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Kamal T, Khan SUH, Hassan F, Zahoor AB, Ullah A, Andrabi SMH, Ali GM, Afsar T, Husain FM, Shafique H, Razak S. Molecular Characterization of Lineage-IV Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus and the Development of In-House Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (IELISA) for its Rapid Detection". Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:22. [PMID: 38969986 PMCID: PMC11225139 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPRV), a highly contagious viral disease, causes significant economic losses concerning sheep and goats. Recently, PPR viruses (PPRVs), have adopted new hosts and lineage IV of PPRVs represents genetic diversity within the same lineage. 350 samples, including blood, swabs, and tissues from sheep/goats, were collected during the 2020-2021 disease outbreaks in Pakistan. These samples were analysed through RT-PCR and three isolates of PPRV with accession numbers, MW600920, MW600921, and MW600922, were submitted to GenBank, based on the partial N-gene sequencing. This analysis provides a better understanding of genetic characterizations and a targeted RT-PCR approach for rapid PPRV diagnosis. An IELISA test was developed using the semi-purified antigen MW600922 isolate grown in Vero cells. The PPRV isolates currently present high divergence with the Turkish strain; conversely, similarities equivalent to 99.73% were observed for isolates collected from Pakistan. The developed indirect ELISA (IELISA) test demonstrated antibody detection rates at dilutions of 1:200 for antibodies (serum) and 1:32 for antigens. In comparison to cELISA, high specificity (85.23%) and sensitivity (90.60%) rates were observed. In contrast to the virus neutralization test (VNT), IELISA was observed to be 100% specific and 82.14% sensitive in its results. Based on these results, serological surveys conducted for PPR antibodies using IELISA can be a more effective strategy on a larger scale. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a significant breakthrough in the research in terms of cost-effectiveness and storage efficiency, and the developed IELISA test is highly recommended for use in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Kamal
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Animal Sciences Institute, Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Saeed-Ul-Hassan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir-Bin- Zahoor
- Animal Sciences Institute, Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amman Ullah
- Animal Sciences Institute, Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Murtaza Hassan Andrabi
- Animal Sciences Institute, Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Muhammad Ali
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huma Shafique
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Wu J, Yang W, Li L, Wu J, He J, Ru Y, Ren J, Wang Y, Zheng H, Shang Y, Li D. Plasminogen activator urokinase interacts with the fusion protein and antagonizes the growth of Peste des petits ruminants virus. J Virol 2024; 98:e0014624. [PMID: 38440983 PMCID: PMC11019896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00146-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Host proteins play a crucial role in viral replication. However, the effect of fusion (F) protein-interacting partners on PPRV infection is poorly understood. In this study, we found that the expression of goat plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) gradually decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in PPRV-infected goat alveolar macrophages (GAMs). Goat PLAU was subsequently identified using co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy as an F protein binding partner. The overexpression of goat PLAU inhibited PPRV growth and replication, whereas silencing goat PLAU promoted viral growth and replication. Additionally, we confirmed that goat PLAU interacted with a virus-induced signaling adapter (VISA) to antagonize F-mediated VISA degradation, increasing the production of type I interferon. We also found that goat PLAU reduced the inhibition of PPRV replication in VISA-knockdown GAMs. Our results show that the host protein PLAU inhibits the growth and replication of PPRV by VISA-triggering RIG-I-like receptors and provides insight into the host protein that antagonizes PPRV immunosuppression.IMPORTANCEThe role of host proteins that interact with Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) fusion (F) protein in PPRV replication is poorly understood. This study confirmed that goat plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) interacts with the PPRV F protein. We further discovered that goat PLAU inhibited PPRV replication by enhancing virus-induced signaling adapter (VISA) expression and reducing the ability of the F protein to degrade VISA. These findings offer insights into host resistance to viral invasion and suggest new strategies and directions for developing PPR vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jingyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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Jain J, Chaudhary Y, Gaur SK, Tembhurne P, Sekar SC, Dhanavelu M, Sehrawat S, Kaul R. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural V and C proteins interact with the NF-κB p65 subunit and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine gene induction. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37831061 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to induce transient immunosuppression in infected small ruminants by modulating several cellular pathways involved in the antiviral immune response. Our study shows that the PPRV-coded non-structural proteins C and V can interact with the cellular NF-κB p65 subunit. The PPRV-C protein interacts with the transactivation domain (TAD) while PPRV-V interacts with the Rel homology domain (RHD) of the NF-κB p65 subunit. Both viral proteins can suppress the NF-κB transcriptional activity and NF-κB-mediated transcription of cellular genes. PPRV-V protein expression can significantly inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 upon TNF-α stimulation, whereas PPRV-C does not affect it. The NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression is significantly downregulated in cells expressing PPRV-C or PPRV-V protein. Our study provides evidence suggesting a role of PPRV non-structural proteins V and C in the modulation of NF-κB signalling through interaction with the NF-κB p65 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Yash Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Milovanović M, Dietze K, Wernery U, Hoffmann B. Investigation of Potency and Safety of Live-Attenuated Peste des Petits Ruminant Virus Vaccine in Goats by Detection of Cellular and Humoral Immune Response. Viruses 2023; 15:1325. [PMID: 37376624 DOI: 10.3390/v15061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The peste des petits ruminant (PPR) virus is a transboundary virus found in small domestic ruminants that causes high morbidity and mortality in naive herds. PPR can be effectively controlled and eradicated by vaccinating small domestic ruminants with a live-attenuated peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) vaccine, which provides long-lasting immunity. We studied the potency and safety of a live-attenuated vaccine in goats by detecting their cellular and humoral immune responses. Six goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with a live-attenuated PPRV vaccine according to the manufacturer's instructions, and two goats were kept in contact. Following vaccination, the goats were monitored daily, and we recorded their body temperature and clinical score. Heparinized blood and serum were collected for a serological analysis, and swab samples and EDTA blood were collected to detect the PPRV genome. The safety of the used PPRV vaccine was confirmed by the absence of PPR-related clinical signs, a negative pen-side test, a low virus genome load as detected with RT-qPCR on the vaccinated goats, and the lack horizontal transmission between the in-contact goats. The strong humoral and cellular immune responses detected in the vaccinated goats showed that the live-attenuated PPRV vaccine has a strong potency in goats. Therefore, live-attenuated vaccines against PPR can be used to control and eradicate PRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milovan Milovanović
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Bisht D, Sajjanar BK, Saxena S, Kakodia B, Dighe V, Thakuria D, Kharayat NS, Chanu KV, Kumar S. Identification and characterization of phage display-selected peptides having affinity to Peste des petits ruminants virus. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113455. [PMID: 36893896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Phage display is a well-established technique used for selecting novel ligands having affinity to a plethora of targets including proteins, viruses, whole bacterial and mammalian cells as well as lipid targets. In the present study, phage display technology was used to identify peptides having affinity to PPRV. The binding capacity of these peptides was characterized through various formats of ELISA using phage clones, linear and multiple antigenic peptides. The whole PPRV was used as an immobilized target in a surface biopanning process using a 12-mer phage display random peptide library. After five rounds of biopanning, forty colonies were picked and amplified followed by DNA isolation and amplification for sequencing. Sequencing suggested 12 different clones expressing different peptide sequence Phage-ELISA was performed using all 12 phage clones. Results indicated that four phage clones i.e., P4, P8, P9 and P12 had a specific binding activity to PPR virus. Linear peptides displayed by all 12 clones were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis and subjected to virus capture ELISA. No significant binding of the linear peptides with PPRV was evident which may be due to loss of conformation of linear peptide after coating. When the four selected phage clones displayed peptide sequences were synthesized in Multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) format and used in virus capture ELISA, the results indicated significant binding of PPRV to the MAPs. It may be due to increased avidity and/or better projection of binding residues in 4-armed MAPs as compared to linear peptides. MAP-peptides were also conjugated on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Visual colour change from wine red to purple was observed on addition of PPRV in MAP-conjugated AuNPs solution. This colour change may be attributable to the networking of PPRV with MAP -conjugated AuNPs resulting in aggregation of AuNPs. All these results supported the hypothesis that the phage display selected peptides were capable of binding to the PPRV. The potential of these peptides to develop novel diagnostic or therapeutic agents remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Bisht
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India; Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
| | - B K Sajjanar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
| | - Bhuvna Kakodia
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Vikas Dighe
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
| | - Dimpal Thakuria
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India; ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136, India.
| | - Nitish S Kharayat
- Temperate Animal Husbandry Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
| | | | - Satish Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
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A Clinical, Pathological, Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of Recent Outbreaks of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Domestic and Wild Small Ruminants in the Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010056. [PMID: 36669056 PMCID: PMC9862675 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious animal disease affecting small ruminants, leading to significant economic losses. There has been little published data on PPR virus (PPRV) infection in the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) Methods: four outbreaks reported in goats and Dama gazelle in 2021 were investigated using pathological and molecular testing; (3) Results: The infected animals showed symptoms of dyspnea, oculo-nasal secretions, cough, and diarrhea. Necropsy findings were almost similar in all examined animals and compliant to the classical forms of the disease. Phylogenetic analysis based on N gene and F gene partial sequences revealed a circulation of PPRV Asian lineage IV in the UAE, and these sequences clustered close to the sequences of PPRV from United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Iran; (4) Conclusions: PPRV Asian lineage IV is currently circulating in the UAE. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first study describing PPRV in domestic small ruminant in the UAE.
