1
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Pahwa R, Chhabra J, Kumar R, Narang R. Melphalan: Recent insights on synthetic, analytical and medicinal aspects. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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2
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Chytil P, Koziolová E, Etrych T, Ulbrich K. HPMA Copolymer-Drug Conjugates with Controlled Tumor-Specific Drug Release. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [PMID: 28805040 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, numerous polymer drug carrier systems are designed and synthesized, and their properties are evaluated. Many of these systems are based on water-soluble polymer carriers of low-molecular-weight drugs and compounds, e.g., cytostatic agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, or multidrug resistance inhibitors, all covalently bound to a carrier by a biodegradable spacer that enables controlled release of the active molecule to achieve the desired pharmacological effect. Among others, the synthetic polymer carriers based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers are some of the most promising carriers for this purpose. This review focuses on advances in the development of HPMA copolymer carriers and their conjugates with anticancer drugs, with triggered drug activation in tumor tissue and especially in tumor cells. Specifically, this review highlights the improvements in polymer drug carrier design with respect to the structure of a spacer to influence controlled drug release and activation, and its impact on the drug pharmacokinetics, enhanced tumor uptake, cellular trafficking, and in vivo antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Koziolová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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3
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Giammona G, Pitarresi G, Carlisi B, Cavallaro G. Crosslinked α,β-Polyasparthydrazide Micromatrices for Controlled Release of Anticancer Drugs. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159501000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of new hydrogels by the reaction of α,β- polyasparthydrazide and glutaraldehyde is reported. A different crosslinking degree was obtained by varying the ratio crosslinking agent/polymer which influenced the swelling behavior of the gel. 5-Fluorouracil, was incorporated into the matrices during the crosslinking reaction and in vitro release studies were performed in simulated gastric juice (pH 1.1) and pH 7.4 buffer solution. The hydrogels prepared were chemically stable in the dissolution media. The observed data show the potential application of these new matrices for peroral administration of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32-90123-Palermo (Italy)
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32-90123-Palermo (Italy)
| | - Bianca Carlisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32-90123-Palermo (Italy)
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32-90123-Palermo (Italy)
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4
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Ouchi T, Tada M, Matsumoto M, Ohya Y, Hasegawa K, Arai Y, Kadowaki K, Akao S, Matsumoto T, Suzuki S, Suzuki M. Design of Lysosomotropic Macromolecular Prodrug of Doxorubicin Using N-Acetyl-α-1,4-Polygalactosamine as a Targeting Carrier to Hepatoma Tissue. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159801300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
α-1,4-Polygalactosamine (PGA) and N-acetylated α-1,4-polygalactosamine (NAPGA) are chitosan- and chitin-like biodegradable α-1,4-linked polysaccharides, respectively. Radioactivity of 14C-50% N-acetylated PGA injected into hepatomized mice, was found to accumulate more in the liver, kidney, ileum and hepatoma tumor tissues, compared with other organs. To provide a lysosomotropic macromolecular prodrug of doxorubicin (DXR) targeted to hepatoma tumor tissue, DXR was immobilized on water-soluble 6-O-carboxymethyl(CM)-NAPGA by Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly spacer groups (CM-NAPGA/Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly/DXR conjugate). The conjugate showed cathepsin B susceptible DXR release behavior and exhibited remarkable survival effects in mice bearing MH134Y hepatoma implanted by subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation/intravenous (i.v.) injection, compared with free DXR and CM-NAPGA-immobilized DXRs with pentamethylene spacer groups (CM-NAPGA/C5/DXR conjugate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Ouchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Kaname Hasegawa
- Research Laboratory, Higeta Shoyu Co. Ltd., Choshi, Chiba 288-0041, Japan
| | - Yuichi Arai
- Research Laboratory, Higeta Shoyu Co. Ltd., Choshi, Chiba 288-0041, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kadowaki
- Research Laboratory, Higeta Shoyu Co. Ltd., Choshi, Chiba 288-0041, Japan
| | - Santaro Akao
- Research Center of Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Miyagi 981-0905, Japan
| | - Masuko Suzuki
- Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Miyagi 981-0905, Japan
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5
