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Kopponen P, Asikainen M, Törrönen R, Klemola K, Liesivuori J, Kärenlampi S. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Textile Dyes and Extracts of Dyed/Finished Fabrics. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether an in vitro test can give an indication of the overall toxicity of fabric extracts, and whether this toxicity correlates with the toxicity of the dyes and finishes used. Thirteen textile dyes and dyed/finished cotton fabrics were tested by using the Hepa-1 cytotoxicity test. Black sulphur and two blue reactive dyes were the most toxic, with IC50 (the concentration at which the total protein content was 50% of the protein content of non-exposed cells) values of 40–65μg/ml. The least toxic dyes, the black and yellow mix reactive dyes, had IC50 values of 825μg/ml and 703μg/ml, respectively. There was no correlation between the toxicities of the dyes and the fabric extracts; the extract from naphtholdyed fabric was the most cytotoxic. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the toxicity of a fabric extract cannot be predicted directly from the toxicity of the dye itself. The results also showed that flame-retardant and water/soil-repellent finishes can alter the cytotoxicity. In vitro tests, as exemplified by the Hepa-1 cytotoxicity test, could provide useful information for developing new ecotextiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Kopponen
- Department of Physiology,
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, and
| | - Mirkka Asikainen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kaisa Klemola
- Kuopio Academy of Crafts and Design, P.O. Box 98, 70101 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki Liesivuori
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 93, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kärenlampi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Tara N, Siddiqui SI, Rathi G, Chaudhry SA, Inamuddin, Asiri AM. Nano-engineered Adsorbent for the Removal of Dyes from Water: A Review. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190117124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The huge quantity of wastewater, containing poisonous and hazardous dyes,
is released by various industries which pollute water in direct and indirect ways. Most of the dyes are
a dangerous class of water contaminants which have affected the environment drastically. Some dyes
such as congo red, rhodamine B, methylene blue, methyl violet, and crystal violet are a serious threat
to human beings.
Remediation Method:
Numerous methods are available for the removal of dyes from water.
Adsorption, being a superior and eco-friendly technique, has advantage of eliminating organic dyes
because of the availability of materials as adsorbents. The inexpensive nanomaterials are a more attractive
choice for remediation of various dyes due to their unique properties and offer an adequate
pathway to adsorb any organic dye from water to overcome its hazardous effects on human health.
Results:
In this review, we have discussed the latest literature related to various types of synthesis,
characterization and uses as adsorbent for highly adsorptive removal capacity of nanoparticles for organic
dyes.
Conclusion:
Adsorption technology provides an attractive pathway for further research and improvement
in more efficient nanoparticles, with higher adsorption capacity, for numerous dyes to
eliminate the dyes discharged from various industries and thus reduce the contamination of water.
Therefore, nanocomposites may contribute to future prospective water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Tara
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sharf Ilahi Siddiqui
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Geetanjali Rathi
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saif Ali Chaudhry
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Inamuddin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Mahmood S, Khalid A, Arshad M, Mahmood T, Crowley DE. Detoxification of azo dyes by bacterial oxidoreductase enzymes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:639-51. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1004518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,
| | - Azeem Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, and
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,
| | - David E. Crowley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Chicu SA, Munteanu M, Cîtu I, Soica C, Dehelean C, Trandafirescu C, Funar-Timofei S, Ionescu D, Simu GM. The Hydractinia echinata test-system. III: Structure-toxicity relationship study of some azo-, azo-anilide, and diazonium salt derivatives. Molecules 2014; 19:9798-817. [PMID: 25006787 PMCID: PMC6270994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-toxicity relationships for a series of 75 azo and azo-anilide dyes and five diazonium salts were developed using Hydractinia echinata (H. echinata) as model species. In addition, based on these relationships, predictions for 58 other azo-dyes were made. The experimental results showed that the measured effectiveness Mlog(1/MRC50) does not depend on the number of azo groups or the ones corresponding to metobolites, but it is influenced by the number of anilide groups, as well as by the substituents’ positions within molecules. The conformational analysis pointed out the intramolecular hydrogen bonds, especially the simple tautomerization of quinoidic (STOH) or aminoidic (STNH2) type. The effectiveness is strongly influenced by the “push-pull” electronic effect, specific to two hydroxy or amino groups separated by an azo moiety (double alternate tautomery, (DAT), to the –COOH or –SO3H groups which are located in ortho or para position with respect to the azo group. The levels of the lipophylic/hydrophilic, electronic and steric equilibriums, pointed out by the Mlog(1/MRC50) values, enabled the calculation of their average values Clog(1/MRC50) (“Köln model”), characteristic to one derivative class (class isotoxicity). The azo group reduction and the hydrolysis of the amido/peptidic group are two concurrent enzymatic reactions, which occur with different reaction rates and mechanisms. The products of the partial biodegradation are aromatic amines. No additive or synergic effects are noticed among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Adrian Chicu
- Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of the Romanian Academy, B-dul Mihai Viteazul 24, RO-300223 Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Melania Munteanu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Sanitary Chemistry, "Vasile Goldis" University, 1 Feleacului Str., Arad 310396, Romania.