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Oyedele HA, Bodjo CS, Diallo H, Gelaw HB, Baziki JDD, Chitsungo E, Boukary CRM, Fikru H, Oladosu GA, Nwankpa N. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies in immunofluorescence assay for rapid quality control of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Zhang S, Liang R, Yang Q, Yang Y, Qiu S, Zhang H, Qu X, Chen Q, Niu B. Epidemiologic and import risk analysis of Peste des petits ruminants between 2010 and 2018 in India. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:419. [PMID: 36447274 PMCID: PMC9707066 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a serious disease that affects goats, sheep and other small ruminants. As one of the earliest and most serious countries, PPR has seriously threatened India's animal husbandry economy. RESULTS In this study, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the PPR in India outbreaks were analyzed. Between 2010 and 2018, the epidemic in India broke out all over the country in a cluster distribution. Epidemic clusters in northern and southern India are at higher risk, and the outbreak time of PPR has significant seasonality. The results of the analysis of the development and transmission of PPR under the natural infection conditions showed that the PPR outbreak in India reached a peak within 15 days. Finally, the quantitative risk analysis results based on scenario tree show showed that the average probability of infecting PPRV in live sheep exported from India was 1.45 × 10-4. CONCLUSIONS This study analyzed the prevalence of PPR in India. The analysis of transmission dynamics on the development of the epidemic provides a reference for the prevention and control of the epidemic. At the same time, it provides risk analysis and suggestions on trade measures for the trading countries of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Songyin Qiu
- grid.418544.80000 0004 1756 5008Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosheng Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Southwest Endangered Medicinal Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023 China
| | - Qin Chen
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Niu
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
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Milovanović M, Dietze K, Joseph S, Wernery U, Kumar A, Kinne J, Patteril NG, Hoffmann B. The Experimental Infection of Goats with Small Ruminant Morbillivirus Originated from Barbary Sheep. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090991. [PMID: 36145423 PMCID: PMC9502496 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary contagious disease in domestic small ruminants. Infections with the small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) were regularly found in wildlife, with unknown roles in PPR epidemiology. In order to access infection dynamics and virulence, we infected German Edelziege goats intranasally with a SRMV isolate that originated from Barbary sheep from an outbreak in the United Arab Emirates. Six goats were infected with cell culture-isolated SRMV, and two goats were kept in contact. Goats were daily monitored, and clinical score was recorded. EDTA blood, nasal, conjunctival and rectal swab samples were collected for the detection of SRMV genome load and serum for serological analysis. Short incubation period in infected (4 to 5 dpi) as well as in contact goats (9 dpi) was followed by typical clinical signs related to PPR. The highest viral load was detectable in conjunctival and nasal swab samples with RT-qPCR and rapid pen-side test. Specific antibodies were detected at 7 dpi in infected and 14 dpi in contact goats. In general, high virulence and easy transmission of the virus originated from wildlife in domestic goats was observed. The virus isolate belongs to Asian lineage IV, genetically related to Chinese and Mongolian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milovan Milovanović
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ajith Kumar
- Hatta Conservation Area, Q4W5+3JJ-Unnamed Road, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | - Joerg Kinne
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Karki M, Rajak KK, Singh RP. Canine morbillivirus (CDV): a review on current status, emergence and the diagnostics. Virusdisease 2022; 33:309-321. [PMID: 36039286 PMCID: PMC9403230 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing host range of canine morbillivirus (CDV) affecting important wildlife species such as Lions, Leopard, and Red Pandas has raised the concern. Canine distemper is a pathogen of dogs affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Seventeen lineages of CDV are reported, and the eighteenth lineage was proposed in 2019 from India. Marked genomic differences in the genome of wild-type virus and vaccine strain are also reported.The variations at the epitope level can be differentiated using specific monoclonal antibodies in neutralization tests. Keeping in mind the current status of the emergence of CDV, genetic and molecular study of circulating strains of the specific geographical region are the essential components of the disease control strategy. New target-based diagnostics and vaccines are in need to counter the effects of the emerging virus population. Control of CDV is necessary to save the endangered, vulnerable, and many other wildlife species to maintain balance in the ecological system. This review provides an overview on emergence reported in CDV, diagnostics developed till today, and a perspective on the disease control strategy, keeping wildlife in consideration.
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Esonu D, Armson B, Babashani M, Alafiatayo R, Ekiri AB, Cook AJC. Epidemiology of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Nigeria: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898485. [PMID: 35873688 PMCID: PMC9298765 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a major constraint to the productivity of small ruminants in Nigeria. Understanding of the current epidemiological status of PPR is crucial to its effective control. A review of the epidemiology of PPR in Nigeria was performed and research gaps were identified. Thirty-seven eligible articles were reviewed: these presented information from 30 of the 36 states of Nigeria. Most studies focused on goats and/or sheep (n = 33) but camels (n = 4), cattle (n = 1) and wild ruminants (n = 2) were also considered. Fourteen (37.8%) of the articles reported seroprevalence in small ruminants, which varied from 0.0% to 77.5% where more than 10 animals were sampled. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis were performed in 6 studies, with lineages II and IV, detected in sheep and goats. In one study in small ruminants, sequences clustering into lineage I showed a similarity to the vaccine strain, Nigeria 75/1, based on phylogenetic analysis of F gene sequences. However, if the preferred method of sequencing the N gene had been performed, this isolate would have been grouped into lineage II. According to N gene phylogenetic analysis in the other studies, sequences were identified that clustered with clade II-NigA, II-NigB (closely related to the Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain), and others which were well separated, suggesting a high diversity of PPRV in Nigeria. Five articles reported the detection of lineage IV in 22/36 states, with IV-NigA and IV-NigB detected, highlighting its widespread distribution in Nigeria. Risk factors for PPRV seropositivity were reported in 10/37 (27.0%) articles, with a higher seroprevalence observed in female animals, although differing results were observed when considering species and age separately. There were inconsistencies in study design and data reporting between studies which precluded conduct of a meta-analysis. Nevertheless, several research gaps were identified including the need to investigate the low uptake of PPRV vaccine, and the economic benefits of PPR control measures to small ruminant farmers. Such data will inform PPR control strategies in Nigeria and subsequently contribute to the global 2030 PPR eradication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Esonu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Bryony Armson
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Babashani
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- vHive, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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12
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Edge D, Mahapatra M, Strachan S, Turton J, Waters R, Benfield C, Nazareth N, Njeumi F, Nazareth N, Parida S. Development and Evaluation of Molecular Pen-Side Assays without Prior RNA Extraction for Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). Viruses 2022; 14:835. [PMID: 35458564 PMCID: PMC9026347 DOI: 10.3390/v14040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and foot and mouth disease (FMD) cause significant economic losses in endemic countries and fast, accurate in-field diagnostics would assist with surveillance and outbreak control. The detection of these pathogens is usually performed at reference laboratories, tested using assays that are recommended by The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), leading to delays in pathogen detection. This study seeks to demonstrate a proof-of-concept approach for a molecular diagnostic assay that is compatible with material direct from nasal swab sampling, without the need for a prior nucleic acid extraction step, that could potentially be applied at pen-side for both PPR and FMD. The use of such a rapid, low-cost assay without the need for a cold chain could permit testing capacity to be established in remote, resource limited areas and support the surveillance activities necessary to meet the goal of eradication of PPR by 2030. Two individual assays were developed that detect > 99% of PPR and FMD sequences available in GenBank, demonstrating pan-serotype FMD and pan-lineage PPR assays. The ability for the BioGene XF reagent that was used in this study to lyse FMD and PPR viruses and amplify their nucleic acids in the presence of unprocessed nasal swab eluate was evaluated. The reagent was shown to be capable of detecting the viral RNA present in nasal swabs collected from naïve and infected target animals. A study was performed comparing the relative specificity and sensitivity of the new assays to the reference assays. The study used nasal swabs collected from animals before and after infection (12 cattle infected with FMDV and 5 goats infected with PPRV) and both PPR and FMD viral RNA were successfully detected two to four days post-infection in all animals using either the XF or reference assay reagents. These data suggest that the assays are at least as sensitive as the reference assays and support the need for further studies in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Edge
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Shona Strachan
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
| | - James Turton
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Camilla Benfield
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mimms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nathan Nazareth
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nelson Nazareth
- BioGene Limited, 6 The Business Centre, Harvard Way, Kimbolton PE28 0NJ, UK; (D.E.); (J.T.); (N.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; (M.M.); (S.S.); (R.W.)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
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13
