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Kumar M, Upadhyay LSB, Kerketta A, Vasanth D. Extracellular Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using a Novel Bacterial Strain Kocuria rhizophila BR-1: Process Optimization and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee S, Trịnh CS, Lee WJ, Jeong CY, Truong HA, Chung N, Kang CS, Lee H. Bacillus subtilis strain L1 promotes nitrate reductase activity in Arabidopsis and elicits enhanced growth performance in Arabidopsis, lettuce, and wheat. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:231-244. [PMID: 31915951 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of bacteria that promote plants growth in the rhizosphere. PGPRs are involved in various mechanisms that reinforce plant development. In this study, we screened for PGPRs that were effective in early growth of Arabidopsis thaliana when added to the media and one Bacillus subtilis strain L1 (Bs L1) was selected for further study. When Bs L1 was placed near the roots, seedlings showed notably stronger growth than that in the control, particularly in biomass and root hair. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a high level of expression of the high affinity nitrate transporter gene, NRT2.1 in A. thaliana treated with Bs L1. After considering how Bs L1 could promote plant growth, we focused on nitrate, which is essential to plant growth. The nitrate content was lower in A. thaliana treated with Bs L1. However, examination of the activity of nitrate reductase revealed higher activity in plants treated with PGPR than in the control. Bs L1 had pronounced effects in representative crops (wheat and lettuce). These results suggest that Bs L1 promotes the assimilation and use of nitrate and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokjin Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Cao Sơn Trịnh
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Je Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai An Truong
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhyun Chung
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chon-Sik Kang
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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Truong HA, Lee WJ, Jeong CY, Trịnh CS, Lee S, Kang CS, Cheong YK, Hong SW, Lee H. Enhanced anthocyanin accumulation confers increased growth performance in plants under low nitrate and high salt stress conditions owing to active modulation of nitrate metabolism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:41-48. [PMID: 30216785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants require nitrogen (N) for growth and development. However, they are frequently exposed to conditions of nitrogen deficiency. In addition, anthocyanin accumulation is induced under salt stress and nitrate deficiency. To date, most studies have revealed that nitrate deficiency under high sucrose levels induce high levels of anthocyanin accumulation in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Under nitrate-starved conditions, plant growth rapidly worsens and cells eventually die. In addition, plants are severely affected by salt exposure. Therefore, in this study, we determined whether increased levels of anthocyanin could improve plant growth under salt stress and nitrate-starved conditions. We used PAP1-D/fls1ko and ttg1 plants which have a perturbed anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway to explore the role of anthocyanin in plant adaptation to nitrate-deficient conditions and salt stress. Our results demonstrate that high anthocyanin accumulation in PAP1-D/fls1ko plants confers enhanced tolerance to nitrate-deficient conditions combined with high salinity. PAP1-D/fls1ko plants appeared to use absorbed nitrate efficiently during the nitrate reduction process. In addition, nitrate-related genes such as NRT1.1, NiA1 and NiA2 were upregulated in the PAP1-D/fls1ko plants. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that high anthocyanin accumulation helps plants to cope with salt stress under nitrate-deficient conditions via the effective utilization of nitrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai An Truong
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Je Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cao Sơn Trịnh
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjin Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chon-Sik Kang
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Keun Cheong
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Huarancca Reyes T, Scartazza A, Pompeiano A, Ciurli A, Lu Y, Guglielminetti L, Yamaguchi J. Nitrate Reductase Modulation in Response to Changes in C/N Balance and Nitrogen Source in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1248-1254. [PMID: 29860377 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cues modulate the balance of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) which are essential elements for plant metabolism and growth. In Arabidopsis, photochemical efficiency of PSII, phosphorylation status and localization of many enzymes, and the level of total soluble sugars were affected by an unbalanced C/N ratio. Since differences in C/N affect these parameters, here we checked whether different sources of N have different effects when a high C/N ratio is imposed. NO3- and NH4+ were separately provided in C/N medium. We investigated the effects on photochemical efficiency of PSII, the level of total soluble sugars and nitrate reductase activity under stressful C/N conditions compared with control conditions. We found that treated plants accumulated more total soluble sugars when compared with control. Photochemical efficiency of PSII did not show significant differences between the two sources of nitrogen after 24 h. The actual nitrate reductase activity was the result of a combination of activity, activation state and protein level. This activity constantly decreased starting from time zero in control conditions; in contrast, the actual nitrate reductase activity showed a peak at 2 h after treatment with NO3-, and at 30 min with NH4+. This, according to the level of total soluble sugars, can be explained by the existence of a cross-talk between the sugars in excess and low nitrate in the medium that blocks the activity of nitrate reductase in stressful sugar conditions until the plant is adapted to the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Huarancca Reyes
