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Schlipf M, Fischer A, Patzl M, Hartmann K, Pankraz A, Dick M, Zablotski Y, Küchenhoff H, Wehner A. Laboratory indicators of hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity in the Eurasian dog breed. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280906. [PMID: 36693083 PMCID: PMC9873187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hypothyroidism represents a concern for dog breeders; thus, surveillance programs have been established for several dog breeds. METHODS Thyroid profiles (total thyroxine (TT4), thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)), and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA)) collected as part of a breed surveillance program in Eurasians (2009-2017) were retrospectively analyzed. The study included data from 1,501 Eurasians from a German breeding club. Classification was exclusively based on laboratory data. Hypothyroidism was defined as a combined decrease in TT4 and increase in TSH in serum and was classified as TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) independent of the concentrations of TT4 and TSH were determined. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism, TgAA-positive hypothyroidism, TgAA-negative hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity was assessed when the dogs entered the program. Follow-up laboratory data was available for 324 dogs without hypothyroidism on initial examination. RESULTS The initial screening was performed at a median age of 18 months (interquartile range (IQR): 15-29). The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism was 3.9% (n = 58; 95% CI: 2.9-4.8%) and the prevalence of a positive TgAA status was 7.9% (n = 118; 95% CI: 6.6-9.3%). The prevalence of TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism was 1.7% (n = 26; 95% CI: 1.1-2.4%) and 2.1% (n = 32; 95% CI: 1.4-2.9%), respectively. 22.0% of dogs with positive TgAA status (26/118) were already hypothyroid on initial examination. Overall, 42.5% (17/40) of TgAA-positive dogs on initial examination developed hypothyroidism on follow-up. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that the Eurasian dog breed exhibits a relevant risk for hypothyroidism and presence of TgAA. The predictive value of TgAA for hypothyroidism or developing hypothyroidism was high in this breed. Further investigations with longitudinal studies in individual dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schlipf
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martina Dick
- Biocontrol, Bioscientia Healthcare GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Wehner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Treeful AE, Coffey EL, Friedenberg SG. A scoping review of autoantibodies as biomarkers for canine autoimmune disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:363-378. [PMID: 35192227 PMCID: PMC8965235 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoantibody biomarkers are valuable tools used to diagnose and manage autoimmune diseases in dogs. However, prior publications have raised concerns over a lack of standardization and sufficient validation for the use of biomarkers in veterinary medicine. Objectives Systematically compile primary research on autoantibody biomarkers for autoimmune disease in dogs, summarize their methodological features, and evaluate their quality; synthesize data supporting their use into a resource for veterinarians and researchers. Animals Not used. Methods Five indices were searched to identify studies for evaluation: PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Agricola, and SCOPUS. Two independent reviewers (AET and ELC) screened titles and abstracts for exclusion criteria followed by full‐text review of remaining articles. Relevant studies were classified based on study objectives (biomarker, epitope, technique). Data on study characteristics and outcomes were synthesized in independent data tables for each classification. Results Ninety‐two studies qualified for final analysis (n = 49 biomarker, n = 9 epitope, and n = 34 technique studies). A high degree of heterogeneity in study characteristics and outcomes reporting was observed. Opportunities to strengthen future studies could include: (1) routine use of negative controls, (2) power analyses to inform sample sizes, (3) statistical analyses when appropriate, and (4) multiple detection techniques to confirm results. Conclusions These findings provide a resource that will allow veterinary clinicians to efficiently evaluate the evidence supporting the use of autoantibody biomarkers, along with the varied methodological approaches used in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Treeful
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily L Coffey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K, Speck S, Truyen U, Zablotski Y, Mayr M, Wehner A. Antibody Response to Canine Parvovirus Vaccination in Dogs with Hypothyroidism Treated with Levothyroxine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020180. [PMID: 33672564 PMCID: PMC7924029 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: No information is available on how dogs with hypothyroidism (HypoT) respond to vaccination. This study measured pre- and post-vaccination anti-canine parvovirus (CPV) antibodies in dogs with HypoT treated with levothyroxine and compared the results to those of healthy dogs. (2) Methods: Six dogs with HypoT and healthy age-matched control dogs (n = 23) were vaccinated against CPV with a modified-live vaccine. Hemagglutination inhibition was used to measure antibodies on days 0, 7, and 28. The comparison of the vaccination response of dogs with HypoT and healthy dogs were performed with univariate analysis. (3) Results: Pre-vaccination antibodies (≥10) were detected in 100% of dogs with HypoT (6/6; 95% CI: 55.7–100) and in 100% of healthy dogs (23/23; 95% CI: 83.1–100.0). A ≥4-fold titer increase was observed in none of the dogs with HypoT and in 4.3% of the healthy dogs (1/23; CI95%: <0.01–22.7). Mild vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) were detected in 33.3% of the dogs with HypoT (2/6; 95% CI: 9.3–70.4) and in 43.5% (10/23; 95% CI: 25.6–63.2) of the healthy dogs. (4) Conclusions: There was neither a significant difference in the dogs’ pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 1.000), or vaccination response (p = 0.735), nor in the occurrence of post-vaccination VAAEs (p = 0.798). The vaccination response in dogs with levothyroxine-treated HypoT seems to be similar to that of healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-2651
| | - Monika Freisl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Matthias Mayr
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Astrid Wehner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
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Abstract
An 18-month-old boxer was presented for investigation of profound lethargy, and primary hypothyroidism was diagnosed. A strong antithyroglobulin antibody titre was also present, indicating lymphocytic (immune-mediated) thyroiditis as the cause of hypothyroidism. A concurrent protein-losing glomerulonephropathy was also detected, although the aetiology could not be determined at initial presentation. Thyroid replacement and dietary therapy were prescribed. The dog improved clinically for approximately 12 months when it was re-presented with poorly controlled hypothyroidism and renal failure. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of lymphocytic-plasmacytic thyroiditis, in conjunction with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mansfield
