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Lin A, Balazs AB. Adeno-associated virus gene delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies as prevention and therapy against HIV-1. Retrovirology 2018; 15:66. [PMID: 30285769 PMCID: PMC6167872 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectored gene delivery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a promising alternative to conventional vaccines for preventing new HIV-1 infections and for therapeutically suppressing established HIV-1 infections. Passive infusion of single bNAbs has already shown promise in initial clinical trials to temporarily decrease HIV-1 load in viremic patients, and to delay viral rebound from latent reservoirs in suppressed patients during analytical treatment interruptions of antiretroviral therapy. Long-term, continuous, systemic expression of such bNAbs could be achieved with a single injection of rAAV encoding antibody genes into muscle tissue, which would bypass the challenges of eliciting such bNAbs through traditional vaccination in naïve patients, and of life-long repeated passive transfers of such biologics for therapy. rAAV delivery of single bNAbs has already demonstrated protection from repeated HIV-1 vaginal challenge in humanized mouse models, and phase I clinical trials of this approach are underway. Selection of which individual, or combination of, bNAbs to deliver to counter pre-existing resistance and the rise of escape mutations in the virus remains a challenge, and such choices may differ depending on use of this technology for prevention versus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Lin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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2
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Reeves RK, Bosinger SE. Innate Immunity in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. NATURAL HOSTS OF SIV 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149674 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404734-1.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of innate immunity as a mature field. The study of innate immunity has had a significant impact on the concepts of HIV immunity, pathogenesis, and vaccines. In this chapter, basic concepts of innate immunity at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels will be introduced from the perspective of their interplay with HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). An emphasis will be placed on studies using SIV/non-human primate (NHP) models that shape current models of HIV pathogenesis. Finally, studies modulating the innate system in vivo in NHPs will be discussed.
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Krupp A, McCarthy KR, Ooms M, Letko M, Morgan JS, Simon V, Johnson WE. APOBEC3G polymorphism as a selective barrier to cross-species transmission and emergence of pathogenic SIV and AIDS in a primate host. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003641. [PMID: 24098115 PMCID: PMC3789815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular restriction factors, which render cells intrinsically resistant to viruses, potentially impose genetic barriers to cross-species transmission and emergence of viral pathogens in nature. One such factor is APOBEC3G. To overcome APOBEC3G-mediated restriction, many lentiviruses encode Vif, a protein that targets APOBEC3G for degradation. As with many restriction factor genes, primate APOBEC3G displays strong signatures of positive selection. This is interpreted as evidence that the primate APOBEC3G locus reflects a long-term evolutionary “arms-race” between retroviruses and their primate hosts. Here, we provide direct evidence that APOBEC3G has functioned as a barrier to cross-species transmission, selecting for viral resistance during emergence of the AIDS-causing pathogen SIVmac in captive colonies of Asian macaques in the 1970s. Specifically, we found that rhesus macaques have multiple, functionally distinct APOBEC3G alleles, and that emergence of SIVmac and simian AIDS required adaptation of the virus to evade APOBEC3G-mediated restriction. Our evidence includes the first comparative analysis of APOBEC3G polymorphism and function in both a reservoir and recipient host species (sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques, respectively), and identification of adaptations unique to Vif proteins of the SIVmac lineage that specifically antagonize rhesus APOBEC3G alleles. By demonstrating that interspecies variation in a known restriction factor selected for viral counter-adaptations in the context of a documented case of cross-species transmission, our results lend strong support to the evolutionary “arms-race” hypothesis. Importantly, our study confirms that APOBEC3G divergence can be a critical determinant of interspecies transmission and emergence of primate lentiviruses, including viruses with the potential to infect and spread in human populations. APOBEC3G is a host factor that can inhibit replication of primate lentiviruses, including HIV-1, HIV-2, and the related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) of African primates. As a consequence, primate lentiviruses encode a protein, called Vif, which can induce degradation of APOBEC3G. Given its antiviral role, APOBEC3G may be an important genetic barrier to interspecies jumping of primate lentiviruses. To study this possibility, we asked whether APOBEC3G affected transmission of SIV from sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) to rhesus macaques and subsequent emergence of pathogenic SIVmac in the 1970s. We found that APOBEC3G of sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques have divergent protein sequences, and that the Vif proteins of SIVsm (Vif-SIVsm) cannot counteract rhesus macaque APOBEC3G. We mapped Vif-SIVsm resistance to a specific substitution in the N-terminal domain of rhesus APOBEC3G, in which a highly conserved tyrosine is replaced by leucine-arginine (Y→LR). We also identified a viral counter-adaptation, found in the Vif proteins of all SIVmac strains, which specifically confers the ability to antagonize APOBEC3G of rhesus macaques. This change was most likely selected during adaptation of SIV to its new host. Together, these results demonstrate that APOBEC3G can serve as a critical genetic determinant of interspecies transmission of primate immunodeficiency viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Krupp