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Dimitrijevic S, Duncan R. Synthesis and Characterization of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)-Methacrylamide (HPMA) Copolymer-Emetine Conjugates. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159801300301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The plant alkaloid emetine has considerable potential as an antitumor agent, but early attempts to develop the compound clinically failed due to unacceptable dose limiting toxicity and poorly reproducible results. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of novel N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer conjugates containing emetine. The drug was linked to the polymer via biodegradable (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly) and non-degradable (Gly-Gly) peptidyl linkers. HPMA-Gly-Gly emetine conjugate was found to contain 8% (w/w) of bound emetine, while emetine loading of HPMA-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-emetine was found to be 19% (w/w). Due to the change in cellular pharmacokinetics, polymer conjugates are invariably less toxic than free drug, in vitro and HPMA copolymer-emetine conjugates were no exception. Conjugates containing the biodegradable Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly linker displayed an IC50 of 90 μg/mL towards L1210 leukemia cells which is 225 less toxic than free emetine (IC50 = 0.4 μg/mL). Against B16F10 melanoma the conjugate was 60 times less toxic than free drug (IC50 of 300 and 5 μg/mL respectively). In contrast, the conjugate containing a non-biodegradable (Gly-Gly) linker showed very low or no activity in vitro. Although the conjugates showed no significant effect on the rate of tumor growth, the HPMA-Gly-Gly-emetine prodrug had a significant effect on the survival time of animals bearing L1210 tumors. Here we describe the first polymer conjugates containing emetine. Further studies are warranted to document the spectrum of antitumor activity, dose-limiting toxicity and pharmacokinetics of HPMA copolymer-emetine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Dimitrijevic
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, The School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N lAX, UK
| | - Ruth Duncan
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, The School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N lAX, UK
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Ulbrich K, Holá K, Šubr V, Bakandritsos A, Tuček J, Zbořil R. Targeted Drug Delivery with Polymers and Magnetic Nanoparticles: Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches, Release Control, and Clinical Studies. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5338-431. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1120] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Ulbrich
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Holá
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Šubr
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tuček
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Li D, Lu B, Huang Z, Xu P, Zheng H, Yin Y, Xu H, Liu X, Chen L, Lou Y, Zhang X, Xiong F. A novel melphalan polymeric prodrug: preparation and property study. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:928-35. [PMID: 25037433 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of melphalan (Me), an anticancer drug for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, has been limited due to its poor water solubility, rapid elimination and lack of target specificity. To solve these problems, O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan-peptide-melphalan conjugates were synthesized and characterized. All polymeric prodrugs showed satisfactory water solubility. It was found that the molecular weight of O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan (O,N-CMCS) and the peptide spacer played a crucial role in controlling the drug content, diameter and drug release properties of O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan-peptide-melphalan conjugates. The studies of in vitro drug release and cell cytotoxicity by MTT assay revealed that, employing the polymeric conjugation strategy and using the peptides glycylglycine (Gly-Gly) as a spacer, the conjugates have good cathepsin X-sensitivity and lower toxicity and the drug release behavior improved remarkably. In conclusion, O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan-peptide-melphalan conjugates could be promising prodrugs for anticancer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Peihu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yihua Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Haixing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Yiceng Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xueqiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Fuliang Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Engineering Technology Center of Hubei traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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8
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Krasnov VP, Korolyova MA, Vodovozova EL. Nano-sized melphalan and sarcolysine drug delivery systems: synthesis and prospects of application. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n08abeh004358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Preparation, characterization, and in vitro efficacy of O-carboxymethyl chitosan conjugate of melphalan. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:36-42. [PMID: 23987314 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of melphalan-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (Mel-OCM-chitosan) conjugates with different spacers were prepared and structurally characterized. All conjugates showed satisfactory water-solubility (160-217 times of Mel solubility). In vitro drug release behaviors by both chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. The prodrugs released Mel rapidly within papain and lysosomal enzymes of about 40-75%, while released only about 4-5% in buffer and plasma, which suggested that the conjugates have good plasma stability and the hydrolysis in both papain and lysosomes occurs mostly via enzymolysis. It was found that the spacers have important effect on the drug content, water solubility, drug release properties and cytotoxicity of Mel-OCM-chitosan conjugates. Cytotoxicity studies by MTT assay demonstrated that these conjugates had 52-70% of cytotoxicity against RPMI8226 cells in vitro as compared with free Mel, indicating the conjugates did not lose anti-cancer activity of Mel. Overall these studies indicated Mel-OCM-chitosan conjugates as potential prodrugs for cancer treatment.
