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Fubini B, Aust AE, Bolton RE, Borm PJ, Bruch J, Ciapetti G, Donaldson K, Elias Z, Gold J, Jaurand MC, Kane AB, Lison D, Muhle H. Non-animal Tests for Evaluating the Toxicity of Solid Xenobiotics. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bice Fubini
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, North Yorkshire YO4 1LZ, UK
| | - Ann E. Aust
- Department of Health Risk Analysis, University of Limburg, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E. Bolton
- Institut für Hygiene und Arbeitsmedizin, Universitäts-klinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 4300 Essen, Germany
| | - Paul J.A. Borm
- Laboratorio di Biocompatibilità dei Materiali da Impianto, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joachim Bruch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, 10 Golinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Gabriela Ciapetti
- INRS Laboratoire de Carcinogenèse In Vitro, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ken Donaldson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zoe Elias
- INSERM, U139, Faculté de Medicine, 8 rue du General Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Julie Gold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marie Claude Jaurand
- INSERM, U139, Faculté de Medicine, 8 rue du General Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Dominique Lison
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30.54, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hartwig Muhle
- Fraunhofer Institut Toxikologie und Aerosol-forschung, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Peterson MK, Mohar I, Lam T, Cook TJ, Engel AM, Lynch H. Critical review of the evidence for a causal association between exposure to asbestos and esophageal cancer. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:597-613. [PMID: 31965908 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1692190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancers comprise about 1% of all cancers diagnosed in the US but are more prevalent in other regions of the world. Several regulatory agencies have classified asbestos as a known human carcinogen, and it is linked to multiple diseases and malignancies, including lung cancer and mesothelioma. In a 2006 review of the epidemiological literature, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) did not find sufficient evidence to demonstrate a causal relationship between asbestos exposure and esophageal cancer. To reevaluate this conclusion, we performed a critical review of the animal toxicological, epidemiological, and mechanism of action literature on esophageal cancer and asbestos, incorporating studies published since 2006. Although there is some evidence in the epidemiological literature for an increased risk of esophageal cancer in asbestos-exposed occupational cohorts, these studies generally did not control for critical esophageal cancer risk factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol consumption). Furthermore, data from animal toxicological studies do not indicate that asbestos exposure increases esophageal cancer risk. Based on our evaluation of the literature, and reaffirming the IOM's findings, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate a causal link between asbestos exposure and esophageal cancer.
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Fowler P, Homan A, Atkins D, Whitwell J, Lloyd M, Bradford R. The utility of the in vitro micronucleus test for evaluating the genotoxicity of natural and manmade nano-scale fibres. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 809:33-42. [PMID: 27692297 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Huang SXL, Jaurand MC, Kamp DW, Whysner J, Hei TK. Role of mutagenicity in asbestos fiber-induced carcinogenicity and other diseases. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:179-245. [PMID: 21534089 PMCID: PMC3118525 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.556051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms of how asbestos fibers induce cancers and other diseases are not well understood. Both serpentine and amphibole asbestos fibers have been shown to induce oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, cellular toxicity and tissue injuries, genetic changes, and epigenetic alterations in target cells in vitro and tissues in vivo. Most of these mechanisms are believe to be shared by both fiber-induced cancers and noncancerous diseases. This article summarizes the findings from existing literature with a focus on genetic changes, specifically, mutagenicity of asbestos fibers. Thus far, experimental evidence suggesting the involvement of mutagenesis in asbestos carcinogenicity is more convincing than asbestos-induced fibrotic diseases. The potential contributions of mutagenicity to asbestos-induced diseases, with an emphasis on carcinogenicity, are reviewed from five aspects: (1) whether there is a mutagenic mode of action (MOA) in fiber-induced carcinogenesis; (2) mutagenicity/carcinogenicity at low dose; (3) biological activities that contribute to mutagenicity and impact of target tissue/cell type; (4) health endpoints with or without mutagenicity as a key event; and finally, (5) determinant factors of toxicity in mutagenicity. At the end of this review, a consensus statement of what is known, what is believed to be factual but requires confirmation, and existing data gaps, as well as future research needs and directions, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X. L. Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Paris, France
| | - David W. Kamp
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Whysner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom K. Hei
- Address correspondence to Tom K. Hei, Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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5
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Jaurand MCF, Renier A, Daubriac J. Mesothelioma: Do asbestos and carbon nanotubes pose the same health risk? Part Fibre Toxicol 2009; 6:16. [PMID: 19523217 PMCID: PMC2706793 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the product of new technology, may be used in a wide range of applications. Because they present similarities to asbestos fibres in terms of their shape and size, it is legitimate to raise the question of their safety for human health. Recent animal and cellular studies suggest that CNTs elicit tissue and cell responses similar to those observed with asbestos fibres, which increases concern about the adverse biological effects of CNTs. While asbestos fibres' mechanisms of action are not fully understood, sufficient results are available to develop hypotheses about the significant factors underlying their damaging effects. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge about the biological effects of CNTs and will discuss to what extent they present similarities to those of asbestos fibres. Finally, the characteristics of asbestos known to be associated with toxicity will be analyzed to address the possible impact of CNTs.