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen and Nuremberg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. McCarthy
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcel Ooms
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Letko
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Morgan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Welkin E. Johnson
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Strickland SL, Gray RR, Lamers SL, Burdo TH, Huenink E, Nolan DJ, Nowlin B, Alvarez X, Midkiff CC, Goodenow MM, Williams K, Salemi M. Significant genetic heterogeneity of the SIVmac251 viral swarm derived from different sources. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:1327-32. [PMID: 21524235 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infecting rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an established animal model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. Many studies have used various derivatives of the SIVmac251 viral swarm to investigate several aspects of the disease, including transmission, progression, response to vaccination, and SIV/HIV-associated neurological disorders. However, the lack of standardization of the infecting inoculum complicates comparative analyses. We investigated the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the 1991 animal-titered SIVmac251 swarm, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) passaged SIVmac251, and additional SIVmac251 sequences derived over the past 20 years. Significant sequence divergence and diversity were evident among the different viral sources. This finding highlights the importance of characterizing the exact source and genetic makeup of the infecting inoculum to achieve controlled experimental conditions and enable meaningful comparisons across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Strickland
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebecca R. Gray
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Tricia H. Burdo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen Huenink
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - David J. Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian Nowlin
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Maureen M. Goodenow
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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5
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Paiardini M, Pandrea I, Apetrei C, Silvestri G. Lessons learned from the natural hosts of HIV-related viruses. Annu Rev Med 2009; 60:485-95. [PMID: 19630581 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fact that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a deadly disease in humans whereas its simian counterparts, the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), are virtually nonpathogenic in their natural hosts remains a fundamental mystery of modern medicine. Arguably, the pathogenesis of HIV infection will remain poorly understood until the mechanisms responsible for the AIDS resistance of natural SIV hosts are fully explained. Over the past few years, some key features of natural SIV infections have been described in studies conducted predominantly in sooty mangabeys (SMs), African green monkeys (AGMs), and mandrills. Natural SIV hosts are able to avoid the chronic, generalized immune system activation that is associated with disease progression in HIV-infected individuals and have evolved to down-modulate the expression of CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells. Better elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the lack of disease progression of natural SIV infections holds promise for the design of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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6
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Rapid disease progression to AIDS due to Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques: host and viral factors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 56:369-98. [PMID: 18086418 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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7
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Okoye A, Meier-Schellersheim M, Brenchley JM, Hagen SI, Walker JM, Rohankhedkar M, Lum R, Edgar JB, Planer SL, Legasse A, Sylwester AW, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Maino VC, Sodora DL, Douek DC, Axthelm MK, Grossman Z, Picker LJ. Progressive CD4+ central memory T cell decline results in CD4+ effector memory insufficiency and overt disease in chronic SIV infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2171-85. [PMID: 17724130 PMCID: PMC2118701 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections of rhesus macaques result in the dramatic depletion of CD4+ CCR5+ effector–memory T (TEM) cells from extra-lymphoid effector sites, but in most infections, an increased rate of CD4+ memory T cell proliferation appears to prevent collapse of effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations and acute-phase AIDS. Eventually, persistent SIV replication results in chronic-phase AIDS, but the responsible mechanisms remain controversial. Here, we demonstrate that in the chronic phase of progressive SIV infection, effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations manifest a slow, continuous decline, and that the degree of this depletion remains a highly significant correlate of late-onset AIDS. We further show that due to persistent immune activation, effector site CD4+ TEM cells are predominantly short-lived, and that their homeostasis is strikingly dependent on the production of new CD4+ TEM cells from central–memory T (TCM) cell precursors. The instability of effector site CD4+ TEM cell populations over time was not explained by increasing destruction of these cells, but rather was attributable to progressive reduction in their production, secondary to decreasing numbers of CCR5− CD4+ TCM cells. These data suggest that although CD4+ TEM cell depletion is a proximate mechanism of immunodeficiency, the tempo of this depletion and the timing of disease onset are largely determined by destruction, failing production, and gradual decline of CD4+ TCM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Department of Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006., USA
