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Rarani FZ, Rashidi B, Jafari Najaf Abadi MH, Hamblin MR, Reza Hashemian SM, Mirzaei H. Cytokines and microRNAs in SARS-CoV-2: What do we know? MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:219-242. [PMID: 35782361 PMCID: PMC9233348 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a global health emergency. Currently, there are no completely effective therapeutic medications for the management of this outbreak. The cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory medical condition due to excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and even mortality. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can be helpful for the treatment of patients. Evidence suggests that the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are dramatically different between mild and severe patients, so they may be important contributors to the cytokine storm. Several serum markers can be predictors for the cytokine storm. This review discusses the cytokines involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, focusing on interferons (IFNs) and ILs, and whether they can be used in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we highlight several microRNAs that are involved in these cytokines and their role in the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran
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Wittling MC, Cahalan SR, Levenson EA, Rabin RL. Shared and Unique Features of Human Interferon-Beta and Interferon-Alpha Subtypes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:605673. [PMID: 33542718 PMCID: PMC7850986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) were first discovered as an antiviral factor by Isaacs and Lindenmann in 1957, but they are now known to also modulate innate and adaptive immunity and suppress proliferation of cancer cells. While much has been revealed about IFN-I, it remains a mystery as to why there are 16 different IFN-I gene products, including IFNβ, IFNω, and 12 subtypes of IFNα. Here, we discuss shared and unique aspects of these IFN-I in the context of their evolution, expression patterns, and signaling through their shared heterodimeric receptor. We propose that rather than investigating responses to individual IFN-I, these contexts can serve as an alternative approach toward investigating roles for IFNα subtypes. Finally, we review uses of IFNα and IFNβ as therapeutic agents to suppress chronic viral infections or to treat multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald L. Rabin
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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3
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Li SF, Zhao FR, Shao JJ, Xie YL, Chang HY, Zhang YG. Interferon-omega: Current status in clinical applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:253-260. [PMID: 28957693 PMCID: PMC7106160 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since 1985, interferon (IFN)-ω, a type I IFN, has been identified in many animals, but not canines and mice. It has been demonstrated to have antiviral, anti-proliferation, and antitumor activities that are similar to those of IFN-α. To date, IFN-ω has been explored as a treatment option for some diseases or viral infections in humans and other animals. Studies have revealed that human IFN-ω displays antitumor activities in some models of human cancer cells and that it can be used to diagnose some diseases. While recombinant feline IFN-ω has been licensed in several countries for treating canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus infections, it also exhibits a certain efficacy when used to treat other viral infections or diseases. This review examines the known biological activity of IFN-ω and its clinical applications. We expect that the information provided in this review will stimulate further studies of IFN-ω as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China..
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China..
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
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4
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Luo X, Guo Y, Bao J, Liu Y, An D, Ma B, Gao M, Wang J. Characterization and antivirus activities of a novel bovine IFN-omega24. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:357-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Cervato S, Morlin L, Albergoni MP, Masiero S, Greggio N, Meossi C, Chen S, del Pilar Larosa M, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B, Alimohammadi M, Kämpe O, Valenzise M, Betterle C. AIRE gene mutations and autoantibodies to interferon omega in patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism without APECED. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:630-6. [PMID: 20718774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene mutations, class II HLA haplotypes, and organ- or non-organ-specific autoantibodies in patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism (CH) without associated Addison's disease (AD) or chronic candidiasis (CC). DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Twenty-four patients who had CH without AD or CC were included in the study. AIRE gene mutations in all 14 exons were studied using PCR in 24 patients, 105 healthy controls and 15 first-degree relatives of CH patients with AIRE mutations. Human leucocyte antigens (HLA) were determined for all 24 patients and 105 healthy controls. Autoantibodies to a range of antigens including NACHT leucine-rich-repeat protein-5 (NALP5) and interferon omega (IFNω) were tested in all 24 patients. RESULTS AIRE gene mutations were found in 6 of 24 (25%) patients, all females, and this was significantly higher (P < 0·001) compared with AIRE mutations found in healthy controls (2/105). Three patients (12·5%) had homozygous AIRE mutations characteristic of Autoimmune-Poly-Endocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal-Dystrophy and all three were also positive for IFNω-autoantibodies. Three patients (12·5%) had heterozygous AIRE mutations; two of these were novel mutations. One of the patients with heterozygous AIRE mutations was positive for both NACHT leucine-rich-repeat protein 5 and IFNω autoantibodies. Heterozygous AIRE mutations were found in 10 of 15 first-degree relatives of CH patients with AIRE mutations, although none was affected by CH. Class II HLA haplotypes were not statistically different in patients with CH compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of AIRE gene mutations together with serum autoantibody profile should be helpful in the assessment of patients with CH, in particular young women with associated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cervato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Blood Transfusion Center, Azienda Ospedaliera-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Buckwold VE, Lang W, Scribner C, Blanchett D, Alessi T, Langecker P. Safety pharmacology, toxicology and pharmacokinetic assessment of recombinant human omega-interferon produced from CHO-SS cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 99:62-70. [PMID: 16867173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human omega-interferon (IFN-omega) has been shown to be well-tolerated in man and to induce reductions of hepatitis C virus RNA levels in a series of human clinical trials. Here we provide an overview of our preclinical safety evaluation of the fully-glycosylated human IFN-omega produced from CHO-SS cells that is currently being evaluated clinically. IFN-omega was not associated with any biologically-relevant adverse effects in a series of 10 safety pharmacology experiments, in the Ames mutagenicity test, in the micronucleus test, or in intraarterial, intravenous, paravenous or subcutaneous local tolerance studies. Acute, subacute, subchronic and reproductive toxicity studies performed in cynomolgus monkeys and rats showed a toxicity profile similar to that of human alpha interferon (IFN-alpha). Except for the acute (single-dose) toxicology study, all of the other toxicity studies showed evidence for the formation of anti-IFN-omega antibodies over time in the animals. These antibodies were found to neutralize IFN-omega antiviral activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The average pharmacokinetic parameters following a single subcutaneous dose of IFN-omega in rabbits, rats and monkeys were determined and found to be similar to that of human IFN-alpha. These findings demonstrate that IFN-omega has a safety profile consistent with that required for its use in man. IFN-omega might be beneficial for the treatment of patients infected with hepatitis C virus who fail to respond to IFN-alpha or as a first-line treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Buckwold
- Veracity Biotechnology, LLC, 401 Rosemont Ave., Third Floor Rosenstock Hall, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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7
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Leszczyniecka M, Roberts T, Dent P, Grant S, Fisher PB. Differentiation therapy of human cancer: basic science and clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 2001; 90:105-56. [PMID: 11578655 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer therapies are highly toxic and often nonspecific. A potentially less toxic approach to treating this prevalent disease employs agents that modify cancer cell differentiation, termed 'differentiation therapy.' This approach is based on the tacit assumption that many neoplastic cell types exhibit reversible defects in differentiation, which upon appropriate treatment, results in tumor reprogramming and a concomitant loss in proliferative capacity and induction of terminal differentiation or apoptosis (programmed cell death). Laboratory studies that focus on elucidating mechanisms of action are demonstrating the effectiveness of 'differentiation therapy,' which is now beginning to show translational promise in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leszczyniecka
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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8
