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Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Kalita M, Palusińska-Szysz M, Marek-Kozaczuk M, Sokołowski W, Coutinho TA. Pantoea trifolii sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from Trifolium rubens root nodules. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2698. [PMID: 38302681 PMCID: PMC10834434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterium, designated strain MMK2T, was isolated from a surface-sterilised root nodule of a Trifolium rubens plant growing in south-eastern Poland. Cells were Gram negative, non-spore forming and rod shaped. The strain had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with P. endophytica (99.4%), P. leporis (99.4%) P. rwandensis (98.8%) and P. rodasii (98.45%). Phylogenomic analysis clearly showed that strain MMK2T and an additional strain, MMK3, should reside in the genus Pantoea and that they were most closely related to P. endophytica and P. leporis. Genome comparisons showed that the novel strain shared 82.96-93.50% average nucleotide identity and 26.2-53. 2% digital DNA:DNA hybridization with closely related species. Both strains produced siderophores and were able to solubilise phosphates. The MMK2T strain was also able to produce indole-3-acetic acid. The tested strains differed in their antimicrobial activity, but both were able to inhibit the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 10Ss01. Based on the results of the phenotypic, phylogenomic, genomic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strains MMK2T and MMK3 belong to a novel species in the genus Pantoea for which the name Pantoea trifolii sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain MMK2T (= DSM 115063T = LMG 33049T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kalita
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Marek-Kozaczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sokołowski
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Teresa A Coutinho
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics/Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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2
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Fatty Acid 2-Hydroxylase and 2-Hydroxylated Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Function in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054908. [PMID: 36902339 PMCID: PMC10002949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids containing acyl residues that are hydroxylated at C-2 are found in most, if not all, eukaryotes and certain bacteria. 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids are present in many organs and cell types, though they are especially abundant in myelin and skin. The enzyme fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is involved in the synthesis of many but not all 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids. Deficiency in FA2H causes a neurodegenerative disease known as hereditary spastic paraplegia 35 (HSP35/SPG35) or fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration (FAHN). FA2H likely also plays a role in other diseases. A low expression level of FA2H correlates with a poor prognosis in many cancers. This review presents an updated overview of the metabolism and function of 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids and the FA2H enzyme under physiological conditions and in diseases.
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3
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Sherman ME, Smith RD, Gardner FM, Goodlett DR, Ernst RK. A Sensitive GC-MS Method for Quantitation of Lipid A Backbone Components and Terminal Phosphate Modifications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2301-2309. [PMID: 36326685 PMCID: PMC9933694 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid A, the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serves as a target for cationic antimicrobial peptides, such as polymyxins. Membrane stress from polymyxins results in activation of two-component regulatory systems that produce lipid A modifying enzymes. These enzymes add neutral moieties, such as aminoarabinose (AraN) and ethanolamine (EtN) to lipid A terminal phosphates that mask the phosphate's negative charge and inhibit electrostatic interaction with the cationic polymyxins. Currently, these modifications may be detected by MALDI-TOF MS; however, this analysis is only semiquantitative. Herein we describe a GC-MS method to quantitate lipid A backbone components, glucosamine (GlcN) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), along with terminal phosphate modifications AraN and EtN. In this assay, lipid A is isolated from Gram-negative bacterial samples, hydrolyzed into its individual moieties, and derivatized via methoximation followed by silylation prior to analysis via GC-MS. Changes in AraN and EtN quantity were characterized using a variety of regulatory mutants of Salmonella, revealing differences that were not detected using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Additionally, an increase in the abundance of AraN and EtN modifications were observed when resistant Enterobacter and Escherichia coli strains were grown in the presence of colistin (polymyxin E). Lastly, increased levels of Pi were found in bisphosphorylated lipid A compared to monophosphorylated lipid A samples. Because lipid A modifications serve as indicators of polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, this method provides the capacity to monitor polymyxin resistance by quantification of lipid A modification using GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Sherman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland─Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland─Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Francesca M Gardner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland─Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, Gdansk, 80-210, Poland
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland─Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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Riu F, Ruda A, Ibba R, Sestito S, Lupinu I, Piras S, Widmalm G, Carta A. Antibiotics and Carbohydrate-Containing Drugs Targeting Bacterial Cell Envelopes: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:942. [PMID: 36015090 PMCID: PMC9414505 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain bacteria constitute a threat to humans due to their ability to escape host defenses as they easily develop drug resistance. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative according to the composition of the cell membrane structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane (OM) that is not present in their gram-positive counterpart; the latter instead hold a thicker peptidoglycan (PG) layer. This review covers the main structural and functional properties of cell wall polysaccharides (CWPs) and PG. Drugs targeting CWPs are discussed, both noncarbohydrate-related (β-lactams, fosfomycin, and lipopeptides) and carbohydrate-related (glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides). Bacterial resistance to these drugs continues to evolve, which calls for novel antibacterial approaches to be developed. The use of carbohydrate-based vaccines as a valid strategy to prevent bacterial infections is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Riu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Ruda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (G.W.)
| | - Roberta Ibba
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Ilenia Lupinu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Sandra Piras
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (G.W.)
| | - Antonio Carta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
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5
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Di Lorenzo F, Duda KA, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, De Castro C, Molinaro A. A Journey from Structure to Function of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides. Chem Rev 2021; 122:15767-15821. [PMID: 34286971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial constituent of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria, playing a fundamental role in the protection of bacteria from environmental stress factors, in drug resistance, in pathogenesis, and in symbiosis. During the last decades, LPS has been thoroughly dissected, and massive information on this fascinating biomolecule is now available. In this Review, we will give the reader a third millennium update of the current knowledge of LPS with key information on the inherent peculiar carbohydrate chemistry due to often puzzling sugar residues that are uniquely found on it. Then, we will drive the reader through the complex and multifarious immunological outcomes that any given LPS can raise, which is strictly dependent on its chemical structure. Further, we will argue about issues that still remain unresolved and that would represent the immediate future of LPS research. It is critical to address these points to complete our notions on LPS chemistry, functions, and roles, in turn leading to innovative ways to manipulate the processes involving such a still controversial and intriguing biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 4a, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 96, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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6
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Bale NJ, Rijpstra WIC, Sahonero-Canavesi DX, Oshkin IY, Belova SE, Dedysh SN, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Fatty Acid and Hopanoid Adaption to Cold in the Methanotroph Methylovulum psychrotolerans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:589. [PMID: 31024466 PMCID: PMC6460317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three strains of aerobic psychrotolerant methanotrophic bacteria Methylovulum psychrotolerans, isolated from geographically remote low-temperature environments in Northern Russia, were grown at three different growth temperatures, 20, 10 and 4°C and were found to be capable of oxidizing methane at all temperatures. The three M. psychrotolerans strains adapted their membranes to decreasing growth temperature by increasing the percent of unsaturated fatty acid (FAs), both for the bulk and intact polar lipid (IPL)-bound FAs. Furthermore, the ratio of βOH-C16:0 to n-C16:0 increased as growth temperature decreased. The IPL head group composition did not change as an adaption to temperature. The most notable hopanoid temperature adaptation of M. psychrotolerans was an increase in unsaturated hopanols with decreasing temperature. As the growth temperature decreased from 20 to 4°C, the percent of unsaturated M. psychrotolerans bulk-FAs increased from 79 to 89 % while the total percent of unsaturated hopanoids increased from 27 to 49 %. While increased FA unsaturation in response to decreased temperature is a commonly observed response in order to maintain the liquid-crystalline character of bacterial membranes, hopanoid unsaturation upon cold exposition has not previously been described. In order to investigate the mechanisms of both FA and hopanoid cold-adaption in M. psychrotolerans we identified genes in the genome of M. psychrotolerans that potentially code for FA and hopanoid desaturases. The unsaturation of hopanoids represents a novel membrane adaption to maintain homeostasis upon cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Bale
