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Pirkalkhoran S, Grabowska WR, Kashkoli HH, Mirhassani R, Guiliano D, Dolphin C, Khalili H. Bioengineering of Antibody Fragments: Challenges and Opportunities. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020122. [PMID: 36829616 PMCID: PMC9952581 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody fragments are used in the clinic as important therapeutic proteins for treatment of indications where better tissue penetration and less immunogenic molecules are needed. Several expression platforms have been employed for the production of these recombinant proteins, from which E. coli and CHO cell-based systems have emerged as the most promising hosts for higher expression. Because antibody fragments such as Fabs and scFvs are smaller than traditional antibody structures and do not require specific patterns of glycosylation decoration for therapeutic efficacy, it is possible to express them in systems with reduced post-translational modification capacity and high expression yield, for example, in plant and insect cell-based systems. In this review, we describe different bioengineering technologies along with their opportunities and difficulties to manufacture antibody fragments with consideration of stability, efficacy and safety for humans. There is still potential for a new production technology with a view of being simple, fast and cost-effective while maintaining the stability and efficacy of biotherapeutic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Pirkalkhoran
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Guiliano
- School of Life Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Colin Dolphin
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
| | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Correspondence:
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2
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Lu J, Ding J, Liu Z, Chen T. Retrospective analysis of the preparation and application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:12. [PMID: 34981814 PMCID: PMC8759346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody technology plays a vital role in biomedical and immunotherapy, which greatly promotes the study of the structure and function of genes and proteins. To date, monoclonal antibodies have gone through four stages: murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric monoclonal antibody, humanised monoclonal antibody and fully human monoclonal antibody; thousands of monoclonal antibodies have been used in the fields of biology and medicine, playing a special role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of disease. In this review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of hybridoma technology, phage display technology, ribosome display technology, transgenic mouse technology, single B cell monoclonal antibody generation technologies, and forecast the promising applications of these technologies in clinical medicine, disease diagnosis and tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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van der Kant R, Bauer J, Karow-Zwick AR, Kube S, Garidel P, Blech M, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. Adaption of human antibody λ and κ light chain architectures to CDR repertoires. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:109-127. [PMID: 31535139 PMCID: PMC6908821 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies bind with high specificity to a wide range of diverse antigens, primarily mediated by their hypervariable complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The defined antigen binding loops are supported by the structurally conserved β-sandwich framework of the light chain (LC) and heavy chain (HC) variable regions. The LC genes are encoded by two separate loci, subdividing the entity of antibodies into kappa (LCκ) and lambda (LCλ) isotypes that exhibit distinct sequence and conformational preferences. In this work, a diverse set of techniques were employed including machine learning, force field analysis, statistical coupling analysis and mutual information analysis of a non-redundant antibody structure collection. Thereby, it was revealed how subtle changes between the structures of LCκ and LCλ isotypes increase the diversity of antibodies, extending the predetermined restrictions of the general antibody fold and expanding the diversity of antigen binding. Interestingly, it was found that the characteristic framework scaffolds of κ and λ are stabilized by diverse amino acid clusters that determine the interplay between the respective fold and the embedded CDR loops. In conclusion, this work reveals how antibodies use the remarkable plasticity of the beta-sandwich Ig fold to incorporate a large diversity of CDR loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob van der Kant
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joschka Bauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Kube
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- Switch Laboratory, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Mompó SM, González-Fernández Á. Antigen-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Transgenic Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1904:253-291. [PMID: 30539474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the difficulties found when generating fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by the traditional method, several efforts have attempted to overcome these problems, with varying levels of success. One approach has been the development of transgenic mice carrying immunoglobulin (Ig) genes in germline configuration. The engineered mouse genome can undergo productive rearrangement in the B-cell population, with the generation of mouse B lymphocytes expressing human Ig (hIg) chains. To avoid the expression of mouse heavy or light chains, the endogenous mouse Ig (mIg) loci must be silenced by gene-targeting techniques. Subsequently, to obtain antigen-specific mAbs, conventional immunization protocols can be followed and the mAb technique used (fusion of activated B cells with mouse myeloma cells, screening, cloning, freezing, and testing) with these animThis chapter summarizes the most common chromatographic mAb andals expressing human Ig genes. This chapter describes the type of transgenic-knockout mice generated for various research groups, provides examples of human mAbs developed by research groups and companies, and includes protocols of immunization, generation, production, and purification of human mAbs from such mice. In addition, it also addresses the problems detected, and includes some of the methods that can be used to analyze functional activities with human mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán Mompó
- Immunology, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro de Investigación Singular de Galicia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro de Investigación Singular de Galicia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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Regeneron Pharm., Inc. v. Merus N.V.United States Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit, 2017864 F.3d 1343. Biotechnol Law Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/blr.2017.29037.reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Klarenbeek A, El Mazouari K, Desmyter A, Blanchetot C, Hultberg A, de Jonge N, Roovers RC, Cambillau C, Spinelli S, Del-Favero J, Verrips T, de Haard HJ, Achour I. Camelid Ig V genes reveal significant human homology not seen in therapeutic target genes, providing for a powerful therapeutic antibody platform. MAbs 2016; 7:693-706. [PMID: 26018625 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1046648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Camelid immunoglobulin variable (IGV) regions were found homologous to their human counterparts; however, the germline V repertoires of camelid heavy and light chains are still incomplete and their therapeutic potential is only beginning to be appreciated. We therefore leveraged the publicly available HTG and WGS databases of Lama pacos and Camelus ferus to retrieve the germline repertoire of V genes using human IGV genes as reference. In addition, we amplified IGKV and IGLV genes to uncover the V germline repertoire of Lama glama and sequenced BAC clones covering part of the Lama pacos IGK and IGL loci. Our in silico analysis showed that camelid counterparts of all human IGKV and IGLV families and most IGHV families could be identified, based on canonical structure and sequence homology. Interestingly, this sequence homology seemed largely restricted to the Ig V genes and was far less apparent in other genes: 6 therapeutically relevant target genes differed significantly from their human orthologs. This contributed to efficient immunization of llamas with the human proteins CD70, MET, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, resulting in large panels of functional antibodies. The in silico predicted human-homologous canonical folds of camelid-derived antibodies were confirmed by X-ray crystallography solving the structure of 2 selected camelid anti-CD70 and anti-MET antibodies. These antibodies showed identical fold combinations as found in the corresponding human germline V families, yielding binding site structures closely similar to those occurring in human antibodies. In conclusion, our results indicate that active immunization of camelids can be a powerful therapeutic antibody platform.