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10
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Acton AL, Fante C, Flatley B, Burattini S, Hamley IW, Wang Z, Greco F, Hayes W. Janus PEG-Based Dendrimers for Use in Combination Therapy: Controlled Multi-Drug Loading and Sequential Release. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:564-74. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301881h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Acton
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Fante
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
| | - Brian Flatley
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Burattini
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Greco
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department
of Chemistry, §Reading School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD,
United Kingdom
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12
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Casadio YS, Brown DH, Chirila TV, Kraatz HB, Baker MV. Biodegradation of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and poly{(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate]} hydrogels containing peptide-based cross-linking agents. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2949-59. [PMID: 20961104 DOI: 10.1021/bm100756c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PHEMA-peptide and P[HEMA-co-(MeO-PEGMA)]-peptide conjugate hydrogels [where PHEMA = poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; PEGMA = poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] were readily prepared via photoinitiated free-radical polymerization in water. The PHEMA-peptide hydrogels were opaque and had a heterogeneous morphology of interconnected polymer droplets, characteristic of polymers that separate from the aqueous phase during the polymerization experiment. The P[HEMA-co-(MeO-PEGMA)]-peptide conjugates were transparent gels with a homogeneous morphology when formed in water, but when formed in aqueous NaCl solutions the P[HEMA-co-(MeO-PEGMA)]-peptide conjugates were also opaque and exhibited the heterogeneous morphology of interconnected polymer droplets. When incubated in solutions containing activated papain, P[HEMA-co-(MeO-PEGMA)]-peptide conjugates underwent degradation that was characterized by macroscopic changes to sample shape and size, sample weight, and microscopic structure. PHEMA-peptide conjugates did not undergo any significant degradation when incubated with papain, although ninhydrin-staining experiments suggested that some peptide cross-linker groups were cleaved during the incubation. The difference in degradation behavior of PHEMA-peptide and P[HEMA-co-(MeO-PEGMA)]-peptide conjugates is attributed to differences in aqueous solubility of PHEMA and P[HEMA-co-(MeO-PEGMA)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia S Casadio
- Chemistry M313, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, W.A. 6009, Australia, Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Kent St, Bentley, W.A. 6102, Australia, Queensland Eye Institute, 41 Annerley Road, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7, and Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan, ROC
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13
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Scutaru AM, Wenzel M, Scheffler H, Wolber G, Gust R. Optimization of the N-Lost Drugs Melphalan and Bendamustine: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of a New Set of Dendrimer−Drug Conjugates as Tumor Therapeutic Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1728-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Scutaru
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heike Scheffler
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Combination therapy: opportunities and challenges for polymer-drug conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1203-13. [PMID: 19699247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new molecular targets and the subsequent development of novel anticancer agents are opening new possibilities for drug combination therapy as anticancer treatment. Polymer-drug conjugates are well established for the delivery of a single therapeutic agent, but only in very recent years their use has been extended to the delivery of multi-agent therapy. These early studies revealed the therapeutic potential of this application but raised new challenges (namely, drug loading and drugs ratio, characterisation, and development of suitable carriers) that need to be addressed for a successful optimisation of the system towards clinical applications.
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15
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Abstract
The transfer of polymer-protein conjugates into routine clinical use, and the clinical development of polymer-anticancer-drug conjugates, both as single agents and as components of combination therapy, is establishing polymer therapeutics as one of the first classes of anticancer nanomedicines. There is growing optimism that ever more sophisticated polymer-based vectors will be a significant addition to the armoury currently used for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Duncan
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK.