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands
| | - W Irene C Rijpstra
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Diana X Sahonero-Canavesi
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Igor Y Oshkin
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana E Belova
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Dedysh
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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7
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Jackie J, Lau WK, Feng HT, Li SFY. Detection of Endotoxins: From Inferring the Responses of Biological Hosts to the Direct Chemical Analysis of Lipopolysaccharides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:126-137. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1479958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Jackie
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Khin Lau
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua-Tao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Bönisch E, Oh YJ, Anzengruber J, Hager FF, López-Guzmán A, Zayni S, Hinterdorfer P, Kosma P, Messner P, Duda KA, Schäffer C. Lipoteichoic acid mediates binding of a Lactobacillus S-layer protein. Glycobiology 2018; 28:148-158. [PMID: 29309573 PMCID: PMC5993097 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus buchneri CD034 is covered by a two-dimensional crystalline, glycoproteinaceous cell surface (S-) layer lattice. While lactobacilli are extensively exploited as cell surface display systems for applied purposes, questions about how they stick their cell wall together are remaining open. This also includes the identification of the S-layer cell wall ligand. In this study, lipoteichoic acid was isolated from the L. buchneri CD034 cell wall as a significant fraction of the bacterium's cell wall glycopolymers, structurally characterized and analyzed for its potential to mediate binding of the S-layer to the cell wall. Combined component analyses and 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) revealed the lipoteichoic acid to be composed of on average 31 glycerol-phosphate repeating units partially substituted with α-d-glucose, and with an α-d-Galp(1→2)-α-d-Glcp(1→3)-1,2-diacyl-sn-Gro glycolipid anchor. The specificity of binding between the L. buchneri CD034 S-layer protein and purified lipoteichoic acid as well as their interaction force of about 45 pN were obtained by single-molecule force spectroscopy; this value is in the range of typical ligand-receptor interactions. This study sheds light on a functional implication of Lactobacillus cell wall architecture by showing direct binding between lipoteichoic acid and the S-layer of L. buchneri CD034.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bönisch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria
| | - Yoo Jin Oh
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes-Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria.,Keysight Technologies Austria GmbH, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Julia Anzengruber
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria
| | - Fiona F Hager
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria
| | - Arturo López-Guzmán
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria
| | - Sonja Zayni
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes-Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria.,Junior Group of Allergobiochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Austria
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Bouchez V, AlBitar-Nehmé S, Novikov A, Guiso N, Caroff M. Bordetella holmesii: Lipid A Structures and Corresponding Genomic Sequences Comparison in Three Clinical Isolates and the Reference Strain ATCC 51541. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051080. [PMID: 28524084 PMCID: PMC5454989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii can cause invasive infections but can also be isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with whooping-cough like symptoms. For the first time, we describe the lipid A structure of B. holmesii reference strain ATCC 51541 (alias NCTC12912 or CIP104394) and those of three French B. holmesii clinical isolates originating from blood (Bho1) or from respiratory samples (FR4020 and FR4101). They were investigated using chemical analyses, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS). The analyses revealed a common bisphosphorylated β-(1→6)-linked d-glucosamine disaccharide with hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkages. Similar to B. avium, B. hinzii and B. trematum lipids A, the hydroxytetradecanoic acid at the C-2′ position are carrying in secondary linkage a 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid residue resulting of post-traductional biosynthesis modifications. The three clinical isolates displayed characteristic structural traits compared to the ATCC 51541 reference strain: the lipid A phosphate groups are more or less modified with glucosamine in the isolates and reference strain, but the presence of 10:0(3-OH) is only observed in the isolates. This trait was only described in B. pertussis and B. parapertussis strains, as well as in B. petrii isolates by the past. The genetic bases for most of the key structural elements of lipid A were analyzed and supported the structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Sami AlBitar-Nehmé
- Institute for integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Alexey Novikov
- LPS-BioSciences, I2BC, Bâtiment 409, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Martine Caroff
- Institute for integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
- LPS-BioSciences, I2BC, Bâtiment 409, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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10
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Breton A, Novikov A, Martin R, Tissieres P, Caroff M. Structural and biological characteristics of different forms of V. filiformis lipid A: use of MS to highlight structural discrepancies. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:543-552. [PMID: 28122817 PMCID: PMC5335584 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitreoscilla filiformis is a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from spa waters and described for its beneficial effects on the skin. We characterized the detailed structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lipid A moiety, an active component of the bacterium that contributes to the observed skin activation properties. Two different batches differing in postculture cell recovery were tested. Chemical analyses and mass spectra, obtained before and after mild-alkali treatments, revealed that these lipids A share the common bisphosphorylated β-(1→6)-linked d-glucosamine disaccharide with hydroxydecanoic acid in an amide linkage. Short-chain FAs, hydroxydecanoic and dodecanoic acid, were found in a 2:1 ratio. The two lipid A structures differed by the relative amount of the hexa-acyl molecular species and phosphoethanolamine substitution of the phosphate groups. The two V. filiformis LPS batches induced variable interleukin-6 and TNF-α secretion by stimulated myelomonocytic THP-1 cells, without any difference in reactive oxygen species production or activation of caspase 3/7. Other different well-known highly purified LPS samples were characterized structurally and used as standards. The structural data obtained in this work explain the low inflammatory response observed for V. filiformis LPS and the previously demonstrated beneficial effects on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Breton
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- LPS-BioSciences, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alexey Novikov
- LPS-BioSciences, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Richard Martin
- L'Oréal, Centre de Recherches Biotechnologiques, 37390 Tours, France
| | - Pierre Tissieres
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Martine Caroff
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- LPS-BioSciences, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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11
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Royce C, Pardy R. Endotoxin-like properties of an extract from a symbiotic, eukaryotic Chlorella-like green alga. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hot phenol-water extraction of axenic cultures of the eukaryotic symbiotic green alga, Chlorella, yielded a substance having many of the characteristics of bacterial endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This material caused gelation of extracts of Limulus amoebocyte lysate at concentrations similar to those manifest by LPS from Gram-negative enteric bacteria. Activity was reduced substantially by incubation with polymyxin B sulfate and Limulus endotoxin-neutralizing protein (ENP), both of which have been shown to neutralize the biological activity of LPS from Gram-negative enteric bacteria. Partially purified biologically active material was found to contain 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), a sugar characteristically found in LPS. Acid hydrolysis of the Chlorella extract yielded a precipitate with characteristics of lipid A. Further hydrolysis followed by methylation yielded products with retention times on gas chromatography indistinguishable from 3-hydroxylauric and 3-hydroxymyristic acids. Results of transmission electron microscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining are consistent with those obtained with purified enteric bacterial LPS. Exhaustive precautions against potential experimental artifacts due to cross contamination by endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, either in algal cultures or associated with glassware allowed the conclusion that the green alga, Chlorella (strain NC64A) synthesizes a LPS-like molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.L. Royce