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8
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Brown CR, Czapiga M, Kabat J, Dang Q, Ourmanov I, Nishimura Y, Martin MA, Hirsch VM. Unique pathology in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rapid progressor macaques is consistent with a pathogenesis distinct from that of classical AIDS. J Virol 2007; 81:5594-606. [PMID: 17376901 PMCID: PMC1900277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00202-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of humans result in variable but generally fatal disease outcomes. Most SIV-infected macaques progress to AIDS over a period of 1 to 3 years, in the face of robust SIV-specific immune responses (conventional progressors [CP]). A small number of SIV-inoculated macaques mount transient immune responses and progress rapidly to AIDS (rapid progressors [RP]). We speculated that the underlying pathogenic mechanisms may differ between RP and CP macaques. We compared the pathological lesions, virus loads, and distribution of virus and target cells in SIVsmE660- or SIVsmE543-infected RP and CP rhesus macaques at terminal disease. RP macaques developed a wasting syndrome characterized by severe SIV enteropathy in the absence of opportunistic infections. In contrast, opportunistic infections were commonly observed in CP macaques. RP and CP macaques showed distinct patterns of CD4(+) T-cell depletion, with a selective loss of memory cells in RP macaques and a generalized (naive and memory) CD4 depletion in CP macaques. In situ hybridization demonstrated higher levels of virus expression in lymphoid tissues (P < 0.001) of RP macaques and a broader distribution to include many nonlymphoid tissues. Finally, SIV was preferentially expressed in macrophages in RP macaques whereas the primary target cells in CP macaques were T lymphocytes at end stage disease. These data suggest distinct pathogenic mechanisms leading to the deaths of these two groups of animals, with CP macaques being more representative of HIV-induced AIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, 4 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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9
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Beer BE, Brown CR, Whitted S, Goldstein S, Goeken R, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Hirsch VM. Immunodeficiency in the absence of high viral load in pig-tailed macaques infected with Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsun or SIVlhoest. J Virol 2006; 79:14044-56. [PMID: 16254339 PMCID: PMC1280237 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14044-14056.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is known to result in an asymptomatic infection of its natural African monkey host. However, some SIV strains are capable of inducing AIDS-like symptoms and death upon experimental infection of Asian macaques. To further investigate the virulence of natural SIV isolates from African monkeys, pig-tailed (PT) macaques were inoculated intravenously with either of two recently discovered novel lentiviruses, SIVlhoest and SIVsun. Both viruses were apparently apathogenic in their natural hosts but caused immunodeficiency in PT macaques. Infection was characterized by a progressive loss of CD4(+) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes, generalized lymphoid depletion, a wasting syndrome, and opportunistic infections, such as Mycobacterium avium or Pneumocystis carinii infections. However, unlike SIVsm/mac infection of macaques, SIVlhoest and SIVsun infections in PT macaques were not accompanied by high viral loads during the chronic disease stage. In addition, no significant correlation between the viral load at set point (12 weeks postinfection) and survival could be found. Five out of eight SIVlhoest-infected and three out of four SIVsun-infected macaques succumbed to AIDS during the first 5 years of infection. Thus, the survival of SIVsun- and SIVlhoest-infected animals was significantly longer than that of SIVagm- or SIVsm-infected macaques. All PT macaques maintained strong SIV antibody responses despite progression to SIV-induced AIDS. The development of immunodeficiency in the face of low viremia suggests that SIVlhoest and SIVsun infections of macaques may model unique aspects of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte E Beer
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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10
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Goldstein S, Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Byrum R, Hirsch VM. Plateau levels of viremia correlate with the degree of CD4+-T-cell loss in simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm-infected pigtailed macaques: variable pathogenicity of natural SIVagm isolates. J Virol 2005; 79:5153-62. [PMID: 15795299 PMCID: PMC1069563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.8.5153-5162.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys (SIVagm) results in asymptomatic infection in its natural host species. The virus is not inherently apathogenic, since infection of pigtailed (PT) macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with one isolate of SIVagm results in an immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by progressive CD4+-T-cell depletion and opportunistic infections. This virus was passaged once in a PT macaque and, thus, may not be entirely reflective of the virulence of the parental strain. The goal of the present study was to assess the pathogenicity of the PT-passaged isolate (SIVagm9063) and two primary SIVagm isolates in PT macaques, including the parental strain of the PT-passaged variant. Infection of macaques with any of the three isolates resulted in high levels of primary plasma viremia by 1 week after inoculation. Viremia was quickly controlled following infection with SIVagm155; these animals have maintained CD4+-T-cell subsets and remain healthy. The plateau levels among SIVagm90- and SIVagm9063-inoculated macaques varied widely from 100 to 1 million copies/ml of plasma. Three of four animals from each of these groups progressed to AIDS. Setpoint viremia and the degree of CD4+-T-cell loss at 6 months postinfection were not significantly different between macaques inoculated with SIVagm90 and SIVagm9063. However these parameters were significantly different in SIVagm155-inoculated macaques (P values of <0.01). Considering all the macaques, the degree of CD4+-T-cell loss by 6 months postinfection correlated with the plateau levels of viremia. Thus, similar to SIVsm/mac infection of macaques and human AIDS, viral load is an excellent prognostic indicator of disease course. The inherent pathogenicity of natural SIVagm isolates varies, but such natural isolates are capable of inducing AIDS in macaques without prior macaque passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoy Goldstein