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Alexenko AP, Ealy AD, Roberts RM. The cross-species antiviral activities of different IFN-tau subtypes on bovine, murine, and human cells: contradictory evidence for therapeutic potential. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:1335-41. [PMID: 10638702 DOI: 10.1089/107999099312795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is claimed that interferon-tau (IFN-tau) has broad cross-species reactivity and less cytotoxicity than other type I IFN when used at high concentration either in vitro or in living animals. It can also amelioriate the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) without the usual side effects of IFN therapy in mice autoimmunized with myelin basic protein. For these reasons, IFN-tau may have therapeutic potential in humans. Here, the antiviral (AV) activities of eight different recombinant IFN-tau were compared with those of several bovine, human, and murine type I IFN on bovine MDBK cells, murine L929 cells, and human WISH cells. The data show that only one of the IFN-tau, OvIFN-tau4, has broad cross-species reactivity. It was comparable in this respect to HuIFN-omega1 and HuIFN-alpha1. The other IFN-tau, including the variant form (OvIFN-tau1mod) tested by others in cytotoxicity experiments and for its ability to protect mice against EAE, had relatively weak AV activity on mouse and human cells. It is possibly because this particular bioengineered form of IFN-tau binds the common type I receptor of these two species with such low affinity that it lacks cytotoxic effects. The basis for its potent anti-EAE activity is unclear, but it seems possible that it does not involve the type I IFN receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Alexenko
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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9
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Chang KH, Kim KS, Kim JH. N-acetylcysteine increases the biosynthesis of recombinant EPO in apoptotic Chinese hamster ovary cells. Free Radic Res 1999; 30:85-91. [PMID: 10193576 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900300091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaBu) is known to enhance the rate of biosynthesis of recombinant proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). Here we demonstrate that supplementation with NaBu during rapid growth brings about abrupt death of the cells. The death of the cells is due to apoptosis, as assessed by intranucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The promotion of apoptotic death of the cells could be partially blocked by treatment with the well-known antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Strikingly, the NAC treatment enhanced the production of recombinant EPO two-fold compared with that of the culture without NAC supplementation. These results showed that NaBu treatment supplemented with NAC not only inhibits apoptosis, but also exerts a synergistic effect on the biosynthesis of recombinant EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon
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10
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Abstract
Retroviruses induce in the infected host an immunosuppression the severity of which depends on the viral load. A pronounced immunosuppression is induced by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) ultimately leading to AIDS. It is very likely that HIV originated by trans-species transmission from primates. In contrast, SIVs are not pathogenic for their natural hosts probably as the result of virus-host coevolution. We have shown that a retroviral protein, the transmembrane envelope protein, may play an important role in retrovirus-induced immunosuppression and that all retroviruses share an evolutionarily highly conserved domain in this protein. We demonstrate that synthetic peptides corresponding to this domain of different retroviruses, including HIV, the baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), and different porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), are immunosuppressive. We provide evidence that BaEV and different PERVs, including those able to grow in human cells, are immunosuppressive for lymphocytes of different species including human. This implies that xenotransplantation may result in a trans-species transmission of endogenous retroviruses derived from the donor animal. In analogy to HIV and SIV high-titer virus replication may cause an AIDS-like disease in the immunosuppressed human transplant recipient. Two additional points have to be considered: First, human anti-complement proteins produced by transgenic animals will also protect the virus and, second, the virus may be transmitted to other humans and thus increase its pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Denner
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
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11