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - R.L. Pardy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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12
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Qureshi N, Takayama K, Seydel U, Wang R, Cotter R, Agrawal P, Bush C, Kurtz R, Berman D. Structural analysis of the lipid A derived from the lipopolysaccharide of Brucella abortus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199400100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Brucella abortus strain 45/20 was purified using a novel method. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) was prepared from this LPS, methylated, and purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Chemical, mass spectral, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that MPLA consists of heptaacyl lipid As with molecular weights of 2095, 2123, 2151 and 2179. They contained the β-1,6-linked 2,3-diamino-2,3,-dideoxy-glucose disaccharide backbone and a phosphate group at the 4' position. Bisphosphoryl lipid A was also prepared and completely O-deacylated. It contained an additional phosphate group, and either 2 hydroxyhexadecanoic, 1 hydroxytetradecanoic, 1 hydroxydodecanoic acids or 2 hydroxyhexadecanoic and 2 hydroxydodecanoic acids, all in amide linkage. The predominant ester-linked fatty acyl group in acyloxyacyl linkage was hexadecanoate. The purified LPS, bisphosphoryl lipid A, and MPLA from B. abortus showed about 14%, 3% and 1%, respectively, of the B cell mitogen activity of ReLPS from Escherichia coli at 1.0 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Qureshi
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K. Takayama
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - U. Seydel
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R. Wang
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R.J. Cotter
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P.K. Agrawal
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C.A. Bush
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R. Kurtz
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D.T. Berman
- Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Małek W, Palusińska-Szysz M. Low temperature adaptation and the effects of cryoprotectants on mesorhizobia strains. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:379-91. [PMID: 26879468 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the tolerance of Mesorhizobium sp. ACMP18, Mesorhizobium sp. USDA3350, and Mesorhizobium temperatum LMG23931 strains, to cold and freezing were investigated. The ability to withstand freezing at -20 °C and -70 °C for 24 months was different among the studied strains and depended on the cryoprotectant used. The survivability of mesorhizobial strains at -20 °C and -70 °C was significantly improved by some cryoprotectans (glycerol and sucrose/peptone). It is worth noting that the greatest resistance to freezing was detected when stress treatments were performed in glycerol as a cryoprotectant. Using PCR analysis, cspA genes were identified in the studied strains. Their nucleotide sequences were most similar to the sequences of the corresponding genes of the Mesorhizobium species. The expression of the cspA gene in the studied bacteria was analyzed using the RT-PCR technique. The fatty acid composition of the mesorhizobia was determined at 5, 10, 15, and 28 °C. It was noticed that growth temperature significantly affected the fatty acid composition and the amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, especially that of cis-vaccenic acid (18:1ɷ(11)), increased markedly in bacterial cells cultivated at 5, 10, and 15 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wanda Małek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Chang JJ, Wu SQ, Liang K, Wu Z, Liang W. Comparative study of microbial community structure in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic and nitrified wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:3518-3527. [PMID: 25245259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial processes play a vital important role in the removal of contaminants in constructed wetland (CW). However, the microbial physiology and community structure can be influenced by environmental conditions. In this study, four pilot-scale integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands (IVCWs) were employed to treat domestic and nitrified wastewaters. The microbial properties, along with their response to wastewater quality characteristics and seasonal variation, were determined. The results showed higher Shannon-Weiner diversity (H) and evenness (E) index of fatty acids (FAs), and relative abundances of signature FAs in down-flow cells and in the systems fed with domestic wastewater (DW). The relative abundances of fungi and gram-negative and aerobic bacteria were greater in up-flow cells. The dominant anaerobic bacteria found in most cells might be accounted for the prevailing anaerobic environment within the wetland beds, which could mean that the system fed with nitrified wastewater (NW) should perform better in nitrogen removal. The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that pollutant concentrations, especially organic matter, influence the FA compositions greatly, and the most significant difference of microbial community structures was detected in down-flow cells fed with DW and up-flow ones with NW. The branched FAs, which could be used to represent anaerobic bacteria, were observed in down-flow cells treating DW and had a significant positive correlation with chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, probably suggesting the important role of anaerobic bacteria in organic matter degradation in the IVCWs. Seasonal variation, however, did not greatly influence the microbial community structure in the IVCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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15
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Noszczyńska M, Kasperkiewicz K, Duda KA, Podhorodecka J, Rabsztyn K, Gwizdała K, Świerzko AS, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Holst O, Skurnik M. Serological characterization of the enterobacterial common antigen substitution of the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia enterocolitica O : 3. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:219-227. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.083493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Noszczyńska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL- 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL- 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Anna Duda
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Joanna Podhorodecka
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL- 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamila Rabsztyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL- 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Gwizdała
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL- 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Stanisława Świerzko
- Department of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, PAS, Lodowa 106, PL- 93-232 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, FIN-00270 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Xu Z, Feng X, Zhang D, Tang B, Lei P, Liang J, Xu H. Enhanced poly(γ-glutamic acid) fermentation by Bacillus subtilis NX-2 immobilized in an aerobic plant fibrous-bed bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 155:8-14. [PMID: 24398186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To enhance poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) production, a novel aerobic plant fibrous-bed bioreactor (APFB) was constructed for immobilized fermentation. Based on the analysis of the kinetics of immobilized-cell fermentation using the APFB and conventional free-cell fermentation, immobilized-cell fermentation exhibited more efficient PGA production. Furthermore, repeated fed-batch cultures for PGA production were conducted to evaluate the stability of the APFB system. Average final PGA concentration and productivity of 71.21±0.83g/L and 1.246±0.008g/L/h were respectively achieved by cells immobilized in bagasse during APFB, which was reused eight times over a period of 457±18h. Analysis of the membrane phospholipids and the key enzyme activities indicated that APFB-adapted cells had better productivity than original cells. Thus, this study demonstrated the significant potential of the APFB culture system in future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Xiaohai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, PR China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Bao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, PR China
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17
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Clostridium difficile carbohydrates: glucan in spores, PSII common antigen in cells, immunogenicity of PSII in swine and synthesis of a dual C. difficile–ETEC conjugate vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Ittig S, Lindner B, Stenta M, Manfredi P, Zdorovenko E, Knirel YA, dal Peraro M, Cornelis GR, Zähringer U. The lipopolysaccharide from Capnocytophaga canimorsus reveals an unexpected role of the core-oligosaccharide in MD-2 binding. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002667. [PMID: 22570611 PMCID: PMC3342949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a usual member of dog's mouths flora that causes rare but dramatic human infections after dog bites. We determined the structure of C. canimorsus lipid A. The main features are that it is penta-acylated and composed of a “hybrid backbone” lacking the 4′ phosphate and having a 1 phosphoethanolamine (P-Etn) at 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose (GlcN). C. canimorsus LPS was 100 fold less endotoxic than Escherichia coli LPS. Surprisingly, C. canimorsus lipid A was 20,000 fold less endotoxic than the C. canimorsus lipid A-core. This represents the first example in which the core-oligosaccharide dramatically increases endotoxicity of a low endotoxic lipid A. The binding to human myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) was dramatically increased upon presence of the LPS core on the lipid A, explaining the difference in endotoxicity. Interaction of MD-2, cluster of differentiation antigen 14 (CD14) or LPS-binding protein (LBP) with the negative charge in the 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) of the core might be needed to form the MD-2 – lipid A complex in case the 4′ phosphate is not present. Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a commensal bacterium in dog's mouths, causes rare but dramatic infections in humans that have been bitten by dogs. The disease often begins with mild symptoms but progresses to severe septicemia. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS), composed of lipid A, core and O-antigen, is one of the most pro-inflammatory bacterial compounds. The activity of the LPS has so far been attributed to the lipid A moiety. We present here the structure of C. canimorsus lipid A, which shows several features typical for low-inflammatory lipid A. Surprisingly, this lipid A, when attached to the core-oligosaccharide was far more pro-inflammatory than lipid A alone, indicating that in this case the core-oligosaccharide is able to contribute significantly to endotoxicity. Our further work suggests that a negative charge in the LPS-core can compensate the lack of such a charge in the lipid A and that this charge is needed not for stabilization of the final complex with its receptor but in the process of forming it. Overall the properties of the lipid A-core may explain how this bacterium first escapes the innate immune system, but nevertheless can cause a shock at the septic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ittig