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Tabet L, Bussy C, Amara N, Setyan A, Grodet A, Rossi MJ, Pairon JC, Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Adverse effects of industrial multiwalled carbon nanotubes on human pulmonary cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:60-73. [PMID: 19034795 PMCID: PMC2802701 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802476991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate adverse effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), produced for industrial purposes, on the human epithelial cell line A549. MWCNT were dispersed in dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL), a component of pulmonary surfactant, and the effects of dispersion in DPL were compared to those in two other media: ethanol (EtOH) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Effects of MWCNT were also compared to those of two asbestos fibers (chrysotile and crocidolite) and carbon black (CB) nanoparticles, not only in A549 cells but also in mesothelial cells (MeT5A human cell line), used as an asbestos-sensitive cell type. MWCNT formed agglomerates on top of both cell lines (surface area 15-35 microm(2)) that were significantly larger and more numerous in PBS than in EtOH and DPL. Whatever the dispersion media, incubation with 100 microg/ml MWCNT induced a similar decrease in metabolic activity without changing cell membrane permeability or apoptosis. Neither MWCNT cellular internalization nor oxidative stress was observed. In contrast, asbestos fibers penetrated into the cells, decreased metabolic activity but not cell membrane permeability, and increased apoptosis, without decreasing cell number. CB was internalized without any adverse effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MWCNT produced for industrial purposes exert adverse effects without being internalized by human epithelial and mesothelial pulmonary cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyes Tabet
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Nadia Amara
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Ari Setyan
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (Institute for Work and Health)
Université de LausanneUniversité de GenèveLausanne,CH
| | - Alain Grodet
- CRB3, Centre de recherche biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon
INSERM : U773Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne,CH
| | - Jean-Claude Pairon
- IMRB, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale
INSERM : U841Université Paris XII Val de MarneHôpital Henri Mondor 51, av du mal de lattre de tassigny 94010 CRETEIL CEDEX,FR
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
- Hôpital Bichat- Claude Bernard
AP-HPParis,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Jorge Boczkowski
| | - Sophie Lanone
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
- IMRB, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale
INSERM : U841Université Paris XII Val de MarneHôpital Henri Mondor 51, av du mal de lattre de tassigny 94010 CRETEIL CEDEX,FR
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Kendall M, Guntern J, Lockyer NP, Jones FH, Hutton BM, Lippmann M, Tetley TD. Urban PM2.5Surface Chemistry and Interactions with Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 16 Suppl 1:115-29. [PMID: 15204800 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490443204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the surface chemistry of urban fine particles (PM(2.5)), and quantified the adsorbed and desorbed species after exposure to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Urban background and roadside PM(2.5) samples of different mass concentration and total weight were collected in triplicate in the South Bronx region of New York City. Simultaneously, the concentrations of other atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO(x), SO(2), O(3), elemental carbon) were measured, and weather conditions were recorded. The collected PM(2.5) samples underwent one of three treatments: no treatment, treatment in vitro with BALF, or treatment in a saline solution (control). The surfaces of untreated, saline-treated, and BALF-treated PM(2.5) samples were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). These results were then compared with ambient air pollutant concentrations, weather variables, selected BALF characteristics, and results from a previous London study conducted using identical preparation methods by XPS analysis only. Both XPS and ToF-SIMS detected PM(2.5) surface species and observed changes in surface concentrations after treatment. XPS analysis showed the surface of untreated urban PM(2.5) consisted of 79 to 87% carbon and 10 to 16% oxygen with smaller contributions of N, S, Si, and P in the samples from both background and roadside locations. A wider variety of other inorganic and organic species (including metals, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrogen-containing molecules) was detected with ToF-SIMS. Surface characteristics