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Baron MD, Bataille A. A curated dataset of peste des petits ruminants virus sequences for molecular epidemiological analyses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263616. [PMID: 35143560 PMCID: PMC8830648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and devastating viral disease infecting predominantly sheep and goats. Tracking outbreaks of disease and analysing the movement of the virus often involves sequencing part or all of the genome and comparing the sequence obtained with sequences from other outbreaks, obtained from the public databases. However, there are a very large number (>1800) of PPRV sequences in the databases, a large majority of them relatively short, and not always well-documented. There is also a strong bias in the composition of the dataset, with countries with good sequencing capabilities (e.g. China, India, Turkey) being overrepresented, and most sequences coming from isolates in the last 20 years. In order to facilitate future analyses, we have prepared sets of PPRV sequences, sets which have been filtered for sequencing errors and unnecessary duplicates, and for which date and location information has been obtained, either from the database entry or from other published sources. These sequence datasets are freely available for download, and include smaller datasets which maximise phylogenetic information from the minimum number of sequences, and which will be useful for simple lineage identification. Their utility is illustrated by uploading the data to the MicroReact platform to allow simultaneous viewing of lineage date and geographic information on all the viruses for which we have information. While preparing these datasets, we identified a significant number of public database entries which contain clear errors, and propose guidelines on checking new sequences and completing metadata before submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR, ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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14
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Nooruzzaman M, Akter MN, Begum JA, Begum S, Parvin R, Giasuddin M, Islam MR, Lamien CE, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Chowdhury EH. Molecular insights into peste des petits ruminants virus identified in Bangladesh between 2008 and 2020. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 96:105163. [PMID: 34848354 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth knowledge of the molecular evolution of the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is critical for the success of the current global eradication program. For this reason, a molecular evolutionary analysis of PPRVs circulating in Bangladesh over a decade (2008-2020) was performed. The complete genome sequencing of three PPRV isolates from 2008 (BD2), 2015 (BD12) and 2017 (BD17) as well as full length nucleocapsid (N), matrix (M) and fusion (F) gene sequencing of seven more samples from 2015 to 2020 was performed. Phylogenetic analysis classified all ten PPRVs from Bangladesh as members of lineage IV and showed that they were closely related to PPRV strains detected in China and Tibet during 2007-2008, and India during 2014-2018. Time scale Bayesian Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) phylogenetic analysis of the three complete genomes revealed a mean Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) of 2000. Comparative deduced amino acid residue analysis at various functional motifs of PPRVs related to virus structure and function, virulence and host adaptation, receptor binding sites and polymerase activity revealed conserved residues among the PPRVs from Bangladesh. In total sixteen epitopes were predicted from four immunogenic proteins i.e. N, M, F and haemagglutinin (H). Interestingly, the predicted epitopes from the N and M proteins shared conserved epitopes with two vaccine strains currently being used, indicating that the strains from Bangladesh could be potentially used as alternative local vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Nazia Akter
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Begum
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Li L, Wu J, Cao X, He J, Liu X, Shang Y. Analysis and Sequence Alignment of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus ChinaSX2020. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110285. [PMID: 34822658 PMCID: PMC8623451 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) mainly infects goats and sheep and causes a highly contagious disease, PPR. Recently, a PPRV strain named ChinaSX2020 was isolated and confirmed following an indirect immunofluorescence assay and PCR using PPRV-specific antibody and primers, respectively. A sequencing of the ChinaSX2020 strain showed a genome length of 15,954 nucleotides. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the ChinaSX2020 genome was classified into lineage IV of the PRRV genotypes. The genome of the ChinaSX2020 strain was found to be closely related to PPRVs isolated in China between 2013 and 2014. These findings revealed that not a variety of PRRVs but similar PPRVs were continuously spreading and causing sporadic outbreaks in China.
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16
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Gao S, Xu G, Zeng Z, Lv J, Huang L, Wang H, Wang X. Transboundary spread of peste des petits ruminants virus in western China: A prediction model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257898. [PMID: 34555121 PMCID: PMC8459964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In pan Pamir Plateau countries, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) has brought huge losses to the livestock industry and threaten the endangered wildlife. In unknown regions, revealing PPRV transmission among countries is the premise of effective prevention and control, therefore calls for quantified monitoring on disease communication among countries. In this paper, a MaxEnt model was built for the first time to predict the PPR risk within the research area. The least cost path (LCP) for PPR transboundary communication were calculated and referred to as the maximum available paths (MAP). The results show that there are many places with high-risk in the research area, and the domestic risk in China is lower than that in foreign countries and is mainly determined by human activities. Five LCPs representing corridors among Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, India and China were obtained. This study proves for the first time that there is the possibility of cross-border transmission of diseases by wild and domestic animals. In the future, it will play an important role in monitoring the PPR epidemic and blocking-up its cross-border transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - GuoYong Xu
- The Second Geomatics Cartography Institute of National Administration of Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Zan Zeng
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - JiaNing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - LiYa Huang
- Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Antu, Jilin province, P. R. China
| | - HaoNing Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - XiaoLong Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rojas JM, Sevilla N, Martín V. A New Look at Vaccine Strategies Against PPRV Focused on Adenoviral Candidates. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:729879. [PMID: 34568477 PMCID: PMC8455998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.729879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a virus that mainly infects goats and sheep causing significant economic loss in Africa and Asia, but also posing a serious threat to Europe, as recent outbreaks in Georgia (2016) and Bulgaria (2018) have been reported. In order to carry out the eradication of PPRV, an objective set for 2030 by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), close collaboration between governments, pharmaceutical companies, farmers and researchers, among others, is needed. Today, more than ever, as seen in the response to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic that we are currently experiencing, these goals are feasible. We summarize in this review the current vaccination approaches against PPRV in the field, discussing their advantages and shortfalls, as well as the development and generation of new vaccination strategies, focusing on the potential use of adenovirus as vaccine platform against PPRV and more broadly against other ruminant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Begum S, Nooruzzaman M, Islam MR, Chowdhury EH. A Sequential Study on the Pathology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants and Tissue Distribution of the Virus Following Experimental Infection of Black Bengal Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:635671. [PMID: 33681333 PMCID: PMC7933573 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.635671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the sequential pathology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Black Bengal goats and analyzed virus distribution in tissues and virus shedding following experimental infection with a Bangladeshi isolate of lineage IV PPR virus (PPRV). The early clinical signs like fever, depression, and ocular and nasal discharges first appeared at 4-7 days post-infection (dpi). Three out of eight inoculated goats died at 13, 15, and 18 dpi, and the rest were killed at different time points from 5 to 18 dpi. Initially, the virus multiplied mostly in the lymphoid organs of the pharyngeal region and caused extensive lymphoid destruction and hemorrhages. This was followed by viremia, massive virus replication in the lungs, and pneumonia along with the appearance of the clinical signs. Subsequently, the virus spread to other organs causing necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as the virus localized in the upper respiratory, oral and intestinal mucosa resulting in catarrhal, erosive, and ulcerative lesions. On hematological and biochemical investigation progressive leukopenia and hypoproteinemia, a gradual increase of serum metabolites and enzymes associated with liver and kidney damage, and electrolyte imbalance were observed. Seroconversion started at 7 dpi and all the surviving animals had serum antibodies at 14 dpi. Virus shedding was observed in nasal and ocular secretions at 4 dpi and in feces and urine at 14 dpi, which gradually increased and continued till the end of the experiment (18 dpi) despite seroconversion. Therefore, the virus shedding of naturally infected seroconverted goats should be monitored for effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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19
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Zhao H, Njeumi F, Parida S, Benfield CTO. Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010059. [PMID: 33466238 PMCID: PMC7824732 DOI: 10.3390/v13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary viral disease that threatens more than 1.74 billion goats and sheep in approximately 70 countries globally. In 2015, the international community set the goal of eradicating PPR by 2030, and, since then, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have jointly developed and implemented the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for PPR. Here, data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), the OIE World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), Regional Roadmap Meetings, and countries' responses to PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) questionnaires were analyzed to inform on current progress towards PPR eradication. OIE recorded the use of over 333 million doses of vaccine in 12 countries from 2015 to 2018, 41.8% of which were used in Asia and 58.2% in Africa. Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 12,757 PPR outbreaks were reported to OIE: 75.1% in Asia, 24.8% in Africa, and 0.1% in Europe. The number of global outbreaks in 2019 fell to 1218, compared with 3688 in 2015. Analysis of vaccine use and PPR outbreaks in countries indicates that disease control strategies, particularly vaccination campaigns and vaccine distribution strategies, still require scientific evaluation. It is imperative that vaccination is undertaken based on the epidemiology of the disease in a region and is coordinated between neighboring countries to restrict transboundary movements. Strengthening surveillance and post-vaccination sero-monitoring at the national level is also essential. The PPR vaccine stock/bank established by FAO, OIE, and other partners have improved the quality assurance and supply of vaccines. However, to achieve PPR eradication, filling the funding gap for vaccination campaigns and other program activities will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (C.T.O.B.)
| | - Camilla T. O. Benfield
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (C.T.O.B.)
