it was established that a gradual increase in the ALA concentration from 0 up to 125µM lead to a proportional increase in EPA, without concomitant increase in further elongated or desaturated products, such as 22∶5n-3 (DPA) and 22∶6n-3 (DHA) in 3 day incubations. Of interest, ALA bioconversion products were observed in the culture medium. Therefore, in vitro experiments disregarding the medium fatty acid content are underestimating the metabolism efficiency. The novel application of the fatty acid mass balance (FAMB) method on cell culture system (cells with medium) enabled quantifying the apparent enzymatic activities for the biosynthesis of n-3 LC-PUFA. The activity of the key enzymes was estimated and showed that, under these conditions, 50% (Km) of the theoretical maximal (Vmax = 3654 µmol.g−1 of cell protein.hour−1) Fads2 activity on ALA can be achieved with 81 µM initial ALA. Interestingly, the apparent activity of Elovl2 (20∶5n-3 elongation) was the slowest amongst other biosynthesis steps. Therefore, the possible improvement of Elovl2 activity is suggested toward a more efficient DHA production from ALA. The present study proposed and described an ad hoc optimised cell culture conditions and methodology towards achieving a reliable experimental platform, using FAMB, to assist in studying the efficiency of ALA bioconversion into n-3 LC-PUFA in vitro. The FAMB proved to be a powerful and inexpensive method to generate a detailed description of the kinetics of n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis enzymes activities in vitro.
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Rao CV, Patlolla JM, Cooma I, Kawamori T, Steele VE. Prevention of Familial Adenomatous Polyp Development inAPCminMice and Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in F344 Rats by ω-3 Fatty Acid Rich Perilla Oil. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65 Suppl 1:54-60. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.785009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen J, Sampath AP. Structure and Function of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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Yadav V, Shinto L, Bourdette D. Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:381-95. [PMID: 20441425 PMCID: PMC2901236 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the CNS that affects people during early adulthood. Despite several US FDA-approved medications, the treatment options in MS are limited. Many people with MS explore complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments to help control their MS and treat their symptoms. Surveys suggest that up to 70% of people with MS have tried one or more CAM treatment for their MS. People with MS using CAM generally report deriving some benefit from the therapies. The CAM therapies most frequently used include diet, omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. There is very limited research evaluating the safety and effectiveness of CAM in MS. The most promising among CAM therapies that warrant further investigation are a low-fat diet, omega-3 fatty acids, lipoic acid and vitamin D supplementation as potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents in both relapsing and progressive forms of MS. There is very limited research evaluating the safety and effectiveness of CAM in MS. However, in recent years, the NIH and the National MS Society have been actively supporting the research in this very important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayshree Yadav
- Department of Neurology L226, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Bjerve KS. Relationship of Fatty Acid Composition of Serum Lipid Fractions to Human Diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00365518809168505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
By its action on rhodopsin, light triggers the well-known visual transduction cascade, but can also induce cell damage and death through phototoxic mechanisms - a comprehensive understanding of which is still elusive despite more than 40 years of research. Herein, we integrate recent experimental findings to address several hypotheses of retinal light damage, premised in part on the close anatomical and metabolic relationships between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. We begin by reviewing the salient features of light damage, recently joined by evidence for retinal remodeling which has implications for the prognosis of recovery of function in retinal degenerations. We then consider select factors that influence the progression of the damage process and the extent of visual cell loss. Traditional, genetically modified, and emerging animal models are discussed, with particular emphasis on cone visual cells. Exogenous and endogenous retinal protective factors are explored, with implications for light damage mechanisms and some suggested avenues for future research. Synergies are known to exist between our long term light environment and photoreceptor cell death in retinal disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of light damage in a variety of animal models can provide valuable insights into the effects of light in clinical disorders and may form the basis of future therapies to prevent or delay visual cell loss.