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Buko Lindner
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Marco Stenta
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPF Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Evelina Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matteo dal Peraro
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPF Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrich Zähringer
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lodowska J, Wolny D, Jaworska-Kik M, Kurkiewicz S, Dzierżewicz Z, Węglarz L. The chemical composition of endotoxin isolated from intestinal strain of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:647352. [PMID: 22629175 PMCID: PMC3354558 DOI: 10.1100/2012/647352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans anaerobes are constituents of human alimentary tract microflora. There are suggestions that they take part in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and some gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Endotoxin is one of Gram-negative bacteria cellular components that influence these microorganisms pathogenicity. Endotoxin is a lipid-polisaccharide heteropolymer consisting of three elements: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-specific polysaccharide, also called antigen-O. The biological activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is determined by its structure. In this study, we show that rhamnose, fucose, mannose, glucose, galactose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (Kdo) are constituents of D. desulfuricans endotoxin oligosaccharide core and O-antigen. Lipid A of these bacteria LPS is composed of glucosamine disaccharide substituted by 3-acyloxyacyl residues: ester-bound 3-(dodecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic, 3-(hexadecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid, and amide-bound 3-(tetradecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lodowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Narcyzow 1 street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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20
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Basheer SM, Guiso N, Tirsoaga A, Caroff M, Novikov A. Structural modifications occurring in lipid A of Bordetella bronchiseptica clinical isolates as demonstrated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1075-1081. [PMID: 21452385 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a respiratory pathogen in mammal species and its cell surface lipopolysaccharide-endotoxin is a potent virulence factor. In order to better characterize the endotoxin structure to virulence relationships, we studied the lipid A structures of B. bronchiseptica isolates from human and rabbit origins as a function of their virulence phases. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has been widely used for the structural characterization of bacterial endotoxins and their lipid A moieties. This method combined with chemical analytical methods proved to be essential for the characterization of small samples and discrete but essential structural modifications. The occurrence of palmitate (C(16)) in the B. bronchiseptica lipid A structures is shown for the first time at two sites. Their presence was also demonstrated for the first time in correlation with the virulence phase of B. bronchiseptica clinical isolates. The recently identified glucosamine modifications of Bordetella lipids A are also reported in these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soorej M Basheer
- Endotoxines, Structures et Activités, UMR 8621, GDR 3048, du CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
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21
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Chemical composition of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans lipid A. Arch Microbiol 2010; 193:15-21. [PMID: 20978743 PMCID: PMC3016211 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides also called endotoxins are an integral component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. When released from the bacterial surface, they interact with a host immune system, triggering excessive inflammatory response. Lipid A is the biologically most active part of endotoxin, and its activity is modulated by the quantity, quality and arrangement of its fatty acids. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans is sulfate-reducing, Gram-negative bacterium that is supposed to be opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. In the present study, chemical composition of lipid A from various strains of D. desulfuricans was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the fatty acid component of the lipid A contains dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, 3-hydroxytetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids, and its carbohydrate core is composed of glucosamine. The analysis of 3-acyloxyacyl residue of the lipid A revealed the presence of amide-bound 3-(dodecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic and 3-(hexadecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acids and ester-bound 3-(tetradecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid. It was concluded that both fatty acid and 3-acyloxyacyl residue profiles of the lipid A from the studied bacteria were similar to those of E. coli and S.enterica.
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22
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Komaniecka I, Choma A, Lindner B, Holst O. The structure of a novel neutral lipid A from the lipopolysaccharide of Bradyrhizobium elkanii containing three mannose units in the backbone. Chemistry 2010; 16:2922-9. [PMID: 20087912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure of the lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 76 (a member of the group of slow-growing rhizobia) has been established. It differed considerably from lipids A of other Gram-negative bacteria, in that it completely lacks negatively charged groups (phosphate or uronic acid residues); the glucosamine (GlcpN) disaccharide backbone is replaced by one consisting of 2,3-dideoxy-2,3-diamino-D-glucopyranose (GlcpN3N) and it contains two long-chain fatty acids, which is unusual among rhizobia. The GlcpN3N disaccharide was further substituted by three D-mannopyranose (D-Manp) residues, together forming a pentasaccharide. To establish the structural details of this molecule, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, chemical composition analyses and high-resolution mass spectrometry methods (electrospray ionisation Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)) were applied. By using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy experiments, it was confirmed that one D-Manp was linked to C-1 of the reducing GlcpN3N and an alpha-(1-->6)-linked D-Manp disaccharide was located at C-4' of the non-reducing GlcpN3N (alpha-linkage). Fatty acid analysis identified 12:0(3-OH) and 14:0(3-OH), which were amide-linked to GlcpN3N. Other lipid A constituents were long (omega-1)-hydroxylated fatty acids with 26-33 carbon atoms, as well as their oxo forms (28:0(27-oxo) and 30:0(29-oxo)). The 28:0(27-OH) was the most abundant acyl residue. As confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques, these long-chain fatty acids created two acyloxyacyl residues with the 3-hydroxy fatty acids. Thus, lipid A from B. elkanii comprised six acyl residues. It was also shown that one of the acyloxyacyl residues could be further acylated by 3-hydroxybutyric acid (linked to the (omega-1)-hydroxy group).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Komaniecka
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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23
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Palusinska-Szysz M, Janczarek M, Kalitynski R, Dawidowicz AL, Russa R. Legionella bozemanae synthesizes phosphatidylcholine from exogenous choline. Microbiol Res 2010; 166:87-98. [PMID: 20338739 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipid class and fatty acid composition of Legionella bozemanae were determined using thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and diphosphatidylglycerol were the predominant phospholipids, while phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine were present at low concentrations. With the use of the LC/MS technique, PC16:0/15:0, PC17:/15:0, and PE16:1/15:0 were shown to be the dominant phospholipid constituents, which may be taxonomically significant. Two independent phosphatidylcholine synthesis pathways (the three-step methylation and the one-step CDP-choline pathway) were present and functional in L. bozemanae. In the genome of L. bozemanae, genes encoding two potential phosphatidylcholine forming enzymes, phospholipid N-methyl transferase (PmtA) and phosphatidylcholine synthase (Pcs), homologous to L. longbeachae, L. drancourtii, and L. pneumophila pmtA and pcs genes were identified. Genes pmtA and pcs from L. bozemanae were sequenced and analyzed on nucleotide and amino acid levels. Bacteria grown on an artificial medium with labelled choline synthesized phosphatidylcholine predominantly via the phosphatidylcholine synthase pathway, which indicates that L. bozemanae phosphatidylcholine, similarly as in other bacteria associated with eukaryotes, is an important determinant of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusinska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Lukasiewicz J, Jachymek W, Niedziela T, Kenne L, Lugowski C. Structural analysis of the lipid A isolated from Hafnia alvei 32 and PCM 1192 lipopolysaccharides. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:564-74. [PMID: 19706748 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hafnia alvei, a Gram-negative bacterium, is an opportunistic pathogen associated with mixed hospital infections, bacteremia, septicemia, and respiratory diseases. The majority of clinical symptoms of diseases caused by this bacterium have a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin)-related origin. The lipid A structure affects the biological activity of endotoxins predominantly. Thus, the structure of H. alvei lipid A was analyzed for the first time. The major form, asymmetrically hexa-acylated lipid A built of beta-D-GlcpN4P-(1-->6)-alpha-D-GlcpN1P substituted with (R)-14:0(3-OH) at N-2 and O-3, 14:0(3-(R)-O-12:0) at N-2', and 14:0(3-(R)-O-14:0) at O-3', was identified by ESI-MS(n) and MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF) MS. Comparative analysis performed by MS suggested that LPSs of H. alvei 32, PCM 1192, PCM 1206, and PCM 1207 share the identified structure of lipid A. LPSs of H. alvei are yet another example of enterobacterial endotoxins having the Escherichia coli-type structure of lipid A. The presence of hepta-acylated forms of H. alvei lipid A resulted from the addition of palmitate (16:0) substituting 14:0(3-OH) at N-2 of the alpha-GlcpN residue. All the studied strains of H. alvei have an ability to modify their lipid A structure by palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, PL-53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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25