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Martal JL, Chêne NM, Huynh LP, L'Haridon RM, Reinaud PB, Guillomot MW, Charlier MA, Charpigny SY. IFN-tau: a novel subtype I IFN1. Structural characteristics, non-ubiquitous expression, structure-function relationships, a pregnancy hormonal embryonic signal and cross-species therapeutic potentialities. Biochimie 1998; 80:755-77. [PMID: 9865498 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IFN-tau (IFN-tau) constitutes a new class of type I IFN which is not virus-inducible, unlike IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, but is constitutively produced by the trophectoderm of the ruminant conceptus during a very short period in early pregnancy. It plays a pivotal role in the mechanisms of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants and it displays high antiviral and antiproliferative activities across species with a prominent lack of cytotoxicity at high concentrations in vitro in cell culture and possibly in vivo. It exhibits high antiretroviral activity against HIV and exhibits immunosuppressive activity in a multiple sclerosis model and reduces embryo and fetal mortality by stimulation of IL-10 production. In this review all the biochemical and para-hormonal properties of this novel IFN-tau are described in detail: structural characteristics of proteins and genes, trophoblast expression, regulation of its expression, structure of its gene promoter, its absence in human species and in non-ruminant animals, the evolution of the IFN-tau genes, its structure-function relationships with its three-dimensional structure, structural localization of biological activities, its lack of cytotoxicity and its receptor. Surprisingly, for an IFN, IFN-tau is also a pregnancy-embryonic signal with paracrine antiluteolytic activity. In order to maintain luteal progesterone secretion, IFN-tau inhibits PGF-2alpha pulsatile secretion and oxytocin uterine receptivity in early pregnancy. It is believed to suppress pulsatile release of endometrial PGF-2alpha by preventing oxytocin and estrogen receptor expression. Additionally, it directly regulates prostaglandin metabolism and possibly the PGE:PGF-2alpha ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martal
- Inra, Station de Physiologie animale, Unité Endocrinologie de l'Embryon, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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12
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Viscomi GC. Structure-activity of type I interferons. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1997; 10:59-86. [PMID: 9261551 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs constitute a family of proteins exhibiting high homology in primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. They interact with the same receptor and transmit signals to cellular nucleus through a similar mechanism, eliciting roughly homogeneous biological activity. Nevertheless, the members of that family, IFN alpha species, IFN beta and IFN omega, due to local differences in the structure sometime show distinct properties. From the reported data it results that even minute changes or differences in the primary sequences could be responsible for a significant variety of biological actions, thus inducing to the hypothesis that Type I IFNs, rather than to be the result of a redundant replication during the evolution play definite roles in the defense of living organisms to foreign agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Viscomi
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Immunology, Alfa Wassermann, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Künzi MS, Pitha PM. Role of interferon-stimulated gene ISG-15 in the interferon-omega-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16:919-27. [PMID: 8938567 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1996.16.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we show that IFN-omega (IFN-omega) is also a potent inhibitor of HIV replication in vitro and that both laboratory and primary isolates of HIV-1 are more sensitive to IFN-omega than to IFN-alpha 2. Like IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega inhibited proviral synthesis in acutely infected cells, but in contrast to IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega did not alter the levels of HIV-1 unspliced messages. Yet, inhibition of HIV protein synthesis was greater in IFN-omega-treated than in IFN-alpha 2-treated cells. Whereas expression of IFN-stimulated genes was transient in IFN-alpha 2-treated cells, their expression was sustained in IFN-omega-treated cells. Expression of ISG-15 in particular was higher on treatment with IFN-omega than with IFN-alpha 2. Overexpression of ISG-15 in IFN-alpha 2-treated cells mimicked the effects of IFN-omega. In untreated cells, it resulted in the trapping of HIV unspliced RNA in the nucleus and a decrease in cytoplasmic HIV transcripts and HIV protein synthesis. These findings suggest that the sustained induction of IFN-stimulated genes by IFN-omega and that of ISG-15 in particular may confer a higher therapeutic index to IFN-omega in controlling HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Künzi
- Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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14