| | - Ioana Cîtu
- Faculty of Medicine, "V. Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Codruta Soica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "V. Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "V. Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Cristina Trandafirescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "V. Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Simona Funar-Timofei
- Institute of Chemistry Timisoara of the Romanian Academy, B-dul Mihai Viteazul 24, RO-300223 Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Daniela Ionescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "V. Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Georgeta Maria Simu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "V. Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
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de Oliveira RL, Anderson MA, Umbuzeiro GDA, Zocolo GJ, Zanoni MVB. Assessment of by-products of chlorination and photoelectrocatalytic chlorination of an azo dye. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 205-206:1-9. [PMID: 22230753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes a more efficient methodology for the chlorination of water containing disperse dyes, where the chlorinated byproducts identified by mass spectra are compared. For this investigation, we tested the degradation of CI Disperse Blue 291 dye, 2-[(2-Bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-5-(diethylamino)-4-methoxyacetanilide) a commercial azo dye with mutagenic properties. The present work evaluates the photoelectrocatalytic efficiency of removing the CI Disperse Blue 291 dye from a wastewater of the textile industry. We employed NaCl as a supporting electrolyte. It should be noted that photoelectrocatalytic techniques are non-conventional method of generating chlorine radicals. The by-products formed in this process were analyzed using spectrophotometry, liquid chromatography, dissolved organic carbon, mass spectral analysis and mutagenicity assays. The process efficiency was compared with the conventional chlorination process adopted during sewage and effluents treatment processes. This conventional chlorination process is less efficient in removing color, total organic carbon than the photoelectrochemistry technique. Furthermore, we shall demonstrate that the mutagenicity of the generated by-products obtained using photoelectrocatalysis is completely different from that obtained by the conventional oxidation of chloride ions in the drinking water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leite de Oliveira
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESP, University of São Paulo State, Brazil
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6
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Ferraz ERA, Umbuzeiro GA, de-Almeida G, Caloto-Oliveira A, Chequer FMD, Zanoni MVB, Dorta DJ, Oliveira DP. Differential toxicity of Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Red 13 in the Ames test, HepG2 cytotoxicity assay, and Daphnia acute toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:489-497. [PMID: 20549607 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are of environmental concern due to their degradation products, widespread use, and low-removal rate during conventional treatment. Their toxic properties are related to the nature and position of the substituents with respect to the aromatic rings and amino nitrogen atom. The dyes Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Red 13 were tested for Salmonella mutagenicity, cell viability by annexin V, and propidium iodide in HepG2 and by aquatic toxicity assays using daphnids. Both dyes tested positive in the Salmonella assay, and the suggestion was made that these compounds induce mainly frame-shift mutations and that the enzymes nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase play an important role in the observed effect. In addition, it was shown that the presence of the chlorine substituent in Disperse Red 13 decreased the mutagenicity about 14 times when compared with Disperse Red 1, which shows the same structure as Disperse Red 13, but without the chlorine substituent. The presence of this substituent did not cause cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, but toxicity to the water flea Daphnia similis increased in the presence of the chlorine substituent. These data suggest that the insertion of a chlorine substituent could be an alternative in the design of dyes with low-mutagenic potency, although the ecotoxicity should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R A Ferraz
- USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmaceuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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7
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Devillers J, Mombelli E. Evaluation of the OECD QSAR Application Toolbox and Toxtree for estimating the mutagenicity of chemicals. Part 1. Aromatic amines. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 21:753-769. [PMID: 21120760 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2010.528959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Ames Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay is a short-term bacterial reverse mutation test that was designed to detect mutagens. For several decades, it has been used in research laboratories and by regulatory agencies throughout the world for the detection and characterization of potential mutagens among natural products and man-made chemicals. Faced with the ever-growing number of chemicals available on the market, congeneric and non-congeneric (Q)SAR models have been designed from Ames test results obtained on specific S. typhimurium strains such as TA 100 or TA 98. Such models have great potential for a quick and cheap identification and classification of large numbers of potential chemical mutagens. The OECD QSAR Application Toolbox and Toxtree, which were developed for facilitating the practical use of (Q)SAR approaches in regulatory contexts, include two mechanistic SAR models for predicting the mutagenicity of aromatic amines and α-β unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes. The aim of this study was to estimate the interest and limitations of the former model. The model was first re-computed to check its transparency and to verify its statistical validity. Then, it was tested on about 150 chemicals not previously used for the design of the model but belonging to its domain of application. A critical analysis of the results was performed and proposals were made for increasing the model performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Devillers
- CTIS, 3 Chemin de la Gravière, 69140 Rillieux La Pape, France.