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Jenske R, Vetter W. Enantioselective analysis of 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in food samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11578-11583. [PMID: 19090708 DOI: 10.1021/jf802772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy fatty acids (2-OH-FAs) and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH-FAs) were recently identified at trace levels in dairy products and other food samples (vegetable oils and animal brains). Due to the asymmetric carbon bearing the hydroxy group, they are chiral. This study focused on the enantioselective determination of 2- and 3-OH-FAs in food. For this purpose, extracted saponifiable lipids were converted into methyl esters, and the resulting fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were separated into OH-FAMEs (minor fraction) and non-OH-FAMEs (bulk fraction). OH-FAMEs were then derivatized with (R)-(-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetyl chloride [(R)-(-)-MTPA-Cl, Mosher's reagent] to produce the corresponding MTPA-O-FAMEs. MTPA-O-FAME diastereomers were then analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture negative-ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. In the food samples, both (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of 2- and 3-OH-FAs were detected, with the (R)-enantiomer being enantiopure or predominant with one exception. Especially 2- and 3-OH-16:0 were found to contain relevant proportions of the (S)-enantiomer. The differences in enantiomeric composition of 2- and 3-OH-16:0 detected for cheese samples were proposed as markers for authenticity controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Jenske
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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El Hamidi A, Novikov A, Karibian D, Perry MB, Caroff M. Structural characterization of Bordetella parapertussis lipid A. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:854-9. [PMID: 19017615 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800454-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella parapertussis like B. pertussis, is a causal agent of whooping cough but is not a strictly human pathogen. Because its endotoxin, a major structural component of the Gram-negative outer membrane, is an important virulence factor, we have analyzed the structure of its toxic lipid domain, in one rough and two smooth bacterial strains. Chemical analyses and mass spectra obtained before and after recently developed mild-alkali treatments revealed that the lipids A have the common bisphosphorylated beta-(1-->6)-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide with hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkages. All three strains have two major molecular species: a tetraacyl and a pentaacyl species. The rough strain is richer in a minor hexaacyl species. Acylation at the C-2, C-3, and C-3' positions was different from that of the B. pertussis lipid A. The C-2 position carries a secondary hexadecanoic acid, the C-3 position is free, and the C-3' position is substituted with hydroxydecanoic acid (not at C-3 as in B. pertussis), and the rough strain hexaacyl species carries a second secondary hexadecanoic acid. Like the lipid A of B. pertussis, the hydroxytetradecanoic acid at the C-2' position was substituted by tetradecanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa El Hamidi
- Equipe Endotoxines, UMR 8619 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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27
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Wu Q, Xu H, Shi N, Yao J, Li S, Ouyang P. Improvement of poly(γ-glutamic acid) biosynthesis and redistribution of metabolic flux with the presence of different additives in Bacillus subtilis CGMCC 0833. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:527-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Palusinska-Szysz M, Kalitynski R, Russa R, Dawidowicz AL, Drozanski WJ. Cellular envelope phospholipids from Legionella lytica. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 283:239-46. [PMID: 18462396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of phospholipids from the cellular envelope of Legionella lytica grown on artificial medium was determined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine were the predominant phospholipids, while diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine were present at low concentrations. A trace amount of lipids carrying glycosyl residues was also observed. The fatty acids and their distribution in individual phospholipids were characterized using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight, and gas chromatography/MS methods. The characteristic feature of L. lytica phospholipids was the presence of an unbranched chain (which differentiates this bacterium from Legionella pneumophila) and branched iso and anteiso fatty acids as well as cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoic acid. According to spectroscopic LC/MS data, the localization of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid residues on phosphorylglycerol was determined. Some aspects of the significance of phosphatidylcholine, one of the main phospholipids in L. lytica, are addressed and taxonomic implications of the data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusinska-Szysz
- Department of General Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, Lublin, Poland.
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29
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Silipo A, De Castro C, Lanzetta R, Molinaro A, Parrilli M, Vago G, Sturiale L, Messina A, Garozzo D. Structural characterizations of lipids A by MS/MS of doubly charged ions on a hybrid linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:478-484. [PMID: 17975853 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, a new 'one pot' and fast approach is described, based on electrospray ionization (ESI) of negative ions by using a hybrid linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer (LTQ/orbitrap) for MS and MS/MS analysis. By this method the distribution of the primary and secondary acyl residues of the intact lipid A is inferred by analysis of the ESI spectra measured in positive and negative mode. The analysis of these data allows an unequivocal assignment of the fatty acid distribution. This methodology was successfully tested on two different lipid A with known structures, deriving from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Universitá di Napoli Federico II, via Cynthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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30
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Characterization of a novel lipid A structure isolated from Azospirillum lipoferum lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:799-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Nigro G, Fazio LL, Martino MC, Rossi G, Tattoli I, Liparoti V, De Castro C, Molinaro A, Philpott DJ, Bernardini ML. Muramylpeptide shedding modulates cell sensing of Shigella flexneri. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:682-95. [PMID: 18042252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections trigger the activation of innate immunity through the interaction of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) with pattern recognition molecules (PRMs). The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod) proteins are intracellular PRMs that recognize muramylpeptides contained in peptidoglycan (PGN) of bacteria. It is still unclear how Nod1 physically interacts with PGN, a structure internal to the Gram-negative bacterial envelope. To contribute to the understanding of this process, we demonstrate that, like Escherichia coli, Bordetella pertussis and Neisseria gonorrheae, the Gram-negative pathogen Shigella spontaneously releases PGN fragments and that this process can be increased by inactivating either ampG or mppA, genes involved in PGN recycling. Both Shigella mutants, but especially the strain carrying the mppA deletion, trigger Nod1-mediated NF-kappaB activation to a greater extent than the wild-type strain. Likewise, muramylpeptides spontaneously shed by Shigella are able per se to trigger a Nod1-mediated response consistent with the relative amount. Finally, we found that qualitative changes in muramylpeptide shedding can alter in vivo host responses to Shigella infection. Our findings support the idea that muramylpeptides released by pathogens during infection could modulate the immune response through Nod proteins and thereby influence the outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Sapienza-Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Roma, Italy
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32
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Richter E, Tortoli E, Fischer A, Hendricks O, Engel R, Hillemann D, Schubert S, Kristiansen JE. Mycobacterium alsiense, a novel, slowly growing species isolated from two patients with pulmonary disease. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3837-9. [PMID: 17804654 PMCID: PMC2168491 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01097-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously undescribed, slowly growing Mycobacterium species was isolated from pulmonary specimens of two patients, one from Denmark and one from Italy. The isolates showed unique 16S rRNA internal transcribed spacers and hsp65 sequences: the 16S rRNA was most closely related to Mycobacterium szulgai and Mycobacterium malmoense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Richter