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Key Words
- BLAST, basic local alignment search tools
- CDR
- CDR, complementarity-determining region
- FR
- FR, framework region
- HTG, High-Throughput Genomic database
- IGHV, immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene
- IGKV, immunoglobulin light chain kappa variable region gene
- IGLV, immunoglobulin light chain lambda variable region gene
- IgG
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- V family/genes, variable region family/genes
- VH, light chain variable region
- Vκ, light chain kappa variable region
- Vλ, light chain lambda variable region
- WGS, Whole Genome Shotgun database
- antibodies
- biologics
- camelid
- canonical folds
- germline variable genes
- human sequence and structural homology
- sequence mining
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Klarenbeek
- a Department of Cell Biology; Utrecht University ; Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Brüggemann M, Osborn MJ, Ma B, Hayre J, Avis S, Lundstrom B, Buelow R. Human antibody production in transgenic animals. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:101-8. [PMID: 25467949 PMCID: PMC4359279 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fully human antibodies from transgenic animals account for an increasing number of new therapeutics. After immunization, diverse human monoclonal antibodies of high affinity can be obtained from transgenic rodents, while large animals, such as transchromosomic cattle, have produced respectable amounts of specific human immunoglobulin (Ig) in serum. Several strategies to derive animals expressing human antibody repertoires have been successful. In rodents, gene loci on bacterial artificial chromosomes or yeast artificial chromosomes were integrated by oocyte microinjection or transfection of embryonic stem (ES) cells, while ruminants were derived from manipulated fibroblasts with integrated human chromosome fragments or human artificial chromosomes. In all strains, the endogenous Ig loci have been silenced by gene targeting, either in ES or fibroblast cells, or by zinc finger technology via DNA microinjection; this was essential for optimal production. However, comparisons showed that fully human antibodies were not as efficiently produced as wild-type Ig. This suboptimal performance, with respect to immune response and antibody yield, was attributed to imperfect interaction of the human constant region with endogenous signaling components such as the Igα/β in mouse, rat or cattle. Significant improvements were obtained when the human V-region genes were linked to the endogenous CH-region, either on large constructs or, separately, by site-specific integration, which could also silence the endogenous Ig locus by gene replacement or inversion. In animals with knocked-out endogenous Ig loci and integrated large IgH loci, containing many human Vs, all D and all J segments linked to endogenous C genes, highly diverse human antibody production similar to normal animals was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Brüggemann
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Michael J. Osborn
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Biao Ma
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Jasvinder Hayre
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Suzanne Avis
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | | | - Roland Buelow
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
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8
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Mompó SM, González-Fernández A. Antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies from transgenic mice. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1060:245-276. [PMID: 24037845 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-586-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the difficulties found when generating fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by the traditional method, several efforts have attempted to overcome these problems, with varying levels of success. One approach has been the development of transgenic mice carrying immunoglobulin (Ig) genes in germ line configuration. The engineered mouse genome can undergo productive rearrangement in the B cell population, with the generation of mouse B lymphocytes expressing human Ig (hIg) chains. To avoid the expression of mouse heavy or light chains, the endogenous mouse Ig (mIg) loci must be silenced by gene-targeting techniques. Subsequently, to obtain antigen-specific mAbs, conventional immunization protocols can be followed and the mAb technique used (fusion of activated B cells with mouse myeloma cells, screening, cloning, freezing, and testing) with these animals expressing human Ig genes. This chapter describes the type of transgenic knockout mice generated for various research groups, provides examples of human mAbs developed by research groups and companies, and includes protocols of immunization, generation, production, and purification of human mAbs from such mice. In addition, it also addresses the problems detected, and includes some of the methods that can be used to analyze functional activities with human mAbs.
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9
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Genetic manipulation of B cells for the isolation of rare therapeutic antibodies from the human repertoire. Methods 2013; 65:38-43. [PMID: 23867338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody based therapies are increasingly applied to prevent and treat human disease. While the majority of antibodies currently on the market are chimeric or humanized antibodies from rodents, the focus has now shifted to the isolation and development of fully human antibodies. By retroviral transduction of B cell lymphoma-6 (BCL-6), which prevents terminal differentiation of B cells and, the anti-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) into primary human B cells we efficiently immortalize antibody-producing B cells allowing the isolation of therapeutic antibodies. Selection of antigen-specific B cell clones was greatly facilitated because the transduced B cells retain surface immunoglobulin expression and secrete immunoglobulin into the culture supernatant. Surface immunoglobulin expression can be utilized to stain and isolate antigen specific B cell clones with labeled antigen. Immunoglobulins secreted in culture supernatant can directly be tested in functional assays to identify unique B cell clones. Here we describe the key features of our Bcl-6/Bcl-xL culture platform (AIMSelect).
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Abstract
Based on the size and scope of the present global market for medicine, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a very promising future, with applications for cancers through autoimmune ailments to infectious disease. Since mAbs recognize only their target antigens and not other unrelated proteins, pinpoint medical treatment is possible. Global demand is dramatically expanding. Hybridoma technology, which allows production of mAbs directed against antigens of interest is therefore privileged. However, there are some pivotal points for further development to generate therapeutic antibodies. One is selective generation of human mAbs. Employment of transgenic mice producing human antibodies would overcome this problem. Another focus is recognition sites and conformational epitopes in antigens may be just as important as linear epitopes, especially when membrane proteins such as receptors are targeted. Recognition of intact structures is of critical importance for medical purposes. In this review, we describe patent related information for therapeutic mAbs based on hybridoma technology and also discuss new advances in hybridoma technology that facilitate selective production of stereospecific mAbs.
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Abstract
Hybridoma technology has long been a remarkable and indispensable platform for generating high-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Hybridoma-derived mAbs have not only served as powerful tool reagents but also have emerged as the most rapidly expanding class of therapeutic biologics. With the establishment of mAb humanization and with the development of transgenic-humanized mice, hybridoma technology has opened new avenues for effectively generating humanized or fully human mAbs as therapeutics. In this chapter, an overview of hybridoma technology and the laboratory procedures used routinely for hybridoma generation are discussed and detailed in the following sections: cell fusion for hybridoma generation, antibody screening and characterization, hybridoma subcloning and mAb isotyping, as well as production of mAbs from hybridoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Zhang
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research.