- LMM, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook II Facility, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Prassolov V, Ivanov D, Hein S, Rutter G, Münk C, Löhler J, Stocking C. The Mus cervicolor MuLV isolate M813 is highly fusogenic and induces a T-cell lymphoma associated with large multinucleated cells. Virology 2001; 290:39-49. [PMID: 11883004 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
M813 is a type-C murine leukemia virus (MuLV) isolated from the Asian rodent Mus cervicolor. We have recently demonstrated that M813 defines a distinct MuLV receptor interference group. Here we show that M813 rapidly induces fusion of MuLV-expressing fibroblasts from "without," with syncytia being observed within 1 h after exposure to virus. Infection of fibroblasts with MuLV from all tested receptor-interference groups imparts susceptibility to M813-induced fusion, provided the cells also express the M813 receptor. Syncytium induction is also observed in vivo; mice infected with M813 develop a peripheral T-cell lymphoma, which is associated with large multinucleated cells of macrophage origin. A recombinant Moloney MuLV/M813 chimeric virus demonstrated that syncytium induction is a function of the Env SU protein. We postulate that the highly fusogenic property of M813 is attributable to either its unique receptor usage or sequences in the proline-rich domain of the Env protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prassolov
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie und Virologie an der Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Goldstein S, Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Beer BE, Elkins WR, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Hirsch VM. Wide range of viral load in healthy african green monkeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2000; 74:11744-53. [PMID: 11090174 PMCID: PMC112457 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.24.11744-11753.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and levels of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in tissues and plasma were assessed in naturally infected African green monkeys (AGM) of the vervet subspecies (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) by limiting-dilution coculture, quantitative PCR for viral DNA and RNA, and in situ hybridization for SIV expression in tissues. A wide range of SIV RNA levels in plasma was observed among these animals (<1,000 to 800,000 copies per ml), and the levels appeared to be stable over long periods of time. The relative numbers of SIV-expressing cells in tissues of two monkeys correlated with the extent of plasma viremia. SIV expression was observed in lymphoid tissues and was not associated with immunopathology. Virus-expressing cells were observed in the lamina propria and lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as within alveolar macrophages in the lung tissue of one AGM. The range of plasma viremia in naturally infected AGM was greater than that reported in naturally infected sooty mangabeys. However, the degree of viremia in some AGM was similar to that observed during progression to AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Therefore, containment of viremia is an unlikely explanation for the lack of pathogenicity of SIVagm in its natural host species, AGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goldstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Lafont BA, Gloeckler L, D'Hautcourt JL, Gut JP, Aubertin AM. One-round determination of seven leukocyte subsets in rhesus macaque blood by flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY 2000; 41:193-202. [PMID: 11042616 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20001101)41:3<193::aid-cyto6>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhesus macaques are frequently used in biomedical research as experimental models for studying infectious diseases and for preclinical vaccination trials. The infection of these monkeys with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) or simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) reproduces the clinical and immunological characteristics of human infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Evolution of the immune response in the infected animals is generally analyzed by determining the lymphocyte subsets on blood samples using flow cytometry but requiring multiple, blood consuming, determinations. METHODS Cell subsets present in whole-blood samples were labeled with a combination of anti-human monoclonal antibodies to CD2, CD20, CD4, CD8, and CD14 coupled to FITC or PE and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In one round, we obtained the precise determination of macaque blood cell composition by flow cytometry. Monocytes, granulocytes, eosinophils, B lymphocytes, helper, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were distinguished. Results obtained correlated strongly with those obtained with conventional blood cell differential systems and with separate staining of lymphocytes. The analysis of blood from healthy rhesus macaques and SHIV-infected animals demonstrated the accuracy of the determination even in very pathological situations such as macaques with simian AIDS. CONCLUSIONS Our method allows fast determination of the blood cell composition and will be particularly useful to evaluate the cell subset evolution of macaques involved in large-scale experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lafont
- INSERM unité de recherche 74, Institut de Virologie, Strasbourg, France.