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20
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Idoga ES, Armson B, Alafiatayo R, Ogwuche A, Mijten E, Ekiri AB, Varga G, Cook AJC. A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:592662. [PMID: 33324702 PMCID: PMC7723822 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.592662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with high mortality. The disease is of considerable economic importance in countries such as Tanzania, where small ruminant products are important for sustainable livelihoods. This review assesses current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of PPRV in Tanzania, highlighting the challenges with respect to control and suggesting possible interventions. Thirty-three articles were identified after literature searches using Google Scholar and PubMed. Studies revealed that PPRV is endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, although seropositivity has also been reported in cattle, camels, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest and impala, but with no clinical manifestation. Three lineages (lineage II to IV) of PPRV have been identified in Tanzania, implying at least two separate introductions of the virus. Diagnosis of PPR in Tanzania is mostly by observation of clinical signs and lesions at post mortem. Risk factors in Tanzania include age, sex, species, and close contact of animals from different farms/localities. Although there is an efficacious vaccine available for PPR, poor disease surveillance, low vaccine coverage, and uncontrolled animal movements have been the bane of control efforts for PPR in Tanzania. There is need for collaborative efforts to develop interventions to control and eradicate the disease. The establishment of a national reference laboratory for PPR, conduct of surveillance, the development of high-quality DIVA vaccines, as well as execution of a carefully planned national vaccination campaign may be key to the control and subsequent eradication of PPR in Tanzania and achieving the global goal of eradicating PPR by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enokela S. Idoga
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Bryony Armson
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Adah Ogwuche
- Zoetis-ALPHA Initiative, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Erik Mijten
- Zoetis-ALPHA Initiative, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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21
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"FastCheck FLI PPR-like"-A Molecular Tool for the Fast Genome Detection of PPRV and Differential Diagnostic Pathogens. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111227. [PMID: 33138260 PMCID: PMC7694148 DOI: 10.3390/v12111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To assist the global eradication of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a molecular test for the rapid and reliable detection of PPRV was developed which additionally enables the detection of pathogens relevant for differential diagnostics. For this purpose, the necessary time frame of a magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction protocol was markedly shortened to 7 min and 13 s. The optimized extraction was run on a BioSprint 15 platform. Furthermore, a high-speed multi-well RT-qPCR for the genome detection of PPRV and additional important pathogens such as Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Parapoxvirus ovis, Goatpox virus, and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was established and combined with suitable internal control assays. The here-described qPCR is based on a lyophilized master mix and takes only around 30 to 40 min. Several qPCR cyclers were evaluated regarding their suitability for fast-cycling approaches and for their diagnostic performance in a high-speed RT-qPCR. The final evaluation was conducted on the BioRad CFX96 and also on a portable Liberty16 qPCR cycler. The new molecular test designated as "FastCheckFLI PPR-like", which is based on rapid nucleic acid extraction and high-speed RT-qPCR, delivered reliable results in less than one hour, allowing its use also in a pen-side scenario.
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22
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Manzoor S, Abubakar M, Zahur AB, Yunus AW, Ullah A, Afzal M. Genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus (Pakistani isolates) and comparative appraisal of diagnostic assays. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2126-2132. [PMID: 32259396 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize N gene sequences of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) isolates circulating in Pakistan and to evaluate the efficacy of available diagnostic assays on local isolates. During the study period, a total of sixty PPR outbreaks were investigated. A total of 20 selected samples from these outbreaks were sequenced for N gene. The result analysis and the phylogenetic trees indicated two different viral groups in N gene: one was closer to China and Tajikistan, while other group was similar to isolates from Iran and Saudi Arabia. Efficacy of three commercially available tests for the antigen detection of PPR, that is, peste test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was compared. Keeping PCR as gold standard, sensitivity was calculated as 85% and 57% and specificity was calculated as 83% and 79% for ELISA and peste test, respectively. Value of K for ELISA was 0.67 which indicates good agreement between ELISA and RT-PCR. Value of K for peste test was 0.33 which indicates fair agreement between peste test and RT-PCR. In conclusion, study provides premier information about the use of different diagnostic tests and molecular situation of PPRV in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Manzoor
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Progressive control of PPR in Pakistan (GCP/PAK/127/USA), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Bin Zahur
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Agha Waqar Yunus
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Animal Science Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- PARC Institute of Advance Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Animal Science Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Progressive control of PPR in Pakistan (GCP/PAK/127/USA), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2147-2163. [PMID: 32653984 PMCID: PMC7497342 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.
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Hemida MG, Alghadeer HM, Alhammadi M, Ali S. Prevalence and molecular characterization of some circulating strains of the peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in Saudi Arabia between 2014-2016. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9035. [PMID: 32518716 PMCID: PMC7261128 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly devastating virus of small ruminants in many parts of the world, including the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, our objectives were (1) to conduct a molecular prevalence study of PPRV in sheep and goat across the KSA and (2) to isolate and identify currently circulating PPRV lineages. Swabs and tissue specimens were collected from 97 herds suspected to be infected with PPRV across the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Testing for the presence of the virus was done by the real-time PCR. Confirmation of the identity of the reactions was done by the gel-based-PCR then by sequencing of the partial PPRV genome. Results Our results revealed that 24.1% of the tested specimens were PPRV-positive. Isolation of PPRV was successful from samples using the Vero cell line. Sequence analysis of some partial PPRV genes (N, F, M, L, P, and H) revealed that these strains were belonging to lineage IV of the PPRV. Conclusions This is the first study to conduct both the nationwide prevalence, isolation, and molecular characterizations of the PPRV in the KSA. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of the circulating strains of PPRV among sheep and goats will contribute substantially to the global eradication campaign of such a virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hussain Mohammed Alghadeer
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Minstry of Water, Enviroment and Agriculture, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alhammadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Ali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
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Prajapati M, Dou Y, Zhu X, Zhao S, Alfred N, Li Y, Zhang Z. Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on CD150/SLAM for the Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminant Virus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:196. [PMID: 32411735 PMCID: PMC7198758 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important severe viral disease of small ruminants that affects primarily the respiratory and digestive tract. Specific detection of the PPR virus (PPRV) antigen plays an important role in the disease control and eradication program. In this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the recombinant goat signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) as the capture ligand was successfully developed for the detection of the PPRV antigen (PPRV SLAM-iELISA). The assay was highly specific for PPRV with no cross-reactions among foot and mouth disease virus, Orf virus, sheep pox virus, and goat pox virus and had a sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.56 × 101 TCID50/reaction (50 μl). Assessment of 136 samples showed that the developed PPRV SLAM-iELISA was well correlated with real-time RT-qPCR assays and commercially available sandwich ELISA for detection of PPRV and showed relative sensitivity and specificity of 93.75 and 100.83%, respectively. These results suggest that the developed PPRV SLAM-iELISA is suitable for specific detection of the PPRV antigen. This study demonstrated for the first time that the goat SLAM, the cellular receptor for PPRV, can be used for the development of a diagnostic method for the detection of PPRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Prajapati
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory for Ruminant Disease Control, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Animal Health Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Yongxi Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Niyokwishimira Alfred
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory for Ruminant Disease Control, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Murr M, Hoffmann B, Grund C, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Mettenleiter TC. A Novel Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored DIVA Vaccine against Peste des Petits Ruminants in Goats. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020205. [PMID: 32354145 PMCID: PMC7348985 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV, species: small ruminant morbillivirus) is the causative agent of the eponymous notifiable disease, the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in wild and domestic sheep and goats. Mortality rates vary between 50% and 100%, causing significant losses of estimated 1.5 to 2 billion US Dollars per year. Live-attenuated PPRV vaccine strains are used in the field for disease prevention, but the application of a more thermostable vaccine enabling differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) would be highly desirable to achieve the goal of global disease eradication. We generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) based on the live-attenuated NDV Clone 30 that expresses the surface protein hemagglutinin (H) of PPRV strain Kurdistan/11 (rNDV_HKur). In vitro analyses confirmed transgene expression as well as virus replication in avian, caprine, and ovine cells. Two consecutive subcutaneous vaccinations of German domestic goats with rNDV_HKur prevented clinical signs and hematogenic dissemination after an intranasal challenge with virulent PPRV Kurdistan/11. Virus shedding by different routes was reduced to a similar extent as after vaccination with the live-attenuated PPRV strain Nigeria 75/1. Goats that were either not vaccinated or inoculated with parental rNDV were used as controls. In summary, we demonstrate in a proof-of-concept study that an NDV vectored vaccine can protect against PPR. Furthermore, it provides DIVA-applicability and a high thermal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1629