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, RM 00016, Italy
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Ciurli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Yu Lu
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | | | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
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Khodashenas B, Ghorbani HR. Optimisation of nitrate reductase enzyme activity to synthesise silver nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2016; 10:158-161. [PMID: 27256897 PMCID: PMC8676541 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is very common since it has many applications in different areas. The synthesis of these nanoparticles is done by means of physical, chemical, or biological methods. However, due to its inexpensive and environmentally friendly features, the biological method is more preferable. In the present study, using nitrate reductase enzyme available in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterium, the biosynthesis of Ag NPs was investigated. In addition, the activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme was optimised by changing its cultural conditions, and the effects of silver nitrate (AgNO(3)) concentration and enzyme amount on nanoparticles synthesis were studied. Finally, the produced nanoparticles were studied using ultraviolet -visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering technique, and transmission electron microscopy. UV-Visible spectrophotometric study showed the characteristic peak for Ag NPs at wavelength 405-420 nm for 1 mM metal precursor solution (AgNO(3)) with 1, 5, 10, and 20 cc supernatant and 435 nm for 0.01M AgNO(3) with 20 cc supernatant. In this study, it was found that there is a direct relationship between the AgNO(3) concentration and the size of produced Ag NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Khodashenas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Ghorbani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Sachdeva V, Hooda V. Immobilization of nitrate reductase onto epoxy affixed silver nanoparticles for determination of soil nitrates. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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A new immobilization and sensing platform for nitrate quantification. Talanta 2014; 124:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dixit S, Verma K, Shekhawat GS. In vitro evaluation of mitochondrial-chloroplast subcellular localization of heme oxygenase1 (HO1) in Glycine max. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:671-5. [PMID: 24158377 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase1 (HO1) catalyzes the degradation of heme in to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous ions. Its role in higher plants has been found as an antioxidant and precursor of phytochrome synthesis. The present study focuses on subcellular localization of HO1 in leaves of soybean has been investigated. Most activity appeared to be located within chloroplast due to its role in phytochrome synthesis but mitochondria also share its localization. Mitochondrial location of HO1 might be on its inner membranous space due to its role in the synthesis of electron donor species which facilitates HO1 catalyzed reaction. Study reports the co-localization of HO1 in both chloroplast and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Dixit
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, 304022, India
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Zinjarde S, Apte M, Mohite P, Kumar AR. Yarrowia lipolytica and pollutants: Interactions and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:920-33. [PMID: 24780156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic, non-pathogenic, ascomycetous yeast species with distinctive physiological features and biochemical characteristics that are significant in environment-related matters. Strains naturally present in soils, sea water, sediments and waste waters have inherent abilities to degrade hydrocarbons such as alkanes (short and medium chain) and aromatic compounds (biphenyl and dibenzofuran). With the application of slow release fertilizers, design of immobilization techniques and development of microbial consortia, scale-up studies and in situ applications have been possible. In general, hydrocarbon uptake in this yeast is mediated by attachment to large droplets (via hydrophobic cell surfaces) or is aided by surfactants and emulsifiers. Subsequently, the internalized hydrocarbons are degraded by relevant enzymes innately present in the yeast. Some wild-type or recombinant strains also detoxify nitroaromatic (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), halogenated (chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons) and organophosphate (methyl parathion) compounds. The yeast can tolerate some metals and detoxify them via different biomolecules. The biomass (unmodified, in combination with sludge, magnetically-modified and in the biofilm form) has been employed in the biosorption of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions. Yeast cells have also been applied in protocols related to nanoparticle synthesis. The treatment of oily and solid wastes with this yeast reduces chemical oxygen demand or value-added products (single cell oil, single cell protein, surfactants, organic acids and polyalcohols) are obtained. On account of all these features, the microorganism has established a place for itself and is of considerable value in environment-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, India.