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12
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are arguably the most significant class of biologics for use as pharmaceuticals and diagnostics. Many technological concepts exist for the generation and identification of therapeutically relevant mAbs, including the isolation and cloning of immunoglobulin (Ig) encoding genes from single B-lineage cells. This review summarizes various single B cell approaches and describes their use for the discovery of mAbs with potential therapeutic values or in basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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14
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García Merino A. Monoclonal antibodies. Basic features. Neurologia 2010; 26:301-6. [PMID: 21193249 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies are a powerful tool in laboratory diagnosis and are increasingly used in the treatment of several diseases. DEVELOPMENT Antibody development and characterization has a long history and goes back to immunology itself. The present article provides a historical introduction to humoral immunity until the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and reviews concepts relating to the structure and function of antibodies, as well as to the generation of diversity, activation and maturation of B lymphocytes. The main techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies are outlined and some of their applications in human disease are described. CONCLUSIONS Since their discovery, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases. The use of human and humanized monoclonal antibodies has markedly improved their tolerability. Current technology for manufacturing these antibodies allows new designs that may broaden their possible applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García Merino
- Servicio de Neurología/Neuroinmunología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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Debbage P, Jaschke W. Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf actors. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:845-75. [PMID: 18825403 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging, first developed to localise antigens in light microscopy, now encompasses all imaging modalities including those used in clinical care: optical imaging, nuclear medical imaging, ultrasound imaging, CT, MRI, and photoacoustic imaging. Molecular imaging always requires accumulation of contrast agent in the target site, often achieved most efficiently by steering nanoparticles containing contrast agent into the target. This entails accessing target molecules hidden behind tissue barriers, necessitating the use of targeting groups. For imaging modalities with low sensitivity, nanoparticles bearing multiple contrast groups provide signal amplification. The same nanoparticles can in principle deliver both contrast medium and drug, allowing monitoring of biodistribution and therapeutic activity simultaneously (theranostics). Nanoparticles with multiple bioadhesive sites for target recognition and binding will be larger than 20 nm diameter. They share functionalities with many subcellular organelles (ribosomes, proteasomes, ion channels, and transport vesicles) and are of similar sizes. The materials used to synthesise nanoparticles include natural proteins and polymers, artificial polymers, dendrimers, fullerenes and other carbon-based structures, lipid-water micelles, viral capsids, metals, metal oxides, and ceramics. Signal generators incorporated into nanoparticles include iron oxide, gadolinium, fluorine, iodine, bismuth, radionuclides, quantum dots, and metal nanoclusters. Diagnostic imaging applications, now appearing, include sentinal node localisation and stem cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Debbage
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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16
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Hale G. Therapeutic antibodies--delivering the promise? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:633-9. [PMID: 16822575 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, therapeutic antibodies held the promise of providing specific cures for a wide range of diseases. It was not till the monoclonal era that the difficulties with purity and reproducibility were surmounted. But many obstacles still remained, and it has been a complex process to identify the best specificities, optimise effector functions and avoid unwanted immunogenicity. The academic community made substantial contributions, but higher regulatory hurdles will make this less significant in the future. Optimal delivery to the site of action remains one of the most important issues to be addressed. Monoclonal antibodies are already a significant part of the pharmaceutical market but there is a considerable potential still to be tapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Hale
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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Kacskovics I, Kis Z, Mayer B, West AP, Tiangco NE, Tilahun M, Cervenak L, Bjorkman PJ, Goldsby RA, Szenci O, Hammarström L. FcRn mediates elongated serum half-life of human IgG in cattle. Int Immunol 2006; 18:525-36. [PMID: 16481343 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG has the longest survival time in the circulation of the Ig classes and the lowest fractional catabolic rate. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays an important role in regulating these processes. Recently, we have cloned the bovine neonatal Fc receptor (bFcRn) alpha chain and detected its expression in various epithelial cells which are mediating IgG secretion. However, its function in IgG homeostasis has not been investigated. In the current study, we analyzed the binding affinity of bovine and human IgGs to bFcRn using surface plasmon resonance and by in vitro radioreceptor binding assays. As human IgG binds stronger to the bFcRn, than bovine IgG at pH 6, we subsequently analyzed its catabolism in normal and transchromosomic calves that produce human Igs. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that human IgG had approximately 33 days serum half-life both in normal and transchromosomic calves, which is more than two times longer than its bovine counterpart. We also demonstrate FcRn expression in endothelial cells and in the kidney which are supposed to be involved in IgG metabolism. These data suggest that bFcRn is involved in IgG homeostasis in cattle and furthermore, that the transchromosomic calves producing human Igs can effectively protect their human IgGs which have implications for successful large-scale production of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Wong ET. Monoclonal antibody therapy for central nervous system lymphomas: an emerging treatment paradigm. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005; 6:1107-14. [PMID: 15957965 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.6.7.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The management of CNS lymphomas is poised for another revolution due to the emergence of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. As the technology for generating monoclonal antibodies matures and obstacles are solved, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies will play an increasing role in the management of cancer. This article will review the biology of CNS lymphomas, monoclonal antibody technology, limitation of existing chemotherapies and the application of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of CNS lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Alemtuzumab
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- CD52 Antigen
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Genetic Engineering
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Peptide Library
- Rituximab
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Wong
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Dunn DA, Pinkert CA, Kooyman DL. Foundation Review: Transgenic animals and their impact on the drug discovery industry. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:757-67. [PMID: 15922934 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to direct genetic changes at the molecular level has resulted in a revolution in biology. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in the production of transgenic animals. Transgenic technology lies at the junction of several enabling techniques in such diverse fields as embryology, cell biology and molecular genetics. A host of techniques have been used to effect change in gene expression and develop new pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds cost-effectively. Scientific advances gained by transgenic capabilities enable further understanding of basic biological pathways and yield insights into how changes in fundamental processes can perturb programmed development or culminate in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dunn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Protopapadakis E, Kokla A, Tzartos SJ, Mamalaki A. Isolation and characterization of human anti-acetylcholine receptor monoclonal antibodies from transgenic mice expressing human immunoglobulin loci. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1960-8. [PMID: 15915538 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of human antibodies against muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR), the autoantigen involved in myasthenia gravis (MG), is important for the development of therapeutically useful reagents. Monovalent antibody fragments from monoclonal antibodies against the main immunogenic region (MIR) of AChR protect the receptor from the destructive activity of MG autoantibodies. Human anti-AChR alpha-subunit antibody fragments with therapeutic potential have been isolated using phage display antibody libraries. An alternative approach for obtaining human mAb has been provided by the development of humanized mice. In this report, we show that immunization of transgenic mouse strains with the extracellular domain of the human AChR alpha-subunit results in antibody responses and isolation of hybridomas producing human mAb. Four specific IgM mAb were isolated and analyzed. mAb170 recognized the native receptor the best and was capable of inducing AChR antigenic modulation, suggesting its specificity for a pathogenic epitope. Moreover, the recombinant antigen-binding (Fab) fragment of this mAb competed with an anti-MIR mAb, revealing that its antigenic determinant lies in or near the MIR. Finally, Fab170 was able to compete with MG autoantibodies and protect the AChR against antigenic modulation induced by MG sera. This approach will be useful for isolating additional mAb with therapeutic potential against the other AChR subunits.