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16
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Zheng ZB, Zhu G, Tak H, Joseph E, Eiseman JL, Creighton DJ. N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymers of a Glutathione (GSH)-Activated Glyoxalase I Inhibitor and DNA Alkylating Agent: Synthesis, Reaction Kinetics with GSH, and in Vitro Antitumor Activities. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:598-607. [PMID: 15898727 DOI: 10.1021/bc0499634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of anticancer prodrugs into polyacrylamide conjugates has been shown to improve tumor targeting via the so-called "enhanced permeability and retention" effect. This strategy has now been expanded to include two different classes of glutathione (GSH)-activated antitumor agents prepared by radical polymerization of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) with 2-methacryloyloxy-methyl-2-cyclohexenone (7) and/or with S-(N-4-chlorophenyl-N-hydroxycarbamoyl-thioethyl)methacrylamide (8), followed by treatment with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, to give the HPMA copolymers of 7 and the 8-sulfoxide, respectively. In aqueous-buffered solution at pH 6.5, GSH reacts rapidly with poly-HPMA-8-sulfoxide (k approximately 2.3 mM(-1) min(-1)) to give S-(N-4-chlorophenyl-N-hydroxycarbamoyl)glutathione (1), a tight-binding transition state analogue inhibitor of the antitumor target enzyme glyoxalase I (K(i) = 46 nM), or with poly-HPMA-7 (k approximately 0.02 mM(-1) min(-1)) to give the electrophilic antitumor agent 3-glutathio-2-methylenecyclohexenone (4). Indeed, B16 melanotic melanoma in culture is inhibited by poly-HPMA-8-sulfoxide and by poly-HPMA-7 with IC(50) values of 168 +/- 8 and 284 +/- 5 microM, respectively. These values are significantly greater than those of the unpolymerized prodrugs suggesting that the cytotoxicity of the polymer prodrugs might be limited by slow cellular uptake via pinocytosis. This prodrug strategy should be applicable to a range of different GSH-based antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Bin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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17
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Abstract
Polymeric prodrugs have evolved into a very useful class of drug delivery agents. Numerous polymeric prodrugs have been prepared for applications ranging from passive drug targeting to controlled release. The mechanistic aspects of the release processes, however, have not been clearly delineated. This review highlights the salient features of the chemical reactions that are responsible for drug release from these systems. The mechanisms of release from polymeric prodrugs employing various chemical linkages, esters, carbonates, carbamates, C=N linkage and amides, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Joseph M D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence 66047, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Macromolecular drugs (also referred to as polymeric drugs) are a diverse group of drugs including polymer-conjugated drugs, polymeric micelles, liposomal drugs and solid phase depot formulations of various agents. In this review we will consider only water-soluble macromolecular drugs. In common, such drugs have high molecular weights, more than 40 kDa, which enables them to overcome renal excretion. Consequently, this group of drugs can attain prolonged plasma or local half-lives. The prolonged circulating time of these macromolecules enables them to utilise the vascular abnormalities of solid tumour tissues, a phenomenon called the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The EPR effect facilitates extravasation of polymeric drugs more selectively at tumour tissues, and this selective targeting to solid tumour tissues may lead to superior therapeutic benefits with fewer systemic adverse effects. This contrasts with conventional low-molecular-weight drugs, where intratumour concentration diminishes rapidly in parallel with plasma concentration. The EPR effect is also operative in inflammatory tissues, which justifies the development and use of this class of drugs in infectious and inflammatory conditions. At the present time, several polymeric drugs have been approved by regulatory agencies. These include zinostatin stimalamer (copolymer styrene maleic acid-conjugated neocarzinostatin, or SMANCS) and polyethyleneglycol-conjugated interferon-alpha-2a. This article discusses these and other polymeric drugs in the setting of targeting to solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Greish
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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Harada M, Sakakibara H, Yano T, Suzuki T, Okuno S. Determinants for the drug release from T-0128, camptothecin analogue-carboxymethyl dextran conjugate. J Control Release 2000; 69:399-412. [PMID: 11102680 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To improve pharmacological profiles of camptothecins (CPTs), a new macromolecular prodrug, denoted T-0128, was synthesized. This prodrug comprises a novel CPT analog (T-2513: 7-ethyl-10-aminopropyloxy-CPT) bound to carboxymethyl (CM) dextran through a Gly-Gly-Gly linker, with a molecular weight of 130 kDa. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms that promote the release of linked T-2513. First, we compared the abilities of a rat liver homogenate, a cocktail of its lysosomal enzymes, and different types of pure enzymes, to liberate T-2513 from the conjugate. The releasing rate in the homogenate was very slow, but was accelerated with the lysosomes. Lysosomal cysteine proteinases, such as cathepsin B, were responsible, coupled with the results of in vitro and in vivo inhibition studies using proteinase inhibitors. The pH optimum for the cathepsin B-mediated drug release was approximately 4. This corresponds to the pH in lysosomes, suggesting lysosomotropic release. Second, to assess the effect of the length and composition of the peptidyl linker, we synthesized the conjugates with a different linker and compared the drug-releasing rates. We found that the insertion of Phe into Gly-Gly-Gly allowed various kinds of enzymes to produce a rapid cleavage, and the Gly-chain lengthening enhanced the lysosome-mediated drug release. The released T-2513 levels in the liver and tumor of the tumor-bearing rats dosed with each conjugate increased with the length of Gly linker, suggesting a good in vitro to in vivo relationship. Comparative efficacy studies of the conjugates with a different linker demonstrated that T-0128 showed the maximum efficacy against MX-1 human mammary xenograft tumors. Thus the Gly-Gly-Gly linker exploits lysosomal cathepsin B to liberate T-2513 slowly and steadily, resulting in improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harada
- Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., Kashima 3-16-89, Yodogawa-ku, 532-8505, Osaka, Japan.