| | - Mugdha Apte
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Pallavi Mohite
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Ameeta Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, India
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Huang X, Schubert AB, Chrisman JD, Zacharia NS. Formation and tunable disassembly of polyelectrolyte-Cu2+ layer-by-layer complex film. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12959-12968. [PMID: 24059689 DOI: 10.1021/la402349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer assembly of films containing metal ions was investigated. A complex between various metal ions and branched polyethyleneimine is formed in solution and then assembled into multilayer films with poly(acrylic acid). The metal-ligand complex formation results in brightly colored materials that deposit as thick layers. Cu(2+)-containing films were chosen as a model for studying the disassembly of these films in response to various stimuli, including pH, salt, and surfactants. The range of pH instability corresponds to the pH range over which pores are formed in the film. We demonstrate controllable disassembly of these materials, which could be used for antifungal or antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Kazlauskienė N, Marčiulionienė D. The Biological Effect of Heavy Metals and their Complexonates with DTPA on Fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/13921657.1999.10512289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Stoffels L, Krehenbrink M, Berks BC, Unden G. Thiosulfate reduction in Salmonella enterica is driven by the proton motive force. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:475-85. [PMID: 22081391 PMCID: PMC3256639 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06014-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosulfate respiration in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is catalyzed by the membrane-bound enzyme thiosulfate reductase. Experiments with quinone biosynthesis mutants show that menaquinol is the sole electron donor to thiosulfate reductase. However, the reduction of thiosulfate by menaquinol is highly endergonic under standard conditions (ΔE°' = -328 mV). Thiosulfate reductase activity was found to depend on the proton motive force (PMF) across the cytoplasmic membrane. A structural model for thiosulfate reductase suggests that the PMF drives endergonic electron flow within the enzyme by a reverse loop mechanism. Thiosulfate reductase was able to catalyze the combined oxidation of sulfide and sulfite to thiosulfate in a reverse of the physiological reaction. In contrast to the forward reaction the exergonic thiosulfate-forming reaction was PMF independent. Electron transfer from formate to thiosulfate in whole cells occurs predominantly by intraspecies hydrogen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stoffels
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Krehenbrink
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ben C. Berks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Singh Sengar R, Gautam M, Kumar Garg S, Chaudhary R, Sengar K. Effect of Lead on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, Chlorophyll Content and Nitrate Reductase Activity in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/rjphyto.2008.61.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Ito H, Inouhe M, Tohoyama H, Joho M. Characteristics of copper tolerance in Yarrowia lipolytica. Biometals 2006; 20:773-80. [PMID: 17115261 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that a mutant strain of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica could grow in the yeast form in high concentrations of copper sulfate. The amount of metal accumulated by Y. lipolytica increased with increasing copper concentrations in the medium. Washing with 100 mM EDTA released at least 60% of the total metal from the cells, but about 20-25 micromol/g DW persisted, which represented about 30% of the soluble fraction of cultured cells. The soluble fraction (mainly cytosol) contained only about 10% of the total metal content within cells cultured in medium supplemented with 6 mM copper. We suggest that although a high copper concentration induces an efflux mechanism, the released copper becomes entrapped in the periplasm and in other parts of the cell wall. Washing with EDTA liberated not only copper ions, but also melanin, a brown pigment that can bind metal and which located at the cell wall. These findings indicated that melanin participates in the mechanism of metal accumulation. Culture in medium supplemented with copper obviously enhanced the activities of Cu, Zn-SOD, but not of Mn-SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
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Heavy metal-induced inhibition of Aspergillus niger nitrate reductase: applications for rapid contaminant detection in aqueous samples. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Control of Plant Enzyme Activity by Reversible Protein Phoce:infhorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
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18
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Huber JL, Huber SC, Campbell WH, Redinbaugh MG. Reversible light/dark modulation of spinach leaf nitrate reductase activity involves protein phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 296:58-65. [PMID: 1605645 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf nitrate reductase (NADH:NR;NADH:nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.1) activity was found to rapidly change during light/dark transitions. The most rapid and dramatic changes were found in a form of NR which was sensitive to inhibition by millimolar concentrations of magnesium. This form of NR predominated in leaves in the dark, but was almost completely absent from leaves incubated in the light for only 30 min. When the leaves were returned to darkness, the NR rapidly became sensitive to Mg2+ inhibition. Modulation of the overall reaction involving NADH as electron donor was also found when reduced methyl viologen was the donor (MV:NR), indicating that electron transfer had been blocked, at least in part, at or near the terminal molybdenum cofactor site. Changes in activity appear to be the result of a covalent modification that affects sensitivity of NR to inhibition by magnesium, and our results suggest that protein phosphorylation may be involved. NR was phosphorylated in vivo after feeding excised leaves [32P]Pi. The NR subunit was labeled exclusively on seryl residues in both light and dark. Tryptic peptide mapping indicated three major 32P-labeled phosphopeptide (Pp) fragments. Labeling of two of the P-peptides (designated Pp1 and 3) was generally correlated with NR activity assayed in the presence of Mg2+. In vivo, partial dephosphorylation of these sites (and activation of NR assayed with Mg2+) occurred in response to light or feeding mannose in darkness. The light effect was blocked completely by feeding okadaic acid via the transpiration stream, indicating the involvement of type 1 and/or type 2A protein phosphatases in vivo. While more detailed analysis is required to establish a causal link between the phosphorylation status of NR and sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition, the current results are highly suggestive of one. Thus, in addition to the molecular genetic mechanisms regulating this key enzyme of nitrate assimilation, NR activity may be controlled in leaves by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the enzyme protein resulting from metabolic changes taking place during light/dark transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Huber