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21
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Transgenic non-human animals capable of producing heterologous antibodies. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.8.9.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Molina A, Valladares M, Magadán S, Sancho D, Viedma F, Sanjuan I, Gambón F, Sánchez-Madrid F, González-Fernández A. The use of transgenic mice for the production of a human monoclonal antibody specific for human CD69 antigen. J Immunol Methods 2003; 282:147-58. [PMID: 14604548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The CD69 antigen is the earliest activation marker expressed on leukocyte surfaces after stimulation and it has been correlated with disease state in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We were interested in the generation of a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the CD69 antigen. To do this, mice carrying human Ig transgenes (on an inactivated endogenous immunoglobulin H and Igkappa background) were immunized with rat cells transfected with the human CD69 molecule. From over 2000 hybridoma clones generated in different fusions, we were able to obtain a human monoclonal antibody, hAIM-29, which specifically recognizes human CD69 on the surface of activated-human leukocytes. We demonstrate that the antibody is specific for the human CD69 molecule, as shown by double staining with mouse anti-human CD69 antibodies, ELISA, immunoblot and immunoprecipitation studies. Results of additional experiments show that hAIM-29 activates intracellular calcium influx without Ig cross-linking and enhances phorbol myristate acetate-induced cell proliferation in a manner similar to other mouse anti-CD69 antibodies. This report is the first to describe the isolation and characterization of a novel human mAb, hAIM-29, which may have therapeutic potential in diseases associated with the presence of activated cells expressing CD69 antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Molina
- Area de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Phage display is a molecular diversity technology that allows the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of filamentous phage. Phage display libraries permit the selection of peptides and proteins, including antibodies, with high affinity and specificity for almost any target. A crucial advantage of this technology is the direct link that exists between the experimental phenotype and its encapsulated genotype, which allows the evolution of the selected binders into optimized molecules. Phage display facilitates engineering of antibodies with regard to their size, valency, affinity, and effector functions. The selection of antibodies and peptides from libraries displayed on the surface of filamentous phage has proven significant for routine isolation of peptides and antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review serves as an introduction to phage display, antibody engineering, the development of phage-displayed peptides and antibody fragments into viable diagnostic reagents, and recent trends in display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M E Azzazy
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
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24
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Nguyen JT, Evans DP, Galvan M, Pace KE, Leitenberg D, Bui TN, Baum LG. CD45 modulates galectin-1-induced T cell death: regulation by expression of core 2 O-glycans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5697-707. [PMID: 11698442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 induces death of immature thymocytes and activated T cells. Galectin-1 binds to T cell-surface glycoproteins CD45, CD43, and CD7, although the precise roles of each receptor in cell death are unknown. We have determined that CD45 can positively and negatively regulate galectin-1-induced T cell death, depending on the glycosylation status of the cells. CD45(+) BW5147 T cells lacking the core 2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) were resistant to galectin-1 death. The inhibitory effect of CD45 in C2GnT(-) cells appeared to require the CD45 cytoplasmic domain, because Rev1.1 cells expressing only CD45 transmembrane and extracellular domains were susceptible to galectin-1 death. Moreover, treatment with the phosphotyrosine-phosphatase inhibitor potassium bisperoxo(1,10-phenanthroline)oxovanadate(V) enhanced galectin-1 susceptibility of CD45(+) T cell lines, but had no effect on the death of CD45(-) T cells, indicating that the CD45 inhibitory effect involved the phosphatase domain. Expression of the C2GnT in CD45(+) T cell lines rendered the cells susceptible to galectin-1, while expression of the C2GnT in CD45(-) cells had no effect on galectin-1 susceptibility. When CD45(+) T cells bound to galectin-1 on murine thymic stromal cells, only C2GnT(+) T cells underwent death. On C2GnT(+) cells, CD45 and galectin-1 co-localized in patches on membrane blebs while no segregation of CD45 was seen on C2GnT(-) T cells, suggesting that oligosaccharide-mediated clustering of CD45 facilitated galectin-1-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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25
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Abstract
The antigen-binding capacity of the paired variable domains of an antibody is well established. The observation that the isolated heavy chains of anti-hapten antibodies retain some antigen-binding capacity in the absence of light chains led to attempts to obtain an even smaller antigen-binding unit in a VH format. Unfortunately, the poor solubility, the reduced affinity for the antigen and the irreproducible outcome showed that additional protein engineering would be required to successfully generate single-domain antibody fragments. By serendipity, it was discovered that this engineering is already performed continuously in nature. Part of the humoral immune response of camels and llamas is based largely on heavy-chain antibodies where the light chain is totally absent. These unique antibody isotypes interact with the antigen by virtue of only one single variable domain, referred to as VHH. Despite the absence of the VH-VL combinatorial diversity, these heavy-chain antibodies exhibit a broad antigen-binding repertoire by enlarging their hypervariable regions. Methods are described to tap the VHH repertoire of an immunised dromedary or llama. These VHH libraries contain a high titre of intact antigen-specific binders that were matured in vivo. Synthetic libraries of a 'camelised' human VH, a mouse VH or a camelid VHH scaffold with a randomised CDR3 could constitute a valid alternative to immune libraries to retrieve useful single-domain antigen binders. The recombinant VHH that are selected from such libraries are well expressed, highly soluble in aqueous environments and very robust. Some in vivo matured VHH were also shown to be potent enzyme inhibitors, and the low complexity of the antigen-binding site is an asset in the design of peptide mimetics. Because of their smaller size and the above properties, the VHH clearly offer added-value over conventional antibody fragments. They are expected to open perspectives as enzyme inhibitors and intrabodies, as modular building units for multivalent or multifunctional constructs, or as immuno-adsorbents and detection units in biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muyldermans
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Sint Genesius Rode, Belgium.