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Osugi ME, Rajeshwar K, Ferraz ER, de Oliveira DP, Araújo ÂR, Zanoni MVB. Comparison of oxidation efficiency of disperse dyes by chemical and photoelectrocatalytic chlorination and removal of mutagenic activity. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alves de Lima RO, Bazo AP, Salvadori DMF, Rech CM, de Palma Oliveira D, de Aragão Umbuzeiro G. Mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a textile azo dye processing plant effluent that impacts a drinking water source. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 626:53-60. [PMID: 17027325 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently a textile azo dye processing plant effluent was identified as one of the sources of mutagenic activity detected in the Cristais River, a drinking water source in Brazil [G.A. Umbuzeiro, D.A. Roubicek, C.M. Rech, M.I.Z. Sato, L.D. Claxton, Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures, Chemosphere 54 (2004) 1589-1597]. Besides presenting high mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay, the mutagenic nitro-aminoazobenzenes dyes CI Disperse Blue 373, CI Disperse Violet 93, and CI Disperse Orange 37 [G.A. Umbuzeiro, H.S. Freeman, S.H. Warren, D.P. Oliveira, Y. Terao, T. Watanabe, L.D. Claxton, The contribution of azo dyes in the mutagenic activity of the Cristais river, Chemosphere 60 (2005) 55-64] as well as benzidine, a known carcinogenic compound [T.M. Mazzo, A.A. Saczk, G.A. Umbuzeiro, M.V.B. Zanoni, Analysis of aromatic amines in surface waters receiving wastewater from textile industry by liquid chromatographic with eletrochemical detection, Anal. Lett., in press] were found in this effluent. After approximately 6 km from the discharge of this effluent, a drinking water treatment plant treats and distributes the water to a population of approximate 60,000. As shown previously, the mutagens in the DWTP intake water are not completely removed by the treatment. The water used for human consumption presented mutagenic activity related to nitro-aromatics and aromatic amines compounds probably derived from the cited textile processing plant effluent discharge [G.A. Umbuzeiro, D.A. Roubicek, C.M. Rech, M.I.Z. Sato, L.D. Claxton, Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures, Chemosphere 54 (2004) 1589-1597; G.A. Umbuzeiro, H.S. Freeman, S.H. Warren, D.P. Oliveira, Y. Terao, T. Watanabe, L.D. Claxton, The contribution of azo dyes in the mutagenic activity of the Cristais river, Chemosphere 60 (2005) 55-64]. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the possible risks involved in the human consumption of this contaminated water. With that objective, one sample of the cited industrial effluent was tested for carcinogenicity in the aberrant crypt foci medium-term assay in colon of Wistar rats. The rats received the effluent in natura through drinking water at concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 10%. The effluent mutagenicity was also confirmed in the Salmonella/microsome assay with the strains TA98 and YG1041. There was an increased number of preneoplastic lesions in the colon of rats exposed to concentrations of 1% and 10% of the effluent, and a positive response for both Salmonella strains tested. These results indicate that the discharge of the effluent should be avoided in waters used for human consumption and show the sensitivity of the ACF crypt foci assay as an important tool to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of environmental complex mixtures.