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POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF ARACHIDONATE IN GILL FUNCTION OF MARINE FISH. Nutr Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1987.tb07443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Harnack K, Andersen G, Somoza V. Quantitation of alpha-linolenic acid elongation to eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid as affected by the ratio of n6/n3 fatty acids. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:8. [PMID: 19228394 PMCID: PMC2656504 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conversion of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to their higher chain homologues in humans depends on the ratio of ingested n6 and n3 fatty acids. DESIGN AND METHODS In order to determine the most effective ratio with regard to the conversion of ALA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), human hepatoma cells were incubated with varying ratios of [¹³C] labeled linoleic acid ([¹³C]LA)- and alpha-linolenic acid ([¹³C]ALA)-methylesters. Regulative cellular signal transduction pathways involved were studied by determinations of transcript levels of the genes encoding delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) were also examined. RESULTS Maximum conversion was observed in cells incubated with the mixture of [¹³C]LA/[¹³C]ALA at a ratio of 1:1, where 0.7% and 17% of the recovered [¹³C]ALA was converted to DHA and EPA, respectively. Furthermore, differential regulation of enzymes involved in the conversion at the transcript level, dependent on the ratio of administered n6 to n3 fatty acids in human hepatocytes was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Formation of EPA and DHA was highest at an administered LA/ALA ratio of 1:1, although gene expression of PPARα, SREBP-1c and D5D involved in ALA elongation were higher in the presence of ALA solely. Also, our findings suggest that a diet-induced enhancement of the cell membrane content of highly unsaturated fatty acids is only possible up to a certain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Harnack
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Lien VW, Clandinin MT. Dietary Assessment of Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake in 4–7 Year-Old Children. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28:7-15. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tanito M, Brush RS, Elliott MH, Wicker LD, Henry KR, Anderson RE. High levels of retinal membrane docosahexaenoic acid increase susceptibility to stress-induced degeneration. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:807-19. [PMID: 19023138 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800170-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fat-1 gene cloned from C. elegans encodes an n-3 fatty acid desaturase that converts n-6 to n-3 PUFA. Mice carrying the fat-1 transgene and wild-type controls were fed an n-3-deficient/n-6-enriched diet [fat-1- safflower oil (SFO) and wt-SFO, respectively]. Fatty acid profiles of rod outer segments (ROS), cerebellum, plasma, and liver demonstrated significantly lower n-6/n-3 ratios and higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in fat-1-SFO compared with wt-SFO. When mice were exposed to light stress: 1) the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness was reduced; 2) amplitudes of the electroretinogram (ERG) were lower; 3) the number of apoptotic photoreceptor cells was greater; and 4) modification of retinal proteins by 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE), an end-product of n-3 PUFA oxidation was increased in both fat-1-SFO and wt mice fed a regular lab chow diet compared with wt-SFO. The results indicate a positive correlation between the level of DHA, the degree of n-3 PUFA lipid peroxidation, and the vulnerability of the retina to photooxidative stress. In mice not exposed to intense light, the reduction in DHA resulted in reduced efficacy in phototransduction gain steps, while no differences in the retinal morphology or retinal biochemistry. These results highlight the dual roles of DHA in cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Vemuri M, Kelley D. The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism. FATTY ACIDS IN FOODS AND THEIR HEALTH IMPLICATIONS,THIRD EDITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420006902.ch23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Abstract
The present review focuses on the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) provision for the normal development of the pig neonate. The review describes first the selected fatty acid composition of a range of porcine tissues including nervous tissues, muscle and adipose tissues, reproductive organs and immune-responsive organs and/or cells. The importance of PUFA to the functioning of the immune system of the neonate is considered briefly and is followed by an in-depth consideration of the sources of PUFA for the neonatal pig. The effects of different categories or specific types of fatty acid (i.e. non-essential, linoleic, α-linolenic, long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFA) on various indices of pig neonatal growth are reviewed. The importance of n-3 PUFA supply to the fetal and early neonatal pig is underlined and evidence is presented for more attention to be given to the amounts available from maternal sources. Based on the material reviewed, recommendations are made on the dietary intake of PUFA in the gestating pig.