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Bekkari H, Sekkat D, Straczek J, Hess K, Belleville-Nabet F, Nabet P. Expression of secreted recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biotechnol 1994; 36:75-83. [PMID: 7765161 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-KI) cells were cotransfected with a plasmid pcDNAI containing the human preproinsulin-like growth factor II cDNA linked downstream to the human cytomegalovirus promoter and with a plasmid containing the neomycin resistance gene (pMAM-neo). CHO neo+ were selected by growth in medium supplemented with G418 geneticin. After amplification, the neomycin-resistant clones were screened for IGF-II production. IGF-II produced was identified by dot blot and quantified by ELISA. The clones C24, C40 and C94 secreted IGF-II at about 350-400 ng per 10(6) cells per day. DNA analysis of C24 and C40 CHO cells by PCR demonstrated the presence of the IGF-II construct in the transfected cells, presumably integrated into the chromosomal DNA. IGF-II produced by CHO cells and purified by RP-HPLC was a mitogen for MCF-7 stimulating mitosis 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bekkari
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicine School, University of Nancy, Vandoeuvre, France
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15
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Voss T, Ergülen E, Ahorn H, Kubelka V, Sugiyama K, Maurer-Fogy I, Glössl J. Expression of human interferon omega 1 in Sf9 cells. No evidence for complex-type N-linked glycosylation or sialylation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 217:913-9. [PMID: 8223648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human interferon omega 1 (IFN-omega 1) was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. Half of the protein purified by immunoaffinity chromatography was shown to be N-glycosylated at the same site as the natural IFN-omega 1. The degree of glycosylation was independent of the expression rate. While natural IFN-omega 1 was shown to carry complex-type oligosaccharides [Adolf, G. R., Maurer-Fogy, I., Kalsner, I. & Cantell, K. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 9290-9295], the insect cell produced protein which was demonstrated by lectin blot, mass spectroscopy and HPLC analysis to contain only the core oligosaccharide. Two different structures, (Man)2(GlcNAc)2[Fuc] and (Man)3(GlcNAc)2[Fuc] were identified. The fucosylation was identified to be (alpha 1-6)-linked to the core saccharide. Sialic acid residues were clearly absent. IFN-omega 1 expressed in S. frugiperda cells was shown to be partially truncated at the C-terminus by nine residues; its antiviral activity when glycosylated was significantly lower than the activity of IFN-omega 1 produced by Sendai-virus-stimulated leukocytes. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy did not reveal any structural differences between glycosylated and nonglycosylated IFN-omega 1. This implies the importance of a complex-type glycosylation for the maximal biological activity of human IFN-omega 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Voss
- Ernst-Boehringer Institut für Arzneimittelforschung, Department of Protein Chemistry, Bender & Co., Vienna, Austria
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Charlier M, L'Haridon R, Boisnard M, Martal J, Gaye P. Cloning and structural analysis of four genes encoding interferon-omega in rabbit. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1993; 13:313-22. [PMID: 8301151 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1993.13.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
By using an ovine interferon-tau (IFN-tau) cDNA probe, four recombinant phages were isolated from a rabbit genomic library and sequenced from nucleotides -450 to 1,300 relative to the CAP site. Each of the four rabbit genes contains an open reading frame of 595 nucleotides and code for proteins that exhibit structural characteristics of the interferon-omega (IFN-omega) family. They display more than 98% identity in their coding regions. The deduced amino acid sequences share > 96% sequence similarity. In contrast, the 5' and 3' noncoding regions have diverged considerably (approximately 50% identity). Amino acid comparisons of rabbit IFN-omega with IFN-omega of other species reveal the highest degree of identity with human (72%), followed by porcine (68%) IFN-omega. Rabbit IFN-omega displays only 57% sequence similarity with ovine IFN-tau. The coding regions of the four genes subcloned in a cytomegalovirus eukaryotic expression vector and transfected in monkey COS-7 cells direct the production of proteins that protect bovine and rabbit cells against vesicular stomatitis virus infection, thus demonstrating that these genes encode fully active IFN proteins. The expression of these genes was studied in Sendai-induced rabbit leukocytes. A single band of poly(A)+RNA hybridized with a rabbit IFN-omega probe under stringent conditions, whereas no IFN-omega transcript was detected with RNA isolated from uninduced leukocytes. Southern blot analysis suggest the existence of at least eight IFN-omega genes or pseudogenes in the rabbit genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Charlier
- Unité d'Endocrinologie de l'Embryon, I.N.R.A., Jouy-en-Josas, France
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New nucleotide sequence data on the EMBL File Server. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:4109-22. [PMID: 1508704 PMCID: PMC334108 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.15.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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