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14
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Stitz J, Steidl S, Merget-Millitzer H, König R, Müller P, Nocken F, Engelstädter M, Bobkova M, Schmitt I, Kurth R, Buchholz CJ, Cichutek K. MLV-derived retroviral vectors selective for CD4-expressing cells and resistant to neutralization by sera from HIV-infected patients. Virology 2000; 267:229-36. [PMID: 10662618 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors derived from amphotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLV) mediate gene transfer into almost all human cells and are thus not suitable for in vivo applications in gene therapy in which cell-specific gene delivery is required. We and others recently reported the generation of MLV-derived vectors pseudotyped by variants of the envelope glycoproteins (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), thus displaying the CD4-dependent tropism of the parental lentivirus (Mammano et al., 1997, J. Virol. 71, 3341-3345; Schnierle et al., 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 8640-8645). However, because of their HIV-1-derived envelopes these vectors are neutralized by HIV-specific antibodies present in some infected patients. To circumvent this problem, we pseudotyped MLV capsid particles with variants of Env proteins derived from the apathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) of African green monkeys (AGM; Chlorocebus pygerythrus). Truncation of the C-terminal domain of the transmembrane protein was found to be necessary to allow formation of infectious pseudotype vectors. These [MLV(SIVagm)] vectors efficiently transduced various human CD4-expressing cell lines using the coreceptors CCR5 and Bonzo to enter target cells. Moreover, they were resistant to neutralization by antibodies directed against HIV-1. Therefore, [MLV(SIVagm)] vectors will be useful to study the mechanisms of SIVagm cell entry and for the selective gene transfer into CD4+ T-cells of AIDS patients.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA, Recombinant
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, env/genetics
- Genetic Variation
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Giant Cells/virology
- HIV Infections/blood
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Retroviridae/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stitz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, Langen, D-63225, Germany
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15
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Holterman L, Niphuis H, Ten Haaft PJF, Goudsmit J, Baskin G, Heeney JL. Specific passage of simian immunodeficiency virus from end-stage disease results in accelerated progression to AIDS in rhesus macaques. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 12):3089-3097. [PMID: 10567639 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-12-3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether passage of late-stage variants of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) would lead to a more virulent infection and rapid disease progression, a study was designed to examine the effects of selective transmission of SIV from late-stage cases of AIDS in Macaca mulatta. In a uniform group of 10 age-matched animals from the same genetic breeding stock infected with SIV(B670), it took 7 months before one of the ten animals developed AIDS. Passage of virus taken from this animal immediately prior to death resulted in death of the recipient due to AIDS within 4 months. Again, subsequent passage of virus taken late in disease resulted in an accelerated disease course, with AIDS developing within 2.5 and 1.8 months in two recipients. The fourth passage of virus taken late in disease from the most rapid progressor (1.8 months) resulted in AIDS developing in this recipient within 1 month of infection. During each consecutive passage in vivo, the loss of memory T cells became more acute. Evidence that the virus became more virulent with selective passage of late-stage variants was provided by the markedly increased levels of both plasma antigen and viral RNA. Subsequent in vivo passage from end-stage AIDS selected for a strain of SIV capable of causing the acute development of AIDS as rapidly as 1 month post-infection. The pathology of acute AIDS in these cases closely resembled that seen after a chronic disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Holterman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 157, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands1
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 157, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands1
| | - Peter J F Ten Haaft
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 157, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands1
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands2
| | - Gary Baskin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Regional Primate Research Centre, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA3
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 157, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands1
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16
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Simon MA, Ilyinskii PO, Baskin GB, Knight HY, Pauley DR, Lackner AA. Association of simian virus 40 with a central nervous system lesion distinct from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in macaques with AIDS. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:437-46. [PMID: 10027402 PMCID: PMC1849995 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The primate polyomavirus SV40 is known to cause interstitial nephritis in primary infections and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) upon reactivation of a latent infection in SIV-infected macaques. We now describe a second central nervous system manifestation of SV40: a meningoencephalitis affecting cerebral gray matter, without demyelination, distinct from PML. Meningoencephalitis appears also to be a primary manifestation of SV40 infection and can be seen in conjunction with SV40-induced interstitial nephritis and pneumonitis. The difference in the lesions of meningoencephalitis and PML does not appear to be due to cellular tropism, as both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are infected in PML and meningoencephalitis, as determined by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry for SV40 coupled with immunohistochemistry for cellular determinants. This is further supported by examination of SV40 nucleic acid sequences from the ori-enhancer and large-T-antigen regions, which reveals no tissue-or lesion-specific variation in SV40 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Simon
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, USA.