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Bae JS, Freeman HS, Warren SH, Claxton LD. Evaluation of new 2,2′-dimethyl-5,5′-dipropoxybenzidine- and 3,3′-dipropoxybenzidine-based direct dye analogs for mutagenic activity by use of the Salmonella/mammalian mutagenicity assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 603:173-85. [PMID: 16426887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As part of a continuing study aimed at establishing structure-activity relationships and heuristic principles useful for the design of non-genotoxic azo dyes, a series of new direct dyes based on two non-mutagenic benzidine analogs, 2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-dipropoxybenzidine and 3,3'-dipropoxybenzidine, were evaluated for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. These strains are widely used for mutagenicity screening and have been shown to detect the mutagenic activity of benzidine analogs. While some toxicity was seen with some dyes at high doses, all of the dyes examined were judged non-mutagenic with and without metabolic activation in the standard Salmonella plate-incorporation assay. The results in the standard test are consistent with the properties of the diamines themselves. However, only one of the dyes was non-mutagenic when a reductive-metabolism pre-incubation assay was used. The results of this study suggest that although benzidine analogs are potential replacements for benzidine, there is a need to understand which mutagenic products are produced when reductive metabolism is present. There is also a need to know whether or not metal complexes of these dyes are mutagenic. Such information will allow the development of new non-mutagenic azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seok Bae
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
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de Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Freeman H, Warren SH, Kummrow F, Claxton LD. Mutagenicity evaluation of the commercial product CI Disperse Blue 291 using different protocols of the Salmonella assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:49-56. [PMID: 15582195 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Textile dyes can enter the water ecosystem through wastewater discharges potentially exposing humans through the consumption of water and food. The commercial disperse dye product CI Disperse Blue 291 containing the aminoazobenzene 2-[(2-bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-5-(diethylamino)-4-methoxyacetanilide (CAS registry no. 56548-64-2) was tested for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay. We used strains with different levels of nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase (i.e., TA98DNP6, YG1024, and YG1041) that are relevant enzymes in the activation of nitrocompounds by the intestinal microflora. The commercial product tested also was mutagenic for TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100. Presence of the pKM101 plasmid and the addition of S9 enhanced the mutagenic response. Specialized strains showed that both nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase are important in activation of the product. The highest potency obtained was 240 revertants per microgram for YG1041 in the presence of S9. Besides being able to cause frameshift mutations (hisd3052), the dye was able to cause all types of base pair substitution with a preference for TA to AT; CG to TA and CG to AT changes. With these results clearly showing that the bacterial nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase metabolites of this compound are mutagenic, there is a need to test this dye using in vivo systems to verify possible adverse effects of this product in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- CETESB-Cia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, 05459-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pielesz A, Włochowicz A. Semiempirical infrared spectra simulations for some aromatic amines of interest for azo dye chemistry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:2637-2646. [PMID: 11765791 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A set of semiempirical methods (PM3, AM1, MNDO, MNDO3, INDO, CNDO and ZINDO/1) has been tested to find the best tool for the identification of aromatic amines by infrared spectroscopy. Analysed were 1,4-, 1,3-, 1,2-phenylenediamines and aniline, amines commonly used in the dye industry. Of all the semiempirical methods tested, AM1 showed the closest correspondence to experimental values. It provided the best linearity between the calculated and experimental frequencies (correlation coefficient, cc = 0.9993). In the range of -NH2 stretching vibrations, the best correspondence between the theoretical and experimental frequencies was achieved for the PM3 method (cc = 0.8369).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pielesz
- Technical University of Lódź, Faculty of Textile Engineering and Environmental Protection, Textile Institute, Willowa, Poland.
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13
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Esancy JF, Freeman HS, Claxton LD. The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes. Mutat Res 1990; 238:23-38. [PMID: 2406583 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(90)90037-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
16 phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes were examined in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100 and TA1538. All of the dyes contain an alkoxy group ortho to one of the azo linkages. Increasing the size of this alkoxy substituent from 1 to 4 carbons led to a decrease in mutagenic activity in certain instances while no change was noted in other cases. Comparison of the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes with their potential reductive-cleavage products suggests that (1) the reductive-cleavage products are not solely responsible for the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes, and (2) significant reductive-cleavage of the disazo dyes is not taking place in the standard Salmonella assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Esancy
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8302
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