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Parkallee 18, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
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33
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Vorobeva EV, Krasikova IN, Dmitrenok AS, Dmitrenok PS, Isakov VV, Nedashkovskaya OI, Solov’eva TF. An unusual lipid a from a marine bacterium Chryseobacterium scophtalmum CIP 104199T. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162006050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Lukasiewicz J, Dzieciatkowska M, Niedziela T, Jachymek W, Augustyniuk A, Kenne L, Lugowski C. Complete Lipopolysaccharide of Plesiomonas shigelloides O74:H5 (Strain CNCTC 144/92). 2. Lipid A, Its Structural Variability, the Linkage to the Core Oligosaccharide, and the Biological Activity of the Lipopolysaccharide,. Biochemistry 2006; 45:10434-47. [PMID: 16939196 DOI: 10.1021/bi060774d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plesiomonas shigelloides is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with waterborne infections, which is common in tropical and subtropical habitats. Contrary to the unified antigenic classification of P. shigelloides, data concerning the structure and activity of their lipopolysaccharides (LPS and endotoxin) are limited. This study completes the structural investigation of phenol- and water-soluble fractions of P. shigelloides O74 (strain CNCTC 144/92) LPS with the emphasis on lipid A heterogeneity, describing the entire molecule and some of its biological in vitro activities. Structures of the lipid A and the affinity-purified decasaccharide obtained by de-N,O-acylation of P. shigelloides O74 LPS were elucidated by chemical analysis combined with electrospray ionization multiple-stage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)), MALDI-TOF MS, and NMR spectroscopy. Lipid A of P. shigelloides O74 is heterogeneous, and three major forms have been identified. They all were asymmetric, phosphorylated, and hexaacylated, showing different acylation patterns. The beta-GlcpN4P-(1-->6)-alpha-GlcpN1P disaccharide was substituted with the primary fatty acids: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid [14:0(3-OH)] at N-2 and N-2' and (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoic acid [12:0(3-OH)] at O-3 and O-3'. The heterogeneity among the three forms (I-III) of P. shigelloides O74 lipid A was attributed to the substitution of the acyl residues at N-2' and O-3' with the secondary acyls: (I) cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (9c-16:1) at N-2' and 12:0 at O-3', (II) 14:0 at N-2' and 12:0 at O-3', and (III) 12:0 at N-2' and 12:0 at O-3'. The pro-inflammatory cytokine-inducing activities of P. shigelloides O74 LPS were similar to those of Escherichia coli O55 LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, PL-53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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35
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Lukasiewicz J, Niedziela T, Jachymek W, Kenne L, Lugowski C. Structure of the lipid A-inner core region and biological activity of Plesiomonas shigelloides O54 (strain CNCTC 113/92) lipopolysaccharide. Glycobiology 2006; 16:538-50. [PMID: 16490765 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plesiomonas shigelloides is a Gram-negative rod associated with episodes of intestinal infections and outbreaks of diarrhea in humans. The extraintestinal infections caused by this bacterium, for example, endopthalmitis, meningitidis, bacteremia, and septicemia, usually have gastrointestinal origin and serious course. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) as virulence factor is important in enteropathogenicity of this bacterium. LPSs of P. shigelloides and especially their lipid A part, that is, the immunomodulatory center of LPS, have not been extensively investigated. The structure of P. shigelloides O54 lipid A was determined by chemical analysis combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and the intact Kdo-containing core region was investigated by NMR spectroscopy on deacylated LPS. Products from alkaline deacylation of LPS, containing 4-substituted uronic acids, are usually very complex and difficult to separate. Since Kdo residues, like sialic acids, form complexes with serotonin, we used immobilized serotonin for one-step isolation of oligosaccharide containing the intact Kdo region from the reaction mixture by affinity chromatography. The major form of lipid A was built of beta-d-GlcpN4PPEtn-(1-->6)-alpha-d-GlcpN1P disaccharide substituted with 14:0(3-OH), 12:0(3-OH), 14:0(3-O-14:0), and 12:0(3-O-12:0) acyl groups at N-2, O-3, N-2', and O-3', respectively. This is a novel structure among known lipid A molecules. Analysis of intact Kdo-lipid A region, lipid A and its linkage with the core oligosaccharide completes the structural investigation of P. shigelloides O54 LPS, resolving the entire molecule. Biological activities and observed discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo activity of P. shigelloides and Escherichia coli LPS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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Meredith TC, Aggarwal P, Mamat U, Lindner B, Woodard RW. Redefining the requisite lipopolysaccharide structure in Escherichia coli. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:33-42. [PMID: 17163638 DOI: 10.1021/cb0500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria possess an asymmetric lipid bilayer surrounding the cell wall, the outer membrane (OM). The OM inner leaflet is primarily composed of various glycerophospholipids, whereas the outer leaflet predominantly contains the unique amphiphilic macromolecule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin). The majority of all gram-negative bacteria elaborate LPS containing at least one 2-keto 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (Kdo) molecule. The minimal LPS structure required for growth of Escherichia coli has long been recognized as two Kdo residues attached to lipid A, inextricably linking viability to toxicity. Here we report the construction and characterization of the nonconditional E. coli K-12 suppressor strain KPM22 that lacks Kdo and is viable despite predominantly elaborating the endotoxically inactive LPS precursor lipid IV(A). Our results challenge the established E. coli Kdo2-lipid A dogma, indicating that the previously observed and well-documented dependence of cell viability on the synthesis of Kdo stems from a lethal pleiotropy precipitated after the depletion of the carbohydrate, rather than an inherent need for the Kdo molecule itself as an indispensable structural component of the OM LPS layer. Inclusion of the inner membrane LPS transporter MsbA on a multicopy plasmid partially suppresses the lethal deltaKdo phenotype directly in the auxotrophic parent strain, suggesting increased rates of nonglycosylated lipid A transport can, in part, compensate for Kdo depletion. The unprecedented nature of a lipid IV(A) OM redefines the requisite LPS structure for viability in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Meredith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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37
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Bera R, Nayak A, Sen AK, Chowdhury BP, Bhadra R. Isolation and characterisation of the lipopolysaccharide from Acidiphilium strain GS18h/ATCC55963, a soil isolate of Indian copper mine. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 246:183-90. [PMID: 15899404 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the Gram-negative Acidiphilium strain GS18h/ATCC55963, a new soil isolate, exhibited very low endotoxic activity as determined by Limulus gelation activity, lethal toxicity in galactosamine (GalN) sensitised mice, and level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the blood serum of BALB/c mice. Analysis of the LPS, specially of lipid A which usually accounts for the toxicity, revealed the latter to contain glucosamine and phosphate besides fatty acids, of which 14:0(3-OH), 18:0(3-OH), 18:1 and 19:0(cyclo) are the major components, while 12:0, 16:0, 19:1, 20:0(3-OH) and 20:1(3-OH) are present in small amounts. The 14:0(3-OH) and 18:0(3-OH) fatty acids are amide-linked, whereas the rest are ester bound. Glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, heptose, galacturonic acid and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) were present in the polysaccharide part of this LPS. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the LPS showed a macromolecular heterogeneity distinctly different from those of Escherichia coli or Salmonella. The toxicity of this LPS being extremely low attributed to fatty acid composition of its lipid A, promises potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Bera
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Krasikova IN, Kapustina NV, Isakov VV, Dmitrenok AS, Dmitrenok PS, Gorshkova NM, Solov'eva TF. Detailed structure of lipid A isolated from lipopolysaccharide from the marine proteobacterium Marinomonas vaga ATCC 27119. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2895-904. [PMID: 15233786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure of a novel lipid A, the major component of the lipopolysaccharide from the marine gamma-proteobacterium Marinomonas vaga ATCC 27119(T), was determined by compositional analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and MS. It was found to be beta-1,6-glucosaminobiose 1-phosphate acylated with (R)-3-[dodecanoyl(dodecenoyl)oxy]decanoic acid [C10 : 0 (3O-C12 : 0 [3O-C12 : 1])] or (R)-3-(decanoyloxy)decanoic acid [C10 : 0 (3O-C10 : 0)], (R)-3-hydroxydecanoic acid [C10 : 0 (3OH)], and (R)-3-[(R)-3-hydroxydecanoyloxy]decanoic acid (C10 : 0 [3O-[C10 : 0 (3OH)]]) at the 2, 3, and 2' positions, respectively. It showed low lethal toxicity, which is probably related to specific structural attributes. The absence of a fatty acid at the 3' position and a phosphoryl group at the 4' position and also the presence of an amide-linked (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid that is further O-acylated with another (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid, distinguish M. vaga lipid A from other such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna N Krasikova
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.