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Influence of mutation in nucleoprotein of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) isolated from 2016 Indian outbreak. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jia XX, Wang H, Liu Y, Meng DM, Fan ZC. Development of vaccines for prevention of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus infection. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104045. [PMID: 32035105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and fatal disease of small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats. This disease leads to high morbidity and mortality of small ruminants, thus resulting in devastating economic loss to the livestock industry globally. The severe disease impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the control and eradication of PPR by 2030. Over the past decades, the control of PPR is mainly achieved through vaccinating the animals with live-attenuated vaccines, e.g., rinderpest vaccines. As a closely related disease to PPR of large ruminants, rinderpest was eradicated in 2011 and its vaccines subsequently got banned in order to keep rinderpest-free zones. Consequently, it is desirable to develop homologous PPR vaccines to control the disease. The present review summarizes the objectives of PPR control and eradication by focusing on the homologous PPR vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Mei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Chuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Rajko-Nenow P, Flannery J, Arnold H, Howson ELA, Darpel K, Stedman A, Corla A, Batten C. A rapid RT-LAMP assay for the detection of all four lineages of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113730. [PMID: 31513860 PMCID: PMC6859475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of small ruminants that is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV) and is a significant burden on subsistence farmers across the developing world. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides cost-effective, rapid, specific and sensitive detection of nucleic acid and has been demonstrated to have field application for a range of viruses. We describe the development of a novel PPRV RT-LAMP assay utilising carefully-selected primers (targeting the N-gene) allowing for the detection of all known PPRV lineages in < 20 min. The assay was evaluated in comparison with a "gold standard" real-time RT-PCR assay using more than 200 samples, comprising samples from recent PPRV outbreaks, experimentally-infected goats, well-characterised cell culture isolates and samples collected from uninfected animals. The RT-LAMP assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity and greater than 97% diagnostic sensitivity in comparison with the real-time RT-PCR assay. The limit of detection was between 0.3 and 0.8 log10 TCID50 ml-1 equating to a CT value of 31.52 to 33.48. In experimentally-infected animals, the RT-LAMP could detect PPRV as early as 4 days post infection (dpi) - before clinical signs were observed at 7 dpi. The RT-LAMP assay can support the global PPR eradication campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Hannah Arnold
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Emma L A Howson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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30
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Yang Y, Qin X, Meng X, Zhu X, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang Z. MicroRNA Expression Profile in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Sheep Vaccinated with Nigeria 75/1 Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111025. [PMID: 31694166 PMCID: PMC6893480 DOI: 10.3390/v11111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the highly contagious transboundary viral diseases of small ruminants. Host microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns may change in response to virus infection, and it mainly works as a post-transcriptional moderator in gene expression and affects viral pathogenesis and replication. In this study, the change of miRNA expression profile in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBMC) from sheep inoculated with PPR vaccine virus in vivo as well as primary sheep testicular (ST) cells inoculated with PPR vaccine virus in vitro were determined via deep sequencing technology. In PBMC cells, 373 and 115 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified 3 days and 5 days post inoculated (dpi), respectively. While, 575 DEmiRNAs were identified when comparing miRNA profiles on 5 dpi with 3 dpi. Some of the DEmiRNAs were found to change significantly via time-course during PPR vaccine virus inoculated. Similarly, in ST cells, 136 DEmiRNAs were identified at 3 dpi in comparison with mock-inoculation. A total of 12 DEmiRNAs were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The oar-miR-150, oar-miR-370-3p and oar-miR-411b-3p were found common differentially expressed in both PPR vaccine virus-inoculated PBMC cells and ST cells. Targets prediction and functional analysis of the DEmiRNAs uncovered mainly gathering in antigen processing and presentation pathways, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways and cell adhesion molecules pathways. Our study supplies information about the DEmiRNAs in PPR vaccine virus-inoculated PBMC cells and ST cells, and provides clues for further understanding the function of miRNAs in PPR vaccine virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanmin Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-8374622
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31
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Immunoinformatics Approach for Multiepitope Vaccine Prediction from H, M, F, and N Proteins of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:6124030. [PMID: 31781679 PMCID: PMC6875335 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6124030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small ruminant morbillivirus or peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of goats, sheep, and other livestock. This study aimed at predicting an effective multiepitope vaccine against PPRV from the immunogenic proteins haemagglutinin (H), matrix (M), fusion (F), and nucleoprotein (N) using immunoinformatics tools. Materials and Methods The sequences of the immunogenic proteins were retrieved from GenBank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). BioEdit software was used to align each protein from the retrieved sequences for conservancy. Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) analysis resources were used to predict B and T cell epitopes. For B cells, the criteria for electing epitopes depend on the epitope linearity, surface accessibility, and antigenicity. Results Nine epitopes from the H protein, eight epitopes from the M protein, and ten epitopes from each of the F and N proteins were predicted as linear epitopes. The surface accessibility method proposed seven surface epitopes from each of the H and F proteins in addition to six and four epitopes from the M and N proteins, respectively. For antigenicity, only two epitopes 142PPERV146 and 63DPLSP67 were predicted as antigenic from H and M, respectively. For T cells, MHC-I binding prediction tools showed multiple epitopes that interacted strongly with BoLA alleles. For instance, the epitope 45MFLSLIGLL53 from the H protein interacted with four BoLA alleles, while 276FKKILCYPL284 predicted from the M protein interacted with two alleles. Although F and N proteins demonstrated no favorable interaction with B cells, they strongly interacted with T cells. For instance, 358STKSCARTL366 from the F protein interacted with five alleles, followed by 340SQNALYPMS348 and 442IDLGPAISL450 that interacted with three alleles each. The epitopes from the N protein displayed strong interaction with BoLA alleles such as 490RSAEALFRL498 that interacted with five alleles, followed by two epitopes 2ATLLKSLAL10 and 304QQLGEVAPY312 that interacted with four alleles each. In addition to that, four epitopes 3TLLKSLALF11, 356YFDPAYFRL364, 360AYFRLGQEM368, and 412PRQAQVSFL420 interacted with three alleles each. Conclusion Fourteen epitopes were predicted as promising vaccine candidates against PPRV from four immunogenic proteins. These epitopes should be validated experimentally through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Ahamed S, Nazir KHMNH, Yousuf MA, Islam MM, Arafat MY, Islam MA, Mahmud MM, Islam MR. Seromonitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants in goats and molecular characterization of PPR virus from field cases. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:416-424. [PMID: 31583240 PMCID: PMC6760515 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study was undertaken with the objectives to perform seromonitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) antibodies in goats vaccinated with PPR vaccine and molecular characterization of PPR virus (PPRV) from field cases in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods Seromonitoring work was conducted in Char Kalibari, Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh. For this, a total of 50 goats were randomly selected and were divided into two groups; vaccinated (Group A; n = 25) and non-vaccinated (Group B; n = 25). The goats of both groups were again sub-divided into four age groups; (i) 0-6 months (n = 5), (ii) 6-12 months (n = 5), (iii) 12-24 months (n = 10), and (iv) >24 months (n = 5). Blood samples were collected on Day-0 and after 21 days of post-vaccination (DPV), and the sera were prepared. The sera were examined for the presence of antibodies against PPRV by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For molecular characterization, nasal swabs (n = 10) were collected from PPR infected goats in Jessore during PPR outbreak (February 2016). The causative agent, PPRV isolated from field cases were confirmed by N gene based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and multiple sequence alignment analyses. Results In the case of seromonitoring, the results revealed that before vaccination (at Day-0), overall, 44% (n = 22/50) goats were seropositive for PPRV. In Group A, 48% (n = 12/25) goats were seropositive, but after 21 DPV, 96% (n = 24/25) goats become seropositive. On the other hand, in Group B, 40% (n = 10/25) and 16% (n = 04/25) seropositive goats found at Day-0 and after 21 DPV, respectively, indicating that the antibody titer was increasing after vaccination and decreasing in convalescent goats. Out of 10 nasal swab samples, 40% (n = 4/10) was confirmed by RT-PCR targeting nucleocapsid (N gene). Phylogenetically, our isolate (KY039156/PPRV/BDG/Jes/2016) was similar to the other strains of PPRV under lineage IV. However, there was a unique amino acid substitution, where glycine (G) was recorded in place of arginine (R). The strain is closely related with other Chinese or Indian strains. The nucleotide sequence homology by NCBI BLAST search of the isolated strain ranged from 95% to 99% with other strains circulating in Bangladesh. Conclusion The PPRV is prevailing in the Mymensingh and Jessore regions of Bangladesh. Effective control of PPR in goats may depend on vaccination with PPR vaccine. Molecular characterization of PPRV in Jessore reveals that the virus is differing from the strain prevalent in other regions of Bangladesh and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Ahamed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - K H M Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Yousuf