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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Wiberg ME, Saari SA, Westermarck E. Exocrine pancreatic atrophy in German Shepherd Dogs and Rough-coated Collies: an end result of lymphocytic pancreatitis. Vet Pathol 1999; 36:530-41. [PMID: 10568434 DOI: 10.1354/vp.36-6-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously published studies of the pathology of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) have been based on morphological findings during the clinical phase of the disease, when atrophy of acinar parenchyma occurs. Recently, low serum trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI) concentration has been shown to precede clinical signs, making it possible to diagnose EPI prior to onset of the clinical disease. This study presents histological and ultrastructural findings of pancreatic biopsies from 11 German Shepherd Dogs and 2 Rough-coated Collies with subclinical EPI (SEPI). These findings were compared with those from dogs with clinical EPI (n = 11) and healthy control dogs (n = 5). Biopsied tissue from dogs with SEPI typically contained both normal and atrophied acinar parenchyma. The most significant finding was the marked lymphocytic infiltration, which was most prevalent at the border zone of affected and nonaffected parenchyma but had spread into the normal acinar tissue. Numerous intraacinar lymphocytes were found. Most of the lymphocytes were positive by immunostaining for CD3. In more advanced stages of destruction, the findings were characteristic of pancreatic acinar atrophy. In the atrophied parenchyma, the inflammatory reaction, if present, was less prominent. Ultrastructural changes were in accordance with those of the histological study showing infiltration of lymphocytes both in affected acini and in acini that revealed no obvious ultrastructural changes. Progressive degenerative changes of acinar cells were considered a nonspecific finding. Apoptotic death of acinar cells was occasionally found. The inflammatory reaction was clearly shown to precede the pancreatic acinar atrophy, and the findings suggested that lymphocytic pancreatitis leads to atrophy of the pancreas. The possibility that EPI is an immune-mediated disease in German Shepherd Dogs and Rough-coated Collies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wiberg
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Happ GM. Thyroiditis--a model canine autoimmune disease. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1995; 39:97-139. [PMID: 8578979 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(06)80018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Happ
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA
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Dodds WJ. Estimating disease prevalence with health surveys and genetic screening. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1995; 39:29-96. [PMID: 8578978 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(06)80017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W J Dodds
- Hemopet, Santa Monica, California 90403, USA
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Abstract
Endocrine glands are collections of specialized cells that synthesize, store, and release their secretions directly into the blood stream. They are sensing and signalling devices located in the extracellular fluid compartment and are capable of responding to changes in the internal and external environments to coordinate a multiplicity of activities that maintain homeostasis. Diseases of the endocrine system are encountered in many animal species and present challenging diagnostic problems. The major pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disturbances in endocrine function include: 1) primary hyperfunction of an endocrine gland; 2) secondary hyperfunction; 3) primary hypofunction of an endocrine gland; 4) secondary hypofunction; 5) endocrine hyperactivity secondary to diseases of other organs; 6) hypersecretion by nonendocrine tumors of hormone-like substances; 7) failure of fetal endocrine function; 8) endocrine dysfunction due to failure of target cell response; 9) endocrine dysfunction resulting from abnormal degradation of hormone; and 10) iatrogenic syndromes of hormone-excess. For each major category, several specific disease problems have been selected to illustrate the morphologic and functional changes that characterize the response of a particular endocrine gland to disruption of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Capen
- Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Columbus 43210-1093
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Vollset I, Larsen HJ. Occurrence of autoantibodies against thyroglobulin in Norwegian dogs. Acta Vet Scand 1988. [PMID: 3120525 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Vollset I, Larsen HJ, Knœvelsrud T. Passive hemagglutination for detection of autoantibodies against thyroglobulin in dogs. Acta Vet Scand 1988. [PMID: 3687642 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune-mediated diseases of the dog and cat. IV. Therapy and immunodiagnosis. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:498-505. [PMID: 3594182 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune-mediated diseases of the dog and cat. III. Immune-mediated diseases of the integumentary, urogenital, endocrine and vascular systems. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:491-7. [PMID: 3594181 PMCID: PMC7130392 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The first two articles in this series have covered the basis of the immune mediated diseases, systemic immune-mediated diseases and those that involve the haemolymphatic and musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this article is to cover the immune-mediated diseases that involve the integumentary, urogenital, endocrine and vascular systems.
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14
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune mediated-diseases of the dog and cat. II. Immune-mediated diseases of the haemolymphatic and musculoskeletal system. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:403-10. [PMID: 3594172 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune-mediated diseases of the dog and cat. I. Basic concepts and the systemic immune-mediated diseases. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:395-402. [PMID: 3594171 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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KAELIN S, WATSON ADJ, CHURCH DB. Hypothyroidism in the dog: a retrospective study of sixteen cases. J Small Anim Pract 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1986.tb02159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Conaway DH, Padgett GA, Bunton TE, Nachreiner R, Hauptman J. Clinical and histological features of primary progressive, familial thyroiditis in a colony of borzoi dogs. Vet Pathol 1985; 22:439-46. [PMID: 3876642 DOI: 10.1177/030098588502200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A six-year study of clinical data and the morphologic changes involved in lymphocytic thyroiditis in a colony of related borzoi dogs was conducted. Lesions observed included initial degenerative thyroidal parenchymal changes which progressed to subacute inflammation with subsequent fibrosis and end stage thyroid gland disease. This study encompasses three successive generations of this borzoi colony and documents the progression of the histologic changes from the initial thyroid gland degenerative lesions to the end stage parenchymal atrophy. Spontaneous, familial thyroiditis has not been reported previously in the borzoi breed.
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