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26
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Roth RI. Magic bullets finally find their mark. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 41:383-91. [PMID: 11372903 DOI: 10.1016/s1086-5802(16)31264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R I Roth
- The Weinberg Group Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
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27
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Karpas A, Dremucheva A, Czepulkowski BH. A human myeloma cell line suitable for the generation of human monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1799-804. [PMID: 11172031 PMCID: PMC29337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since monoclonal antibodies were produced in 1975 with mouse myeloma cells there has been interest in developing human myeloma cultures for the production of monoclonal antibodies. However, despite multiple attempts, no human myeloma line suitable for hybridoma production has been described. Here we report the derivation of a hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine-sensitive and ouabain-resistant human myeloma cell line (Karpas 707H) that contains unique genetic markers. We show that this line is useful for the generation of stable human hybridomas. It can easily be fused with ouabain-sensitive Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cells as well as with fresh tonsil and blood lymphocytes, giving rise to stable hybrids that continuously secrete very large quantities of human immunoglobulins. The derived hybrids do not lose immunoglobulin secretion over many months of continuous growth. The availability of this cell line should enable the in vitro immortalization of human antibody-producing B cells that are formed in vivo. The monoclonal antibodies produced may have advantages in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karpas
- Department of Hematology, Cambridge University, Medical Research Council Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom.
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28
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Nilsson F, Tarli L, Viti F, Neri D. The use of phage display for the development of tumour targeting agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 43:165-96. [PMID: 10967225 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One way to improve the selectivity of therapeutic molecules in clinical oncology would be to target them on the tumour site, thereby sparing normal tissues. The development of targeted therapeutic methodologies relies in most cases on the availability of binding molecules specific for tumour-associated markers. The display of repertoires of polypeptides on the surface of filamentous phage, together with the efficient selection-amplification of the desired binding specificities using affinity capture, represents an efficient route towards the isolation of specific peptides and proteins that could act as vehicles for tumour targeting applications. Most investigations in this area of research have so far been performed with phage derived recombinant antibodies, which have been shown to selectively target tumour-associated markers both in preclinical animal models and in the clinic. However, future developments with other classes of polypeptides (small constrained peptides, small globular proteins) promise to be important for the selective delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumour site.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nilsson
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Tangye SG, Phillips JH, Lanier LL, Nichols KE. Functional requirement for SAP in 2B4-mediated activation of human natural killer cells as revealed by the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2932-6. [PMID: 10975798 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) is an immunodeficiency characterized by life-threatening infectious mononucleosis and EBV-induced B cell lymphoma. The gene mutated in XLP encodes SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein)-associated protein (SAP), a small SH2 domain-containing protein. SAP associates with 2B4 and SLAM, activating receptors expressed by NK and T cells, and prevents recruitment of SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 SHP-2) to the cytoplasmic domains of these receptors. The phenotype of XLP may therefore result from perturbed signaling through SAP-associating receptors. We have addressed the functional consequence of SAP deficiency on 2B4-mediated NK cell activation. Ligating 2B4 on normal human NK cells with anti-2B4 mAb or interaction with transfectants bearing the 2B4 ligand CD48 induced NK cell cytotoxicity. In contrast, ligation of 2B4 on NK cells from a SAP-deficient XLP patient failed to initiate cytotoxicity. Despite this, CD2 or CD16-induced cytotoxicity of SAP-deficient NK cells was similar to that of normal NK cells. Thus, selective impairment of 2B4-mediated NK cell activation may contribute to the immunopathology of XLP.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Genetic Linkage
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/physiology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- Syndrome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- X Chromosome
- src Homology Domains/genetics
- src Homology Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Tangye
- Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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30
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Trop S, Charron J, Arguin C, Lesage S, Hugo P. Thymic selection generates T cells expressing self-reactive TCRs in the absence of CD45. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3073-9. [PMID: 10975818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase regulates Ag receptor signaling in T and B cells. In the absence of CD45, TCR coupling to downstream signaling cascades is profoundly reduced. Moreover, in CD45-null mice, the maturation of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes into CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+ thymocytes is severely impaired. These findings suggest that thymic selection may not proceed normally in CD45-null mice, and may be biased in favor of thymocytes expressing TCRs with strong reactivity toward self-MHC-peptide ligands to compensate for debilitated TCR signaling. To test this possibility, we purified peripheral T cells from CD45-null mice and fused them with the BWalpha-beta- thymoma to generate hybridomas expressing normal levels of TCR and CD45. The reactivity of these hybridomas to self or foreign MHC-peptide complexes was assessed by measuring the amount of IL-2 secreted upon stimulation with syngeneic or allogeneic splenocytes. A very high proportion (55%) of the hybridomas tested reacted against syngeneic APCs, indicating that the majority of T cells in CD45-null mice express TCRs with high avidity for self-MHC-peptide ligands, and are thus potentially autoreactive. Furthermore, a large proportion of TCRs selected in CD45-null mice (H-2b) were also shown to display reactivity toward closely related MHC-peptide complexes, such as H-2bm12. These results support the notion that modulating the strength of TCR-mediated signals can alter the outcome of thymic selection, and demonstrate that CD45, by molding the window of affinity/avidity for positive and negative selection, directly participates in the shaping of the T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trop
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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31
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Funaro A, Horenstein AL, Santoro P, Cinti C, Gregorini A, Malavasi F. Monoclonal antibodies and therapy of human cancers. Biotechnol Adv 2000; 18:385-401. [PMID: 14538101 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This survey is an overview of the applications of murine, humanized and recombinant monoclonal antibodies for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been applied to the diagnosis and therapy of an array of human diseases. The initial failures of early clinical trials have been overcome through the production of a new generation of mAb which features reduced immunogenicity and improved targeting abilities. The early models of mAb therapy were focused on enhancing the cytolytic mechanisms against the tumor cells. More recently, successful mAb-based therapies were targeted to molecules involved in the regulation of growth of cancer cells. This has highlighted the relevance of understanding receptor-mediated signaling events, and may provide new opportunities for anti-tumor antibody targeting. Despite all the difficulties, clinical data is outlining an increasingly significant role for antibody-mediated cancer therapy as a versatile and powerful instrument in cancer treatment. One reasonable expectation is that treatment at an earlier stage in the disease process or in minimal residual disease may be more advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Funaro
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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32