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Polymer conjugates for tumour targeting and intracytoplasmic delivery. The EPR effect as a common gateway? PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 2:441-449. [PMID: 10542390 DOI: 10.1016/s1461-5347(99)00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumour capillaries are frequently hyperpermeable compared with normal vasculature, and thus they offer a much sought-after gateway for targeted delivery of cancer chemotherapy. Phase I clinical trials reported recently describe the first synthetic polymer-drug conjugate to be tested in man. N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-doxorubicin (PK1, FCE 28068) displayed antitumour activity in chemotherapy-refractory patients, considerably reduced toxicity compared with doxorubicin, and evidence of tumour-selective targeting. With increasing understanding of the vector- and tumour-related factors that govern vascular permeability, non-viral vectors are being designed for tumour-selective targeting and subsequent intracytoplasmic delivery of macromolecular medicines such as genes, antisense oligonucleotides, proteins and peptides.
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Veronese FM, Morpurgo M. Bioconjugation in pharmaceutical chemistry. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:497-516. [PMID: 10510847 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(99)00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation is of increasing interest in pharmaceutical chemistry for delivering drugs of simple structure or complex compounds such peptides, enzymes and oligonucleotides. For long time drugs, mainly with antitumoral activity, have been coupled to natural or synthetic polymers with the purpose of increasing their blood permanence time, taking advantage of the increased mass that reduces kidney ultrafiltration. However only recently complex constructs were devised that exploit the 'enhanced permeability and retention' (EPR) effect for an efficient tumor targeting, the high molecular weight for adsorption or receptor mediated endocytosis and finally a lysosomotropic targeting, taking advantage of acid labile bonds or cathepsin susceptible polypeptide spacers between polymer and drug. New original, very active conjugates of this type, as those based on poly(hydroxyacrylate) polymers, are already in advanced state of development. Labile oligonucleotides, including antisense drugs, were also successfully coupled to polymers in view of an increased cell penetration and stabilization towards nucleases. However, the most active research activity resides in the field of polypeptides and proteins delivery, mainly for the two following reasons: first of all because a great number of therapeutically interesting compounds are now being produced by genetic engineering in large quantity and, secondly, because these products are difficult to administer to patients for several inherent drawbacks. Proteins are in fact easily digested by many endo- and exo-peptidases present in blood or in other body districts; most of them are immunogenic to some extent and, finally, they are rapidly excreted by kidney ultrafiltration. Covalent polymer conjugation at protein surface was demonstrated to reduce or eliminate these problems, since the bound polymer behaves like a shield hindering the approach of proteolytic enzymes, antibodies, or antigen processing cell. Furthermore, the increase of the molecular weight of the conjugate allows to overcome the kidney elimination threshold. Many successful results were already obtained in peptides and proteins, conjugated mainly to water soluble or amphiphilic polymers like poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), dextrans, or styrenemaleic acid anhydride. Among the most successful are the conjugates of asparaginase, interleukin-2 or -6 and neocarcinostatin, to remind some antitumor agents, adenosine deaminase employed in a genetic desease treatment, superoxide dismutase as scavenger of toxic radicals, hemoglobin as oxygen carrier and urokinase and streptokinase as proteins with antithrombotic activity. In pharmaceutical chemistry the conjugation with polymers is also of great importance for synthetic applications since many enzymes without loss of catalytic activity become soluble in organic solvents where many drug precursors are. The various and often difficult chemical problems encountered in conjugation of so many different products prompted the development of many synthetic procedures, all characterized by high specificity and mild condition of reaction, now known as 'bioconjugation chemistry'. Bioconjugation developed also the design of new tailor-made polymers with the wanted molecular weight, shape, structure and with the functional groups needed for coupling at the wanted positions in the chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Veronese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
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22