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17
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Schwiebert RS, Fultz PN. Severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with macaque peripheral blood leukocytes support replication of SIVsmm. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:269-74. [PMID: 9491918 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from normal pigtail macaques were engrafted into severe combined immunodeficient C.B-17 scid/scid (SCID) mice to develop a small animal model in which to study and identify genetic determinants responsible for the acutely lethal disease syndrome induced by SIVsmmPBj14 (SIV-PBj14) in pigtail macaques. In vivo infection of macaques with SIV-PBj14 results in acute disease in all animals and death of most animals, depending on the route of infection, due to immune activation and production of inflammatory cytokines. A small animal model in which a similar acute disease syndrome was induced would facilitate screening of virus variants to identify regions of the SIV-PBj14 genome responsible for the unique phenotype. Although intraperitoneal inoculation of SCID mice with SIV-PBj14-infected PBLs or uninfected PBLs followed by cell-free SIV-PBj14 produced chimeric mac-PBL-SCID mice that supported SIV replication, obvious clinical signs of disease were not observed. SIV-infected macaque PBLs were recovered from spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and the peritoneal cavity; cell-free SIV was recovered from peritoneal lavage fluid and serum or plasma. PBLs that were mitogen stimulated and SIV-PBj14 infected in vitro migrated rapidly and were recovered from the spleen and bone marrow as early as 1 day after inoculation of mice. The mac-PBL-SCID model may be useful for screening potential drug or immunomodulatory therapies before testing in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Schwiebert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham 35294, USA
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18
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Suryanarayana K, Wiltrout TA, Vasquez GM, Hirsch VM, Lifson JD. Plasma SIV RNA viral load determination by real-time quantification of product generation in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:183-9. [PMID: 9462929 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Internally controlled RT-PCR methods (QC-RT-PCR) for quantification of SIV RNA are effective, but are relatively cumbersome, expensive, and time and labor intensive. For greater throughput and efficiency, we have developed a method for quantification of plasma SIV RNA levels by real-time RT-PCR using the Applied Biosystems Prism 7700 sequence detection system. This assay format allows real-time kinetic analysis of PCR product generation, providing a broad linear dynamic range and ensuring that quantification is based on analysis during the exponential phase of amplification, regardless of the input template copy number. Simultaneous amplification and analysis eliminates any requirement for handling amplified products, increasing throughput and eliminating a potential source of assay contamination. The assay we have developed for quantification of SIV RNA has a nominal threshold sensitivity of 300 copy Eq/ml of plasma, although as little as 10 copy Eq/reaction of SIV RNA template can be detected. The linear dynamic range is in excess of 5 logs. Interassay reproducibility averages 25% (coefficient of variation), based on studies of extraction and analysis of replicate aliquots of the same plasma specimens. The combination of sensitivity, precision, and broad dynamic range allows reliable quantification of viral load even during dynamic phases of SIV infection, such as through the onset and resolution of primary infection, or during treatment with antiretroviral agents. The primer-probe combinations we have developed allow quantification of SIV isolates most commonly used for experimental studies. Availability of this assay should greatly facilitate studies of basic pathogenesis and evaluation of therapeutic and prophylactic approaches in the SIV-infected macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suryanarayana
- AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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19
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Brodie SJ, de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Snowder GD, DeMartini JC. Current concepts in the epizootiology, diagnosis, and economic importance of ovine progressive pneumonia in North America: A review. Small Rumin Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(97)00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Zhang J, Novembre F, Rabson AB. Simian immunodeficiency viruses containing mutations in the long terminal repeat NF-kappa B or Sp1 binding sites replicate efficiently in T cells and PHA-stimulated PBMCs. Virus Res 1997; 49:205-13. [PMID: 9213395 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(97)01462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The long terminal repeats (LTRs) of primate lentiviruses contain conserved binding sites for the NF-kappa B and Sp1 cellular transcription factors. In order to study the role that these sites play in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication, we have introduced mutations that disrupt either the NF-kappa B or Sp1 binding sites in the LTR of an infectious molecular clone of SIVmac239. An additional mutation also disrupted the SF3 transcription factor binding site that overlaps the NF-kappa B site. Viruses containing point mutations or deletions of the NF-kappa B, SF3, or Sp1 binding sites retained the ability to replicate efficiently in the CEMx174 and MT4 cell lines, as well as in PHA-stimulated primary rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Efficient replication of SIVs mutated in either NF-kappa B or Sp1 binding sites suggests that the SIV LTR promoter contains multiple functionally redundant elements capable of supporting sufficient transcription to allow productive viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- New Jersey Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, USA