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Klimka A, Matthey B, Roovers RC, Barth S, Arends JW, Engert A, Hoogenboom HR. Human anti-CD30 recombinant antibodies by guided phage antibody selection using cell panning. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:252-60. [PMID: 10901379 PMCID: PMC2363493 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In various clinical studies, Hodgkin's patients have been treated with anti-CD30 immunotherapeutic agents and have shown promising responses. One of the problems that appeared from these studies is the development of an immune response against the nonhuman therapeutics, which limits repeated administration and reduces efficacy. We have set out to make a recombinant, human anti-CD30 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody, which may serve as a targeting moiety with reduced immunogenicity and more rapid tumour penetration in similar clinical applications. Rather than selecting a naive phage antibody library on recombinant CD30 antigen, we used guided selection of a murine antibody in combination with panning on the CD30-positive cell line L540. The murine monoclonal antibody Ki-4 was chosen as starting antibody, because it inhibits the shedding of the extracellular part of the CD30 antigen. This makes the antibody better suited for CD30-targeting than most other anti-CD30 antibodies. We have previously isolated the murine Ki-4 scFv by selecting a mini-library of hybridoma-derived phage scFv-antibodies via panning on L540 cells. Here, we report that phage display technology was successfully used to obtain a human Ki-4 scFv version by guided selection. The murine variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain genes of the Ki-4 scFv were sequentially replaced by human V gene repertoires, while retaining only the major determinant for epitope-specificity: the heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of murine Ki-4. After two rounds of chain shuffling and selection by panning on L540 cells, a fully human anti-CD30 scFv was selected. It competes with the parental monoclonal antibody Ki-4 for binding to CD30, inhibits the shedding of the extracellular part of the CD30 receptor from L540 cells and is thus a promising candidate for the generation of anti-CD30 immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klimka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Driven by chemistry but increasingly guided by pharmacology and the clinical sciences, drug research has contributed more to the progress of medicine during the past century than any other scientific factor. The advent of molecular biology and, in particular, of genomic sciences is having a deep impact on drug discovery. Recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies have greatly enriched our therapeutic armamentarium. Genome sciences, combined with bioinformatic tools, allow us to dissect the genetic basis of multifactorial diseases and to determine the most suitable points of attack for future medicines, thereby increasing the number of treatment options. The dramatic increase in the complexity of drug research is enforcing changes in the institutional basis of this interdisciplinary endeavor. The biotech industry is establishing itself as the discovery arm of the pharmaceutical industry. In bridging the gap between academia and large pharmaceutical companies, the biotech firms have been effective instruments of technology transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Drews
- International Biomedicine Management Partners, Basel, Switzerland and Orbimed Advisors LLC, New York, NY 10017-2023, USA
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34
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Nicholson IC, Zou X, Popov AV, Cook GP, Corps EM, Humphries S, Ayling C, Goyenechea B, Xian J, Taussig MJ, Neuberger MS, Brüggemann M. Antibody Repertoires of Four- and Five-Feature Translocus Mice Carrying Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain and κ and λ Light Chain Yeast Artificial Chromosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have produced mice that carry the human Ig heavy (IgH) and both κ and λ light chain transloci in a background in which the endogenous IgH and κ loci have been inactivated. The B lymphocyte population in these translocus mice is restored to about one-third of normal levels, with preferential (3:1) expression of human λ over human κ. Human IgM is found in the serum at levels between 50 and 400 μg/ml and is elevated following immunization. This primary human Ab repertoire is sufficient to yield diverse Ag-specific responses as judged by analysis of mAbs. The use of DH and J segments is similar to that seen in human B cells, with an analogous pattern of N nucleotide insertion. Maturation of the response is accompanied by somatic hypermutation, which is particularly effective in the light chain transloci. These mice therefore allow the production of Ag-specific repertoires of both IgM,κ and IgM,λ Abs and should prove useful for the production of human mAbs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graham P. Cook
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine M. Corps
- †Laboratory of Molecular Recognition, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sally Humphries
- †Laboratory of Molecular Recognition, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Jian Xian
- *Laboratory of Developmental Immunology and
| | - Michael J. Taussig
- †Laboratory of Molecular Recognition, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael S. Neuberger
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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He M, Menges M, Groves MA, Corps E, Liu H, Brüggemann M, Taussig MJ. Selection of a human anti-progesterone antibody fragment from a transgenic mouse library by ARM ribosome display. J Immunol Methods 1999; 231:105-17. [PMID: 10648931 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In antibody-ribosome-mRNA complex (ARM) ribosome display, stable complexes of nascent protein, mRNA and ribosomes are produced in a eukaryotic in vitro expression system, through coupled transcription and translation of DNA lacking a 3' stop codon. Selection of the protein simultaneously captures the relevant mRNA, which is recovered as DNA by coupled reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed on the intact complexes. Here, we describe the use of ARM display to select a specific human antibody fragment from a transgenic mouse library. The mice carry unrearranged gene segments of the human heavy (H) and kappa light (L) chain loci, while the endogenous murine H and kappa loci are functionally silenced; they respond to immunisation by production of fully human IgM antibodies. A library encoding human single-chain (sc) antibody (V(H)/K) fragments, in which V(H) domains and kappa light chains were combined at random by PCR, was prepared from spleen cells of transgenic mice immunised with progesterone-bovine serum albumin (BSA). Library diversity was demonstrated by sequencing. Progesterone-binding fragments were selected over five cycles of ARM display and the selected DNA cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Soluble V(H)/K fragments obtained in periplasmic extracts had the same specificity as ribosome-bound V(H)/K, supporting the view that folding and specificity of the displayed and soluble proteins are equivalent. The affinity of the expressed V(H)/K was approximately 10(-8) M. Sequencing showed that ARM display selected a single V(H)/V(L) combination (V(H)1-2, Vkappa4-1) and rearrangement, with a few mutational differences between clones. Monoclonal antibodies against progesterone-BSA obtained from hybridomas were encoded by the same V(H) and V(L) segments and had similar properties to the fragments obtained in vitro. The combination of ribosome display and transgenic mouse technologies is a rapid means of generating fully human antibody fragments in vitro for expression and further manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M He
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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36
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Abstract
In this narrative, I describe how my interest in the nature and origin of antibody diversity led me to tackle the problem by using somatic cell genetic techniques. The first hybridoma (an immortal antibody-secreting cell line derived by fusion of a short-lived lymphocyte and a myeloma cell line) was an offshoot of this approach. Although not intended for such purposes, it soon became obvious that this invention had widespread potential in basic research and industry. Indeed, the technique opened new inroads into the study of complex biological substances and became the method of choice to define new differentiation markers. Hybridomas also allowed us to dissect the immune response to a simple antigen and to demonstrate the critical role of somatic mutations in the generation of high affinity antibodies. Now, monoclonal antibodies can be derived and manipulated in vitro, leading to important new developments in therapeutic applications. BioEssays 1999;21:966-973.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Milstein
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- C Milstein
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK
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38