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7631
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20
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Hyde GE, Campbell WH. High-level expression in Escherichia coli of the catalytically active flavin domain of corn leaf NADH:nitrate reductase and its comparison to human NADH:cytochrome B5 reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 168:1285-91. [PMID: 2189408 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91168-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Higher plant nitrate reductase can be divided into three functional domains representing its prosthetic groups: 1) flavin; 2) cytochrome b; and 3) Mo-pterin. The flavin domain has been synthesized by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli using a fragment of a corn leaf NADH:nitrate reductase cDNA clone, Zmnr1, which we had previously isolated and sequenced. A Xho2-BamH1 fragment was cut from Zmnr1, containing the sequence for the flavin domain, and ligated in the BamH1 site of expression vector pET3c. When this construct was expressed in E. coli, a 30 kD polypeptide was found to be newly synthesized. The flavin domain was purified to homogeneity using blue Sepharose and shown to have a molecular weight of 30 kD. The recombinant flavin domain has a ferricyanide reductase specific activity of 1000 mumols NADH oxidized/min/mg protein and a visible spectrum virtually identical to that of human NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hyde
- Plant Biotechnology Group, Michigan Technological University, Houghton 49931
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21
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Dubey SK, Rai LC. Toxicity of chromium and tin to Anabaena doliolum. Interaction with sulphur-containing amino acids and thiols. BIOLOGY OF METALS 1989; 2:55-60. [PMID: 2518521 DOI: 10.1007/bf01116203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of chromium and tin on growth, heterocyst differentiation, nitrogenase activity and 14CO2 uptake of Anabaena doliolum and its amelioration by sulphur-containing amino acids and thiols has been studied. The final growth yield was found to be approximately 51% and 58% of control at sublethal concentration of chromium and tin respectively. Among various amino acids tested, cysteine (0.05 mM) significantly restored growth, heterocyst differentiation, nitrogenase and 14CO2 uptake of test alga. Dithiothreitol (1 mM) restored all the parameters and processes better than monothiol, mercaptoethanol. It is obvious from present investigation that sulphur-containing amino acids and thiols, viz. cysteine, methionine, cystine, mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, may appreciably alleviate the toxicity of heavy metals in N2-fixing cyanobacteria if present in an aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dubey
- Laboratory of Algal Biology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Aryan AP, Wallace W. Reversible inactivation of wheat leaf nitrate reductase by NADH, involving superoxide ions generated by the oxidation of thiols and FAD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Redinbaugh MG, Campbell WH. Quaternary structure and composition of squash NADH:nitrate reductase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Wahl RC, Hageman RV, Rajagopalan KV. The relationship of Mo, molybdopterin, and the cyanolyzable sulfur in the Mo cofactor. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 230:264-73. [PMID: 6231887 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reconstitution of the apoprotein of the molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase in extracts of the Neurospora crassa mutant nit-1 with molybdenum cofactor released by denaturation of purified molybdoenzymes is efficient in the absence of exogenous MoO2-4 under defined conditions. Evidence is presented that this molybdate-independent reconstitution is due to transfer of intact Mo cofactor, a complex of Mo and molybdopterin (MPT), the organic constituent of the cofactor. This complex can be separated from denatured protein by gel filtration, and from excess MoO2-4 by reverse-phase HPLC. Sulfite oxidase, native xanthine dehydrogenase, and cyanolyzed xanthine dehydrogenase are equipotent Mo cofactor donors. Other well-studied inactive forms of xanthine dehydrogenase are also shown to be good cofactor sources. Using xanthine dehydrogenase specifically radiolabeled in the cyanolyzable sulfur, it is shown that this terminal ligand of Mo is rapidly removed from Mo cofactor under the conditions used for reconstitution.
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Redinbaugh MG, Campbell WH. Reduction of ferric citrate catalyzed by NADH:nitrate reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 114:1182-8. [PMID: 6684426 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)90687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We show that NADH:nitrate reductase from squash cotyledons can catalyze the reduction of ferric citrate. When nitrate reductase was purified to homogeneity using a two-step affinity chromatography procedure, an NADH:Fe(III)-citrate reductase activity copurified with it and had identical electrophoretic mobility to it. The iron reductase activity was optimum near pH 6.3, had an apparent Km for Fe(III)-citrate of 0.02 mM, and was inhibited by monospecific anti-nitrate reductase rabbit sera. Differential inhibition of the enzyme's activities indicated iron and nitrate were reduced at different sites. In addition to its role in nitrogen assimilation, nitrate reductase catalyzes ferric citrate reduction and could have a role in iron assimilation.
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