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21
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Glushakova S, Baibakov B, Zimmerberg J, Margolis LB. Experimental HIV infection of human lymphoid tissue: correlation of CD4+ T cell depletion and virus syncytium-inducing/non-syncytium-inducing phenotype in histocultures inoculated with laboratory strains and patient isolates of HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:461-71. [PMID: 9100987 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now apparent that HIV infection leads to a gradual collapse of a complex system of lymphoid tissue. This collapse tends to be associated with a change in virus tropism from macrophages to T lymphocytes, and a change in phenotype from nonsyncytium inducing (NSI) to syncytium inducing (SI). An experimental system is required to study the role of this change in HIV pathogenesis in lymphoid tissue. Here we describe such a system. Histocultures of human lymphoid tissue preserve their general cytoarchitecture, including a network of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Histocultures of tonsils, adenoids, or lymph nodes support productive infection with various laboratory and primary isolates of HIV-1 of different tropism and phenotype and exhibit isolate-dependent CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion. A strong correlation between the extent of CD4+ T cell depletion and the SI/NSI phenotype of the isolates is demonstrated. AZT was used as a model drug to inhibit viral replication and CD4+ T cell depletion in lymphoid histocultures. HIV pathogenesis and the effect of antivirals can now be studied in human lymphoid tissue under controlled conditions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glushakova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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22
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Hirsch V, Adger-Johnson D, Campbell B, Goldstein S, Brown C, Elkins WR, Montefiori DC. A molecularly cloned, pathogenic, neutralization-resistant simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsmE543-3. J Virol 1997; 71:1608-20. [PMID: 8995688 PMCID: PMC191219 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1608-1620.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm was derived from a biological isolate obtained late in disease from an immunodeficient rhesus macaque (E543) with SIV-induced encephalitis. The molecularly cloned virus, SIVsmE543-3, replicated well in macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages and resisted neutralization by heterologous sera which broadly neutralized genetically diverse SIV variants in vitro. SIVsmE543-3 was infectious and induced AIDS when inoculated intravenously into pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Two of four infected macaques developed no measurable SIV-specific antibody and succumbed to a wasting syndrome and SIV-induced meningoencephalitis by 14 and 33 weeks postinfection. The other two macaques developed antibodies reactive in Western blot and virus neutralization assays. One macaque was sacrificed at 1 year postinoculation, and the survivor has evidence of immunodeficiency, characterized by persistently low CD4 lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood. Plasma samples from these latter animals neutralized SIVsmE543-3 but with much lower efficiency than neutralization of other related SIV strains, confirming the difficulty by which this molecularly cloned virus is neutralized in vitro. SIVsmE543-3 will provide a valuable reagent for studying SIV-induced encephalitis, mapping determinants of neutralization, and determining the in vivo significance of resistance to neutralization in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hirsch
- Immunodeficiency Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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23
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Norley S, Kurth R. Simian immunodeficiency virus as a model of HIV pathogenesis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 18:391-405. [PMID: 9089956 DOI: 10.1007/bf00813505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Norley
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
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24
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Sasseville VG, Pauley DR, Young HL, MacKey JJ, Simon MA, Desrosiers RC, Lackner AA. A case of pulmonary cestodiasis in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) in which virus-infected leukocytes are present within the lesion. J Med Primatol 1996; 25:251-6. [PMID: 8906603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1996.tb00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Mesocestoides are rarely encountered in nonhuman primates, with most cases reported in baboons. Infection of macaques has been occasionally diagnosed, but Mesocestoides in the lung parenchyma is extremely rare. We have previously demonstrated that in macaques with terminal AIDS, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected leukocytes are rarely found in cellular infiltrates associated with opportunistic infections or preexisting disease. Here we describe larvae (tetrathyridia) of the cestode Mesocestoides in the lung of an adult, pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) during acute SIV infection in which virus-positive cells are present within the cellular infiltrates. These results describe a rare parasitic disease in pigtailed macaques and demonstrate that lentivirus-infected leukocytes can be associated with inflammatory sites during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Sasseville
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA