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Gianasi E, Wasil M, Evagorou EG, Keddle A, Wilson G, Duncan R. HPMA copolymer platinates as novel antitumour agents: in vitro properties, pharmacokinetics and antitumour activity in vivo. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:994-1002. [PMID: 10533484 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare in vitro and in vivo HPMA copolymer platinates with cisplatin in terms of platinum release, toxicity and antitumour activity. N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) conjugates containing peptidyl side-chains (Gly-Gly or Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly) terminating in either carboxylate or amino species were prepared. The carboxylate polymeric intermediate was reacted with cisplatin, and the polymeric diamine with potassium tetrachloroplatinate to produce HPMA copolymer platinates of Mw 25,000-31,000 Daltons with a platinum loading of 3-7 wt%. The diglycyl spacer was selected because it is non-biodegradable, whereas the tetrapeptide spacer is known to be cleaved by the lysosomal thiol-dependent proteases. In vitro the HPMA copolymer platinates displayed a range of platinum release rates at pH 7.4 and 5.5; from < 5%/24 h in the case of the diamino species which require enzymatic activation, to > 80%/24 h in the case of the carboxylate. Cisplatin and the fast releasing carboxylate species displayed IC50 values of 10 micrograms/ml Pt-equivalent against B16F10 cells in vitro, whereas the slow releasing conjugates were not cytotoxic over the dose range studied. Antitumour activity of HPMA copolymer platinates was first evaluated against L1210 and B16F10 tumours inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.). When conjugates were administered i.p., the antitumour activity observed against L1210 tumours was within the range seen for free cisplatin (ratio of mean survival of treated animals to mean survival of controls, T/C, 1.20-1.70). Neither cisplatin nor HPMA copolymer platinates were active against intraperitoneal (i.p.) B16F10 tumours when administered i.p. However, when conjugates were administered intravenously (i.v.) to treat subcutaneous (s.c.) B16F10 tumours grown to palpable size, free cisplatin was still not active but the HPMA copolymer platinates bearing carboxylate and diamine platinates showed significant antitumour activity (T/C > 1.35). Throughout these studies, the polymer platinates were 5-15-fold less toxic than cisplatin in vivo. After i.v. administration, the blood clearance of HPMA copolymer platinate was considerably slower (t1/2 alpha approximately 10 h) than seen for free cisplatin (t1/2 alpha < 5 min). HPMA copolymer platinates (15 mg/kg Pt-equivalent) gave rise to an approximately 60-fold increase in Pt AUC in B16F10 tumour tissue than was achieved after administration of cisplatin at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) (1 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gianasi
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of London, U.K
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Pályi I, Vincze B, Lovas S, Mezö I, Pató J, Kálnay A, Turi G, Gaál D, Mihalik R, Péter I, Teplán I, Murphy RF. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue conjugates with strong selective antitumor activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2361-6. [PMID: 10051647 PMCID: PMC26789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.5.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues GnRH-III, MI-1544, and MI-1892 through lysyl side chains and a tetrapeptide spacer, Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly (X) to a copolymer, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic acid) (P) caused increased antiproliferative activity toward MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast, PC3 and LNCaP prostate, and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell lines in culture and against tumor development by xenografts of the breast cancer cells in immunodeficient mice. MCF-7 cells treated with P-X-1544 and P-X-1892 displayed characteristic signs of apoptosis, including vacuoles in the cytoplasm, rounding up, apoptotic bodies, bleb formation, and DNA fragmentation. Conjugates, but not free peptides, inhibited cdc25 phosphatase and caused accumulation of Ishikawa and PC3 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle after 24 h at lower doses and in the G1 and G2 phases after 48 h. Since P-X-peptides appear to be internalized, the increased cytotoxicity of the conjugates is attributed to protection of peptides from proteolysis, enhanced interaction of the peptides with the GnRH receptors, and/or internalization of P-X-peptide receptor complexes so that P can exert toxic effects inside, possibly by inhibiting enzymes involved in the cell cycle. The additional specificity of P-X-peptides compared with free peptides for direct antiproliferative effects on the cancer cells but not for interactions in the pituitary indicates the therapeutic potential of the conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pályi
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, H-1525, P.O. Box 21, Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Monfardini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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25