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Choma A, Sowinski P. Characterization of Mesorhizobium huakuii lipid A containing both D-galacturonic acid and phosphate residues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1310-22. [PMID: 15030481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure of the free lipid A isolated from Mesorhizobium huakuii IFO 15243(T) was elucidated. Lipid A is a mixture of at least six species of molecules whose structures differ both in the phosphorylation of sugar backbone and in fatty acylation. The backbone consists of a beta (1'-->6) linked 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxyglucose (DAG) disaccharide that is partly substituted by phosphate at position 4'. The aglycon of the DAG-disaccharide has been identified as alpha-D-galacturonic acid. All lipid A species carry four amide-linked 3-hydroxyl fatty residues. Two of them have short hydrocarbon chains (i.e. 3-OH-i-13:0) while the other two have longer ones (i.e. 3-OH-20:0). Distribution of 3-hydroxyl fatty acids between the reducing and nonreducing DAG is symmetrical. The nonpolar as well as (omega-1) hydroxyl long chain fatty acids are components of acyloxyacyl moieties. Two acyloxyacyl residues occur exclusively in the nonreducing moiety of the sugar backbone but their distribution has not been established yet. The distal DAG amide-bound fatty acid hydroxyls are not stoichiometrically substituted by ester-linked acyl components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Choma
- Department of General Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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41
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Conrad A, Suutari MK, Keinänen MM, Cadoret A, Faure P, Mansuy-Huault L, Block JC. Fatty acids of lipid fractions in extracellular polymeric substances of activated sludge flocs. Lipids 2003; 38:1093-105. [PMID: 14669975 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-1165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid (PL), glycolipid (GL), and neutral lipid (NL) FA, and the lipopolysaccharide 2- and 3-hydroxy (LPS 2-OH and 3-OH) FA of activated sludges and extracted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were determined on samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants. EPS extracted from sludges by means of sonication and cation exchange contained proteins (43.4%), humic-like substances (11.5%), nucleic acids (10.9%), carbohydrates (9.9%), and lipid-bound FA (1.8%). The lipids associated with EPS were composed of GL, PL, NL, and LPS acids in proportions of 61, 21, 16, and 2%, respectively. The profiles of lipid-bound FA in activated sludges and EPS were similar (around 85 separate FA were identified). The FA signatures observed can be attributed to the likely presence of yeasts, fungi, sulfate-reducing bacteria, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and, in lesser quantities, mycobacteria. Comparison of data from the dates of sampling (January and September) showed that there were more unsaturated PLFA in the EPS extracted from the activated sludges sampled in January. This observation could be partly related to microorganism adaptation to temperature variations. The comparison between two wastewater treatment plants showed that the FA profiles were similar, although differences in microbial community structure were also seen. Most of the FA in sludges had an even number of carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Conrad
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS--Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Pharmacie, Pôle de l'Eau, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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42
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Schwudke D, Linscheid M, Strauch E, Appel B, Zahringer U, Moll H, Muller M, Brecker L, Gronow S, Lindner B. The obligate predatory Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus possesses a neutral lipid A containing alpha-D-Mannoses that replace phosphate residues: similarities and differences between the lipid As and the lipopolysaccharides of the wild type strain B. bacteriovorus HD100 and its host-independent derivative HI100. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:27502-12. [PMID: 12743115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303012200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus are predatory bacteria that penetrate Gram-negative bacteria and grow intraperiplasmically at the expense of the prey. It was suggested that B. bacteriovorus partially degrade and reutilize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the host, thus synthesizing an outer membrane containing structural elements of the prey. According to this hypothesis a host-independent mutant should possess a chemically different LPS. Therefore, the lipopolysaccharides of B. bacteriovorus HD100 and its host-independent derivative B. bacteriovorus HI100 were isolated and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry. LPS of both strains were identified as smooth-form LPS with different repeating units. The lipid As were isolated after mild acid hydrolysis and their structures were determined by chemical analysis, by mass spectrometric methods, and by NMR spectroscopy. Both lipid As were characterized by an unusual chemical structure, consisting of a beta-(1-->6)-linked 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucopyranose disaccharide carrying six fatty acids that were all hydroxylated. Instead of phosphate groups substituting position O-1 of the reducing and O-4' of the nonreducing end alpha-d-mannopyranose residues were found in these lipid As. Thus, they represent the first lipid As completely missing negatively charged groups. A reduced endotoxic activity as determined by cytokine induction from human macrophages was shown for this novel structure. Only minor differences with respect to fatty acids were detected between the lipid As of the host-dependent wild type strain HD100 and for its host-independent derivative HI100. From the results of the detailed analysis it can be concluded that the wild type strain HD100 synthesizes an innate LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schwudke
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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43
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Sharypova LA, Niehaus K, Scheidle H, Holst O, Becker A. Sinorhizobium meliloti acpXL mutant lacks the C28 hydroxylated fatty acid moiety of lipid A and does not express a slow migrating form of lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:12946-54. [PMID: 12566460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209389200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid A is the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A of all Rhizobiaceae is acylated with a long fatty acid chain, 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid. Biosynthesis of this long acyl substitution requires a special acyl carrier protein, AcpXL, which serves as a donor of C28 (omega-1)-hydroxylated fatty acid for acylation of rhizobial lipid A (Brozek, K.A., Carlson, R.W., and Raetz, C. R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32126-32136). To determine the biological function of the C28 acylation of lipid A, we constructed an acpXL mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021. Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the acpXL mutation indeed blocked C28 acylation of lipid A. SDS-PAGE analysis of acpXL mutant LPS revealed only a fast migrating band, rough LPS, whereas the parental strain 1021 manifested both rough and smooth LPS. Regardless of this, the LPS of parental and mutant strains had a similar sugar composition and exposed the same antigenic epitopes, implying that different electrophoretic profiles might account for different aggregation properties of LPS molecules with and without a long acyl chain. The acpXL mutant of strain 1021 displayed sensitivity to deoxycholate, delayed nodulation of Medicago sativa, and a reduced competitive ability. However, nodules elicited by this mutant on roots of M. sativa and Medicago truncatula had a normal morphology and fixed nitrogen. Thus, the C28 fatty acid moiety of lipid A is not crucial, but it is beneficial for establishing an effective symbiosis with host plants. acpXL lies upstream from a cluster of five genes, including msbB (lpxXL), which might be also involved in biosynthesis and transfer of the C28 fatty acid to the lipid A precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A Sharypova
- Institute of Genetics, Biology VI, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld D-33501, Germany.
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Choma A, Komaniecka I. The polar lipid composition of Mesorhizobium ciceri. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1631:188-96. [PMID: 12633685 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The extractable lipid composition of Mesorhizobium ciceri strain HAMBI 1750 grown in a phosphate sufficient medium (79CA) is reported. Cardiolipin (CL-27% of total lipids), phosphatidylglycerol (PG-18%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-1%), phosphatidylcholine (PC-30%) and two methylated derivatives of PE, i.e. phosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine (DMPE-1%) and phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (MMPE-1%), were found to make up the phospholipids of the analysed bacteria. Nonphosphorus, ornithine-containing lipid (OL-10%) was also detected. Polar groups of phospholipids were predominantly acylated with cis-11,12-methyleneoctadecanoyl (lactobacillic) residues, whereas the ornithine lipid contained mainly 3-hexadecanoyloxy-11,12-methyleneoctadecanoic acid bound to the alpha-amino group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Choma
- Department of General Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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45
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Gudlavalleti SK, Forsberg LS. Structural characterization of the lipid A component of Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 rough and smooth form lipopolysaccharide. Demonstration that the distal amide-linked acyloxyacyl residue containing the long chain fatty acid is conserved in rhizobium and Sinorhizobium sp. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3957-68. [PMID: 12456672 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210491200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad-host-range endosymbiont, Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 is a component of several legume-symbiont model systems; however, there is little structural information on the cell surface glycoconjugates. NGR234 cells in free-living culture produce a major rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS, lacking O-chain) and a minor smooth LPS (containing O-chain), and the structure of the lipid A components was investigated by chemical analyses, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy of the underivatized lipids A. The lipid A from rough LPS is heterogeneous and consists of six major bisphosphorylated species that differ in acylation. Pentaacyl species (52%) are acylated at positions 2, 3, 2', and 3', and tetraacyl species (46%) lack an acyl group at C-3 of the proximal glucosamine. In contrast to Rhizobium etli and Rhizobium leguminosarum, the NGR234 lipid A contains a bisphosphorylated beta-(1' --> 6)-glucosamine disaccharide, typical of enterobacterial lipid A. However, NGR234 lipid A retains the unusual acylation pattern of R. etli lipid A, including the presence of a distal, amide-linked acyloxyacyl residue containing a long chain fatty acid (LCFA) (e.g. 29-hydroxytriacontanoate) attached as the secondary fatty acid. As in R. etli, a 4-carbon fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate, is esterified to (omega - 1) of the LCFA forming an acyloxyacyl residue at that location. The NGR234 lipid A lacks all other ester-linked acyloxyacyl residues and shows extensive heterogeneity of the amide-linked fatty acids. The N-acyl heterogeneity, including unsaturation, is localized mainly to the proximal glucosamine. The lipid A from smooth LPS contains unique triacyl species (20%) that lack ester-linked fatty acids but retain bisphosphorylation and the LCFA-acyloxyacyl moiety. The unusual structural features shared with R. etli/R. leguminosarum lipid A may be essential for symbiosis.