of particles from the roadside and background sites were very similar, except for higher (p <.05) nitrate concentrations at the roadside, which were attributable to higher roadside NO(x) concentrations. Comparable species and quantities were identified in a previous study of London PM(2.5), where PM(2.5) surface chemistry differed considerably depending on the source, particularly in surface concentrations of oxygen and trace species. After treatment with BALF the N-C signal detected by XPS analysis increased in the average by 372 +/- 203%, indicating significant surface adsorption of protein or other N-containing biomolecules. Lower (nonsignificant) N-C signals were observed for smoker BALF, compared to nonsmoker BALF. ToF-SIMS data confirmed protein adsorption after BALF treatment--smoker BALF resulted in lower levels of adsorbed proteins compared to nonsmoker BALF. ToF-SIMS also indicated an adsorption of phospholipid on the treated PM(2.5) surfaces. The primary phospholipid in BALF is dipalmitoylphospatidylcholine (DPPC), although positive identification was not possible due to low concentrations at the PM(2.5) surface. Oxygen content of PM(2.5) surfaces was the most significant determinant of both N-C and phospholipid adsorption. The XPS signal of the soluble species NH(+)(4), NO(2-)(3), Si, and S decreased in both saline- and BALF-treated samples, showing that these species may be bioavailable in the lung. Similarly, ToF-SIMS analysis suggests the bioavailability of Na(+) and Al(+) as well as NH(+)(4) and Si(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kendall
- EPA PM Health Effects Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA.
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8
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Bernstein D, Castranova V, Donaldson K, Fubini B, Hadley J, Hesterberg T, Kane A, Lai D, McConnell EE, Muhle H, Oberdorster G, Olin S, Warheit DB. Testing of Fibrous Particles: Short-Term Assays and Strategies. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 17:497-537. [PMID: 16040559 DOI: 10.1080/08958370591001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Nymark P, Wikman H, Hienonen-Kempas T, Anttila S. Molecular and genetic changes in asbestos-related lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 265:1-15. [PMID: 18364247 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asbestos-exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Asbestos is known to induce DNA and chromosomal damage as well as aberrations in signalling pathways, such as the MAPK and NF-kappaB cascades, crucial for cellular homeostasis. The alterations result from both indirect effects through e.g. reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and direct mechanical disturbances of cellular constituents. This review describes the current knowledge on genomic and pathway aberrations characterizing asbestos-related lung cancer. Specific asbestos-associated molecular signatures can assist the development of early biomarkers, molecular diagnosis, and molecular targeted treatments for asbestos-exposed lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Dönmez-Altuntas H, Baran M, Oymak FS, Hamurcu Z, Imamoğlu N, Ozesmi M, Demirtas H. Investigation of micronucleus frequencies in lymphocytes of inhabitants environmentally exposed to chrysotile asbestos. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2007; 17:45-51. [PMID: 17365079 DOI: 10.1080/09603120601124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to asbestos minerals has been associated with a wide variety of adverse health effects including lung cancer, pleural mesothelioma, and cancer of other organs. Many of the regions of Turkey have asbestos deposits. People in Doğanli village - one of these regions - have been environmentally exposed to chrysotile asbestos since they were born. In this study the effects of asbestos on micronucleus (MN) frequencies of inhabitants exposed to chrysotile asbestos have been examined. Thirty subjects who had been environmentally exposed to chrysotile asbestos and living in Doğanli village, and 25 controls were studied to assess the MN frequency. The control group was selected from healthy individuals with no exposure to asbestos and living in similar geographic conditions to Doğanli village. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each subject and cultured for MN assay. Cytochalasin-B was added to lymphocyte cultures for evaluation of MN in binucleated (BN) cells. The differences between those exposed to chrysotile asbestos and controls were not statistically significant in terms of BN cells with MN (p > 0.05). There was not a significant relationship between MN frequencies and age, sex, smoking, both in chrysotile asbestos-exposed subjects and in controls (p > 0.05). Although the detection of calcified pleural plaques found in the inhabitants has indicated environmental exposure to chrysotile asbestos, our results show that chrysotile asbestos was not an inducer of MN in subjects exposed to chrysotile asbestos.