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monowarul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Yeasin Arafat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Muket Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shahriari R, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Mohammadi A. Molecular characterization of Peste des Petits ruminants virus isolated from four outbreaks occurred in southern Iran. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:177. [PMID: 31138202 PMCID: PMC6540375 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe infectious disease in both domestic and wild small ruminants. Due to its heavy economic burden and hence social and health impacts on human populations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have targeted PPR for eradication by 2030. In order to plan and implement a successful eradication program, factual status assessments prior to devising disease control strategies is a vital criterion. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize PPR virus from a rising wave of outbreaks in southern Iran. Results Twenty-one clinical samples, including blood as well as oral, nasal and ocular swabs were collected from ten sick animals in 4 various herds and were examined with ELISA and RT-PCR for the presence of PPR virus antigen and genome, respectively. The virus was successfully isolated in primary lamb kidney cell culture and identified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced N genes revealed that, while the earliest reports of Iran’s outbreaks were grouped into clusters with Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Africa, in this study reported sequences were grouped with samples from Pakistan, Tajikistan and China in particular. This observation suggests a shift in PPRV flow from the western borders of the country to the eastern neighboring countries. Conclusions Lineage IV of PPR virus is presently circulating in Iran, with certain levels of genetic diversity. Present study along with previous reports demonstrates the dispersal patterns and movements of PPR virus, which highlights the reversal pattern of virus flow in recent years. Such information is necessary to understand PPRV molecular epidemiology and to develop more proper control strategies to eradicate the disease in the planned time. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1920-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahriari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Osman NA, Portugal R, Giesow K, Keil GM. Productive replication of peste des petits ruminants virus Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain in vero cells correlates with inefficiency of maturation of the viral fusion protein. Virus Res 2019; 269:197634. [PMID: 31129173 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae expresses two membrane glycoproteins, the fusion (F) and haemagglutinin (H) glycoproteins which mediate virus-to-cell fusion and cell-to-cell fusion leading to the induction of syncytia in PPRV infected cells. In the context of the characterization of the virulent lineage IV strain PPRV Kurdistan 2011, isolated from wild goats from the Kurdistan region in Iraq, we observed that both PPRV Kurdistan 2011 and the PPRV Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain led to induction of large syncytia in Vero-dogSLAM cells within 48 h whereas both failed to induce detectable cell-cell fusion events in two Vero cell lines of differing passage histories. We were unable to detect syncytium formation in transiently transfected cells expressing PPRV F or H alone whereas co-expression of F and H induced large syncytia - in Vero-dogSLAM cells only. In VeroMontpellier cells expressing PPRV F and H, fused cells were rarely detectable indicating that PPRV mediated cell fusion activity is impaired in this cell line. Surprisingly, on Vero-dogSLAM cells the vaccine strain grew to titers of 105.25 TCID50/ml, whereas infectious virus yield was about 200-fold higher on VeroMontpellier and Vero-76 cells. In contrast, the virulent Kurdistan 2011 strain grew to a maximum titer of 107.0 TCID50/ml on Vero-dogSLAM cells and only 104.5 TCID50/ml on normal Vero cells. This was as expected since Vero cells lacking the SLAM receptor for PPRV are regarded as not so permissive for infection. To elucidate the divergent productive replication behaviour of PPRV Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain on Vero vs Vero-dogSLAM cells, we examined whether intracellular transport and/or maturation of the viral envelope glycoproteins F and H might be implicated with this phenomenon. The results indicate that F in contrast to the H glycoprotein matures inefficiently during intracellular transport in VeroMontpellier cells, thus leading to an absence of detectable syncytia formation. However, in the case of the PPRV Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain this did not impair efficient virus assembly and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nussieba A Osman
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204 Kuku, Khartoum-North, Sudan.
| | - Raquel Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Giesow
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Günther M Keil
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Assessment of Peste des petits ruminants antibodies in vaccinated pregnant Kano brown does from Nigeria and subsequent maternal immunity in their kids. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mantip SE, Shamaki D, Farougou S. Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: Meta-analysis of the virus isolation in molecular epidemiology studies. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2019; 86:e1-e15. [PMID: 31038322 PMCID: PMC6556936 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious, infectious viral disease of small ruminant species which is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the prototype member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Peste des petits ruminant was first described in West Africa, where it has probably been endemic in sheep and goats since the emergence of the rinderpest pandemic and was always misdiagnosed with rinderpest in sheep and goats. Since its discovery PPR has had a major impact on sheep and goat breeders in Africa and has therefore been a key focus of research at the veterinary research institutes and university faculties of veterinary medicine in Africa. Several key discoveries were made at these institutions, including the isolation and propagation of African PPR virus isolates, notable amongst which was the Nigerian PPRV 75/1 that was used in the scientific study to understand the taxonomy, molecular dynamics, lineage differentiation of PPRV and the development of vaccine seeds for immunisation against PPR. African sheep and goat breeds including camels and wild ruminants are frequently infected, manifesting clinical signs of the disease, whereas cattle and pigs are asymptomatic but can seroconvert for PPR. The immunisation of susceptible sheep and goats remains the most effective and practical control measure against PPR. To carry out PPR vaccination in tropical African countries with a very high temperature, a thermostable vaccine using the rinderpest lyophilisation method to the attenuated Nigeria 75/1 PPR vaccine strain has been developed, which will greatly facilitate the delivery of vaccination in the control, prevention and global eradication of PPR. Apart from vaccination, other important questions that will contribute towards the control and prevention of PPR need to be answered, for example, to identify the period when a susceptible naïve animal becomes infectious when in contact with an infected animal and when an infectious animal becomes contagious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Mantip
- Department of Animal Health and Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin; and, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
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Alemu B, Gari G, Libeau G, Kwiatek O, Kidane M, Belayneh R, Siraw B, Wieland B, Asfaw W, Abdi RD. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Peste des petits ruminants virus circulating in small ruminants in eastern Amhara region, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:84. [PMID: 30849988 PMCID: PMC6408798 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a severe, highly infectious and fatal viral disease of small ruminants. Four lineages of PPR virus have been identified globally based on sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein (N) and fusion (F) gene. The aim of this study was to isolate and genetically characterize recently circulating PPR virus in small ruminants in the eastern Amhara region in Ethiopia. A total of 28 anti-mortem samples (gum debris, nasal and ocular swab) were collected from clinically suspicious animals and examined for the presence of PPRV by a one-step RT-PCR assay. Samples positive with RT-PCR were subjected to isolation of the virus which were subsequently genetically characterized by sequencing of the nucleoprotein (N) gene and phylogenetic analysis of PPR virus (PPRV) strains. Results Of the 28 clinical samples examined, 46.4% were positive with RT-PCR for viral nucleic acid. The PPRV was successfully isolated on CHS-20 cell line with the ovine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor expressed on the cell surface and confirmed with RT-PCR and IFAT assay. The nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PPRV obtained were clustered genetically with Lineage IV isolates of the virus. Conclusion The successful isolation of the virus and molecular findings of this study confirmed active lineage IV PPRV infections among populations of sheep and goats in eastern Amhara, suggesting risks for potential spread of the disease to currently free areas. Thus, we recommend systematic vaccination to contain outbreaks in affected districts and geographically linked surrounding districts to which the disease could potentially spread due to different epidemiological linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Alemu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O.Box -5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Getachew Gari
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- CIRAD, Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Menbere Kidane
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Belayneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuket Siraw
- Tufts University, Agriculture Knowledge, Learning, Documentation and Policy Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O.Box -5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwoson Asfaw
- USAID, Livestock Market Development Project AGP-LMD, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Reta D Abdi
- Department of clinical studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, New York, USA