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Macromolecular derivatives of N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)-4-phenylenediamine mustard. 1. Synthesis and in vitro hydrolytic stability. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(96)01570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The new approach to the treatment of cancer or to immunomodulation is drug targeting. The effort to achieve either an absolute or a relative amplification of the tumoricidal effect of anticancer drugs through increased generation or acquisition of reactive molecules at the tumor site or a reduction of the toxic molecules available to the periphery has led to a number of strategies. Among them are (1) targeting using antibodies to their fragments, hormones, carbohydrates, and growth factors; (2) retargeting using bispecific antibodies; (3) construction of chimeric genes; (4) streptavidin-biotin based immunotherapy; (5) prodrug activation strategies (ADEPT); (6) antibody-targeted superantigens; and (7) gene delivery for the purpose of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ríhová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Giammona G, Cavallaro G, Fontana G, De Guidi G, Giuffrida S. Macromolecular prodrug of diflunisal. II. Investigations of in vitro release and of photochemical behaviour. Eur J Pharm Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0928-0987(96)00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Soyez H, Schacht E, Vanderkerken S. The crucial role of spacer groups in macromolecular prodrug design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(96)00400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Spadaro G, Dispenza C, Giammona G, Pitarresi G, Cavallaro G. Cytarabine release from alpha, beta-poly (N-hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide matrices cross-linked through gamma-radiation. Biomaterials 1996; 17:953-8. [PMID: 8736728 DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)84668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
alpha, beta-Poly (N-hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide solutions were cross-linked through gamma-radiation and the systems obtained were tested as matrices for drug sustained release, using cytarabine as model drug. We performed the characterization of the cross-linked polymer, both drug-loaded and unloaded. through water swelling measurements, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray analysis. Finally, we investigated the in vitro release behaviour of cytarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spadaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Processi e Materiali, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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32
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Nichifor M, Schacht EH, Seymour LW. Macromolecular prodrugs of 5-fluorouracil. 2: Enzymatic degradation. J Control Release 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Despite extensive clinical trials, mortality from colon cancer has remained essentially unchanged since the 1950s. However, the increasing numbers of complete and partial responses seen in clinical trials suggest that colon cancer can be successfully treated by chemotherapy, but only if the antitumour selectivity can be increased by a substantial amount. This will be possible by the introduction of new drugs with more precise mechanisms of action, such as those acting specifically on signalling or cell cycle control pathways shown to be aberrant in colon cancer. Alternatively, the selectivity of present day agents may be increased considerably by the selective activation of prodrugs in tumours (ADEPT) or by targeting them to tumours using polymers. Other new approaches using vaccines or some form of gene therapy will potentiate present chemotherapy, while the introduction of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning will allow the rapid detection of agents with activity that would have been missed by conventional measurements of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Connors
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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36
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Synthesis and characterization of water-swellable?,?-polyasparthydrazide derivatives. Colloid Polym Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00658685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Takakura Y, Hashida M. Macromolecular drug carrier systems in cancer chemotherapy: macromolecular prodrugs. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995; 18:207-31. [PMID: 7695833 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00131-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Takakura
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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Giammona G, Puglisi G, Cavallaro G, Spadaro A, Pitarresi G. Chemical stability and bioavailability of acyclovir coupled to α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-dl-aspartamide. J Control Release 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)00091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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Effect of pre-immunisation on the activity of polymer-doxorubicin against murine L1210 leukaemia. J Control Release 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(93)90189-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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O'Hare KB, Duncan R, Strohalm J, Ulbrich K, Kopeckova P. Polymeric drug-carriers containing doxorubicin and melanocyte-stimulating hormone: in vitro and in vivo evaluation against murine melanoma. J Drug Target 1993; 1:217-29. [PMID: 8069563 DOI: 10.3109/10611869308996079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers containing doxorubicin (DOX, approximately 8% by weight) bound via the lysosomally degradable