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Gulumian M. An update on the detoxification processes for silica particles and asbestos fibers: successess and limitations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2005; 8:453-83. [PMID: 16188731 DOI: 10.1080/10937400590952547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of asbestos fibers and crystalline silica produces a number of diseases including fibrosis and cancer. Investigations into the mechanisms involved in mineral particle-induced toxicity indicated the importance of their surfaces in the pathological consequences. Masking of the surface sites has therefore featured prominently in a number of detoxification processes that have been investigated. The majority of the detoxification processes were, however, conducted to elucidate the involvement of a particular surface site in the toxicity of a specific mineral. Others were investigated with the aim of large industrial applications to be applied during mining, handling, processing, transporting, and disposing of minerals. It can be concluded that, to date, there is no single detoxification process that could be applied universally to all different types of mineral particles. Those that have shown some success could not completely abolish all adverse effects. Further elucidation of mechanisms of particle-induced toxicity may open new possibilities for detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH) and Department of Hematology and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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12
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Bolognesi C, Martini F, Tognon M, Filiberti R, Neri M, Perrone E, Landini E, Canessa PA, Ivaldi GP, Betta P, Mutti L, Puntoni R. A Molecular Epidemiology Case Control Study on Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1741-6. [PMID: 16030111 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural malignant mesothelioma is an uncommon neoplasm usually associated with asbestos exposure. The increasing incidence of malignant mesothelioma cases involving individuals with low levels of asbestos exposure suggests a complex carcinogenetic process with the involvement of other cofactors. Cytogenetic studies revealed the complexity of the genetic changes involved in this neoplasm reflecting the accumulation of genomic damage. One of the most used methodologies for assessing genomic damage is the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test applied in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). This approach allows the detection of chromosomal alterations expressed in binucleated cells after nuclear division in vitro. This marker could provide a tool for assessing genetically determined constitutional differences in chromosomal instability. A biomonitoring study was carried out to evaluate the micronuclei frequency in PBLs of patients with pleural malignant mesothelioma with respect to lung cancer, healthy, and risk controls as a marker of cancer susceptibility in correlation with the presence of SV40. A significant increased micronuclei frequency was observed in patients with malignant mesothelioma in comparison with all the other groups, the mean micronuclei frequency was double in patients with malignant mesothelioma compared with healthy controls, risk controls, and patients with lung adenocarcinoma (median 11.4 binucleated cells with micronuclei/1,000 binucleated cells versus 6.2, 6.1, and 5.1, respectively). Our data indicate that human T lymphocyte samples carry DNA sequences coding for SV40 large T antigen at low prevalence, both in cancer cases and controls. Evidence of cytogenetic damage revealed as micronuclei frequency in mesothelioma cancer patients could be related to exogenous and endogenous cofactors besides asbestos exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, National Cancer Research Institute, L. go Rosanna Benzsi, 10 Genoa, Italy 16132.