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Popov AV, Zou X, Xian J, Nicholson IC, Brüggemann M. A human immunoglobulin lambda locus is similarly well expressed in mice and humans. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1611-20. [PMID: 10330440 PMCID: PMC2193639 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.10.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice carrying a 380-kb region of the human immunoglobulin (Ig) lambda light (L) chain locus in germline configuration were created. The introduced translocus on a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) accommodates the most proximal Iglambda variable region (V) gene cluster, including 15 Vlambda genes that contribute to >60% of lambda L chains in humans, all Jlambda-Clambda segments, and the 3' enhancer. HuIglambdaYAC mice were bred with animals in which mouse Igkappa production was silenced by gene targeting. In the kappa-/- background, human Iglambda was expressed by approximately 84% of splenic B cells. A striking result was that human Iglambda was also produced at high levels in mice with normal kappa locus. Analysis of bone marrow cells showed that human Iglambda and mouse Igkappa were expressed at similar levels throughout B cell development, suggesting that the Iglambda translocus and the endogenous kappa locus rearrange independently and with equal efficiency at the same developmental stage. This is further supported by the finding that in hybridomas expressing human Iglambda the endogenous L chain loci were in germline configuration. The presence of somatic hypermutation in the human Vlambda genes indicated that the Iglambda-expressing cells function normally. The finding that human lambda genes can be utilized with similar efficiency in mice and humans implies that L chain expression is critically dependent on the configuration of the locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Popov
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, United Kingdom
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39
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Harris RS, Kong Q, Maizels N. Somatic hypermutation and the three R's: repair, replication and recombination. Mutat Res 1999; 436:157-78. [PMID: 10095138 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(99)00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation introduces single base changes into the rearranged variable (V) regions of antigen activated B cells at a rate of approximately 1 mutation per kilobase per generation. This is nearly a million-fold higher than the typical mutation rate in a mammalian somatic cell. Rampant mutation at this level could have a devastating effect, but somatic hypermutation is accurately targeted and tightly regulated. Here, we provide an overview of immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation; discuss mechanisms of mutation in model organisms that may be relevant to the hypermutation mechanism; and review recent advances toward understanding the possible role(s) of DNA repair, replication, and recombination in this fascinating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Harris
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA
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40
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Huls GA, Heijnen IA, Cuomo ME, Koningsberger JC, Wiegman L, Boel E, van der Vuurst de Vries AR, Loyson SA, Helfrich W, van Berge Henegouwen GP, van Meijer M, de Kruif J, Logtenberg T. A recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody with antitumor activity constructed from phage-displayed antibody fragments. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:276-81. [PMID: 10096296 DOI: 10.1038/7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A single-chain Fv antibody fragment specific for the tumor-associated Ep-CAM molecule was isolated from a semisynthetic phage display library and converted into an intact, fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (huMab). The purified huMab had an affinity of 5 nM and effectively mediated tumor cell killing in in vitro and in vivo assays. These experiments show that nonimmunized phage antibody display libraries can be used to obtain high-affinity, functional, and clinically applicable huMabs directed against a tumor-associated antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bacteriophages/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Count
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Library
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Biology/methods
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Huls
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Reisner Y, Dagan S. The Trimera mouse: generating human monoclonal antibodies and an animal model for human diseases. Trends Biotechnol 1998; 16:242-6. [PMID: 9652134 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(98)01203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies of human origin may have great therapeutic value in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders and viral or bacterial infections. Several methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies exist; some are based on the transplantation of a functioning human immune system into severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice or into Trimera mice, which are mice that have been lethally irradiated and radioprotected by transplantation of bone-marrow cells from scid mice. Trimera mice could be also used to develop animal models for human diseases by transplanting infected human tissue fragments and for creating models for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Reisner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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42
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Pluschke G, Joss A, Marfurt J, Daubenberger C, Kashala O, Zwickl M, Stief A, Sansig G, Schläpfer B, Linkert S, van der Putten H, Hardman N, Schröder M. Generation of chimeric monoclonal antibodies from mice that carry human immunoglobulin Cgamma1 heavy of Ckappa light chain gene segments. J Immunol Methods 1998; 215:27-37. [PMID: 9744745 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells was used to replace (i) the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) Cgamma2a gene segment (mCgamma2a) with the human Cgamma1 gene segment (hCgamma1), and (ii) the mouse immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) Ckappa gene segment (mC kappa) with its human counterpart (hC kappa). ES cells carrying these gene conversions were used to generate chimeric mice that transmitted the human alleles through the germ line. Mice homozygous for both gene alterations were generated by breeding. Serum from homozygous mutant mice contained comparable amounts of antibodies with chimeric kappa or mouse lambda light chains but only small fractions of basal serum IgG or antibodies elicited against immunizing agents contained chimeric heavy chains. A relative increase in immunogen-specific hCgamma1 antibodies was seen following immunization in combination with the saponin adjuvant QS-21. The effect of this was to shift the IgG1-dominated response to an IgG subclass profile that included significant amounts of IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 and chimeric IgG. The amounts of antibody secreted by hybridomas derived from mutant and wild-type mice were similar. Sequencing confirmed correct splicing of hCgamma1 and hCkappa gene segments to mouse J gene segments in hybridoma Ig gene transcripts. In conclusion, IgHhCgamma1/IgLhCkappa double mutant mice provide a useful animal model for deriving humanized antibodies with potential applications in immunotherapy and diagnostics in vivo as well as for investigating hCgamma1 associated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pluschke
- Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
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43
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have long been considered a good class of natural drugs, both because they mimic their natural role in the body and because they have no inherent toxicity. Although rodent Mabs are readily generated, their widespread use as therapeutic agents has been hampered because they are recognized as foreign by the patient. Evidently, clinical Mabs should be as human as possible and results with some of the more recently developed chimerized and humanized Mabs are testimony to this. Mabs that are entirely human are now being produced from phage display and transgenic mice. The first fully human Mabs generated by phage display have already entered clinical trials, and together with recent advances in these technologies, may finally realize the full potential of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Vaughan
- Cambridge Antibody Technology, Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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44
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Hoogenboom HR, Henderikx P. Creating and engineering human antibodies for immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 31:5-31. [PMID: 10837615 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting in immunotherapy has traditionally been achieved by using monoclonal rodent antibodies. Despite gene-engineering, there are many problems and limitations associated with the non-human origin, the targeting specificity and the binding strength of these molecules. Now these issues may be addressed in a more rational way, by designing and then shaping, in vitro, the desired human antibodies. This review addresses how this may be achieved by the selection of monoclonal human antibodies from phage display libraries and the engineering of affinity and specificity thereafter. Phage display of antibody fragments has allowed access to large collections of different phage antibodies, created by cloning antibody V-genes from B-cells. Antibodies against any type of antigen may be derived from such repertoires, by rounds of enrichment on antigen and re-amplification. This review presents the state of the art in rational antibody design and creation. It will highlight the strengths of this increasingly important field, which will aid in the generation of tailor-made targeting entities for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- HR Hoogenboom