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Carlson BA, Kingston JD. Docosahexaenoic acid, the aquatic diet, and hominin encephalization: difficulties in establishing evolutionary links. Am J Hum Biol 2007; 19:132-41. [PMID: 17160979 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinctive characteristics of modern humans, including language, tool manufacture and use, culture, and behavioral plasticity, are linked to changes in the organization and size of the brain during hominin evolution. As brain tissue is metabolically and nutritionally costly to develop and maintain, early hominin encephalization has been linked to a release of energetic and nutritional constraints. One such nutrient-based approach has focused on the n-3 long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is a primary constituent of membrane phospholipids within the synaptic networks of the brain essential for optimal cognitive functioning. As biosynthesis of DHA from n-3 dietary precursors (alpha-linolenic acid, LNA) is relatively inefficient, it has been suggested that preformed DHA must have been an integral dietary constituent during evolution of the genus Homo to facilitate the growth and development of an encephalizing brain. Furthermore, preformed DHA has only been identified to an appreciable extent within aquatic resources (marine and freshwater), leading to speculation that hominin encephalization is linked specifically to access and consumption of aquatic resources. The key premise of this perspective is that biosynthesis of DHA from LNA is not only inefficient but also insufficient for the growth and maturation demands of an encephalized brain. However, this assumption is not well-supported, and much evidence instead suggests that consumption of LNA, available in a wider variety of sources within a number of terrestrial ecosystems, is sufficient for normal brain development and maintenance in modern humans and presumably our ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Les Acides Gras : Structures, Fonctions, Apports Nutritionnels Conseillés. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIETETIQUE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-9960(07)91234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pérez MJ, Rodríguez C, Cejas JR, Martín MV, Jerez S, Lorenzo A. Lipid and fatty acid content in wild white seabream (Diplodus sargus) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 146:187-96. [PMID: 17157047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lipid and fatty acid content of the gonads, liver and muscle of wild white seabream males and females was studied at different stages of the reproductive cycle. Samples were taken from mature white seabream at pre-spawning (November), mid-spawning (March) and post-spawning (June) stages. The results showed that lipid accumulates in gonads and muscle from November to March. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was also increased during this period. Male gonads showed a greater increase in polar lipid (PL) than neutral (NL), while female gonads displayed the reverse. The increase in both neutral and polar lipid was higher in the muscle of males than in females. In the same period, male livers showed no changes either in lipid content or the hepatosomatic index (HSI), while female livers registered an increase in both lipid content and HSI. Between March and June, in both males and females, total, neutral and polar lipid decreased sharply in the gonads and muscle. Muscular lipid content reduction was more pronounced in males than females. On the other hand, the lipid content of the liver in males and females remained relatively constant. In general terms, the amounts of major fatty acids (16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) in gonadal and muscular polar and neutral lipid in both males and females increased from November to March and declined thereafter. Variations of the liver fatty acid content were less extreme. In the period from mid-spawning to post-spawning, the presence of 20:4n-6 in polar and neutral lipid increased to a notable extent in all organs studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pérez
- Dpto de Biología Animal (UDI Fisiología), Fac de Biología, Univ de La Laguna, 38206 S/C de Tenerife, Spain
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Golfetto I, McGready R, Ghebremeskel K, Min Y, Dubowitz L, Nosten F, Drury P, Simpson JA, Arunjerdja R, Crawford MA. Fatty acid composition of milk of refugee Karen and urban Korean mothers. Is the level of DHA in breast milk of Western women compromised by high intake of saturated fat and linoleic acid? Nutr Health 2007; 18:319-332. [PMID: 18087864 DOI: 10.1177/026010600701800402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower proportions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 metabolites have been reported in breast milk of European, Australian and North American women compared with milk of mothers from non-Western countries. This difference is not always explained by intakes of marine products. OBJECTIVE We investigated the possibility that the relative composition of DHA and total n-3 metabolites in breast milk of non-Western mothers with low fat intakes is higher than the levels commonly reported in their Western counterparts. SUBJECTS Mature milk of refugee Karen women from two different camps in Thailand (n=26 and n=53), and transition milk from urban Korean mothers (n=12) in Seoul was collected. In common with their respective community, the mothers have low fat intake, which is predominately of plant origin. RESULTS The percentage levels of DHA and n-3 metabolites in the milk of the Karen mothers were 0.52 +/- 0.14 and 0.85 +/- 0.24 (camp 1) and 0.54 +/- 0.22 and 0.92 +/- 0.42 (camp 2). In the Korean milk, DHA was 0.96 +/- 0.21 and total n-3 metabolites 1.51 +/- 0.3. CONCLUSION We postulate that the levels of DHA and total n-3 metabolites may be compromised in breast milk of mothers on the Western high fat diet. This calls into question the use of DHA composition of such milk as a reference for the formulation of milk designed, for infant feed or, to test the function of DHA in neuro-visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Golfetto
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, London Metropolitan University, Holloway Road, London, UK
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