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Seifart C, Seifart U, Plagens A, Wolf M, von Wichert P. Surfactant protein B gene variations enhance susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in German patients. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:212-7. [PMID: 12107845 PMCID: PMC2376109 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2001] [Revised: 03/10/2002] [Accepted: 04/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are thought to influence the risk for lung cancer. Since pulmonary surfactant mediates the response to inhaled carcinogenic substances, candidate genes may be among those coding for pulmonary surfactant proteins. In the present matched case-control study a polymorphism within intron 4 of the gene coding for surfactant specific protein B was analysed in 357 individuals. They were divided into 117 patients with lung cancer (40 patients with small cell lung cancer, 77 patients with non small cell lung cancer), matched controls and 123 healthy individuals. Surfactant protein B gene variants were analysed using specific PCR and cloned surfactant protein B sequences as controls. The frequency of the intron 4 variation was similar in both control groups (13.0% and 9.4%), whereas it was increased in the small cell lung cancer group (17.5%) and the non small cell lung cancer group (16.9%). The gene variation was found significantly more frequently in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (25.0%, P=0.016, odds ratio=3.2, 95%CI=1.24-8.28) than in the controls. These results indicate an association of the surfactant protein B intron 4 variants and/or its flanking loci with mechanisms that may enhance lung cancer susceptibility, especially to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alleles
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation
- Genotype
- Germany/epidemiology
- Humans
- Introns/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proteolipids/genetics
- Proteolipids/physiology
- Pulmonary Surfactants/genetics
- Pulmonary Surfactants/physiology
- Risk Factors
- Sequence Deletion
- Smoking/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Seifart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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14
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Conn CA, Green FH, Nikula KJ. Animal models of pulmonary infection in the compromised host: potential usefulness for studying health effects of inhaled particles. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12:783-827. [PMID: 10989365 DOI: 10.1080/08958370050123199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary infection leading to pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Airborne particles have been associated with pneumonia through epidemiological research, but the mechanisms by which particles affect the incidence of pneumonia are not well established. The purpose of this review is to examine the potential of animal models to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which inhaled particles might affect the incidence and resolution of pulmonary infection. The pathogenesis of pneumonia in most animal models differs from that in humans because humans frequently have underlying diseases that predispose them to infection with relatively low doses of pathogens. Normal, healthy animals lack the underlying pathology often found in humans and clear bacteria and viruses rapidly from their lungs. To overcome this, animals are administered large inocula of pathogens, are treated with agents that cause mucosal lesions, or are treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Alternatively, pathogenic bacteria are protected from phagocytosis by encasing them in agar. No one animal model will replicate a human disease in its entirety, and the choice of model depends upon how well the animal infection mimics the particular human response being examined. The advantages and disadvantages of animal models in current use for bacterial and viral infections important in the etiology of human pneumonia are reviewed in detail. Considerable data indicate that prior exposure to particles compromises the ability of experimental animals to resolve a subsequent infection. In addition, information is available on the effects of particle exposure on various portions of respiratory defense including phagocytic function, ciliary movement, inflammation, and antibody response in the absence of infection. In contrast, little research to date has examined the consequences of particle exposure on the host defense mechanisms of animals already infected or on their ability to resolve their infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Conn
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, PO Box 5890, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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Abstract
Millions of workers in the United States are potentially exposed each year to hazardous chemicals, dusts, or fibers in occupational settings. Some of these agents are genotoxic and may cause genetic alterations in the somatic or germ cells of exposed workers. Such alterations, if they occur in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, which are involved in controlling cell growth or differentiation, may lead to the development of cancer. Genetic alterations in germ cells may also lead to reproductive failure or genetic disorders in subsequent generations. It has been estimated that occupational exposure accounts for 4% of all human cancers and up to 30% of cancer among blue-collar workers. Approximately 20,000 cancer deaths each year are attributable to occupational exposure in the United States. Occupational cancer and reproductive abnormalities have been listed on the National Occupational Research Agenda master list of research priorities as major occupational diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Keshava
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, m/s 3014, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA
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