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Comparison of the Immunogenicities and Cross-Lineage Efficacies of Live Attenuated Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Vaccines PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and PPRV/Sungri/96. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01471-18. [PMID: 30258008 PMCID: PMC6258957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01471-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of live attenuated PPRV vaccines, this is the first systematic analysis of the immune response elicited in small ruminants. These data will help in the establishment of the immunological determinants of protection, an important step in the development of new vaccines, especially DIVA vaccines using alternative vaccination vectors. This study is also the first controlled test of the ability of the two major vaccines used against virulent PPRV strains from all genetic lineages of the virus, showing conclusively the complete cross-protective ability of these vaccines. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe disease of goats and sheep that is widespread in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Several effective vaccines exist for the disease, based on attenuated strains of the virus (PPRV) that causes PPR. While the efficacy of these vaccines has been established by use in the field, the nature of the protective immune response has not been determined. In addition, while the vaccine derived from PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 (N75) is used in many countries, those developed in India have never been tested for their efficacy outside that country. We have studied the immune response in goats to vaccination with either N75 or the main Indian vaccine, which is based on isolate PPRV/India/Sungri/96 (S96). In addition, we compared the ability of these two vaccines, in parallel, to protect animals against challenge with pathogenic viruses from the four known genetic lineages of PPRV, representing viruses from different parts of Africa, as well as Asia. These studies showed that, while N75 elicited a stronger antibody response than S96, as measured by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization, S96 resulted in more pronounced cellular immune responses, as measured by virus antigen-induced proliferation and interferon gamma production. While both vaccines induced comparable numbers of PPRV-specific CD8+ T cells, S96 induced a higher number of CD4+ T cells specifically responding to virus. Despite these quantitative and qualitative differences in the immune responses following vaccination, both vaccines gave complete clinical protection against challenge with all four lineages of PPRV. IMPORTANCE Despite the widespread use of live attenuated PPRV vaccines, this is the first systematic analysis of the immune response elicited in small ruminants. These data will help in the establishment of the immunological determinants of protection, an important step in the development of new vaccines, especially DIVA vaccines using alternative vaccination vectors. This study is also the first controlled test of the ability of the two major vaccines used against virulent PPRV strains from all genetic lineages of the virus, showing conclusively the complete cross-protective ability of these vaccines.
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Mahamat O, Doungous T, Kebkiba B, Oumar HA, Oussiguéré A, Yacoub AH, Goudja A, Guindé M, Moussa AH. Seroprevalence, geographical distribution, and risk factors of peste des petits ruminants in the Republic of Chad. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5:420-425. [PMID: 31453152 PMCID: PMC6702906 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2018.e293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, geographical distribution, and main risk factors for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in the Republic of Chad. Materials and methods: A total of 3,546 sera collected from unvaccinated small ruminants including 1,699 goats and 1,847 sheep in 19 of the 23 regions in Chad were randomly sampled. The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technics were used for serological analysis. Results: The overall seroprevalence at the individual level was 52.9%±1.6% (48.9% for goats and 56.2% for sheep). Seroprevalence observed in the Chari Baguirmi, Ouaddaï, and N’Djamena regions was significantly higher than those in the other regions. Transhumant herds are the most exposed than the sedentary ones. Older animals were more affected than the young ones. Kababich sheep are the most affected than other breeds. Conclusion: This study has shown that the PPR virus is circulating in the Republic of Chad. In view of the results obtained, the disease is enzootic in the country. Epidemiological information obtained including seroprevalence rate, risk factors (sex, breed, age, and mode of rearing), and geographical distribution will help to define an appropriate strategy for PPR control in the Republic of Chad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouagal Mahamat
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Livestock Research Institute for Development, Epidemiology Department, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Tchari Doungous
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Livestock Research Institute for Development, Virology Department, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Bidjeh Kebkiba
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Livestock Research Institute for Development, Virology Department, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Hadjé Arabié Oumar
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Livestock Research Institute for Development, Epidemiology Department, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Assandi Oussiguéré
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Livestock Research Institute for Development, Virology Department, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Adam Hassan Yacoub
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, General Inspectorate, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Adoum Goudja
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Livestock Research Institute for Development, General Direction, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Mahamat Guindé
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Directorate of Veterinary Services, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Ahmat Hassan Moussa
- Ministry of Livestock and Animal Productions, Coordination of the Pastoralism Support Project, N'Djamena, Chad
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Genetic fusion of peste des petits ruminants virus haemagglutinin and fusion protein domains to the amino terminal subunit of glycoprotein B of bovine herpesvirus 1 interferes with transport and function of gB for BHV-1 infectious replication. Virus Res 2018; 258:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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An overview of process intensification and thermo stabilization for upscaling of Peste des petits ruminants vaccines in view of global control and eradication. Virusdisease 2018; 29:285-296. [PMID: 30159362 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) has been recognized as a globally distributed disease affecting the small ruminant population. The disease results in severe economic losses mainly to small land holders and low input farming systems. The control of PPR is mainly achieved through vaccination with available live attenuated vaccines. The thermo labile nature of PPR virus poses a major constraint in production of quality vaccines which often results in vaccine failures. The lack of quality vaccine production jeopardize the wide vaccination coverage especially in countries with poor infrastructure due to which PPR persists endemically. The vaccine production system may require augmentation to attain consistent and quality vaccines through efforts of process intensification integrated with suitable stabilizer formulations with appropriate freeze drying cycles for improved thermo tolerance. Manufacturing of live attenuated PPR vaccines during batch cultures might introduce defective interfering particles (DIPs) as a result of high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of inoculums, which has a huge impact on virus dynamics and yield. Accumulation of DIPs adversely affects the quality of the manufactured vaccines which can be avoided through use of appropriate MOI of virus inoculums and quality control of working seed viruses. Therefore, adherence to critical manufacturing standard operating procedures in vaccine production and ongoing efforts on development of thermo tolerant vaccine will help a long way in PPR control and eradication programme globally. The present review focuses on the way forward to achieve the objectives of quality vaccine production and easy upscaling to help the global PPR control and eradication by mass vaccination as an important tool.
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Development and validation of an epitope-blocking ELISA using an anti-haemagglutinin monoclonal antibody for specific detection of antibodies in sheep and goat sera directed against peste des petits ruminants virus. Arch Virol 2018. [PMID: 29520689 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious and economically important disease affecting production of small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats). Taking into consideration the lessons learnt from the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP), PPR is now targeted by the international veterinary community as the next animal disease to be eradicated. To support the African continental programme for the control of PPR, the Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre of the African Union (AU-PANVAC) is developing diagnostics tools. Here, we describe the development of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) that allows testing of a large number of samples for specific detection of antibodies directed against PPR virus in sheep and goat sera. The PPR bELISA uses an anti-haemagglutinin (H) monoclonal antibody (MAb) as a competitor antibody, and tests results are interpreted using the percentage of inhibition (PI) of MAb binding generated by the serum sample. PI values below or equal to 18% (PI ≤ 18%) are negative, PI values greater than or equal to 25% (PI ≥ 25%) are positive, and PI values greater than 18% and below 25% are doubtful. The diagnostic specificity (DSp) and diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) were found to be 100% and 93.74%, respectively. The H-based PPR-bELISA showed good correlation with the virus neutralization test (VNT), the gold standard test, with a kappa value of 0.947. The H-based PPR-bELISA is more specific than the commercial kit ID Screen® PPR Competition (N-based PPR-cELISA) from IDvet (France), but the commercial kit is slightly more sensitive than the H-based PPR-bELISA. The validation process also indicated good repeatability and reproducibility of the H-based PPR-bELISA, making this new test a suitable tool for the surveillance and sero-monitoring of the vaccination campaign.
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Serological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in East Shewa and Arsi Zones, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2017; 2017:9769071. [PMID: 29387503 PMCID: PMC5745772 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9769071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographical distribution. There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia. A total of 700 serum samples were collected from goats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPR virus using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA). An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 48.43% in the area. There is no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (50.85% and 46.68%), respectively. However, there was statistically significant variation (P < 0.05) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (33.9%) and adult (55.8%) age categories. The seroprevalence in male and female was 42.07% and 50.09%, respectively, where the variation was statistically not significant (P > 0.05). High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation and endemicity of the disease. The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, control measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease.