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46
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Paściak M, Holst O, Lindner B, Mordarska H, Gamian A. Novel bacterial polar lipids containing ether-linked alkyl chains, the structures and biological properties of the four major glycolipids from Propionibacterium propionicum PCM 2431 (ATCC 14157T). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3948-56. [PMID: 12427753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206013200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium propionicum belongs to the "acnes group" of propionibacteria, which is currently considered as clinically important because of its growing potential in infections, in particular with those connected with immune system dysfunctions. Propionibacteria are thought to be actinomycete-like microorganisms and may still cause diagnostic difficulties. The chloroform-methanol extracts of the cell mass of P. propionicum (type strain) gave in TLC analysis the characteristic glycolipid profile containing four major glycolipids, labeled G(1) through G(4). These polar lipids were found to be useful chemotaxonomic markers to differentiate P. propionicum from other cutaneous propionibacteria, in particular from strains of the acnes group. Glycolipids G(1)-G(4) were isolated and purified using gel-permeation chromatography, TLC, and high performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by compositional and methylation analyses, specific chemical degradations, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, including HMBC, TOCSY, HMQC, and NOESY experiments. Glycolipids G(2) and G(3) possess as backbone alpha-d-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha-d-Glcp-(1 --> 1)-Gro (Gro, glycerol), in which position O-2 of the glycerol residue is acylated by a fatty acid (mainly C(15):0) while O-3 is substituted by an alkyl ether chain. In glycolipid G(3), an additional fatty acyl chain was linked to O-6 of the terminal glucose residue. Glycolipid G(4) was structurally related to G(2) but devoid of one glucose residue. Glycolipid G(1) was isolated in small amounts, and its structure was therefore deduced from MALDI-TOF-MS experiments alone, which revealed that it possessed the structure of G(2) but was lacking one fatty acid residue. In studies on the biological properties of P. propionicum glycolipids, the anti-P. propionicum rabbit antisera reacted in dot enzyme-immunoblotting test with G(2) and G(3). Glycolipid G(3) was able to induce the delayed type of hypersensitivity. The results indicated that these novel ether linkage-containing polar glycolipids are immunogenic and possibly active in hypersensitivity, and thus, in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Paściak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, the Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, Wrocław PL-53-114, Poland
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47
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Gronow S, Noah C, Blumenthal A, Lindner B, Brade H. Construction of a deep-rough mutant of Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416 and characterization of its chemical and biological properties. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:1647-55. [PMID: 12427755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206942200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia is a bacterium with increasing importance as a pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis. The deep-rough mutant Ko2b was generated from B. cepacia type strain ATCC 25416 by insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette into the gene waaC encoding heptosyltransferase I. Mass spectrometric analysis of the de-O-acylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the mutant showed that it consisted of a bisphosphorylated glucosamine backbone with two 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids in amide-linkage, 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose (Ara4N) residues on both phosphates, and a core oligosaccharide of the sequence Ara4N-(1 --> 8) D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Ko)-(2 --> 4)3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo). The mutant allowed investigations on the biosynthesis of the LPS as well as on its role in human infection. Mutant Ko2b showed no difference in its ability to invade human macrophages as compared with the wild type. Furthermore, isolated LPS of both strains induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha from macrophages to the same extent. Thus, the truncation of the LPS did not decrease the biological activity of the mutant or its LPS in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gronow
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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Keinänen MM, Korhonen LK, Martikainen PJ, Vartiainen T, Miettinen IT, Lehtola MJ, Nenonen K, Pajunen H, Kontro MH. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection of 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids as methyl esters from soil, sediment and biofilm. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 783:443-51. [PMID: 12482487 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (OH-FAs) can be used in the characterization of microbial communities, especially Gram-negative bacteria. We prepared methyl esters of 2- and 3-OH-FAs from the lipid extraction residue of soil, sediment, and biofilm samples without further purification or derivatization of hydroxyl groups. OH-FA methyl esters were analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector (GC-MS). The ions followed in MS were m/z 103 for 3-OH-FAs and m/z 90 and M-59 for 2-OH-FAs. The rapid determination of 3- and 2-OH-FAs concomitantly with phospholipid fatty acids provided more detailed information on the microbial communities present in soil, sediment, and drinking water biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Keinänen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701, Kuopio, Finland.
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Silipo A, Lanzetta R, Amoresano A, Parrilli M, Molinaro A. Ammonium hydroxide hydrolysis: a valuable support in the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of Lipid A fatty acid distribution. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:2188-95. [PMID: 12454282 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d200021-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid A is the lipophilic moiety of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), the major components of the external membrane of almost all gram-negative bacteria. It is responsible for the toxicity of LPS and has a heterogeneous structure composed of a bis-phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide backbone that is acylated at the positions 2, 3 of the GlcN I (proximal) and GlcN II (distal) residue with O- and N-linked 3-hydroxy fatty acids (primary substitution). These fatty acids are further acylated by means of their 3-hydroxy groups (secondary substitution). The toxicity of Lipid A is dependent on its primary structure; the number, the length, and the distribution of the fatty acids on the disaccharide backbone strongly influence the endotoxic activity. In this paper a general and easy methodology to obtain secondary fatty acid distribution, which is one of the most difficult issues in the structural determination of Lipid A, is proposed. The method combines ammonium hydroxide hydrolysis and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry analysis and has been successfully proven with five different Lipid A species. The procedure exploits the lower stability under mild alkaline conditions of acyl and acyloxyacyl esters with respect to that of the acyl and acyloxyacyl amides. The partially degraded Lipid A species obtained are analyzed by MALDI-MS. The generality of this approach was tested on five Lipid As, namely those arising from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas reactans, and Burkholderia caryophylli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
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Grozdanov L, Zähringer U, Blum-Oehler G, Brade L, Henne A, Knirel YA, Schombel U, Schulze J, Sonnenborn U, Gottschalk G, Hacker J, Rietschel ET, Dobrindt U. A single nucleotide exchange in the wzy gene is responsible for the semirough O6 lipopolysaccharide phenotype and serum sensitivity of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:5912-25. [PMID: 12374825 PMCID: PMC135379 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.21.5912-5925.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 08/08/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from semirough, serum-sensitive Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (DSM 6601, serotype O6:K5:H1) revealed that this strain's LPS contains a bisphosphorylated hexaacyl lipid A and a tetradecasaccharide consisting of one E. coli O6 antigen repeating unit attached to the R1-type core. Configuration of the GlcNAc glycosidic linkage between O-antigen oligosaccharide and core (beta) differs from that interlinking the repeating units in the E. coli O6 antigen polysaccharide (alpha). The wa(*) and wb(*) gene clusters of strain Nissle 1917, required for LPS core and O6 repeating unit biosyntheses, were subcloned and sequenced. The DNA sequence of the wa(*) determinant (11.8 kb) shows 97% identity to other R1 core type-specific wa(*) gene clusters. The DNA sequence of the wb(*) gene cluster (11 kb) exhibits no homology to known DNA sequences except manC and manB. Comparison of the genetic structures of the wb(*)(O6) (wb(*) from serotype O6) determinants of strain Nissle 1917 and of smooth and serum-resistant uropathogenic E. coli O6 strain 536 demonstrated that the putative open reading frame encoding the O-antigen polymerase Wzy of strain Nissle 1917 was truncated due to a point mutation. Complementation with a functional wzy copy of E. coli strain 536 confirmed that the semirough phenotype of strain Nissle 1917 is due to the nonfunctional wzy gene. Expression of a functional wzy gene in E. coli strain Nissle 1917 increased its ability to withstand antibacterial defense mechanisms of blood serum. These results underline the importance of LPS for serum resistance or sensitivity of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir Grozdanov
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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