- CESAME at Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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45
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Eren R, Lubin I, Terkieltaub D, Ben-Moshe O, Zauberman A, Uhlmann R, Tzahor T, Moss S, Ilan E, Shouval D, Galun E, Daudi N, Marcus H, Reisner Y, Dagan S. Human monoclonal antibodies specific to hepatitis B virus generated in a human/mouse radiation chimera: the Trimera system. Immunology 1998; 93:154-61. [PMID: 9616363 PMCID: PMC1364173 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach to develop fully human monoclonal antibodies in a human/mouse radiation chimera, the Trimera system, is described. In this system, functional human lymphocytes are engrafted in normal strains of mice which are rendered immuno-incompetent by lethal total body irradiation followed by radioprotection with severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse bone marrow. Following transplantation, human lymphocytes colonize murine lymphatic organs and secrete human immunoglobulins. We have established this system as a tool to develop fully human monoclonal antibodies, and applied it for the generation of monoclonal antibodies specific for hepatitis B virus surface antigen. A strong memory response to hepatitis B surface antigen was elicited in Trimera engrafted with lymphocytes from human donors positive for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. The human specific antibody fraction in the Trimera was 10(2)-10(3)-fold higher as compared with that found in the donors. Spleens were harvested from Trimera mice showing high specific-antibody titres and cells were fused to a human-mouse heteromyeloma fusion partner. Several stable hybridoma clones were isolated and characterized. These hybridomas produce high-affinity, IgG, anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies demonstrating the potential of the Trimera system for generating fully human monoclonal antibodies. The biological function and the neutralizing activity of these antibodies are currently being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eren
- XTL Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann, Rehovot, Israel
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46
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Wiese M, Pajeva IK. Molecular modeling study of the multidrug resistance modifiers cis- and trans-flupentixol. DIE PHARMAZIE 1997; 52:679-85. [PMID: 9347570 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent drug-membrane interaction and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of thioxanthenes and related compounds acting as multidrug resistance (MDR) modifiers pointed to the importance of the stereoisomery for their MDR reversing activity. Therefore a molecular modeling study of trans-(T) and cis-flupentixol (C) was performed in order to elucidate the observed discrepancy between equal binding potency to P-glycoprotein and different MDR reversing activity of the two stereoisomers. The results show that the 2 to 3-fold difference in MDR reversing activity of T compared to C might be related to a different orientation of the molecules in the membrane lipid environment. From the conformations generated by the SYBYL systematic search procedure those comprising local energy minima were selected and further optimized with semiempirical quantum chemistry methods. From the optimized conformations those that corresponded to 1H NMR results on drug conformations in lipid environment were selected for further molecular modeling studies. The electrostatic and lipophilic fields of T and C were compared in order to identify molecular properties related to the activity difference. The results show that the electrostatic fields of the drugs when similar in shape are dissimilar and that the lipophilic and hydrophilic regions are clearer separated in T in comparison with C. This imposes a better fitting of T compared to C to membrane lipid environment in accordance with the observed higher interaction strength of T with phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiese
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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47
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Abstract
Transgenic mice have been created that carry human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes in germline configuration and that have the corresponding endogenous genes silenced. The transgenes are either minigene constructs or large, almost authentic, transloci on yeast artificial chromosomes and undergo B-cell-specific DNA rearrangement and hypermutation in the mouse lymphoid tissue. Monoclonal antibodies with good affinities for human antigens have been obtained after immunisation. These mice may be a future source of human antibodies for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brüggemann
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology and Translocus Therapeutics, Ltd., Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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48
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Abstract
Techniques that allow modification of the mammalian genome have made a considerable contribution to many areas of biological science. Despite these achievements, challenges remain in two principal areas of transgenic technology, namely gene regulation and efficient transgenic livestock production. Obtaining reliable and sophisticated expression that rivals that of endogenous genes is frequently problematic. Transgenic science has played an important part in increasing understanding of the complex processes that underlie gene regulation, and this in turn has assisted in the design of transgene constructs expressed in a tightly regulated and faithful manner. The production of transgenic livestock is an inefficient process compared to that of laboratory models, and the lack of totipotential embryonic stem (ES) cell lines in farm animal species hampers the development of this area of work. This article highlights recent progress in efficient trans gene expression systems, and the current efforts being made to find alternative means of generating transgenic livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Cameron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Glasgow University Veterinary School.
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49
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Abstract
The development of recombinant techniques for the rapid cloning, expression, and characterization of cDNAs encoding antibody (Ab) subunits has revolutionized the field of antibody engineering. By fusion to heterologous protein domains, chain shuffling, and inclusion of self-assembly motifs, novel molecules such as bispecific Abs can now be generated which possess the subset of functional properties designed to fit the intended application. Rapid technological developments in phage display of peptides and proteins have led to a plethora of applications directed towards immunology and antibody engineering. Many of the problems associated with the therapeutic use of Abs are being addressed by the application of these new techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hayden
- Department of Autoimmunity and Transplantation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, WA 98121, USA.
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50
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Mendez MJ, Green LL, Corvalan JR, Jia XC, Maynard-Currie CE, Yang XD, Gallo ML, Louie DM, Lee DV, Erickson KL, Luna J, Roy CM, Abderrahim H, Kirschenbaum F, Noguchi M, Smith DH, Fukushima A, Hales JF, Klapholz S, Finer MH, Davis CG, Zsebo KM, Jakobovits A. Functional transplant of megabase human immunoglobulin loci recapitulates human antibody response in mice. Nat Genet 1997; 15:146-56. [PMID: 9020839 DOI: 10.1038/ng0297-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We constructed two megabase-sized YACs containing large contiguous fragments of the human heavy and kappa (kappa) light chain immunoglobulin (Ig) loci in nearly germline configuration, including approximately 66 VH and 32 V kappa genes. We introduced these YACs into Ig-inactivated mice and observed human antibody production which closely resembled that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and repertoire. Diverse Ig gene usage together with somatic hypermutation enables the mice to generate high affinity fully human antibodies to multiple antigens, including human proteins. Our results underscore the importance of the large Ig fragments with multiple V genes for restoration of a normal humoral immune response. These mice are likely to be a valuable tool for the generation of therapeutic antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Diversity
- Antibody Formation
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Interleukin-8/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Species Specificity
- Transgenes
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mendez
- Abgenix, Inc., Fremont, California 94555, USA
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