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Baron MD, Diop B, Njeumi F, Willett BJ, Bailey D. Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2635-2644. [PMID: 29022862 PMCID: PMC5845661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a significant pathogen of small ruminants and is prevalent in much of Africa, the Near and Middle East and Asia. Despite the availability of an efficacious and cheap live-attenuated vaccine, the virus has continued to spread, with its range stretching from Morocco in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. Some of the world's poorest communities rely on small ruminant farming for subsistence and the continued endemicity of PPRV is a constant threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, PPRV's effects on the world's population are felt broadly across many economic, agricultural and social situations. This far-reaching impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the eradication of this virus and its disease. PPRV is a morbillivirus and, given the experience of these organizations in eradicating the related rinderpest virus, the eradication of PPRV should be feasible. However, there are many critical areas where basic and applied virological research concerning PPRV is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas where new research could be performed in order to guide and facilitate the eradication programme. These areas include studies on disease transmission and epidemiology, the existence of wildlife reservoirs and the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostics. With the support of the international virology community, the successful eradication of PPRV can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bouna Diop
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Liu Y, Yang B, Li X, Wang X, Zhang L, Li F, Zhao L. Confirmation and Sequence analysis of N gene of PPRV in South Xinjiang, China. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In China, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) was officially first reported in 2007. From 2010 until the outbreak of 2013, PPRV infection was not reported. In November 2013, PPRV re-emerged in Xinjiang and rapidly spread to 22 P/A/M (provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities) of China. In the study, suspected PPRV-infected sheep in a breeding farm of South Xinjiang in 2014 were diagnosed and the characteristics of complete sequence of N protein gene of PPRV was analyzed. The sheep showed PPRV-infected signs, such as fever, orinasal secretions increase, dyspnea and diarrhea, with 60% of morbidity and 21.1% of fatality rate. The macroscopic lesions after autopsy and histopathological changes were observed under light microscope including stomatitis, broncho-interstitial pneumonia, catarrhal hemorrhagic enteritis and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in multinucleated giantcell in lung. The formalin-fixed mixed tissues samples were positive by nucleic acid extraction and RT-PCR detection. The nucleotide of N protein gene of China/XJNJ/2014 strain was extremely high homology with the China/XJYL/2013 strain, and the highest with PRADESH_95 strain from India in exotic strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete sequence of N protein gene of PPRV showed that the China/XJNJ/2014 strain, other strain of 2013-2014 in this study and Tibetan strains all belonged to lineage Ⅳ, but the PPRV strains of 2013-2014 in this study and Tibetan strains were in different sub-branches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Yang
- Animal Disease Control Center of Ordos, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - XueFeng Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, People’s Republic of China
| | - LuYao Zhang
- Tarim University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Tarim University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Tarim University, People’s Republic of China
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Bao J, Wang Q, Li L, Liu C, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang S, Wu X, Wang Z. Evolutionary dynamics of recent peste des petits ruminants virus epidemic in China during 2013-2014. Virology 2017; 510:156-164. [PMID: 28734191 PMCID: PMC7111700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly contagious disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), in sheep and goats which has been considered as a serious threat to the local economy in Africa and Asia. However, the in-depth evolutionary dynamics of PPRV during an epidemic is not well understood. We conducted phylogenetic analysis on genomic sequences of 25 PPRV strains from China 2013-2014 outbreaks. All these strains clustered into a novel clade in lineage 4. An evolutionary rate of 2.61 × 10-6 nucleotide substitutions per site per day was estimated, dating the most recent common ancestor of PPRV China 2013-2014 strains to early August 2013. Transmission network analysis revealed that all the virus sequences could be grouped into five clusters of infection, suggesting long-distance animal transmission play an important role in the spread of PPRV in China. These results expanded our knowledge for PPRV evolution to achieve effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Bao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qinghua Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chunju Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Zhou XY, Wang Y, Zhu J, Miao QH, Zhu LQ, Zhan SH, Wang GJ, Liu GQ. First report of peste des petits ruminants virus lineage II in Hydropotes inermis
, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e205-e209. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai China
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Y. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - J. Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Q.-H. Miao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - L. Q. Zhu
- Anhui Center for Control and Prevention of Animal Infectious Disease; Hefei Anhui China
| | - S. H. Zhan
- Anhui Center for Control and Prevention of Animal Infectious Disease; Hefei Anhui China
| | - G. J. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - G. Q. Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai China
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Sanz Bernardo B, Goodbourn S, Baron MD. Control of the induction of type I interferon by Peste des petits ruminants virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177300. [PMID: 28475628 PMCID: PMC5419582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that produces clinical disease in goats and sheep. We have studied the induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) following infection of cultured cells with wild-type and vaccine strains of PPRV, and the effects of such infection with PPRV on the induction of IFN-β through both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated pathways. Using both reporter assays and direct measurement of IFN-β mRNA, we have found that PPRV infection induces IFN-β only weakly and transiently, and the virus can actively block the induction of IFN-β. We have also generated mutant PPRV that lack expression of either of the viral accessory proteins (V&C) to characterize the role of these proteins in IFN-β induction during virus infection. Both PPRV_ΔV and PPRV_ΔC were defective in growth in cell culture, although in different ways. While the PPRV V protein bound to MDA-5 and, to a lesser extent, RIG-I, and over-expression of the V protein inhibited both IFN-β induction pathways, PPRV lacking V protein expression can still block IFN-β induction. In contrast, PPRV C bound to neither MDA-5 nor RIG-I, but PPRV lacking C protein expression lost the ability to block both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN-β. These results shed new light on the inhibition of the induction of IFN-β by PPRV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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DAS S, CHOUDHURY R, SULTANA A, BALAMURUGAN V, CHAKRAVARTY I, DEVI M, BORA M, SHARMA K. Effect of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection on the host immune response in naturally infected goats. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) expressed by various immune cells and tissues are known to play an important role in recognising the pathogens by the host. The study was carried out to envisage the expression of virus-recognising-TLRs like TLR-3, TLR-7 and TLR-8 as well as the Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the serum of naturally Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infected goats. Goat serum samples, collected from three districts of Asom (Kamrup, Nalbari, Darrang), were screened for Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibody by Complementary-ELISA. Out of 227 samples screened, 72 samples showed presence of PPR viral antibody with a percentage prevalence of 31.72%. Out of the positive samples, 39 were selected randomly for testing the TLR and cytokine response after PPRV infection. The study indicated TLR-8 to have an enhanced expression in serum of PPRV infected goats alongwith IL-12 and IFN-γ of the Th1 pathway. Further, in infected group, a significant correlation was registered between IL-12 and IFN-γ. The present study showed the involvement of the Th-1 pathway in host immune response after PPRV natural infection which may help in proper disease management and control strategies.
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50
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Genome sequencing of an Indian peste des petits ruminants virus isolate, Izatnagar/94, and its implications for virus diversity, divergence and phylogeography. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1677-1693. [PMID: 28247095 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants is an important transboundary disease infecting small ruminants. Genome or gene sequence analysis enriches our knowledge about the evolution and transboundary nature of the causative agent of this disease, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Although analysis using whole genome sequences of pathogens leads to more precise phylogenetic relationships, when compared to individual genes or partial sequences, there is still a need to identify specific genes/genomic regions that can provide evolutionary assessments consistent with those predicted with full-length genome sequences. Here the virulent Izatnagar/94 PPRV isolate was assembled and compared to all available complete genome sequences (currently in the NCBI database) to estimate nucleotide diversity and to deduce evolutionary relationships between genes/genomic regions and the full length genomes. Our aim was to identify the preferred candidate gene for use as a phylogenetic marker, as well as to predict divergence time and explore PPRV phylogeography. Among all the PPRV genes, the H gene was identified to be the most diverse with the highest evolutionary relationship with the full genome sequences. Hence it is considered as the most preferred candidate gene for phylogenetic study with 93% identity set as a nucleotide cutoff. A whole genome nucleotide sequence cutoff value of 94% permitted specific differentiation of PPRV lineages. All the isolates examined in the study were found to have a most recent common ancestor in the late 19th or in the early 20th century with high posterior probability values. The Bayesian skyline plot revealed a decrease in genetic diversity among lineage IV isolates since the start of the vaccination program and the network analysis localized the ancestry of PPRV to Africa.
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