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25
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Schubert U, Clouse KA, Strebel K. Augmentation of virus secretion by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein is cell type independent and occurs in cultured human primary macrophages and lymphocytes. J Virol 1995; 69:7699-711. [PMID: 7494279 PMCID: PMC189711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7699-7711.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific Vpu protein is a small integral membrane phosphoprotein that induces degradation of the virus receptor CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum and, independently, increases the release of progeny virions from infected cells. To address the importance of Vpu for virus replication in primary human cells such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), we used three different sets of monocyte-tropic molecular clones of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a primary isolate, AD8+, and two chimeric variants of the T-cell-tropic isolate NL4-3 carrying the env determinants of either AD8+ or SF162 monocyte-tropic primary isolates. Isogenic variants of these chimeric viruses were constructed to express either wild-type Vpu or various mutants of Vpu. The effects of these mutations in the vpu gene on virus particle secretion from infected MDM or PBMC were assessed by determination of the release of virion-associated reverse transcriptase into culture supernatants, Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of pelleted virions, and steady-state or pulse-chase metabolic labeling. Wild-type Vpu increased virus release four- to sixfold in MDM and two- to threefold in PBMC, while nonphosphorylated Vpu and a C-terminal truncation mutant of Vpu were partially active on virus release in primary cells. These results demonstrate that Vpu regulates virus release in primary lymphocyte and macrophage cultures in a similar manner and to a similar extent to those previously observed in HeLa cells or CD4+ T-cell lines. Thus, our findings provide evidence that Vpu functions in a variety of human cells, both primary cells and continuous cell lines, and mutations in Vpu affect its biological activity independent of the cell type and virus isolate used.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schubert
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA
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26
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Brodie SJ, Bickle HM, DeMartini JC. Virological markers in cerebrospinal fluid are predictive of ovine lentivirus-associated subclinical encephalomyelitis. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1995; 77:14-8. [PMID: 7554477 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(95)90131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Encephalomyelitis is a sequela to ovine lentivirus (OvLV) and human immunodeficiency virus infections. Examination of autopsy tissue from 38 naturally infected asymptomatic sheep showed that 7 (18%) had subclinical neurological lesions characterized by perivascular and periventricular infiltrates of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the leptomeninges, cerebral white matter, choroid plexus, and/or cervical spinal cord. Intralesional histiocytes were shown to contain lentiviral capsid proteins or RNA. Infectious virus (2/7), viral proteins (4/7), and antiviral antibody (5/7) were only detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from animals with central nervous system (CNS) lesions associated with OvLV infection, suggesting that such virologic markers in CSF, when used concurrently, are predictive of pathologic changes specific to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brodie
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3965, USA
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27
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Hirsch VM, Dapolito G, Johnson PR, Elkins WR, London WT, Montali RJ, Goldstein S, Brown C. Induction of AIDS by simian immunodeficiency virus from an African green monkey: species-specific variation in pathogenicity correlates with the extent of in vivo replication. J Virol 1995; 69:955-67. [PMID: 7815563 PMCID: PMC188664 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.2.955-967.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that simian immunodeficiency viruses isolated from African green monkeys (SIVagm) are relatively nonpathogenic. The report describes the isolation and biologic and molecular characterization of a pathogenic SIVagm strain derived from a naturally infected African green monkey. This virus induced an AIDS-like syndrome characterized by early viremia, frequent thrombocytopenia, severe lymphoid depletion, opportunistic infections, meningoencephalitis, and death of five of eight macaques within 1 year after infection. An infectious clone derived from this isolate reproduced the immunodeficiency disease in pig-tailed (PT) macaques, providing definitive proof of the etiology of this syndrome. Although the virus was highly pathogenic in PT macaques, no disease was observed in experimentally infected rhesus macaques and African green monkeys despite reproducible infection of the last two species. Whereas infection of PT macaques was associated with a high viral load in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and tissues, low-level viremia and infrequent expression in lymph nodes of rhesus macaques and African green monkeys suggest that differences in pathogenicity are associated with the extent of in vivo replication. The availability of a pathogenic molecular clone will provide a useful model for the study of viral and host factors that influence pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Hirsch
- Immunodeficiency Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852
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