spacer Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly and, in certain cases, also melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH, 5-10% by weight) were synthesized with the aim of developing a drug conjugate for site-specific delivery to malignant melanoma. Polymer-bound MSH, like free MSH, was able to stimulate tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells in vitro, confirming the ability of conjugated hormone to interact with the MSH receptor. Similarly, a 125I-labelled conjugate containing MSH was captured by B16F10 cells in vitro more rapidly than a similar polymer without the targeting moiety. HPMA copolymers containing DOX bound via the lysosomally degradable Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly linkage were cytotoxic to a mouse melanoma cell line (M3 S91) in vitro, the MSH-containing conjugate being more active than that without (although the difference in the ID50 was not significant). When administered intraperitoneally or intravenously to C57BL/6J mice bearing intraperitoneal B16F10 tumours, HPMA copolymers containing DOX linked via this biodegradable spacer (with or without MSH) significantly increased animal survival, the maximum ratio of the mean survival of the test group (T) to that of the untreated control (C) T/C observed (approximately 200) over the dose range 5-20 mg DOX/kg being similar to that seen for free DOX. In contrast, neither polymer conjugates containing DOX bound via a non-degradable linkage (Gly-Gly) nor free MSH showed antitumour activity. In mice bearing established subcutaneous B16F10 tumours, biodegradable polymer-bound DOX conjugates given intraperitoneally were more effective than free DOX (which was virtually inactive in this system); conjugates containing MSH were significantly more effective than those without, the maximum T/C being approximately 148 and 324 respectively. Preliminary pharmacokinetic experiments showed evidence of selective MSH targeting of polymer conjugates to subcutaneous B16F10.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B O'Hare
- Cancer Research Campaign's Polymer Controlled Drug Delivery Group, University of Keele, Staffordshire, UK
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Subr V, Strohalm J, Ulbrich K, Duncan R, Hume I. Polymers containing enzymatically degradable bonds, XII. Effect of spacer structure on the rate of release of daunomycin and adriamycin from poly [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide] copolymer drag carriers in vitro and antitumour activity measured in vivo. J Control Release 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(92)90181-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Yeung TK, Hopewell JW, Simmonds RH, Seymour LW, Duncan R, Bellini O, Grandi M, Spreafico F, Strohalm J, Ulbrich K. Reduced cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin given in the form of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide conjugates: and experimental study in the rat. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991; 29:105-11. [PMID: 1760851 DOI: 10.1007/bf00687318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A rat model was used to evaluate the general acute toxicity and the late cardiotoxicity of 4 mg/kg doxorubicin (DOX) given either as free drug or in the form of three N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer conjugates. In these HPMA copolymers, DOX was covalently bound via peptide linkages that were either non-biodegradable (Gly-Gly) or degradable by lysosomal proteinases (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly). In addition, one biodegradable conjugate containing galactosamine was used; this residue was targeted to the liver. Over the first 3 weeks after the i.v. administration of free and polymer-bound DOX, all animals showed a transient reduction in body weight. However, the maximal reduction in body weight seen in animals that received polymer-bound DOX (4 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that observed in those that received free DOX (4 mg/kg) or a mixture of the unmodified parent HPMA copolymer and free DOX (4 mg/kg; P less than 0.01). Throughout the study (20 weeks), deaths related to cardiotoxicity were observed only in animals that received either free DOX or the mixture of HPMA copolymer and free DOX; in these cases, histological investigations revealed marked changes in the heart that were consistent with DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Sequential measurements of cardiac output in surviving animals that received either free DOX or the mixture of HPMA copolymer and free DOX showed a reduction of approximately 30% in function beginning at the 4th week after drug administration. The heart rate in these animals was approximately 12% lower than that measured in age-matched control rats (P less than 0.05). Animals that were given the HPMA copolymer conjugates containing DOX exhibited no significant change in cardiac output throughout the study (P less than 0.05). In addition, no significant histological change was observed in the heart of animals that received DOX in the form of HPMA copolymer conjugates and were killed at the end of the study. However, these animals had shown a significant increase in heart rate beginning at 8 weeks after drug administration (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Yeung
- Research Institute (University of Oxford), Churchill Hospital, UK
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